synonyms: 119Sn Mossbauer spectroscopy, 119Sn Moessbauer spectroscopy, 119Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy, 119Sn Mößbauer spectroscopy, 119Sn recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy, tin-119 Moessbauer spectroscopy, tin-119 Mößbauer spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 119Sn nuclei is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 121Sb Mossbauer spectroscopy, 121Sb Moessbauer spectroscopy, 121Sb recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy, antimony-121 Moessbauer spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 121Sb nuclei is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 125Te Mossbauer spectroscopy, 125Te Moessbauer spectroscopy, 125Te recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy, tellurium-125 Moessbauer spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 125Te nuclei is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 127I Mossbauer spectroscopy, 127I Moessbauer spectroscopy, 127I Mössbauer spectroscopy, 127I Mößbauer spectroscopy, 127I recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy, iodine-127 Moessbauer spectroscopy, iodine-127 Mößbauer spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 127I nuclei is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 129I Mossbauer spectroscopy, 129I Moessbauer spectroscopy, 129I recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy, iodine-129 Moessbauer spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 129I nuclei is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 129Xe Mossbauer spectroscopy, 129Xe Moessbauer spectrometry, 129Xe Moessbauer spectroscopy, 129Xe Mossbauer spectrometry, 129Xe Mössbauer spectrometry, 129Xe Mössbauer spectroscopy, 129Xe Mößbauer spectrometry, 129Xe Mößbauer spectroscopy, 129Xe recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy, xenon-129 Moessbauer spectroscopy, xenon-129 Mößbauer spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 129Xe nuclei is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 14N ESEEM, 14N electron spin echo envelope modulation, nitrogen-14 ESEEM, nitrogen-14 electron spin echo envelope modulation
A type of pulsed EPR spectroscopy which is used to observe the electron spin echo in 14N nuclei as a function of the time that separates the pulses causing the echo. This technique is a powerful probe of the radial distribution of magnetic nuclear spins in the environment of the electron spins producing the echo. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 151Eu Mossbauer spectroscopy, 151Eu Moessbauer spectroscopy, 151Eu recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy, europium-151 Moessbauer spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 151Eu nuclei is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 17O ENDOR, 17O ENDOR spectroscopy, oxygen-17 ENDOR, oxygen-17 ENDOR spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where a microwave frequency pulse is used to saturate the electron resonance transitions in the 17O nuclei of a sample, and a radio frequency pulse is used excite a nuclear transition. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 197Au Mossbauer spectroscopy, 197Au Moessbauer spectroscopy, 197Au recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy, gold-197 Moessbauer spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 197Au nuclei is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 1H NMR absorption spectroscopy, 1H c.w. NMR, 1H continuous wave nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, 1H cw-NMR
A type of spectroscopy where the energy states of 1H nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Spectra are obtained by scanning a range of radio frequencies. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 1H ENDOR, 1H ENDOR spectroscopy, hydrogen-1 ENDOR, hydrogen-1 ENDOR spectroscopy, proton ENDOR, proton ENDOR spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where a microwave frequency pulse is used to saturate the electron resonance transitions in the 1H nuclei of a sample, and a radio frequency pulse is used excite a nuclear transition. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy, 57Fe Moessbauer spectroscopy, 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, 57Fe Mößbauer spectroscopy, 57Fe recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy, iron-57 Moessbauer spectroscopy, iron-57 Mößbauer spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 57Fe nuclei is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 57Fe ENDOR, 57Fe ENDOR spectroscopy, iron-57 ENDOR, iron-57 ENDOR spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where a microwave frequency pulse is used to saturate the electron resonance transitions in the 57Fe nuclei of a sample, and a radio frequency pulse is used excite a nuclear transition. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 63Cu EPR, 63Cu ESR, 63Cu pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the response of a 63Cu atom to short (ns) pulses of microwave radiation in a magnetic field is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 65Cu EPR, 65Cu ESR, 65Cu pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the response of a 65Cu atom to short (ns) pulses of microwave radiation in a magnetic field is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 95Mo ENDOR, 95Mo ENDOR spectroscopy, molybdenum-95 ENDOR, molybdenum-95 ENDOR spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where a microwave frequency pulse is used to saturate the electron resonance transitions in the 95Mo nuclei of a sample, and a radio frequency pulse is used excite a nuclear transition. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Acheson technique
A method for growing low-purity polycrystalline SiC. A mixture of silica, carbon, sawdust and NaCl is heated to 2700 deg. C in a furnace, and the temperature gradually decreased. [CHMO]
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synonyms: AEAPS, Auger electron appearance potential spectrometry, EAAPS, IEMM, electron-excited Auger electron appearance potential spectrometry, electron-excited Auger electron appearance potential spectroscopy, incident energy modulation method spectrometry, incident energy modulation method spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by a sudden increase in secondary electron current. [CHMO]
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synonyms: APYS, Auger electron partial yield spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionization of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. Only the Auger electrons emitted at a particular photon energy are detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: AEES, AES, Auger electron emission spectroscopy, Auger electron spectrometry, Auger spectrometry, Auger spectroscopy
Any type of spectroscopy where a high energy photon ionizes a core electron and an electron from a higher energy level descends to take its place, releasing sufficient energy to eject a second so-called 'Auger' electron and the energy of the Auger electron is detected as a function of incident photon energy. [CHMO]
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synonyms: AEPECS, APECS, Auger electron photoelectron coincidence spectrometry, Auger electron-photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy, Auger-photoelectron electron coincidence spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays resulting in the emission of photoelectrons and 'Auger' electrons which are detected as a function of energy. [CHMO]
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A BET analysis is a measuring process for calculating surface area based on the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) theory of multiple adsorption layers. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: Bonnemann method, Bonnemann colloidal method, Bonnemann's method
A method for producing metal nanoparticles by the reduction of metal salts with tetraalkylammonium hydrotriorganoborates. The resulting colloids are highly active hydrogenation catalysts. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Bridgman technique, Bridgman-Stockbarger technique
A method of growing a single crystal 'ingot' or 'boule'. The polycrystalline sample is heated in a container above its melting point and slowly cooled from one end where a seed crystal is located. Single crystal material is then progressively formed along the length of the container. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Brust nanoparticle synthesis, Brust synthesis
A method for synthesising gold nanoparticles from HAuCl4 in non-aqueous solution (e.g. toluene) using tetraoctylammonium bromide as a phase-transfer catalyst and sodium borohydride to reduce Au(III) to Au(0). [CHMO]
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synonyms: BLEW, BLEW pulse sequence, BLEW sequence, Burum-Linder-Ernst windowless pulse sequence, Burum-Linder-Ernst windowless sequence
A sequence of pulses used in magic angle spinning NMR to remove the effect of homonuclear dipolar couplings. A train/sequence of pulses is used to cyclically manipulate the signal whilst stroboscopic sampling ensures the effects of coupling are unobserved. For the pulse sequence see J. Magn. Reson., (1981), 44, pg 173. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill pulse sequence, CPMG, CPMG pulse sequence, CPMG sequence, Carr, Purcell,Meiboom,Gill pulse sequence, Carr-Purcell Meiboom-Gill pulse sequence
A pulse sequence which is applied during nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure spin-spin (T2) relaxation times. For the pulse sequence see Rev. Sci. Inst., (1958), 29, pg 688. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Cohn process
A method for separating proteins from plasma by changing the conditions of the plasma by simultaneous cooling and addition of alcohol. This causes precipitation of the proteins, which can then be removed by centrifugation. [CHMO]
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A method of producing large single crystals (of semiconductors or metals) by inserting a small seed crystal into a crucible filled with similar molten material, then slowly pulling the seed up from the melt while rotating it. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DNA metalization
The deposition of a layer of metal on DNA by chemically reducing DNA-complexed metal salts (e.g., Ag, Pd, Pt, and Cu). [CHMO]
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Truncation of the FID recorded either by insufficient acquisition time or by post acquisition processing. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: z-filling
A recorded RF signal in NMR spectroscopy observed as the perturbed sample magnetisation relaxes back to its bulk magnetisation population state that has been suffixed with a set of data points containing many zeros. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: UV Fmoc test, ultraviolet Fmoc test
A colorimetric test which consists of coupling an Fmoc (9H-fluoren-9-yl-methoxycarbonyl )-protected amino acid and measuring the UV absorbance of the sample after deprotection using 20% piperidine in DMF. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Forster resonance energy transfer, Förster resonance energy transfer, Förster resonance energy transfer, FRET, Förster resonant energy transfer
A method for determining the distance between molecules using an energy transfer between two chromophores (a donor and an acceptor) in close proximity (typically <10 nm) via a nonradiative, long-range dipole-dipole coupling mechanism. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FP, FTP, Fourier transform profilometry
A method where the profile of a surface is determined by illuminating the sample with a beam of light which has been split into two paths, one of which is directed at the sample and the other at a reference mirror. When the reflections are recombined a Fourier transform is applied to the phase of the interference pattern which contains information about the contours of the surface. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FT Raman spectrometry, FT Raman spectroscopy, FT-Raman, Fourier transform Raman spectrometry, Fourier-transform Raman spectrometry, Fourier-transform Raman spectroscopy
Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy is a type of vibrational spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of light by a sample is detected and the spectrum is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FT Raman spectrometry, FT Raman spectroscopy, FT-Raman, Fourier transform Raman spectrometry, Fourier-transform Raman spectrometry, Fourier-transform Raman spectroscopy
A type of vibrational spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of light by a sample is detected and the spectrum is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy, ATR FT-IR spectroscopy, ATR FTIR spectroscopy, ATR-FTIR, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, FTIR-ATR, Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infra-red , Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infra-red spectroscopy, Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infrared , Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy , Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy, attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infra-red, Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infrared
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synonyms: FT-EIS
A type of spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of an electrochemical cell is measured. A Fourier transform is then applied to the spectrum. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FT-FIR, FT-FIR spectrometry, FT-FIR spectroscopy, FT-far-IR, FT-far-IR spectroscopy, FT/FIR, FTFIR, Fourier transform far infrared spectroscopy, Fourier transform far-infra-red spectrometry, Fourier transform far-infrared spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation in the far infrared region (15-1000 µm) and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Fourier transform flame infrared emission spectroscopy, FT-FIRE, Fourier transform FIRE, Fourier transform flame infra-red emission spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is heated in a flame and the infrared radiation (0.78-1000 µm) emitted during cooling is detected. The spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FT-IR, FT-IR spectroscopy, FTIR, FTIR spectrometry, FTIR spectroscopy, Fourier transform infra-red absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) absorption spectroscopy
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is a type of vibrational spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the infrared region (0.78-1000 µm) and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Fourier transform infrared emission spectroscopy, FT-IRES, FTIRES, Fourier transform IRES, Fourier transform infra-red emission spectrometry, Fourier transform infra-red emission spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared emission spectrometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
IR emission spectroscopy where the spectrum is obtained by a single pulse of (UV) radiation, and is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FT-IR imaging, FT-IR microscopy, FTIR imaging, FTIR microscopy, FTIR microspectroscopy, FTIR spectromicroscopy, FTIR-MSP, Fourier transform infra-red microspectrometry, Fourier transform infra-red microspectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared microspectrometry, Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectromicroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared microscopy
The collection of spatially resolved infrared spectra of a sample during optical microscopy. The infrared spectra are obtained by single pulse of infrared radiation, and are subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FT-IR OAS, FT-IR PAS, FT-IR optoacoustic spectrometry, FT-IR optoacoustic spectroscopy, FT-IR photoacoustic spectrometry, FT-IR photoacoustic spectroscopy, FT/IR OAS, FT/IR PAS, FTIR OAS, FTIR PAS, FTIR-OAS, FTIR-PAS, FTIROAS, FTIRPAS, Fourier transform infra-red photoacoustic spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sound emitted when a gaseous sample is exposed to an intense infrared laser beam, which is rapidly interrupted by a rotating slotted disk, is measured. The spectrum is then subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]
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synonyms: reflection-absorption Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy, FT-IRAS, FT-IRRAS, Fourier transform infrared reflection absorption spectrometry, RA FT-IR, RA FTIR, RA-FTIR, reflection absorption (RA) FT-IR, reflection absorption Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry, reflection absorption Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, reflection absorption Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
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synonyms: reflection-absorption Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy, FT-IRAS, FT-IRRAS, Fourier transform infrared reflection absorption spectrometry, RA FT-IR, RA FTIR, RA-FTIR, reflection absorption (RA) FT-IR, reflection absorption Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry, reflection absorption Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, reflection absorption Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the absorption and reflection of low-incident-angle infrared light by the surface molecules of a highly reflective or polished sample is measured. The sample absorbs a single pulse of radiation and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FT-IR, FT-IR spectroscopy, FTIR, FTIR spectrometry, FTIR spectroscopy, Fourier transform infra-red absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) absorption spectroscopy
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is a type of vibrational spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the infrared region (0.78-1000 µm) and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FT-IR, FT-IR spectroscopy, FTIR, FTIR spectrometry, FTIR spectroscopy, Fourier transform infra-red absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) absorption spectroscopy
A type of vibrational spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the infrared region (0.78-1000 µm) and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]
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Mass spectrometry technique in which m/z values are represented by frequencies of ion motion and mass spectra are generated by Fourier transform mathematical operations from time domain transients produced by image current detection. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Mass spectrometry technique in which m/z values are represented by frequencies of ion motion and mass spectra are generated by Fourier transform mathematical operations from time domain transients produced by image current detection. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: FT-MW spectrometry, FT-MW spectroscopy, FTMW spectrometry, FTMW spectroscopy, Fourier transform microwave spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is irradiated with a single pulse of radiation in the microwave region (1-1000 mm) and the spectrum is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Fourier transform near infrared absorbance spectroscopy, Fourier transform near infrared absorption spectrometry, FT NIRS, FT-NIRS, FTNIRS, Fourier transform near infra-red absorbance spectrometry, Fourier transform near infra-red absorption spectrometry, Fourier transform near infra-red spectrometry, Fourier transform near infra-red spectroscopy, Fourier transform near infrared absorbance spectrometry, Fourier transform near infrared absorption spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample absorbs a single pulse of radiation from the near infrared region (0.8-2 µm) and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Fourier transform near infrared absorbance spectroscopy, Fourier transform near infrared absorption spectrometry, FT NIRS, FT-NIRS, FTNIRS, Fourier transform near infra-red absorbance spectrometry, Fourier transform near infra-red absorption spectrometry, Fourier transform near infra-red spectrometry, Fourier transform near infra-red spectroscopy, Fourier transform near infrared absorbance spectrometry, Fourier transform near infrared absorption spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample absorbs a single pulse of radiation from the near infrared region (0.8-2 µm) and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]
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synonyms: fourier transformation
The Fourier transformation decomposes a function of time (e.g. a signal) into the frequencies that make it up. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: Weierstrass transform, binomial smoothing, Gaussian blur
Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: Weierstrass transform, binomial smoothing, Gaussian blur
A Gaussian smoothing is a smoothing by convolving the data with a one-dimensional Gaussian function. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: HCANNH experiment
A triple-resonance NMR experiment used to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shift of the (backbone) amide proton is correlated with the chemical shift of the covalently bound nitrogen and with the alpha-carbon and proton of the same residue. The experiment name describes the path taken by the magnetization during the experiment. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HCC(CO)NNH experiment
A triple-resonance NMR experiment used to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shift of the (backbone) amide proton is correlated with the chemical shift of the covalently bound nitrogen and with both the alpha- and beta-carbons and protons of the preceding residue. The experiment name describes the path taken by the magnetization during the experiment. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HN(CO)CAHA experiment
A triple-resonance NMR experiment used to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shift of the (backbone) amide proton is correlated with the chemical shift of the covalently bound nitrogen and with the alpha-carbon and proton of the preceding residue. The experiment name describes the path taken by the magnetization during the experiment. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HNCA experiment
A triple-resonance NMR experiment used in to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shift of the (backbone) amide proton is correlated with the chemical shift of the covalently bound nitrogen and the alpha carbons of the same and preceding residues. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HNCAHA experiment
A triple-resonance NMR experiment used to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shift of the (backbone) amide proton is correlated with the chemical shift of the covalently bound nitrogen and the alpha-carbon and proton of the same residue. The experiment name describes the path taken by the magnetization during the experiment. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HNCO, HNCO experiment
A triple-resonance NMR experiment used in to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shift of the (backbone) amide proton is correlated with the chemical shift of the covalently bound nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon of the preceding residue. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HNCOCA, HN(CO)CA, HN(CO)CA experiment, HNCOCA experiment
A triple-resonance NMR experiment used to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shift of the (backbone) amide proton is correlated with the chemical shift of the covalently bound nitrogen and the alpha-carbon of the preceding residue. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Hadamard NMR spectroscopy, Hadamard encoded NMR, Hadamard nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Hadamard-encoded NMR
An NMR experiment in which multiple frequencies in an NMR spectrum are excited simultaneously over a broad frequency range using polychromatic pulses. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 2D Hadamard encoded TOCSY, Hadamard TOCSY, Hadamard-TOCSY
A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between all nuclei of a spin-system. All of the resonances in the spin system are excited by selecting only one line for excitation and the final spectrum consists of a series of 1D sub-spectra, each representing one spin system. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HAES, He+-excited Auger electron spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the bombardment of a sample with He+ ions results in the ionization of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected as a function of incident He+ ion energy. [CHMO]
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A J-coupling is a coupling between two nuclei spins, mediated through chemical bonds. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: 2D J-resolved spectroscopy , 2D J-spectroscopy, 2DJ spectroscopy, J-RES, J-resolved NMR, J-resolved NMR spectrometry, J-resolved NMR spectroscopy, J-resolved spectrometry, J-resolved spectroscopy, J-resolved spectroscopy NMR spectroscopy, J-spectrometry, JRES, JRES NMR, two-dimensional J-spectroscopy
A type of homonuclear proton-proton NMR spectroscopy where chemical shift and J-coupling information are separated onto different frequency axes. [CHMO]
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An electrochemical technique where the ac component of the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the ac potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. The cell current is sampled on alternate half cycles and the potential is applied as a small amplitude square wave superimposed on a linear sweep. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Karl Fischer coulometric titration, Karl Fischer coulometry, Karl-Fischer coulometry, coulometric Karl Fischer titration, coulometric Karl-Fischer titration
Karl-Fischer coulometric titration is a process of determining trace amounts of water in a sample by the titration of sulphur dioxide in water using iodine. In this method the I2 is generated electrochemically from I- and titrated with sulphur dioxide. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Karl Fischer coulometric titration, Karl Fischer coulometry, Karl-Fischer coulometry, coulometric Karl Fischer titration, coulometric Karl-Fischer titration
Karl-Fischer coulometric titration is a process of determining trace amounts of water in a sample by the titration of sulfur dioxide in water using iodine. In this method the I2 is generated electrochemically from I- and titrated with sulfur dioxide. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Karl Fischer coulometric titration, Karl Fischer coulometry, Karl-Fischer coulometry, coulometric Karl Fischer titration, coulometric Karl-Fischer titration
The process of determining trace amounts of water in a sample by the titration of sulphur dioxide in water using iodine. In this method the I2 is generated electrochemically from I- and titrated with sulphur dioxide. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Karl Fischer titration
Karl-Fischer titration is a process of determining trace amounts of water in a sample by the titration of sulfur dioxide in water using iodine. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Karl Fischer titration
The process of determining trace amounts of water in a sample by the titration of sulfur dioxide in water using iodine. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Karl Fischer volumetric titration, volumetric Karl Fischer titration, volumetric Karl-Fischer titration
Karl-Fischer volumetric titration is a process of determining trace amounts of water in a sample by the titration of sulphur dioxide in water using iodine. In this method the titrant is added directly to the sample using a burette. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Karl Fischer volumetric titration, volumetric Karl Fischer titration, volumetric Karl-Fischer titration
Karl-Fischer volumetric titration is a process of determining trace amounts of water in a sample by the titration of sulfur dioxide in water using iodine. In this method the titrant is added directly to the sample using a burette. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Karl Fischer volumetric titration, volumetric Karl Fischer titration, volumetric Karl-Fischer titration
The process of determining trace amounts of water in a sample by the titration of sulphur dioxide in water using iodine. In this method the titrant is added directly to the sample using a burette. [CHMO]
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synonyms: KFS
A type of spectroscopy where an atomic force microscope is used to measure the force experienced by a sample. A probe, which is made of a material with a known work function (commonly tungsten or platinum), is arranged close to the sample surface as a parallel-plate capacitor with a small spacing. The probe is vibrated, causing a change in the capacitance between the electrodes. A voltage is then applied between the probe and sample until the electric field between them vanishes. The force gradient is proportional to the change in amplitude of the vibration. The distance between the probe and sample is kept constant during the measurement using a feedback loop. [CHMO]
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synonyms: KFM, KPFM, Kelvin force microscopy, Kelvin probe microscopy, SSPM, scanning surface potential microscopy
A type of microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. The conducting tip forms a capacitor with the surface, over which it is scanned laterally at a constant separation, in order to map the change in work function of the surface. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Kelvin method, vibrating capacitor method
A measurement method for determining the contact potential difference or difference in work functions between the sample and a reference electrode. In this method, the probe, which is made ofna material with a known work function (commonly tungsten or platinum), is arranged close to the sample surface as a parallel-plate capacitor with a small spacing. The probe is vibrated, causing a change in the capacitance between the electrodes, resulting in a small ac current. The work function difference is measured by applying an opposing external bias voltage such that the ac current is zero. [CHMO]
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synonyms: OKE spectroscopy, OKES, optical Kerr effect spectroscopy, optical Kerr-effect spectroscopy, optical-Kerr-effect (OKE) spectroscopy, optical-Kerr-effect spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the refractive index change of the sample induced by two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) under the influence of an electric field (the 'optical Kerr effect') is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Kerr-gated Raman spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, usually from a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range, by a sample is detected. The energy of the incoming laser is adjusted such that it or the scattered light coincides with an electronic transition within the sample, and the laser is combined with a Kerr gate fluorescence rejection system. [CHMO]
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A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. As the sample mixture to be purified is heated, its vapours rise a short distance into a vertical condenser (called a 'Kugelrohr') where they are cooled by water. This technique is used for small amounts of samples with high boiling points (usually >300 deg. C) under greatly reduced pressure. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LC/MS reaction monitoring data processing
LC-MS reaction monitoring data processing is a data processing for analyzing samples using MRM technologies. [Allotrope]
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A process that is executed by an LC-UV system. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: LOWESS smoothing
Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: Langmuir-Blodgett assembly, Langmuir-Blodgett technique
A method of depositing crystalline films one molecular layer at a time, by dipping the substrate into water containing a polymer that forms a single layer of molecular chains on the surface. This layer is then transferred from the water to the substrate. [CHMO]
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synonyms: L-DLTS, LDLTS, LTDLTS, Laplace DLTS, Laplace deep level transient spectroscopy, Laplace transform DLTS, Laplace transform deep level transient spectroscopy, Laplace transform deep-level transient spectroscopy
A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the average capacitance produced by applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at a fixed temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit a peak for each 'deep level' (each energy level near the center of the band gap). The height of the peak is proportional to the defect density and the emission rate is characteristic for each type of defect. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Lely technique
A method for crystal growth where polycrystalline SiC lumps are carefully packed between two concentric graphite tubes. The inner tube is then withdrawn leaving a porous SiC layer inside the outer tube. The outer tube is then heated (~2500 deg. C) in Ar, causing the SiC powder to sublime and nucleate on a cooler surface. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MLEV, MLEV pulse sequence, MLEV sequence
A sequence of composite pulses designed to remove signal splitting due to heteronuclear J-couplings in multinuclear liquid NMR experiments. Also used to allow transfer of magnetization between nuclei (by making the spins precess with at the same chemical shift and thus enjoy strong coupling - isotropic mixing). For the pulse sequence see J. Magn. Reson., (1981), 43, pg 502. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MREV, MREV pulse sequence, MREV sequence, Mansfield Rhim Elleman Vaughn sequence, Mansfield, Rhim, Elleman, Vaughn sequence, Mansfield-Rhim-Elleman-Vaughn pulse sequence, Mansfield-Rhim-Elleman-Vaughn sequence
A pulse sequence used in magic angle spinning NMR to remove the effects of homonuclear dipolar coupling. For the pulse sequence see J. Chem. Phys., (1973), 59, pg 3740. [CHMO]
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Rearrangement reaction involving transfer of a hydrogen atom via a six-member transition state to the formal radical/charge site from a carbon atom four atoms distant from the charge/radical site (the γ-carbon); subsequent rearrangement of electron density can lead to expulsion of an olefin molecule. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Rearrangement reaction involving transfer of a hydrogen atom via a six-member transition state to the formal radical/charge site from a carbon atom four atoms distant from the charge/radical site (the γ-carbon); subsequent rearrangement of electron density can lead to expulsion of an olefin molecule. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: Mossbauer spectroscopy, Moessbauer spectroscopy, Mössbauer spectroscopy, Mößbauer spectroscopy, recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: OSWV, Osteryoung square wave voltammetry
An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied as a square wave and there is one square wave cycle per staircase step. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Ostwald-ripening
The growth of larger crystals from those of smaller size, which have a higher solubility that the larger ones. [CHMO]
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A PCR experiment is an experiment that uses PCR to achieve its goals. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: Pickering emulsification, Pickering emulsion process, Pickering emulsion processing
A method for dispersing two or more immiscible liquid by shaking, stirring or homogenising the mixture. The emulsion is stablised by adding finely divided insoluble solid particles (e.g. latex or silica). [CHMO]
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synonyms: PDLF with R-type recoupling, R-PDLF, R-type recoupling proton detected local field spectroscopy, proton-deteced separated local field spectroscopy with R-type recoupling
A magic-angle spinning NMR experiment to measure dipolar couplings. Dipolar couplings are reintroduced by synchronising RF pulses with the rotation of the rotor. Spectral simplification occurs via the proton detected separated local field protocol where 1H-1H interactions are decoupled and proton magnetization is passed through 13C nuclei present at natural abundance. [CHMO]
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synonyms: RCD, Raman CD, Raman circular dichroism
The observation of circular dichroism (the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarized light) in the Raman spectra of chiral molecules. [CHMO]
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synonyms: laser Raman spectroscopy, LRMA, MRS, RCIS, Raman chemical imaging spectrometry, Raman chemical imaging spectroscopy, Raman imaging, Raman mapping, Raman micro spectrometry, Raman micro spectroscopy, Raman microprobe spectroscopy, Raman microspectrometry, Raman microspectroscopy, Raman spectral imaging, laser Raman microanalysis, micro Raman spectrometry, micro Raman spectroscopy, micro-Raman spectrometry, micro-Raman spectroscopy
The collection of spatially resolved Raman spectra of a sample during optical microscopy. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Raman scattering spectrometry, Raman scattering spectroscopy, Raman spectrometry, laser Raman spectroscopy
Any type of vibrational spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, usually from a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range by a sample is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: RIKES, Raman-induced Kerr-effect spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) with a frequency difference close to a Raman-mode frequency in the sample induce a refractive index change in the sample. By scanning the frequency difference of the two beams and recording simultaneously the polarization change of the probe beam, the Raman spectral structure of the sample can be obtained. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Rayleigh scattering method, elastic light scattering, laser Rayleigh scattering, laser Rayleigh scattering spectrometry, laser Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy, laser-Rayleigh scattering
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HE IS, HE ISS, HE-IS, HE-ISS, HEIS, HEISS, RBS, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, Rutherford scattering spectrometry, Rutherford scattering spectroscopy, backscattering spectroscopy, heavy ion scattering spectrometry, heavy ion scattering spectroscopy, heavy-ion scattering spectrometry, heavy-ion scattering spectroscopy, high-energy ion scattering spectrometry, high-energy ion scattering spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with He+ or H+ ions (500-1500 eV) and the energies and positions of any backscattered ions are detected. [CHMO]
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Definition pending. [0]
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Savitzky-Golay smoothing is a smoothing by convolving the data by fitting successive sub-sets of adjacent data points with a low-degree polynomial by the method of linear least squares. [Allotrope]
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The process of transferring the partially soluble components of a solid to the liquid phase using a Soxhlet extractor. The solid is placed in a filter paper thimble which is then placed into the main chamber of the Soxhlet extractor. The solvent (heated to reflux) travels into the main chamber and the partially soluble components are slowly tranferred to the solvent. [CHMO]
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synonyms: UV-assisted CFL
A process for shaping pliable thermoplastic polymers. An elastomeric (polyurethane acrylate) mould is placed on a UV-curable polymer that has been spin- or drop-coated onto a substrate and partially cured using UV light (200-400 nm). The system is then further exposed to UV light and capillary force allows the polymer melt to fill up the void space between the polymer and the mould. After cooling to ambient temperature, the mould is removed, generating the negative replica of the mould pattern. [CHMO]
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synonyms: flame fusion
A method for preparing synthetic gemstones. A finely powdered sample is melted in an hydrogen-oxygen flame (2000 deg. C) and crystallising the melted droplets on a boule (a single crystal). [CHMO]
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synonyms: Waugh, Huber, Haeberlin pulse sequence, WAHUHA, WAHUHA pulse sequence, WAHUHA sequence, Waugh Huber Haeberlin sequence, Waugh-Huber-Haeberlin pulse sequence, Waugh-Huber-Haeberlin sequence
A pulse sequence used in magic angle spinning NMR to remove the effects of homonuclear dipolar coupling. For the pulse sequence see Phys. Rev. Lett., (1968), 20, pg 180. [CHMO]
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synonyms: X half-filter
A technique used in 2D NMR of isotopically enriched samples (usually 13C/15N) to remove signals of protons which are not bound to a particular isotope from one of the two domains of the experiment. For the technique see J. Magn. Reson., (1986), 70, pg 500. [CHMO]
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synonyms: X-band EPR spectroscopy, X-band ESR spectroscopy, X-band electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to short (ns) pulses of microwave radiation in a magnetic field is measured. The microwave radiation used has an approximate frequency of 9 GHz, known as the 'X-band'. [CHMO]
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synonyms: heteronuclear nXQF element
A technique used in NMR of isotopically enriched samples (usually 13C/15N) to select for, or to remove signals of protons bound to a particular isotope. [CHMO]
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synonyms: X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements, X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry, XAFS
A type of X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient around the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are measured as a function of incident X-ray energy. [CHMO]
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synonyms: X-ray absorption spectrometry, XAS
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays and the X-ray absorption coefficient of the sample is measured. When the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron in an atom there is a decrease in the intensity of transmitted X-rays resulting in an absorption edge. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EEXAPS, EXAPS, SXAPS, X-ray appearance potential spectrometry, XAPS, electron-excited X-ray appearance potential spectrometry, electron-excited X-ray appearance potential spectroscopy, soft X-ray appearance potential spectrometry, soft X-ray appearance potential spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by the sudden appearance of soft X-ray fluorescence. [CHMO]
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synonyms: X-ray bremsstrahlung spectrometry, XBIS, ultraviolet bremsstrahlung spectrometry, ultraviolet bremsstrahlung spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation in the X-ray region. [CHMO]
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synonyms: X-Ray crystallographic analysis, X-ray analysis, X-ray crystallography, X-ray diffraction analysis, X-ray diffractometry, X-ray structure determination, XRD
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. [CHMO]
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synonyms: X-ray emission spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, XES, XRES, XRF, XRF spectrometry, XRF spectroscopy
Any type of X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays or particles and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions (known as 'X-ray fluorescence') are detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: X-ray excited Auger electron spectrometry, X-ray induced Auger electron spectrometry, X-ray induced Auger electron spectroscopy, XAES, XEAES, XIAES
A type of spectroscopy where X-ray bombardment of a sample results in the ionization of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected as a function of incident X-ray energy. [CHMO]
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synonyms: X-ray excited electron appearance potential spectrometry, XEAPS
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by the sudden appearance of peaks in the photoelectron spectrum. [CHMO]
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synonyms: X-ray fluorescence imaging, XFM, XRF imaging, x-ray fluorescence microprobe (XFM) analysis
An imaging technique where a beam of X-rays is directed at the specimen and the intensities of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions (known as 'X-ray fluorescence') are detected as a function of wavelength and position. As these energies are element-specific, X-ray fluorescence microscopy can be used to determine spatially-resolved elemental composition. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PXL, XL, proximity X-ray lithography
A synthesis technique which uses X-rays to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a beam of X-rays is scanned across a patterned mask. The mask consists of an X-ray absorber (e.g. Au) on a membrane that is transparent to X-rays (e.g. SiC). The X-rays induce chemical reactions in the resist and the desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). [CHMO]
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synonyms: X-ray magnetic circular dichroism spectrometry, XMCD, XMCD spectrometry, XMCD spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised X-ray radiation in the presence of a magnetic field. [CHMO]
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synonyms: X-ray microemission spectroscopy, X-ray microemission, X-ray microemission spectrometry, X-ray microfluorescence, X-ray microfluorescence spectrometry, X-ray microfluorescence spectroscopy, XRME, XRME spectrometry, XRME spectroscopy, XRMF, XRMF spectrometry, XRMF spectroscopy
A type of X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 m diameter) X-ray beam and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions (known as 'X-ray fluorescence') are detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: X-ray microprobe spectroscopy, X-ray micro-probe spectrometry, X-ray microanalysis, X-ray microprobe spectrometry, XMPS
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with a finely focused X-ray beam (<10 m diameter) and the X-ray absorption coefficient of the sample is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: XM, XRM
An imaging technique where soft X-rays (100-1000 eV) are directed at the specimen, and the difference in absorption of the X-rays by different elements (mainly O and C) produces an image. [CHMO]
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synonyms: XPD, XPED, XPhD
A method for determining structure during X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. X-rays are directed at a sample and diffraction patterns resulting from the emission of electrons are recorded. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ESCA, PESIS, X-ray photoelectron emission spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron scattering (XPS) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron scattering spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectrometry, X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, XPES, XPS, electron spectrometry for chemical analysis, electron spectrometry for chemical applications, electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis, electron spectroscopy for chemical applications, photoelectron spectroscopy of the inner shell
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with X-rays causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: X-ray excited PEEM, X-ray photoelectron microscopy, XPEEM
A type of electron microscopy where the distribution of electrons emitted by a specimen sample following excitation with an X-ray source is used to produce an image. [CHMO]
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synonyms: X-Ray photon correlation spectroscopy, XPCS
A method for determining the size distribution of a sample of small particles in solution by bombarding the sample with coherent X-rays and measuring the time-dependent fluctuations in the intensity of the scattered X-rays caused by Brownian motion. [CHMO]
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synonyms: X-ray reflection spectrometry, X-ray reflectivity spectrometry, X-ray reflectivity spectroscopy
Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays and the energies of reflected X-rays are measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: X-ray reflectivity, XRR
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at an extremely flat surface and measuring the intensity of the reflected X-rays as a function of angle. X-ray reflectometry is used to determine the structure of thin films. [CHMO]
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synonyms: XRS, XS
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: X-ray spectrometry
Any type of spectroscopy where the absorption or emission of X-rays is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: XU photoelectron spectrometry, XU photoelectron spectroscopy, XUPES, XUPS, XUV photoelectron spectrometry, XUV photoelectron spectroscopy, XUVPES, XUVPS
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation in the range Xray-ultraviolet, which causes ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ZZ filter
A technique used in NMR experiments to remove unwanted signals from the spectrum by destroying the magnetization giving rise to these signals using a pulsed filed gradient whilst the magnetization of interest is maintained in a state which is unaffected by the pulsed field gradient (ZZ-state). [CHMO]
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synonyms: AC-HAADF-STEM, abberration corrected high angular annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy, abberration-corrected high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy
A type of microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum. The beam of electrons is scattered or diffracted at high angles before reaching the specimen, and the image results from a weakening of the beam by its interaction with the sample. An annular aperture is used to select electrons that have passed through given symmetric zones within the objective lens of the microscope. The electron beam is focused using a set of magnetic lenses which removes spherical aberration (an effect where the electron beam is deflected too strongly, resulting in a blurred image). [CHMO]
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synonyms: aberration corrected high resolution transmission electron microscopy, aberration-corrected HRTEM
A type of microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum and the phase contrast between transmitted electron waves is used to produce an image. The beam is focused using a set of magnetic lenses which removes spherical aberration (an effect where the electron beam is deflected too strongly, resulting in a blurred image). [CHMO]
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synonyms: Cs-corrected TEM, aberration-corrected TEM, spherical-aberration-corrected TEM, spherical-aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy
A type of microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. The electron beam is focused using a set of magnetic lenses which removes spherical aberration (an effect where the electron beam is deflected too strongly, described by the spherical aberration coefficient 'Cs', which results in a blurred image). [CHMO]
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Definition pending. [0]
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Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: aborted, is aborted
An aborted state is a state during which a planned process has run to completion in an abnormal way and the device or service is waiting for a reset that cause the state to change to an idle state. [Allotrope]
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Abrading is a material process of scuffing, scratching, wearing down, marring, or rubbing away. [Wikipedia]
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A kind of activation analysis in which the elemental concentrations in the material are calculated from known nuclear constants, irradiation and measurement parameters, rather than by comparing with known standards. [CHMO]
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synonyms: absorbance profile
An absorbance process profile is a profile that quantifies the absorbance of a material entity over time. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: ADMR
A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels are detected by light absorption. Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves. [CHMO]
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synonyms: absorbance titration, absorption spectral titration
The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the absorbance of radiation by the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: AMS, accelerator MS, accelerator mass spectrometry, accelerator mass spectroscopy
Mass spectrometry technique in which atoms and molecules from a sample are ionized, accelerated to MeV energies and separated according to their momentum, charge, and energy, allowing high discrimination for measurement of isotope abundances. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: AMS, accelerator MS, accelerator mass spectrometry, accelerator mass spectroscopy
Mass spectrometry technique in which atoms and molecules from a sample are ionized, accelerated to MeV energies and separated according to their momentum, charge, and energy, allowing high discrimination for measurement of isotope abundances. [IUPAC]
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A non-cumulative process (event) that is non-atomic. [DOLCE]
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A dimensionality reduction technique used in multidimensional NMR experiments. A nD NMR experiment is represented in n-1 dimensions by concerted, simultaneous interrogation of two spectral dimensions. [CHMO]
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A process boundary based on some physical characteristics at the start or end of some process changing these characteristics. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: acid-digestion
The decomposition of a sample in strong acids such as nitric, sulfuric or perchloric acid in order to obtain the sample in liquid form. [CHMO]
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synonyms: acid-base titration, acid/base titration
Acid-base titration is the process of determining the quantity of a sample (an acid or base) by adding measured increments of a titrant (a base or acid) until the endpoint, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. [CHMO]
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synonyms: acid-base titration, acid/base titration
The process of determining the quantity of a sample (an acid or base) by adding measured increments of a titrant (a base or acid) until the endpoint, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. [CHMO]
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synonyms: acidimetry
The process of determining the quantity of a sample (a base) by adding measured increments of a titrant (an acid) until the endpoint, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. [CHMO]
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synonyms: acoustic drop dispensing
The dropwise release of a liquid using a focused acoustic beam to eject a controlled droplet from an open pool of liquid. When the acoustic beam strikes the liquid surface, the pressure causes the fluid to rise up and a droplet breaks off. [CHMO]
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synonyms: acoustic emission spectroscopy
A type of spectrometry where the noise generated by the movement of bubbles or particles is detected. [CHMO]
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Any process that involves preparing or exciting a material for a subsequent reaction. [OSTHUS, CHMO]
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Any process that involves preparing or exciting a material for a subsequent reaction. [CHMO]
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A kind of elemental or isotopic analysis based on the measurement of characteristic radiation from nuclides formed directly or indirectly by activation of the test portion. [CHMO]
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An activity is a process that is cumulative but not homeomeric. [Allotrope, DOLCE]
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An activity is a process that is cumulative but not homomeric. [Allotrope, DOLCE]
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synonyms: activating, starting, switching on, turning on
Actuating is the process of commencing the flow of energy, signal, or material in response to an imported control signal. [NIST]
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synonyms: addition, adding, addition (material), material addition
Adding is loading material into a container where it is combined with existing material. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: addition rate profile
An addition rate process profile is a rate process profile that is an occurent part of an material addition process. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: addition rate profile
An addition rate process profile is a rate process profile that is an occurrent part of an material addition process. [Allotrope]
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Removal of an electron from an atom, radical, or molecule in its lowest energy state, thus producing an ion in its lowest energy state. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: ASC
The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of the temperature, whilst the pressure is kept constant. Scanning rates on the order of a few mK min-1 are used and a constant power is continuously applied to (or extracted from) the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: adjustment
Adjusting is a process of slightly changing something with the purpose to achieve an agreement with a set of specifications. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: adjustment
Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: adjustment
Adjusting is a changing by altering or moving slightly. [Allotrope]
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Chromatography in which separation is based mainly on differences between the adsorption affinities of the sample components for the surface of an active solid. [CHMO]
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synonyms: AdSV, adsorptive-stripping voltammetry
An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first adsorbed onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped'. During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ASE, advanced silicon etch
The process of creating deep holes and trenches in a silicon surface using short pulses of a plasma (a partially ionized gas - usually SF6 - containing free electrons and radicals) alternating with the deposition of a chemically inert passivation layer (e.g. C4F8). [CHMO]
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synonyms: AACVD, aerosol assisted CVD, aerosol-assisted CVD, aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition, aerosol-assisted chemical vapour deposition
A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more involatile precursors, suspended in a liquid-gas aerosol (generated ultrasonically), which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. [CHMO]
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synonyms: AJD, aerosol JD
A synthesis method where an aerosol containing precursors is projected onto a surface, resulting in a deposit. [CHMO]
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synonyms: aerosol process, aerosol processing
A method for the synthesis of solid particles from an aerosol. The desired solid particles are suspended in a liquid, which is heated to 275-330 deg. C under pressure and passed through an orifice so that an aerosol forms. The particles in the aerosol are polymerised by partial evaporation of the solvent. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ASES
A technique where a solid sample is dissolved in a common (organic or inorganic) solvent, mixed with a supercritical fluid and sprayed into an autoclave. This leads to the reduction in solubility of the solid and precipitation. [CHMO]
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synonyms: affinity purification, bioaffinity chromatography
A method of separating biochemical mixtures based on a highly specific interaction such as that between antigen and antibody, enzyme and substrate, or receptor and ligand. [Allotrope]
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An electrophoresis method where the separation medium has specific interactions with the analytes. [CHMO]
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The selective sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') from a liquid sample containing a ligand and a target protein. The precipitate evolves after the application of a suitable stimulus (e.g. Ca2+ or Ba2+). [CHMO]
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A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium consisting of agarose gel, across which an electric field is applied. [CHMO]
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synonyms: aggregating data, data aggregation, collecting data
A data processing that assigns some data to a collection. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: age hardening, dispersion hardening, precipitate ageing, precipitation hardening
Any time-dependent change of the properties of a precipitate e.g. loss of water or growth of crystals as a result of prolonged heat treatment. [CHMO]
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Air cooling is a type of sample cooling using gaseous air. [Allotrope]
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A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a high-boiling-point sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat at low pressure and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. The vacuum is replaced by an inert gas once the distillation is complete. [CHMO]
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synonyms: alkalimetry
The process of determining the quantity of a sample (an acid) by adding measured increments of a titrant (a base) until the endpoint, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. [CHMO]
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synonyms: APXS, alpha X-ray spectrometry, alpha X-ray spectroscopy, alpha-X-ray emission spectrometry, alpha-X-ray emission spectroscopy, alpha-X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, alpha-X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, alpha-X-ray spectrometry, alpha-X-ray spectroscopy, alpha-particle X-ray emission spectrometry, alpha-particle X-ray emission spectroscopy, alpha-particle X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, alpha-particle X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, alpha-particle X-ray spectrometry
A type of X-ray emission spectroscopy where the sample is irradiated with alpha-particles and the energies of the backscattered alpha-particles and X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions are measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: alpha scattering, alpha-scattering
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered alpha-particles. [CHMO]
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synonyms: alpha spectroscopy, alpha-particle spectrometry
A type of spectrometry where the alpha-particles (or 4He nuclei) spontaneously emitted from radioisotopes are detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: AC force spectroscopy, AC-modulated force spectroscopy, ac mode force spectroscopy, ac-mode force spectroscopy, alternating-current force spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where an atomic force microscope is used to measure the force experienced by a sample. The method involves the application of a small sinusoidal oscillating force to the tip via a magnetic field created by a conducting coil which interacts with a magnetic particle glued on the backside of the cantilever and measuring the change in amplitude during the approach and retraction of the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: AC-IS, AC-impedance spectrometry, AC-impedance spectroscopy, ACIS, Ac-impedance spectrometry, Ac-impedance spectroscopy, ac-impedance spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of a sample during excitation with an alternating-current voltage is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: AC polarography, AC-polarography, alternating-current polarography
An electrochemical technique where the alternating current (ac) component of the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the ac potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. [CHMO]
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synonyms: AC dielectrophoresis, a.c. dielectrophoresis, ac dielectrophoresis, alternating current dielectrophoresis, alternating current dielectrophoretic analysis
A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their dielectrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium, across which an alternating electric field is applied. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Al metalization, Al metallisation, Al metallization, aluminium metallization, aluminum metalization
The deposition of a layer of aluminium on a substrate (usually to provide electrical contacts in devices). A number of techniques may be used for metallization including evaporation and sputter coating. [CHMO]
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Desorption of molecules and formation of ions outside the mass spectrometer directly from samples in their native environment with no or minimal sample preparation. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Desorption of molecules and formation of ions outside the mass spectrometer directly from samples in their native environment with no or minimal sample preparation. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: ambient mass spectrometry
Any mass spectrometry technique where the sample is ionized at low or ambient temperature. [CHMO]
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synonyms: amperometric method
An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled. [CHMO]
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synonyms: controlled current coulometry, controlled-current coulometry
An electrochemical technique where the total Coulombs of electricity required to complete (fully oxidise or fully reduce the sample in) an electrochemical reaction is measured whilst the current is held at a constant value. [CHMO]
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synonyms: AM-AFM, amplitude modulation AFM, amplitude modulation atomic force microscopy, amplitude-modulation AFM
A type of microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. The tip oscillates, intermittently touching or tapping the surface. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between oscillation amplitude or phase of the tip and the surface during scanning, which is performed under ultra-high vacuum conditions. [CHMO]
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synonyms: analysis, analyte assay
An assay with the objective to capture information about the presence, concentration or amount of an analyte in the evaluand. [OBI]
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synonyms: analysis, analyte assay
An assay with the objective to capture information about the presence, concentration or amount of an analyte in the evaluant. [OBI]
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synonyms: calibration
Analyte calibration is producing a calibration curve from measurements of known amounts of analyte that will be used as measurement function for the measurement of unknown amounts of analytes. [Allotrope]
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A separation method where components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density in a centrifuge according to the centrifugal force they experience. During centrifugation the sample can be monitored in real time through an optical detection system or using ultraviolet light absorption. [CHMO]
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The characterization, in an inert atmosphere, of a material or a chemical process by a chemical degradation reaction induced by thermal energy. [CHMO]
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The measurement of the enthalpy change during chemical reaction in order to determine quantitative values of a reactant or catalyst. In general, at least one reactant is a liquid or solution. [CHMO]
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Technique used to investigate details of the collisional excitation process by studying trends relating scattering angle of the precursor ion, internal energy transferred, and the masses of the ion and its collision partner. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Technique used to investigate details of the collisional excitation process by studying trends relating scattering angle of the precursor ion, internal energy transferred, and the masses of the ion and its collision partner. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: ARXPS, angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with X-rays causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, which are detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]
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A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation which is detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ARE2E, angle-resolved E2E, angle-resolved electron-electron coincidence spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of a pair of electrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]
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synonyms: AREEICO, angle-resolved electron-electron ion coincidence spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of an ion and a pair of electrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]
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synonyms: AIRES, angle-resolved ion-electron spectrometry, angle-resolved ion-electron spectroscopy
Any type of spectroscopy where ion bombardment of a sample results in the ionization of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ARPEFS, ARPEFSS, ARPES spectrometry, ARPES spectroscopy, angle-resolved photoelectron extended fine structure spectrometry, angle-resolved photoemission extended fine structure spectrometry, angle-resolved photoemission extended fine structure spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. The spectrum is recorded over an extended energy range, from the photon absorption edge onset to several hundred eV above it. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ARP, ARPES, ARPS, angle-resolved photoelectron spectrometry, angle-resolved photoemission spectrometry, angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]
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synonyms: angle-resolved resonance Auger electron spectrometry, angle-resolved resonance Auger electron spectroscopy, angle-resolved resonant Auger electron spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionization of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The wavelength of the incident photons is scanned over an absorption edge in the sample and the Auger electrons emitted are detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]
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synonyms: angle-resolved resonant X-ray emission spectrometry, angle-resolved resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy, angular-resolved resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy
A method for determining structure by measuring the energy loss of X-rays scattered by a sample as a function of emission angle, where the incident X-ray energy is chosen to coincide with an electronic transition in the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ARSES, angle-resolved secondary electron spectrometry, angular resolved secondary electron spectrometry, angular resolved secondary electron spectroscopy
Any type of spectroscopy where primary electrons interact with a sample and the electrons emitted as a result of the interaction (secondary electrons) are detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]
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synonyms: angle-resolved synchotron radiation photoelectron spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray-ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]
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synonyms: UVAIUPES, UVAIUPS, UVARUPES, UVARUPS, angle-integrated ultra-violet photoelectron spectrometry, angle-integrated ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy, angle-integrated ultra-violet photoemission spectrometry, angle-integrated ultraviolet photoelectron spectrometry, angle-integrated ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, angle-integrated ultraviolet photoemission spectrometry, angle-integrated ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy, angle-resolved ultra-violet photoelectron spectrometry, angle-resolved ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy, angle-resolved ultra-violet photoemission spectrometry, angle-resolved ultra-violet photoemission spectroscopy, angle-resolved ultraviolet photoelectron spectrometry, angle-resolved ultraviolet photoemission spectrometry, angle-resolved ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with ultraviolet (10-400 nm) photons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, which are detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ADAS, ARAES, angle-resolved Auger electron spectrometry, angle-resolved Auger electron spectroscopy, angular dependent Auger spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionization of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]
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synonyms: angular velocity profile
An angular velocity process profile is a quality process profile of how fast an object rotates or revolves relative to another point. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: AEX, anion chromatography, anion exchange chromatography
Column chromatography where anions are retained by positively charged functional groups in the stationary phase. [CHMO]
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synonyms: wet anisotropic etching
The process of using strong acids/alkalis to remove a thin layer of the unprotected parts of a sample surface (e.g. metal or silicon) to create a pattern. Anisotropic etching occurs when different etch rates are observed in different directions in the sample (e.g. for different crystal faces). [CHMO]
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A heat treatment that alters the microstructure of a material causing changes in its properties such as strength and hardness. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ADF-STEM
A type of microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum. The beam of electrons is scattered or diffracted before reaching the specimen, and the image results from a weakening of the beam by its interaction with the sample. An annular aperture is used to select electrons that have passed through given symmetric zones within the objective lens of the microscope. [CHMO]
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Anodic mobilization is a specialized form of electrophoretic separation of proteins and ampholytes based on their net charge, separation is achieved by the use of pH changes in the buffer with the addition of salt to the buffer resulting in excess nonproton cations. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: ASP
An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by re-oxidation using either oxidants in the sample or by applying a small constant current, or a combination of both. During removal the time-dependence of the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ASV
An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by applying an oxidising potential. During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. [CHMO]
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An eletrochemical process that increases the thickness of the oxide layer on the surface of a metal sample in order to make it less reactive. Anodization proceeds by passing a direct current through an electrolytic solution, with the sample serving as the anode. [CHMO]
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synonyms: AXD, AXS, X-ray anomalous dispersion, X-ray anomalous scattering, anomalous X-ray dispersion
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in phase of X-rays scattered by a sample. Normally incident X-rays continue in the same phase after encountering the scatterer. However, if the energy of the incident X-rays is at or above the absorption edge of the scatterer, a phase shift occurs. [CHMO]
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synonyms: AWAXS, anomalous wide angle X-ray scattering
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample at wide angles (>10 deg.). The wavelength of the X-rays used is scanned over an absorption edge which changes the scattering in a known way (the 'anomalous dispersion effect'). [CHMO]
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synonyms: s-SNOM, S-NSOM, aNSOM, aSNOM, apertureless scanning near-field optical microscopy, scattering type apertureless near-field scanning optical microscopy, scattering type apertureless scanning near-field optical microscopy, scattering type near-field scanning optical microscopy, scattering type scanning near-field optical microscopy
A type of microscopy where a laser spot is focused on a solid sharp metallic probe producing a confined light field very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the scattering of the incident light by the probe as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. [CHMO]
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synonyms: APS, appearance potential spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by the appearance of relaxation products (Auger electrons or X-rays) or by a change in the electron beam current. [CHMO]
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An approval state is a state where information content such as a specification is allowed or is suitable by an authority for a purpose or in a context. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: approval, approval process
Approving is agreeing to a proposition or accepting something as satisfactory towards an set objective. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: APR, aqueous phase reforming
The reaction of biomass-derived oxygenated compounds (e.g. glycerol) in aqueous solution at low temperature in the presence of a platinum catalyst to produce hydrogen. [CHMO]
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synonyms: arc discharge method, arc method, arc-evaporation of graphite, dc arc-discharge method, direct current arc-discharge method, direct-current arc-discharge method
A method for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes where a direct-current arc voltage is applied across two graphite electrodes immersed in an inert gas such as He. When pure graphite rods are used, fullerenes are deposited as soot inside the chamber, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes are deposited on the cathode. When a graphite anode containing a metal catalyst (Fe or Co) is used with a pure graphite cathode single-walled carbon nanotubes are generated in the form of soot. [CHMO]
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synonyms: sum peak picking
Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: sum peak picking
Height peak picking is a peak picking by reporting the area defined by all raw data points. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: area profile
A volume process profile is a quality process profile that tracks some area. [Allotrope]
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Area scanning is scanning at positions defined by a two-dimensional pattern over an area. [Allotrope].
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Area scanning is scanning at positions defined by a two-dimensional pattern over an area. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: argentimetric titration
Argentometric titration is a process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by the observing the precipitation of silver compounds following the addition of silver nitrate. [CHMO]
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synonyms: argentimetric titration
The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by the observing the precipitation of silver compounds following the addition of silver nitrate. [CHMO]
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synonyms: AID
A detection method where metastable Ar atoms are used to ionize the sample, which is held in a carrier gas. The resulting electrons are focused toward a collector electrode and the current is measured. [CHMO]
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The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample with an Ar plasma (a partially ionized gas containing free electrons) until the particles adhere to each other. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Ar-PDPID, Ar/PDPID, argon pulse discharge photoionisation detection, argon pulse discharge photoionization detection, argon pulsed discharge photoionisation detection, argon pulsed discharge photoionization detection, argon pulsed-discharge photoionisation detection, argon pulsed-discharge photoionization detection
A detection method where a DC voltage pulse is passed through argon gas generating high-energy (13.5-17.5 eV) photons which photoionize the elements in the sample mixture, and the current generated by this ionization is measured. [CHMO]
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Arrival is the archivement of reaching the destination site in a moving process. [Allotrope]
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Arrival is the achievement of reaching the destination site in a moving process. [Allotrope]
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Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: aspiration
Aspirating is the process of sample preparation that is to draw an amount of a liquid by suction and then expel the liquid. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: analysis, measurement method
A planned process with the objective to produce information about the material entity that is the evaluant, by physically examining it or its proxies. [OBI]
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synonyms: analysis, measurement method
A planned process with the objective to produce information about the material entity that is the evaluand, by physically examining it or its proxies. [OBI]
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Assay preparation is the planned process of preparing an assay that produces information about the material entity that is the evaluand, by physically examining it or its proxies. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: assembly
The process of fitting device components together to form a system. [Allotrope]
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Assessing is evaluating or estimating a quality or behavior. [Allotrope]
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Definition pending. [0]
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Assigning is the producing of an assignment that asserts some relation between entities. [Allotrope]
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Assigning is the producing of an assigment that asserts some relation between entities. [Allotrope]
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Ionization process in which two atoms or molecules, one or both of which is in an excited state, react to form a single positive ion and an electron. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Ionization process in which two atoms or molecules, one or both of which is in an excited state, react to form a single positive ion and an electron. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: APCI
Chemical ionization that takes place at atmospheric pressure as opposed to the reduced pressure is normally used for chemical ionization. [PSI-MS]
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synonyms: APGD, APGDI
An ionization method when the sample is ionized, at atmospheric pressure, in a plasma (a partially ionized gas - such as Ar - containing free electrons) which has been generated by passing an electrical discharge between two electrodes. [CHMO]
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synonyms: API
Any ionization process in which ions are formed in the gas phase at atmospheric pressure. [PSI-MS]
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synonyms: AP MALDI
Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization in which the sample target is at atmospheric pressure and the ions formed by the pulsed laser are sampled through a small aperture into the mass spectrometer. [PSI-MS]
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synonyms: APPI
Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization in which the reactant ions are generated by photo-ionization. [PSI-MS]
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synonyms: APPI MS, APPI-MS, APPIMS, atmospheric pressure photoionisation mass spectroscopy, atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is irradiated with an ultraviolet laser at atmospheric pressure. The sample absorbs one or more photons resulting in ionization. [CHMO]
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synonyms: APCVD, atmospheric pressure CVD, atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition, atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition, atmospheric-pressure CVD
A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, at atmospheric pressure, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. [CHMO]
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synonyms: APLI
Atmospheric pressure laser ionization is an atmospheric pressure ionization method for mass spectrometry (MS). Laser light in the UV range is used to ionize molecules in a resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) process. It is a selective and sensitive ionization method for aromatic and polyaromatic compounds. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: APLI-MS, APLI/MS, atmospheric-pressure laser induced mass spectrometry, atmospheric-pressure laser ionisation mass spectroscopy, atmospheric-pressure laser ionization mass spectroscopy
Mass spectrometry using atmospheric-pressure laser ionization. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: AP FIM, AP field ionisation microscopy, AP field ionization microscopy, AP field-ion microscopy, AP field-ionisation microscopy, AP field-ionization microscopy, AP-FIM, AP/FIM, APFIM, atom probe field ionisation microscopy, atom probe field ionization microscopy, atom probe field-ion microscopy, atom probe field-ionisation microscopy, atom probe field-ionization microscopy, atom-probe field-ion microscopy
A type of microscopy where atoms in the vicinty of the specimen (which is in the form of a very sharp tip <10 m diameter) are ionized by the application of a strong electric field to the tip and an image is produced by the projection of the ions onto a fluorescent screen. The image consists of a pattern of spots of light which correspond to individual atoms on the specimen surface. When a sudden voltage pulse is applied to the tip, atoms from the surface of the specimen itself are be ejected and travel down a drift tube where their arrival time (a measure of the mass of the atom) can be determined. This allows the atomic composition of the specimen to be determined. [CHMO]
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A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered atoms. [CHMO]
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synonyms: GD-AAS, GDAAS, atomic absorption glow-discharge spectrometry, glow discharge atomic absorption spectrometry, glow discharge atomic absorption spectroscopy
A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas) is used to atomise the sample before it absorbs ultra-violet or visible light atoms at characteristic wavelengths. [CHMO]
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synonyms: AAS, atomic absorption spectrometry
A type of atomic spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with ultraviolet or visible light which is absorbed by the non-excited atoms at characteristic wavelengths. [CHMO]
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synonyms: AED, atomic-emission detection
A detection method that is sensitive to individual elements. The sample is atomised and excited by an excitation source and the characteristic radiation emitted by the atoms in the sample is then detected using a photodiode array. [CHMO]
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synonyms: AES, OES, atomic emission spectrometry, optical emission spectrometry, optical emission spectroscopy
A type of atomic spectroscopy where the atoms in the sample are excited and the emission of electromagnetic radiation at characteristic wavelengths is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: AFS, atomic fluorescence spectrometry
Any type of atomic spectroscopy where an atom absorbs then spontaneously emits a photon. [CHMO]
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synonyms: AFMIR, atomic force microscopy infrared microscopy
The simultaneous collection of AFM topography data and spatially-resolved IR spectra by measuring the IR absorption via transient deformation of the AFM cantilever induced by an infrared pulsed laser (tuned to a wavelength that corresponds to a vibrational absorbing wavelength in the specimen) as a function of AFM tip position. [CHMO]
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synonyms: AFM, SFM, atomic force imaging, atomic-force microscopy, scanning force microscopy
A type of microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ALCVD, atomic layer CVD, atomic-layer CVD, atomic-layer chemical vapor deposition, atomic-layer chemical vapour deposition
A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a monolayer deposit. The surface reaction is self-limiting resulting in a nanometre thickness of film. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ALD, atomic-layer deposition
A thin film deposition technique based on the sequential reaction of gaseous precursors at a surface to produce a monolayer. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ALE, atomic-layer epitaxy
A synthesis method that consists of depositing alternating monolayers of two elements onto a substrate. The deposition is self-limiting and is completed when all available chemisorption sites are occupied. Film thickness is controlled by the number of precursor cycles. [CHMO]
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synonyms: atomic spectrometry
Any spectroscopic technique which is based upon the ability of atoms to absorb or emit electromagnetic radiation. In atomic spectroscopy the sample is vaporised and then atomised. [CHMO]
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synonyms: atomisation
The conversion of a vaporized sample into atomic components. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy, ATR FT-IR spectroscopy, ATR FTIR spectroscopy, ATR-FTIR, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, FTIR-ATR, Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infra-red , Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infra-red spectroscopy, Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infrared , Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy , Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy, attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infra-red, Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infrared
A type of spectroscopy where infrared light is introduced into a prism at an angle exceeding the critical angle for internal reflection. This produces an evanescent wave at the reflecting surface (a surface which is transparent to infrared such as thallium bromide) on which the sample is supported. The distortion of the evanescent wave by the sample is measured producing a spectrum which is then subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ATR spectrometry, ATR spectroscopy, ATR-IR, ATR-IR spectrometry, ATR-IR spectroscopy, ATR/IR, ATR/IRS, IRS, MIRS, attenuated total reflectance infra-red spectroscopy, attenuated total reflectance spectrometry, internal reflection spectrometry, internal reflection spectroscopy, multiple internal reflection spectrometry, multiple internal reflection spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where infrared light is introduced into a prism at an angle exceeding the critical angle for internal reflection. This produces an evanescent wave at the reflecting surface (a surface which is transparent to infrared such as thallium bromide) on which the sample is supported, and the distortion of the evanescent wave by the sample is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ATR spectrometry, ATR spectroscopy, ATR-IR, ATR-IR spectrometry, ATR-IR spectroscopy, ATR/IR, ATR/IRS, IRS, MIRS, attenuated total reflectance infra-red spectroscopy, attenuated total reflectance spectrometry, internal reflection spectrometry, internal reflection spectroscopy, multiple internal reflection spectrometry, multiple internal reflection spectroscopy
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synonyms: keeping close
A spatial change state the decreases the spatial distance at the end. [Allotrope]
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The formation of a neutral when a negative ion in a discrete state with an energy greater than the detachment threshold loses an electron spontaneously without further interaction with an energy source. [PSI-MS]
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The formation of a neutral when a negative ion in a discrete state with an energy greater than the detachment threshold loses an electron spontaneously without further interaction with an energy source. [IUPAC]
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The formation of an ion when an atom or molecule in a discrete state with an energy greater than the ionization threshold loses an electron spontaneously without further interaction with an energy source. [PSI-MS]
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The formation of an ion when an atom or molecule in a discrete state with an energy greater than the ionization threshold loses an electron spontaneously without further interaction with an energy source. [IUPAC]
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The application of a mathematical operation to both the real and imaginary parts of the complex numbers represented by the FID recorded as the sample magnetisation vector relaxes from its excited state vector back to its equilibrium bulk magnetisation population as adjusted by automated algorithms in the data acquisition or processing software. [Allotrope]
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The cleavage of one or more bonds in a radioactive material resulting directly or indirectly from its own radioactive decay. [CHMO]
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A process executed by an autosampler. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: ATR
The reaction of hydrocarbons with oxygen and carbon dioxide at 950-1100 deg. C to form syngas. [CHMO]
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Averaging is the calculation of a mean statistic or a temporal average value. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: Averaging is a data aggregation by calculating the mean on the member over a data set. [Allotrope]
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Ejection of an ion from an ion trap in a direction parallel to the longitudinal axis of the trap. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Ejection of an ion from an ion trap in a direction parallel to the longitudinal axis of the trap. [IUPAC]
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Technique used in Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometers to limit the translational motion of the trapped ions so that they occupy a small volume near the trap center, thus optimizing performance criteria including resolving power. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Technique used in Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometers to limit the translational motion of the trapped ions so that they occupy a small volume near the trap center, thus optimizing performance criteria including resolving power. [IUPAC]
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A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. An azeotrope (a mixture of two or more liquids which produces vapor with the same ratio of constituents as the original mixture) cannot be separated by normal distillation, therefore an additional third component (known as an 'entrainer') is added to the mixture. This has the effect of changing the volatility of one of liquids in the azeotrope to a greater extent than the other, allowing separation to occur. [CHMO]
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synonyms: APD, APED, azimuthal-photoelectron diffraction
A method for determining structure during photoelectron spectroscopy. Photons are directed at a sample and diffraction patterns resulting from the emission of electrons are determined as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]
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Background correction is a data transformation designed to remove irrelevant contributions from the measured signal, e.g. those due to instrument noise or sample preparation. [BAO]
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Background measurement is the process of determination of the base level of signals without presence of a sample. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: back pressure within spec, back pressure within specification
A backpressure check is a software check performed during device under test to confirm the back pressure system is within the instrument input specification. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: backscattering near-field optical microscopy, back-scattering SNIM, back-scattering SNOM, back-scattering near-field optical microscopy, back-scattering s-SNOM, back-scattering-based SNIM, back-scattering-type near-field optical microscopy, backscattering SNIM, backscattering SNOM, backscattering s-SNOM, backscattering-based SNIM, backscattering-type near-field optical microscopy, infrared scattering SNOM
A type of microscopy where a laser is focused to a diffraction-limited spot size onto an oscillating AFM tip close to the surface of the specimen. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the backscattered light from the tip as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. [CHMO]
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synonyms: zeroing
Zeroing is the process of taring the balance without a weight on the weight pan to check if the balance meets the minimum tare range. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: zeroing
Zeroing is the process of taring the balance without a weight on the weight pan to check if the balance meets the minimum tare range. [Amgen]
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The mechanical reduction of the particle size of a solid sample by grinding with one or more inert balls (ceramic, flint, or stainless steel, 2-8 mm diameter) rotating around a horizontal axis. [CHMO]
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synonyms: barrel sputtering, barrel-sputtering
A synthesis technique where a solid target is bombarded with energetic ions (e.g. Ar+) causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate. The substrate is held in a barrel which is swung from side-to-side to ensure even deposition. [CHMO]
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synonyms: alkali digestion
The decompositon of a sample in strong alkalis (e.g. NaOH) to obtain the sample in liquid form. [CHMO]
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Baseline determination is a data transformation that calculates or assigns a baseline to a curve. [Allotrope]
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A process of removal of varying intensities generated due to variable energy absorption before further processing can take place. Baseline reduction facilitates meaningful comparison between intensities of m/z values. [PSI-MS]
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A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. Distillation is completed before more sample mixture is added. [CHMO]
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synonyms: batch-injection enthalpimetry, direct-injection calorimetry, direct-injection enthalpimetry
The measurement of the enthalpy change during a chemical reaction in order to measure the amount of the imiting reagent. [CHMO]
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The beam path is a data object that describes the pathway of the X-ray beam from the X-ray tube to the sample and to the detector. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: beta spectrometry, beta spectroscopy, beta-particle spectrometry, β-particle spectrometry, β-particle spectroscopy
Any type of spectroscopy where the beta-particles spontaneously emitted from radioisotopes are detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: BIRD, bilinear rotation decoupling
A pulse cluster (a spin echo on 1H with inversion of 13C in the centre) used to achieve selective inversion of 12C-bound protons, thus achieving the removal of signals due to 12C-bound nuclei. For the pulse sequence see Chem. Phys. Lett., (1982), 93, pg 504. [CHMO]
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A binding affinity assay is a biological measurement method examining the binding of ligand molecules to some medium. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: BLI
Bio-layer interferometry (BLI) is a label-free technology for measuring biomolecular interactions within the sample. It is an optical analytical technique that analyzes the interference pattern of white light reflected from two surfaces: a layer of immobilized protein on the biosensor tip, and an internal reference layer. Any change in the number of molecules bound to the biosensor tip causes a shift in the interference pattern that can be measured in real-time. [Wikipedia]
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A bioassay is an analytical method to determine concentration or potency of a substance by its effect on living cells or tissues. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: bioprocess, bioprocessing, biotechnology processing
A biochemical processing is chemical processing that involve biological organisms or molecules, such as bioreactors. [Wikipedia, OSTHUS]
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synonyms: bioprocess, bioprocessing, biotechnology processing
A biochemical processing is chemical processing that involve biological organisms or molecules, such as bioreactors. [Wikipedia, Allotrope]
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synonyms: bioprocess, bioprocessing, biotechnology processing
A biochemical processing is chemical processing that involve biological organisms or molecules, such as bioreactors. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: bio-electrochemical analysis, bio-electrochemical method, bioelectrochemical method
The use of an electrochemical cell to measure a qualitative or quantitative response for a biological system. [CHMO]
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The determination of the relative strength of a substance (e.g., a drug or hormone or toxicant) by comparing its effect on a test organism with that of a standard preparation. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: BRET
A method for determining the distance between molecules using an energy transfer between two chromophores (a donor and an acceptor) in close proximity (typically <10 nm) via a nonradiative, long-range dipole-dipole coupling mechanism. Energy transfer usually occurs between a luciferase (donor) and a green fluorescent protein (acceptor). The luciferase is bioluminescent therefore external illumination is not required. [CHMO]
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synonyms: BIRD
A special case of infrared multiphoton dissociation wherein excitation of the reactant ion is caused by absorption of infrared photons radiating from heated blackbody surroundings, which are usually the walls of a vacuum chamber. See also infrared multiphoton dissociation. [PSI-MS]
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A synthesis technique involving the transfer of a nanosized pattern to a material using a micelle solution of a block copolymer. A glass or silicon substrate is dipped into the solution, retrieved, and the solvent is allowed to evaporate in air. A plasma treatment (O2, H2 or Ar) is performed to remove the polymer shell leaving a pattern. [CHMO]
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A state of keeping two materials topologically disconnected by a separation medium. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: ABG, BGA, arterial blood gas, blood gas measurement
Blood gas analysis is the process of analyzing amount of dissolved gases in a blood sample. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: ABG, BGA, arterial blood gas, blood gas measurement
Blood gas analysis is the process of analyzing properties of a blood sample such as pH, dissolved oxygen and dissolved carbondioxide. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: blood measurement
A measurement of the blood, it's contents, cells or other factors contained within the blood. [CMO]
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The removal of solvent from a sample by the application of an inert gas or air. [CHMO]
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synonyms: blow forming
A process for shaping pliable thermoplastic or thermosetting plastics using a rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The plastic is heated and shaped into a tube then a pressurized gas, usually air, is used to expand the plastic and press it against the mould. [CHMO]
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synonyms: BN-PAGE, blue native PAGE, blue-native PAGE
A separation method where protein molecules move at different speeds, in non-denaturing conditions, according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of polyacrylamide gel, across which an electric field is applied. The dye Coomassie blue is used to transfer charge to the protein. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 2D blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, blue native 2D PAGE, two-dimensional blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
A two-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are both blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis protein molecules move at different speeds, in non-denaturing conditions, according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of polyacrylamide gel, across which an electric field is applied. The dye Coomassie blue is used to transfer charge to the protein. [CHMO]
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synonyms: bomb-digestion
The decomposition of a sample in strong acids such as nitric, sulfuric or perchloric acid in a sealed vessel (lined with PTFE), under high pressure and high temperature, in order to obtain the sample in liquid form. [CHMO]
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synonyms: disconnecting
The process of causing a flow to no longer be topologically connected. [NIST]
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synonyms: breath-figure templating, BF method, breath figure method, breath figure templating, breath figure-driven templating, breath-figure method
The method of using hexagonally-packed water microspheres as templates for the fabrication of microporous polymer films. [CHMO]
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synonyms: BIS, bremsstrahlung isochromat spectrometry, bremsstrahlung spectrometry, bremsstrahlung spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation. [CHMO]
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synonyms: bright field microscopy, bright-field optical microscopy, transmitted light microscopy, transmitted-light microscopy
A type of microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with light transmitted from a source on the opposite side of the specimen from the objective. [CHMO]
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synonyms: BF-STEM, bright field scanning transmission electron microscopy
A type of microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum. The beam of electrons passes directly through an aperture before reaching the specimen. The image results from a weakening of the direct beam by its interaction with the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: BF-TEM, bright field TEM, bright field transmission electron microscopy, bright-field TEM
A type of microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV. under vacuum. The beam of electrons passes directly through an aperture before reaching the specimen. The image results from a weakening of the direct beam by its interaction with the sample. [CHMO]
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All nuclei of a specified isotope are unselectively irradiated with an RF pulse. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: bulb to bulb distillation
A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture under reduced pressure. As a small quantity of the sample mixture is heated using several glass bulbs connected in line, its vapours rise a short distance into a vertical condenser where they are cooled by dry ice in acetone (-78 deg.C). [CHMO]
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A densitometry of bulk material that includes the contribution of the interparticulate void volume. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: calcining
The heating of a sample to high temperatures in air or oxygen. [CHMO]
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synonyms: computation, computing
A calculation is a process by which a data transformation technique that involves problem solving for numbers or quantities is performed. [Allotrope]
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Operation that, under specified conditions, in a first step, establishes a relation between the quantity values with measurement uncertainties provided by measurement standards and corresponding indications with associated measurement uncertainties (of the calibrated instrument or secondary standard) and, in a second step, uses this information to establish a relation for obtaining a measurement result from an indication. [BIPM]
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Calibration is the comparison of measurement values delivered by a device under test with those of a calibration standard of known accuracy. [Wikipedia]
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Definition pending. [0]
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A single point of a calibration where one or multiple test points are used. [Allotrope]
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A single point of a calibration where one or multiple test points are used. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: reference profile
A calibration reference profile is a process profile with a known, repeatable temporal pattern, that is a reference for calibration of a time or rate measurement device. [Allotrope]
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The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point is reached. The titration performed in a calorimeter which produces a plot of heat change vs. volume of titrant. [CHMO]
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synonyms: enthalpimetric analysis, enthalpimetry
A measurement in which heat is measured as some chemical reaction or physical process occurs. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: enthalpimetric analysis, enthalpimetry
The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CDI, capacitive desalination, electrochemical demineralization, electrosorb process for desalination of water, electrosorption of salt ions
Capacitive deionization is a technology to deionize water by applying an electrical potential difference over two porous carbon electrodes. Anions, ions with a negative charge, are removed from the water and are stored in the positively polarized electrode. Likewise, cations (positive charge) are stored in the cathode, which is the negatively polarized electrode. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: CCP AES, CCP-AES, capacitively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a plasma generated by a potential difference between two electrodes, one of which is grounded and one of which is live. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ACE, CAE
An electrophoresis method which takes place in a capillary where the separation medium has specific interactions with the analytes. [CHMO]
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A capillary array electrophoresis uses many capillaries at the same time allowing many analyses at the same time. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: capillary regeneration
Process by which the material of the capillary is treated to result in a uniform charge throughout the surface. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: CEC
Electrokinetic chromatography where the movement of the mobile phase through a capillary is achieved by electroosmotic flow. The retention time is determined by a combination of electrophoretic migration and chromatographic retention. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CZE, capillary zone electrophoresis
A capillary electrophoresis is an electrophoresis which takes place in a capillary. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CZE, capillary zone electrophoresis
An electrophoresis method which takes place in a capillary. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CFL
A process for shaping pliable thermoplastic polymers. An elastomeric mould is placed on a polymer that has been spin-coated onto a substrate. The system is then heated above the glass transition temperature of the polymer. Capillary force allows the polymer melt to fill up the void space between the polymer and the mould. After cooling to ambient temperature, the mould is removed, generating the negative replica of the mould pattern. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CGE, gel CE
A separation method that takes place in a capillary and where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium consisting of gel, across which an electric field is applied. [CHMO]
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synonyms: capillary HPLC, capillary high performance liquid chromatography, capillary high pressure liquid chromatography, capillary high-pressure liquid chromatography, capillary-HPLC
Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles held in a tube of diameter less than a millimeter, and the inlet pressure is relatively high. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CIEF, capillary isoelectric focussing
An electrophoresis method for the separation of amphoteric analytes according to their isolectric points by the application of an electric field along a pH gradient in a capillary. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CITP
An electrophoresis method in a capillary containing a discontinuous buffer system where the analytes migrate according to their electrophoretic mobilities, forming a chain of adjacent zones moving with equal velocity between two solutions, the leading and terminating electrolytes, bracketing the mobility range of the analytes. [CHMO]
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synonyms: cap-LC, capLC
Chromatography which takes place in a separation capillary and where the mobile phase is a liquid. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CME, capillary microextraction
The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the liquid sample through a small fused-silica capillary. [CHMO]
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synonyms: capillary flushing
Capillary rinsing is the process to rinse a solution under defined conditions through the capillary. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: CSE
An electrophoresis method that takes place in a capillary and where the separation medium contains a reticulated system, for example an entangled polymer network, that further separates the analytes according to their size and shape. [CHMO]
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The determination of the viscosity of a fluid by measuring the time a defined volume of fluid requires to flow through a capillary tube of a specific length and width. [CHMO]
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synonyms: carbo reduction, carboreduction
A process in which a metal oxide is reduced in the presence of carbon or a carbon-containing compound. [CHMO]
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Any method used to synthesise carbon nanotubes. [CHMO]
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synonyms: C, H, N analysis, C, H, N elemental analysis, C,H,N analysis, CHN analysis
A type of elemental analysis accomplished by combustion of the sample at 1200 deg. C in a stream of unreactive gas and excess oxygen and collection of the products (CO2, H2O and NOx). The masses of these combustion products can be used to calculate the composition of the unknown sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CELIV, CELIV method, carrier extraction by linearly increasing voltage, charge-carrier extraction in a linearly increasing voltage
A method for measuring charge carrier mobilities and conductivities by applying two sequentional triangular-shaped voltage pulses and measuring the resulting current. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CEPV, carrier extraction using pulsed voltage, charge-carrier extraction using pulsed voltage
A method for measuring charge carrier mobilities and conductivities by applying two sequentional square-shaped voltage pulses and measuring the resulting current. [CHMO]
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synonyms: carrying
Carrying is a state where a material entity, the carrier, supports the state of moving or keeping in place of another material or information. [Allotrope]
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Catalymetric titration is he process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point is reached. The titration involves a catalyst, and the end-point is detected by the sudden increase or decrease in the rate of a reaction. [CHMO]
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The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point is reached. The titration involves a catalyst, and the end-point is detected by the sudden increase or decrease in the rate of a reaction. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CIEEL , catalysed chemiluminescence, catalyzed chemiluminescence, chemically initiated electron exchange luminescence, chemically-initiated electron exchange luminescence
The detection of luminescence resulting from a thermal electron-transfer reaction. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CCD
A detection method that is sensitive to compounds containing C-H bonds. An electric current is passed through a tiny coil of platinum wire embedded in a catalytic ceramic bead (heated to 500 deg. C by the coil). A flow of air carries the sample to the bed and when a hydrogen or a hydrocarbon molecule impacts the hot coil, it combusts on the surface raising the temperature and resistance of the platinum wire. The resistance change is then measured. [CHMO]
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The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy in the presence of a catalyst. [CHMO]
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Any process in which the molecular structure of a hydrocarbon is rearranged to alter its properties (e.g. its combustion characteristics) in the presence of a catalyst and under a high pressure of H2 gas. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CSR
The reaction of hydrocarbons with steam at high temperature (700-1000 deg. C) in the presence of a nickel catalyst, in order to produce hydrogen. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ethanol steam reforming
The reaction of ethanol with steam at high temperature (700-1000 deg. C) in the presence of a nickel catalyst, in order to produce hydrogen. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CSRM, methanol steam reforming
The reaction of methanol with steam at high temperature (700-1000 deg. C) in the presence of a nickel catalyst, in order to produce hydrogen. [CHMO]
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synonyms: arc physical vapor deposition, arc physical vapour deposition, arc-PVD, arc-physical vapor deposition, arc-physical vapour deposition
A synthesis technique where an electric arc is used to vaporize material from a cathode target. The vaporized material then condenses on a substrate, forming a thin film. [CHMO]
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Cathodic mobilization is a specialized form of electrophoretic separation of molecules based on their net charge, separation is achieved by the use of progressive pH changes in the buffer with the addition of salt to the buffer resulting in excess nonhydroxyl anions. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: CSP
An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by re-reduction. During removal the time-dependence of the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CSV
An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by applying a reducing potential. During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. [CHMO]
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The detection of luminescence emitted from a sample as a result of the impact of high-energy electrons. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CEX, cation chromatography, cation exchange chromatography
Column chromatography where cations are retained by negatively charged functional groups in the stationary phase. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CEAS, cavity enhanced absorption spectrometry
A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside a highly reflective laser cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. The laser light is tuned to match the frequency of the cavity bandwidth. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CRDS, CRLAS, cavity ring-down laser absorption spectrometry cavity ringdown spectroscopy, cavity ring-down laser absorption spectroscopy, cavity ring-down spectrometry, cavity ringdown spectrometry
A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside a highly reflective laser cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. The decay time for light exiting the cavity is determined as a function of pulsed laser wavelength. [CHMO]
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synonyms: cell counter analysis, cell counting analysis, cell counter measurement
Cell counter assay is a cellular assay that uses various methods to quantify cells in a culture. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: cell counter analysis, cell counting analysis, cell counter measurement
Cell counter assay is a cellurar assay that uses various methods to quantify cells in a culture. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: cell counter analysis, cell counting analysis, cell counter measurement
A cellular assay that uses various methods to quantify cells in a culture. [VIVO-ISF]
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Cell counting is the counting of cells. [Allotrope]
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Cell culture is a synthesis method for cells. It involves the dispersal of cells in an artificial environment composed of nutrient solutions. [Allotrope]
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Cell culture is a synthesis method for cells. It involves the dispersal of cells in an artificial environment composed of nutrient solutions. [OSTHUS]
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A cell culture analysis is the process of analyzing properties of a cell culture. [Allotrope]
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Cell density measurement is a measurement of the number density of cells. [Allotrope]
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Affinity chromatography where a cell membrane has been immobilized on a silica carrier. [CHMO]
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The cell type detection algorithm handles the detection of cell types in image data. [Allotrope]
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An assay that generates data about the presence, quantity, structure, function, behavior, or activity of cells, or a process that occurs at a cellular level of anatomical granularity (includes subcellular structures and organelles). [VIVO-ISF]
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synonyms: CTMAS, CTMAS NMR, central-transition magic-angle spinning
An NMR experiment where the selective excitation of central transitions during magic angle spinning is used for recording high-resolution NMR spectra of quadrupolar nuclei in solids. [CHMO]
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The evaporation of solvent from a sample by placing it a centrifuge and spinning it rapidly. [CHMO]
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A method where components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density in a centrifuge according to the centrifugal force they experience. [CHMO]
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A process in which a ceramic precursor is converted into a ceramic. [CHMO]
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synonyms: modifying
Changing is a processing by which an entity gains or looses parts, qualities, roles, dispositions, functions etc in a predetermined and fixed manner but maintains its identity. [Allotrope]
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Changing is controlling a quality of energy in a predetermined and fixed manner. [NIST]
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Changing is controlling a quality of energy in a predetermined and fixed manner. [OSTHUS,NIST]
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synonyms: modification, modifying material
Changing is controlling a quality of the material in a predetermined and fixed manner. The identity of the material is maintained. [NIST]
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synonyms: modification, modifying material
Changing is controlling a quality of the material in a predetermined and fixed manner. The identity of the material is maintained. [OSTHUS,NIST]
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synonyms: altering quality process profile
A changing quality process profile is a quality process profile where the tracked quality changes over time. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: changing, altering, altering (state), altering quality change, being unsteady, changing (state), unstable (state), unstable quality state, unsteady (state), unsteady quality state
A changing quality state is a state where a material's quality is changing continuously. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: CELS, characteristic energy loss spectrometry, characteristic energy loss spectroscopy, characteristic energy-loss spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the number of electrons with a given characteristic energy loss is measured. [CHMO]
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Charge deconvolution is a data transformation of a spectrum representing multiply charged ions to singly charged or neutral masses. [Allotrope]
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The determination of the mass of an ion based on the mass spectral peaks that represent multiple-charge ions. [PSI-MS]
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synonyms: CEI, charge transfer ionization
Interaction of an ion with an atom or molecule in which the charge on the ion is transferred to the neutral species without the dissociation of either species. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: CEI, charge transfer ionization
Interaction of an ion with an atom or molecule in which the charge on the ion is transferred to the neutral species without the dissociation of either species. [IUPAC]
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Reaction of an ion with a neutral with a resulting change in the magnitude or sign of the charge on the reactant ion. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Reaction of an ion with a neutral with a resulting change in the magnitude or sign of the charge on the reactant ion. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: CRF
Fragmentation of an ion in which the cleaved bond is isolated from the apparent charge site by a distance of several bond lengths. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: CRF
Fragmentation of an ion in which the cleaved bond is isolated from the apparent charge site by a distance of several bond lengths. [IUPAC]
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Definition pending. [0]
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Chemical derivatization of molecules to introduce a fixed charge site, thus improving ionization efficiency by electrospray ionization or matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization and directing subsequent ion fragmentation in a manner that facilitates structure identification. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: CS, CSR, charge stripping reaction
Reaction of an ion with a neutral or collision partner ion in which a free electron is stripped from the ion, resulting in the charge on the product ion being more positive than that of the reactant ion. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: CS, CSR, charge stripping reaction
Reaction of an ion with a neutral or collision partner ion in which a free electron is stripped from the ion, resulting in the charge on the product ion being more positive than that of the reactant ion. [IUPAC]
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Any technique for measuring charge transport. [CHMO]
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synonyms: inductive cleavage
Fragmentation of an ion in which the cleavage of one of its bonds is induced by the charge site. The cleaved bond is adjacent to the apparent charge site, and its cleavage involves movement of the electron pair forming that bond to the original charge site and thus migration of the charge to the released fragment. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: inductive cleavage
Fragmentation of an ion in which the cleavage of one of its bonds is induced by the charge site. The cleaved bond is adjacent to the apparent charge site, and its cleavage involves movement of the electron pair forming that bond to the original charge site and thus migration of the charge to the released fragment. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: loading, incrementing energy
Increasing the amount of energy in a system. [Allotrope]
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Chelatometric titration is the process of determining the quantity of a sample (metal cation) by adding measured increments of a titrant (a chelating agent) until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. [CHMO]
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The process of determining the quantity of a sample (metal cation) by adding measured increments of a titrant (a chelating agent) until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. [CHMO]
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Ionization of an atom or molecule by interaction with another internally excited atom or molecule. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Ionization of an atom or molecule by interaction with another internally excited atom or molecule. [IUPAC]
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A method for analysing cells suspended in a stream of fluid. Cells are loaded with fluorescent substrates (reporters) followed by laser-based lysis of a single cell and loading of its contents into an overlying capillary where chemical separation is accomplished via capillary electrophoresis. [CHMO]
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The breakdown of a single entity (normal molecule, reaction intermediate, etc.) into two or more fragments. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CFM
A type of microscopy which uses a chemically functionalised sharp spike (e.g. with thiols) mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the chemical interactions between the tip and surface (e.g. gold) as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CIS, chemical imaging spectrometry, chemical imaging spectroscopy, hyperspectral imaging, imaging spectrometry, imaging spectroscopy, multispectral imaging, spectral imaging, spectroscopic imaging
The simultaneous measurement of spectra and images. A radiation source illuminates the sample and a series of spatially resolved spectra are collected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CI
Formation of a new ion in the gas phase by the reaction of a neutral with an ion. The process may involve transfer of an electron, a proton, or other charged species between the reactants. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: CI
Formation of a new ion in the gas phase by the reaction of a neutral with an ion. The process may involve transfer of an electron, a proton, or other charged species between the reactants. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: CI-MS, LCPIMS, LP-CI-MS, LPCI-MS, chemical ionisation mass spectroscopy, chemical ionization mass spectroscopy, low pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry, low pressure chemical ionisation mass spectroscopy, low pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry, low pressure chemical ionization mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by interaction (electron or proton transfer) with reagent (N2, O2, H2O) gaseous ions at low pressure. Reagent ions are produced by electron ionization. [CHMO]
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Chemical processes are large-scale processes that produce, transform, transport, and properly use chemicals, materials and energy. Essentially they convert chemicals, raw materials, living cells, microorganisms and energy into useful forms and products. [Wikipedia, OSTHUS]
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Chemical processes are large-scale processes that produce, transform, transport, and properly use chemicals, materials and energy. Essentially they convert chemicals, raw materials, living cells, microorganisms and energy into useful forms and products. [Wikipedia, Allotrope]
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Chemical processes are large-scale processes that produce, transform, transport, and properly use chemicals, materials and energy. Essentially they convert chemicals, raw materials, living cells, microorganisms and energy into useful forms and products. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: chemical reaction, 2020-12-11 Changed labels. [Allotrope], reaction
A chemical reaction is a process that results in the interconversion of chemical species. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: chemical reaction, 2020-12-11 Changed labels. [Allotrope], reaction
A chemical reaction is a process that results in the interconversion of chemical species. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: CSA experiment
An NMR experiment in which differences in chemical shift are used to give information about the orientation of those spins with respect to the field and, thus, the orientation of the molecule. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CBD, CSD, chemical bath deposition, chemical deposition, chemical-bath deposition, chemical-solution deposition
The process of the settling of particles (atoms or molecules) from a solution or suspension onto a pre-existing surface, resulting in the growth of a new phase. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CVD, CVD (chemical vapor deposition) synthesis, CVD (chemical vapour deposition) synthesis, chemical-vapor deposition, chemical-vapour deposition
A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. [CHMO]
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A synthesis method for carbon nanotubes where a hydrocarbon vapor (such as methane) is thermally decomposed in a tube furnace in the presence of a metal catalyst. Carbon nanotubes grow over the catalyst and are collected upon cooling. Low temperatures yield multi-walled carbon nanotubes, whereas high temperatures favour single-walled carbon nanotubes. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CVI
The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from, a vapour. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CVT
A crystal growth method for metal dichalcogenides in which the starting materials (high purity metal and chalcogen) are placed in a quartz ampoule together with a transport agent (e.g. iodine) and heated in a furnace under a temperature gradient. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CL detection, chemoluminescence detection
The detection of luminescence emitted from a sample as a result of a chemical reaction. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CL spectrometry, CL spectroscopy, chemiluminescence (CL) spectroscopy, chemiluminescence spectrometry
Any type of spectroscopy where luminesence (the emission of visible light) from molecules as a result of a chemical reaction) is detected as a function of wavelength. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Raman optical activity, chiral Raman, chiral Raman spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where vibrational optical activity is measured by means of a small difference in the intensity of Raman scattering from chiral molecules of right- and left-circularly polarised incident light. [CHMO]
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A separation method where the components (in this case stereoisomers) are distributed between two chiral phases, one of which is stationary, while the other moves in a definite direction. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CSP GC, CSP-GC, GC on a chiral stationary phase, chiral GC
Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a gas and the stationary phase is a chiral, high-boiling-point, thermally-stable liquid such as a chiral polysiloxane. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CSP HPLC, CSP-HPLC, HPLC on a chiral stationary phase, chiral HPLC, chiral stationary phase high-pressure liquid chromatography
Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small chiral particles and the inlet pressure is relatively high. [CHMO]
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synonyms: chiral supercritical fluid chromatography
A separation method where the components (in this case stereoisomers) are distributed between two chiral phases, one of which is stationary, while the other moves in a definite direction (the 'mobile phase'). In this method the mobile phase is a fluid above and relatively close to its critical temperature and pressure. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CHIRP, CHIRP pulse, chirp pulse
An adiabatic shaped pulse. The resonance frequency is swept through a defined RF range during application of the pulse. Allows excitation of a broader range of frequencies than the size of the RF field. For the pulse see J. Magn. Reson., Ser. A, (1993), 102, pg 293. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ChIP
The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') consisting of a protein-specific antibody complex (where the protein is attached to a protein-DNA complex) from solution. This method is used to determine the location of DNA binding sites on the genome for particular proteins of interest. [CHMO]
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A separation method where the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary, while the other moves in a definite direction. [CHMO]
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A chromatography is a separation where the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary, while the other moves in a definite direction. [CHMO]
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Chromatography column packing is the process of preparing a chromatography column by transferring a stationary phase sample into the column body as a densely packed phase. [Allotrope]
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Data processing on chromatograms. [Allotrope]
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Chromatography data processing is a data transformation on chromatograms. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: chronoamperometry
An electrochemical technique where the time dependence of the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled. [CHMO]
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synonyms: chronocoulometry
An electrochemical technique where the time-dependence of the total Coulombs of electricity required to complete (fully oxidise or fully reduce the sample in) an electrochemical reaction is measured whilst the current is held at a constant value. [CHMO]
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synonyms: chronopotentiometry
An electrochemical technique where the time-dependence of the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CD spectrometry, CD spectroscopy, circular dichrosim spectrometry, direct transmittance circular dichroism
A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised light by a sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CD titration, CD titration experiment, CD titration experiments
The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised light by the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: cleansing, cleanup
Cleaning is the process of getting rid of dirt, impurities, or extraneous unwanted matter. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: CN-PAGE, clear native PAGE, clear-native PAGE, colorless native PAGE , colorless-native PAGE
A separation method where protein molecules move at different speeds, in non-denaturing conditions, according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of polyacrylamide gel, across which an electric field is applied. This method does not use a dye to transfer charge to the protein molecules and is used to separate acidic water-soluble and membrane proteins. [CHMO]
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synonyms: clinical measurement
A quantitative or qualitative value which is the result of an act of assessing a morphological or physiological state or property in a single individual or sample or a group of individuals or samples, based on direct observation or experimental manipulation. [CMO]
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synonyms: closed loop
The closed loop uses feedback control for the regulation of the vapor generation. The system continuously detects deviations from the target partial pressure and adjusts the vapor generation correspondingly. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: CPE, cloud point extraction
The process of transferring a non-ionic surfactant from one liquid phase to another by heating. As the temperature of the solution rises, the surfactant molecules form micelles, if the temperature increases above the cloud point (CPT) the micelles become dehydrated and aggregate. This leads to macroscopic phase separation of the solution into a surfactant-rich phase and a solvent phase. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Co-assembly, coassembly
The process of two individual components of a sample associating to form a new pattern or structure. [CHMO]
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synonyms: coprecipitation
The simultaneous precipitation of a normally soluble component with a macro-component from the same solution by the formation of mixed crystals, by adsorption, occlusion or mechanical entrapment. [CHMO]
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synonyms: being coated, is coated
Coated state is the connected state when a substance covers the surface of another substance. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: being coated, is coated
Coated state is the convering state when a substance covers the surface of another substance firmly. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: being coated, is coated
Coated state is the covering state when a substance covers the surface of another substance firmly. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: coating method
The application of a thin cover to a material. [CHMO]
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synonyms: coating solution preparation
The coating preparation is a process of executing the necessary tasks for the production of a proper coating suspension and for the correct setup of a tablet coater. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: coating solution preparation
The coating preparation is a process of executing the necessary tasks for the production of a proper coating suspension and for the correct setup of a tablet coater. [OSTHUS]
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synonyms: coating solution preparation
Coating suspension preparation is the process of preparing a proper coating suspension for proper tablet film coating. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: coating solution preparation
Coating suspension preparation is the process of preparing a proper coating suspension for proper tablet film coating. [OSTHUS]
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synonyms: co crystallisation, co crystallization, co-crystallisation, co-crystallization
The simultaneous crystallization of two different substances or two different structural elements of the same substance. [CHMO]
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Code scanning is the transformation of data in the representation form of visual machine-readable codes to another form. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: co-extraction
The transfer of two solutes from a liquid phase to a (low-polarity) organic liquid phase in contact with it. The solutes form mixed-species aggregates in the organic phase. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CPM, coherence-probe microscopy, phase correlation microscopy
A type of microscopy where the surface of the specimen is illuminated with short-coherence length visible light split into two beams, which then interfere to produce fringes whose spacing is proportional to the profile of the specimen. [CHMO]
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A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light from three lasers (known as pump, probe and Stokes/anti-Stokes) by a sample is detected. Multiphoton excitation is used to produce a signal in which the emitted waves are coherent. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CSRS, coherent Stokes Raman scattering spectrometry, coherent Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy, coherent Stokes Raman spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light by a sample is detected. An anti-Stokes frequency stimulation beam is used and a Stokes frequency beam is observed. Multiphoton excitation is used to produce a signal in which the emitted waves are coherent. [CHMO]
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A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light by a sample is detected. An anti-Stokes frequency stimulation beam is used and a Stokes frequency beam is observed and the difference between the pump and the Stokes beams coincides with the frequency of an electronic transition within the molecule. Multiphoton excitation is used to produce a signal in which the emitted waves are coherent. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CARS, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectrometry, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy, coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light by a sample is detected. A Stokes frequency stimulation beam is used and an anti-Stokes frequency beam is observed. Multiphoton excitation is used to produce a signal in which the emitted waves are coherent. [CHMO]
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A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light by a sample is detected. A Stokes frequency stimulation beam is used and an anti-Stokes frequency beam is observed and the difference between the pump and the anti-Stokes beams coincides with the frequency of an electronic transition within the molecule. Multiphoton excitation is used to produce a signal in which the emitted waves are coherent. [CHMO]
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A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample and phase is conserved. [CHMO]
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A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a material through a die at room temperature. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CV-AAS, CVAAS, cold vapor AAS, cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry, cold vapour AAS
A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where no vaporization step is required because the sample is a volatile heavy metal such as mercury, which is a vapour at room temperature. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CV-AFS, CVAFS, cold vapor AFS, cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry, cold vapour AFS, cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectrometry
A type of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy where no vaporization step is required because the sample is a volatile heavy metal such as mercury, which is a vapour at room temperature. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CFE-SEM, cold-field-emission scanning electron microscopy, CFE SEM, CFE/SEM, CFEG-SEM, CFEGSEM, CFSEM, cold field emission gun scanning electron microscopy, cold field emission scanning electron microscopy, cold-field-emission gun scanning electron microscopy, cold-field-gun scanning electron microscopy
A type of microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam produced by applying a high voltage to a tungsten crystal (cold-field emission) and with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across the specimen under vacuum and the interaction of the electrons with the specimen is determined. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CSI-MS, cold-spray ionisation mass spectroscopy, cold-spray ionization mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small cold (10-80 °C) capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. [CHMO]
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synonyms: collection
The act of gathering things together; having been brought together in one place. [NCI]
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synonyms: aggregating
The process of forming an aggregate of some objects. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: collecting
A storing state that brings a flow together at one place. [NIST]
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synonyms: CLABS, collinear fast atom beam spectrometry, collinear fast atom beam spectroscopy
A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is in the form of a high-speed accelerated beam of atoms which is superimposed on a resonant laser beam (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample) and light absorption is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CFIBLS, collinear fast ion beam laser spectrometry
A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is in the form of a high-speed accelerated beam of ions which is superimposed on a resonant laser beam (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample) and light absorption is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: collinear laser ion-beam spectroscopy, CLIBS, collinear laser beam spectrometry, collinear laser beam spectroscopy, collinear laser ion beam spectroscopy, collinear laser ion-beam spectrometry
A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is in the form of an accelerated beam of ions which is superimposed on a resonant laser beam (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample) and light absorption is measured. [CHMO]
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Any type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is in the form of an accelerated beam of particles (atoms or ions) which is superimposed on a resonant laser beam (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample) and light absorption is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CAD, CID, collision activated dissociation , collision induced dissociation , collision-activated dissociation , collisionally activated dissociation , collisionally-activated dissociation
Dissociation of an ion after collisional excitation. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: CAD, CID, collision activated dissociation , collision induced dissociation , collision-activated dissociation , collisionally activated dissociation , collisionally-activated dissociation
Dissociation of an ion after collisional excitation. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: colloid method
Any method for the synthesis or processing of colloids (mixtures where one substance is dispersed evenly throughout another). [CHMO]
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A synthesis method in which polymer spheres are assembled into a colloidal crystal on a substrate by evaporation induced self-assembly. The free spaces between the spheres are subsequently infiltrated with a metal by electrodeposition, and the colloidal particles are selectively removed by dissolution in a solvent (e.g. toluene) leaving behind a periodic arrangement of spherical voids embedded in a solid macroporous matrix. [CHMO]
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A sample preparation method where solid particles are dispersed in a liquid phase. [CHMO]
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Any synthesis technique involving the transfer of a pattern to a material (a 'resist') by exposure to a radiation source (e.g. light or X-rays) or to a beam of charged particles through a mask composed of a close-packed colloidal array. Upon irradiation, the material experiences a change in its physical properties. Excess material is then removed, by a liquid 'developer' or an etching process. [CHMO]
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synonyms: colloid force microscopy, colloidal probe AFM
A type of microscopy which uses a microparticle (usually made of silica) mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of a colloidal specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force between the two colloidal surfaces as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. [CHMO]
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A test which produces colour change in the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: colorimetric method, colourimetry
The determination of the spectral absorbance of a solution. This method is often used to determine the concentration of a chemical in a solution. [CHMO]
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A chromatography method where the stationary bed is within a tube (of standard length 25 cm). The particles of the solid stationary phase or support coated with a liquid stationary phase may fill the whole inside volume of the tube (packed column) or be concentrated on or along the inside tube wall leaving an open, unrestricted path for the mobile phase in the middle part of the tube (open-tubular column). [CHMO]
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A reaction in which two reactants combine to form a new product. [Allotrope]
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A reaction in which two reactants combine to form a new product. [OSTHUS]
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synonyms: CRAMPS, combined rotation and multiple pulse spectrometry
A type of NMR spectroscopy using a solid sample. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74 deg. with respect to the direction of the magnetic field).The combination of multiple-pulse NMR experiments and magic angle spinning. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. [CHMO]
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synonyms: assembling
Combining is the building of a whole out of parts. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: material combination
Combining material is a combing process that combines two or more materials in to a new material. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: burning
An exothermic chemical reaction between a fuel (usually a hydrocarbon) and an oxidant (usually oxygen) which is sometimes accompanied by the production of light. [CHMO]
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synonyms: transferring signal, transmitting signal
Communicating is transferring information from one material entity to another. This can be by way of a material or energy connecting the entity or by transporting the material bearing the information between the locations. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: comparative CT experiment, comparative cycle threshold qPCR experiment, ∆∆CT
A comparative CT experiment is an experiment using qPCR that determines relative target quantity in samples. Samples are compared to a normalized target quantity to determine relative quantity of the sample. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: comparison
The observation or assessment of the similarities or dissimilarities between two things. [Allotrope]
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A type of microscopy where two specimens can be compared by illuminating them with visible light using two identical sets of microscope lenses which are linked by an optical bridge. [CHMO]
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The separation of molecules in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane. In competition dialysis an array of nucleic acid structures and sequences is dialysed against a common test ligand solution. After equilibration, the amount of ligand bound to each structure or sequence is determined by absorbance or fluorescence measurements. Since all structures and sequences are in equilibrium with the same free ligand concentration, the amount bound is directly proportional to the ligand binding affinity. [CHMO]
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synonyms: completed, is completed
A completed state is a state during which a planned process has run to completion and the device or service is waiting for a reset that cause the state to change to an idle state. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: CPD
An NMR pulse sequence, employing composite pulses, which decouples nuclei i.e. removes the effects of (usually) J-coupling (line splitting) from the spectrum. [CHMO]
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The code of compressibility DSC scan mode for studying volumetric properties. [Allotrope]
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Compression is the act of reducing volume by applying a force. [Allotrope]
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A process for shaping pliable polymer material using a rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The pre-heated material is first placed in an open, heated mould which is then closed before pressure is applied to it. The applied pressure forces the softened polymer to adopt the shape of the mould. [CHMO]
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synonyms: preconcentration
A preparative step where the concentration of one component is increased. [CHMO]
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An concentration measurement is the determination of the concentration of a compound in solution. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: COMAS
A type of spectroscopy where a pump laser is used to excite a chromophore and the transmitted power of a probe laser is used to determine the state concentration (excited vs. non-excited) of the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: concentration profile
A concentration process profile is a quality process profile that tracks some concentration. [Allotrope]
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Conditioning is changing a material to be appropriate for an intended use. [NIST,OSTHUS]
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Conditioning is changing a material to be appropriate for an intended use. [NIST]
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synonyms: C-AFM, CAFM, conductive AFM
Conductive AFM is used for collecting simultaneous topography imaging and current imaging. Specifically, standard conductive AFM operates in contact AFM mode. Variations in surface conductivity can be distinguished using this mode. Conductive AFM operates in contact AFM mode by using a conductive AFM tip. The contact tip is scanned in contact with the sample surface. Just like contact AFM, the feedback loop uses the DC cantilever deflection signal to maintain a constant force between the tip and the sample to generate the topography image. At the same time, a DC bias is applied to the tip. The sample is held at ground potential. [CHMO]
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The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point is reached. The titration is monitored by measuring the conductance of the solution. [CHMO]
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synonyms: conductimetry
The measurement of the conductance of a solution as a function of concentration. Measurements are made indirectly across the resistance of the solution with alternating current. [CHMO]
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synonyms: conductimetry
Conductometry is the measurement of the conductance of a solution as a function of concentration. Measurements are made indirectly across the resistance of the solution with alternating current. [CHMO]
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The measurement of thermodynamic parameters such as heat release rate, heat of combustion, ignitability, and the evolution of toxic gases, smoke and soot, for flame retarding materials using a cone calorimeter. [CHMO]
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A configuration process profile is a quality process profile that tracks the configuration of a system or device. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: confocal Raman microanalysis, confocal Raman microspectrometry, confocal Raman microspectroscopy, confocal micro Raman
The collection of spatially resolved Raman spectra of a sample during optical microscopy. An aperture is used to discriminate between Raman signal coming from the laser spot and that coming from the out-of-focus region of the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CRS, confocal Raman spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light is detected. An aperture is used to discriminate between Raman signal coming from the focused laser spot and Raman signal coming from the out-of-focus region of the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: confocal FCS
A type of spectroscopy where the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample are measured and correlated within a very small detection volume. The light emitted during fluorescence is collected and guided through a pinhole before it is detected, reducing background interference. [CHMO]
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synonyms: confocal infra-red chemical imaging spectroscopy, confocal IR spectromicroscopy, confocal IR-MSP, confocal infra-red chemical imaging spectrometry, confocal infra-red microscopy, confocal infrared chemical imaging spectrometry, confocal infrared chemical imaging spectroscopy, confocal infrared mapping, confocal infrared microspectrophotometry, confocal infrared microspectroscopy, confocal infrared spectromicroscopy
The collection of spatially resolved infrared spectra of a sample during optical microscopy. An aperture is used to discriminate between infrared signal coming from the laser spot and that coming from the out-of-focus region of the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LSCM, CLSM, confocal fluorescence imaging, confocal fluorescence microscopy, confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy, confocal-laser scanning microscopy, fluorescence confocal microscopy, fluorescence confocal scanning laser microscopy, scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy
A type of microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by scanning a gas (Ar or Kr) laser spot of specific wavelength over its surface and using a spatial pinhole to eliminate out-of-focus fluorescence. [CHMO]
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A type of microscopy where visible light coming from the specimen is collected and guided through a pinhole before it is detected. The pinhole allows only light from the focal point to pass to the detector, reducing background interference. [CHMO]
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synonyms: being connected, is connected
A state s with participating materials m1 and m2 and m1 is connected to m2. [Allotrope]
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Connecting is bringing two or more topological flows into connection. [Allotrope, NIST]
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Connecting material is connecting of material. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: CRM
Multiple-stage mass spectrometry experiment with three or more stages of m/z separation in which products of sequential fragmentation or bimolecular reactions are selected for detection. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: CRM
Multiple-stage mass spectrometry experiment with three or more stages of m/z separation in which products of sequential fragmentation or bimolecular reactions are selected for detection. [IUPAC]
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Definition pending. [0]
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Constant flow rate mobile phase delivery is a mobile phase delivery process whereby the mobile phase is delivered by maintaining a constant flow rate of the mobile phase. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: CPA, constant-potential amperometry
An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is held at a constant value (sufficient to oxidize or reduce the sample). [CHMO]
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Definition pending. [0]
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Constant pressure mobile phase delivery is a mobile phase delivery process whereby the mobile phase is delivered by maintaining a constant pressure of the mobile phase. [Allotrope]
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A constant quality process profile is a quality process profile where the tracked quality does not change. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: being stable, being steady, remaining unchanged, stable (state), stable quality state, steady (state), steady quality state, unchanging (state), unchanging quality state
A constant quality state is a quality state where the quality does not change. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: constant time method, CT experiment, CT method, constant time experiment
A technique used in 2D NMR whereby the chemical shift frequency modulation of the FIDs necessary to interrogate the second dimension is achieved by moving the position of a RF pulse within a fixed time period on subsequent repeats of the experiment. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CC-DLTS, CCDLTS, constant capacitance DLTS, constant capacitance deep level transient spectroscopy, constant capacitance deep-level transient spectroscopy, constant-capacitance DLTS
A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By holding the capacitance constant and monitoring the carrier emission produced when applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at different temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit a peak for each 'deep level' (each energy level near the center of the band gap). The height of the peak is proportional to the defect density and the emission rate and temperature dependence are characteristic for each type of defect. [CHMO]
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synonyms: constant current chronopotentiometric stripping, constant current stripping potentiometry, constant-current stripping potentiometry
An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped'. During removal the time-dependence of the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is constant and sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CFSS, constant final state spectroscopy, constant-final-state spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray-ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons. The energy distribution of electrons which have been promoted to a specific conduction band is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CISS, constant initial state spectroscopy, constant-initial-state spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray-ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons. The energy distribution of electrons which have been promoted from a specific valence band is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CR dip coating, constant-rate dip-coating
The application of a thin cover to sample by immersing it (at constant velocity) in a tank containing coating material, allowing it to remain there for a certain 'dwell time', and removing the piece from the tank ('withdrawal') at a constant velocity. [CHMO]
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synonyms: consumption
A process where a essential material entity participant ceases to exist at the end and it was existing at the start. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: collecting energy, energy consumption
Consuming energy is a consuming that consumes energy. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: material consumption
Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: material consumption
Consuming material is a consuming of material. [Allotrope]
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Consuming signal is consuming of signals. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: contact printing
A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90-100 deg. C. A mask ('photomask') with the desired pattern is then placed in contact with the substrate and both are exposed to intense UV light. A post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120-180 deg. C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. [CHMO]
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synonyms: contact AFM, contact mode AFM, contact-mode AFM, contact-mode atomic force microscopy, static AFM, static mode AFM, static mode atomic force microscopy, static-mode AFM, static-mode atomic force microscopy
A type of microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the deflection of the tip, which is in contact with the specimen surface, as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. [CHMO]
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A method where the profile of a surface is determined by moving a diamond stylus laterally across it at a specified contact force and measuring its vertical displacement. [CHMO]
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Containing is the state of keeping an object in the inside of a cavity. [Allotrope]
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Containing energy is containing of energy. [Allotrope]
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The state of containing a fluid material. [Allotrope]
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Definition pending. [0]
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Containing liquid material is containing material that is in gaseous state. [Allotrope]
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Definition pending. [0]
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Containing liquid material is containing material that is in liquid state. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: containing
Containing material is containing of material. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: being contained
The state of keeping a flow within spatial limits. [NIST, OSTHUS]
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synonyms: being contained
The state of keeping a flow within spatial limits. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: being contained
The state of keeping a flow within spatial limits. [NIST,OSTHUS]
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synonyms: continuous
Code of continuous scanning in XRPD. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: continuous
Code of continuous scanning in XRPD. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: CX-AES, CXAES, bremsstrahlung Auger electron spectrometry, bremsstrahlung Auger electron spectroscopy, bremsstrahlung Auger spectrometry, bremsstrahlung Auger spectroscopy, continuous X-ray-induced Auger electron spectrometry, continuous X-ray-induced Auger spectrometry, continuous X-ray-induced Auger spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the bombardment of a sample with a continuous X-ray source (X-rays generated when electrons - or other high energy charged particles such as protons or alpha-particles - lose energy whilst passing through the Coulomb field of a nucleus) results in the ionization of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected. [CHMO]
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A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. The distillation is ongoing with sample mixture being continuously added. [CHMO]
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synonyms: continuous flow hollow fibre liquid-phase micro-extraction, CFHF-LPME, continuous flow hollow fiber liquid-phase micro-extraction, continuous flow hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction
The process of transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase immobilised within the pores of the wall of a porous hollow fibre (<10 µm diameter). The aqueous phase is allowed to flow continuously through the fibre, allowing mass transfer to occur. [CHMO]
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synonyms: continuous wave electron-electron double resonance spectroscopy, c.w. ELDOR, continuous-wave electron-electron double resonance spectroscopy, cw ELDOR, cw-ELDOR
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is irradiated by two microwave frequencies which match electron resonance transitions. The effect of the higher power frequency ('pump') transition on the lower power ('observed') transitionsis measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: weight monitoring
Continuous weighing is a type of differential weighing that continuously measures the change of weight. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: weight monitoring
Continuous weighing is a type of differential weighing that continuously measures the change of weight. [OSTHUS]
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synonyms: continuous-flow calorimetry, continuous flow enthalpimetric analysis, continuous flow enthalpimetry, continuous-flow enthalpimetry
A term used to describe methods wherein a reagent is continuously fed into a flowing analyte stream and the temperature difference is measured before and after a reactor (mixing chamber). Alternatively, the temperature may be measured in a differential manner between a reference and a reactor chamber. The analyte concentration is directly proportional to the measured temperature difference. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CF-FAB, continuous flow fast atom bombardment
Variant of fast atom bombardment in which the mixture of analyte and liquid matrix is continuously supplied to the sample probe tip. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: CF-FAB, continuous flow fast atom bombardment
Variant of fast atom bombardment in which the mixture of analyte and liquid matrix is continuously supplied to the sample probe tip. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: CF-IRMS, CF/IRMS, continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry, continuous-flow IRMS
A type of mass spectrometry where the relative abundance of isotopes in a sample is determined. Measurements are taken immediately after sample preparation and separately to the standard gas. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CF-LPME, CFME, continuous flow liquid phase microextraction, continuous-flow liquid-phase microextraction, continuous-flow micro-extraction, continuous-flow microextraction
A process for transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase (or vice versa) by injecting one phase into a glass chamber using a conventional microsyringe and holding the µL droplet at the outlet tip of a PTFE connecting tube. The other phase then flows continuously over the droplet, allowing mass transfer to occur. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CFL, continuous flow lithography
A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. Shuttered pulses (30-100 ms) of mask-defined UV (365 nm) light are flashed into a continuous stream of resist inside a microchannel, leading to the formation of solid structures almost instantaneously. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CF-MALDI
Variant of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization in which the analyte is dissolved in a liquid matrix that is continuously supplied to the sample probe tip. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: CF-MALDI
Variant of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization in which the analyte is dissolved in a liquid matrix that is continuously supplied to the sample probe tip. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: CSCV, continuous scan CV, continuous scan cyclic voltammetry, continuous-scan CV
An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied as a continuous sine wave and inverts at the end point resulting in a cycle. [CHMO]
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synonyms: c.w. ENDOR, continous wave ENDOR, continuous wave electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy, cw ENDOR, cw-ENDOR
A type of spectroscopy where a sample is irradiated by a microwave frequency which matches an electron resonance transition, whilst nuclei in the vicinty of the unpaired eletron are excited by a radio frequency sweep. [CHMO]
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synonyms: c.w. EPR, c.w. ESR, continuous wave EPR, continuous wave ESR, continuous wave electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, continuous wave electron spin resonance spectrometry, continuous wave electron spin resonance spectroscopy, cw-EPR, cw-ESR
A type of spectroscopy where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to a perturbing magnetic field is measured as a function of the frequency of a periodic perturbation. [CHMO]
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synonyms: NMR absorption spectroscopy, c.w. NMR, continuous wave nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, continuous wave nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, cw-NMR
A type of spectroscopy where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Spectra are obtained by scanning a range of radio frequencies. [CHMO]
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synonyms: controlled current potentiometry
An electrochemical technique where the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium and held at a constant (non-zero) value. [CHMO]
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Controlling is changing or regulating a flow in its magnitude. [NIST, Allotrope]
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synonyms: convective assembly
A synthesis method in which colloidal particle suspensions in thin evaporating films spontaneously (and reversibly) associate by non-covalent interactions. [CHMO]
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The code of conventional DSC scan mode for scanning up/down at constant scan rate. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: CBLEED, convergent beam low-energy electron diffraction, convergent-beam low-energy electron diffraction
A method for determining structure by directing a highly convergent beam (nm diameter) of low energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. [CHMO]
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Converting is a process that changes from one form of a flow (material, energy, signal) to another. [NIST]
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synonyms: transducing
Changing from one form of a flow energy to another. [NIST]
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Changing from one form of a flow material to another. [NIST]
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The transfer of thermal energy from a material to its surrounding environment. [CHMO]
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Definition pending. [0]
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Coordinate assigning is the assigning of coordinates to something. [Allotrope]
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Formation of ions in a corona discharge. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Formation of ions in a corona discharge. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: COSY, correlated spectrometry, correlated spectroscopy, correlation spectrometry
A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between nuclei which are J-coupled (usually <= 3 bonds apart). [CHMO]
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synonyms: 3D COSY-NOESY, 3D-COSY-NOESY, COSY-NOESY
A type of homonuclear three-dimensional NMR experiment in which a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between nuclei which are J-coupled (usually <= 3 bonds apart). These signals are then correlated to nuclei that are spatially proximate within the molecule (<= 6 Angstrom apart). [CHMO]
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Coulometric titration is the process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. In a coulometric titration the titrant is generated electrochemically by passing a constant current through an electrolyte. [CHMO]
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The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. In a coulometric titration the titrant is generated electrochemically by passing a constant current through an electrolyte. [CHMO]
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An electrochemical technique where the total Coulombs of electricity required to complete (fully oxidize or fully reduce the sample in) an electrochemical reaction is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CCC, counter-current chromatography
Countercurrent chromatography is a form of liquid–liquid chromatography that uses a liquid stationary phase that is held in place by centrifugal force and is used to separate, identify, and quantify the chemical components of a mixture. [Wikipedia]
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Coupling is connecting together material such that the members are still distinguishable from each other. [NIST]
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Coupling material is the coupling of materials. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: is covered
Covered state is a connected state where something is located on the surface of another thing and prevents some kind of material or energy flow through that surface. [Allotrope]
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Convering is a joining process where the joining is on to the surface in such way that it is preventing some kind of material or energy flow through that surface. [Allotrope]
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Covering is a joining process where the joining is on to the surface in such way that it is preventing some kind of material or energy flow through that surface. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: CP-MAS, CP-MAS NMR, CP/MAS, CP/MAS NMR, CPMAS, CPMAS NMR, cross polarisation magic angle spinning, cross polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, cross polarization magic angle spinning, cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, cross-polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
A type of NMR spectroscopy using a solid sample. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid state NMR, but can be reduced to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74 deg. with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). Cross polarization is used to enhance the signal from weakly coupled nuclei. [CHMO]
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synonyms: cryo-DRIE
The process of creating deep holes and trenches in a sample surface (cooled to -110 deg. C) using short pulses of a plasma (a partially ionized gas containing free electrons and radicals) alternating with the deposition of a chemically inert passivation layer. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LT-EM, cryo EM, cryo-EM, cryo-electron microscopy , cryogenic EM, cryogenic-electron microscopy, low-temperature electron microscopy
A type of microscopy where the specimen, which is cooled in liquid ethane to 180 deg. C, is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum and the interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LT-SEM, cryo SEM, cryo-SEM, cryo-scanning electron microscopy , cryogenic SEM, low-temperature scanning electron microscopy
A type of microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across an electron transparent specimen under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. A type of microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across the specimen, which is cooled in liquid ethane to 180 deg. C, under vacuum and the interaction of the electrons with the specimen is determined. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LT-TEM, cryo TEM, cryo-TEM, cryo-transmission electron microscopy , cryogenic TEM, low-temperature transmission electron microscopy
A type of microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen, which is cooled in liquid ethane to 180 deg. C, is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. [CHMO]
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Any synthesis method used to grow crystals. [CHMO]
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The formation of a crystalline solid from a solution, melt vapour, or a different solid phase, generally by lowering the temperature or by evaporation of a solvent. [CHMO]
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A chemical process in which a prepolymer or polymer is converted into a polymer of higher molar mass and then into a network. [CHMO]
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synonyms: I-DLTS, IDLTS, current DLTS, current-DLTS
A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the current produced when applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at different temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit a peak for each 'deep level' (each energy level near the center of the band gap). The height of the peak is proportional to the defect density and the emission rate and temperature dependence are characteristic for each type of defect. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CEFFF, CElFFF, cyclic electric FFF, cyclic electrical FFF, cyclic-electric FFF, cyclic-electrical FFF
A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel and applying an alternating electric field perpendicular to the channel. A carrier liquid is passed through the channel and the particles are separated on the basis of electrophoretic mobility. [CHMO]
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synonyms: cyclic rate profile
A cyclic rate profile is a rate profile of a process that follows a cyclic pattern. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: cyclic rate profile
A cyclic rate profile is a rate profile of a process that follows a cyclic pattern. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: cyclic rate profile
Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: CV, cyclic triangular wave voltammetry, cyclovoltammetry
An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied linearly and inverts at the end point resulting in a cycle. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CYCLOPS
A phase cycle technique used in FT NMR experiments whereby the sense of application (or phase) of the RF pulses is altered on repeating the experiment such that addition of the resulting signals results in increased intensity for the signals of interest and more effective noise reduction. For the technique see Progr. NMR Spectr., (1978), 12, pg 41. [CHMO]
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synonyms: dark-field optical microscopy, darkfield microscopy, darkfield optical microscopy
A type of microscopy where the sample is illuminated with visible light that is not collected by the objective lens. Only the light scattered by the specimen is collected by the lens, producing an image of a light specimen on a black background. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DFOMS, SNOMS, dark-field single-nanoparticle optical microscopy and spectroscopy, darkfield optical microscopy and spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where a dark-field optical microscope is used to image the sample and locate a small area for spectral analysis with radiation in the ultraviolet to near infrared range. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DF-STEM
A type of microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum. The beam of electrons is scattered or diffracted before reaching the specimen, and the image results from a weakening of the beam by its interaction with the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DF-TEM
A type of microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV. under vacuum. The beam of electrons is scattered or diffracted before reaching the specimen, and the image results from a weakening of the beam by its interaction with the sample. [CHMO]
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Data acquisition is the process of sampling signals that measure real world physical conditions and converting the resulting samples into digital numeric values that can be manipulated by a computer. [Wikipedia]
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Definition pending. [0]
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Data aggregation is a data reduction that applies an aggregating function on the data to produce an aggregated (summary) datum from a collection of data items. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: data massaging
A term used meaning the processing and manipulation of the spectral data produced for the purposes of improving spectral appearance, change the signal to noise ratio (S/N), or resolution. The term is often collectively used in conjunction with line broadening, sharpening, averaging, smoothing. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: aggregating data, data aggregation, collecting data
A data transformation that assigns some data to a collection. [Allotrope]
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Data creation is a producing process that creates information content entities. [Allotrope]
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Data extraction is a data transformation process whereby specific data is taken out of a larger set of data and presented in a usable format. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: reducing data
Data reduction is the transformation of numerical or alphabetical digital information derived empirically or experimentally into a corrected, ordered, and/or simplified form. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: data processing
A converting process that converts the signals from one form into another by changing its content. [Allotrope]
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Deciding is making a choice from a set of alternatives. [Allotrope]
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The breakdown of a single phase into two or more phases by heating or treatment with acid, alkali or enzymes. [CHMO]
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A process that eliminates viable bioburden via use of sporicidal chemical agents. [FDA]
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synonyms: DIPSI, DIPSI pulse sequence, DIPSI sequence
A sequence of composite pulses designed to remove signal splitting due to heteronuclear J-couplings in multinuclear liquid NMR experiments. Also used to allow transfer of magnetization between nuclei (by making the spins precess with at the same chemical shift and thus enjoy strong coupling - isotropic mixing). For the pulse sequence see J. Magn. Reson., (1988), 77, pg 274. [CHMO]
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An NMR pulse sequence that decouples nuclei i.e. removes the effects of dipolar coupling or J-coupling from the spectrum. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DUMBO, DUMBO pulse sequence, DUMBO sequence, decoupling using mind boggling optimisation, decoupling using mind boggling optimization, decoupling using mind-boggling optimisation, decoupling using mind-boggling optimization
A sequence of pulses used in magic angle spinning NMR to remove the effect of homonuclear dipolar couplings. For the pulse sequence see Chem. Phys. Lett., (2004), 398, pg 532. [CHMO]
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Definition pending. [0]
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An decreasing quality process profile is a quality process profile where the tracked determinate quality is continuously decreasing in magnitude. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: decrementing magnitude
Decrementing is reducing the magnitude of a quality in a predetermined and fixed manner. [OSTHUS, NIST]
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synonyms: decrementing magnitude
Decrementing is reducing the magnitude of a quality in a predetermined and fixed manner. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: decrementing magnitude
Decrementing is reducing the magnitude of a quality in a predetermined and fixed manner. [OSTHUS,NIST]
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Dedusting is the process of removal of dust. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: DRIE, pulsed etching, time-multiplexed etching
The process of creating deep holes and trenches in a sample surface using short pulses of a plasma (a partially ionized gas containing free electrons and radicals) alternating with the deposition of a chemically inert passivation layer. [CHMO]
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A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a deep ultraviolet (<300 nm) laser, by a sample is detected. The energy of the incoming laser is adjusted such that it or the scattered light coincides with an electronic transition within the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: C-DLTS, CDLTS, DLTS, capacitance deep level transient spectroscopy, capacitance deep-level transient spectroscopy, deep level transient spectroscopy
A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the capacitance produced by applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at different temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit a peak for each 'deep level' (each energy level near the center of the band gap). The height of the peak is proportional to the defect density and the emission rate and temperature dependence are characteristic for each type of defect. [CHMO]
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synonyms: deep ultraviolet lithography, deep-UV lithography
A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90-100 deg. C. The photoresist is then exposed to a pattern of intense UV (240 nm) light and a post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120-180 deg. C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. [CHMO]
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synonyms: deflection
A deflection, in physics, refers to the change in an objects' acceleration as a consequence of contact (collision) with a surface or the influence of a field. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: degas, degasification
Degassing is a sample preparation process whereby the adsorbed (dissolved) gas is removed from a solid or liquid. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: degas, degasification
A preparative step involving the removal of dissolved gases from a sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DFWM spectroscopy, degenerate four-wave spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where one laser beam is split into three beams. [CHMO]
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Degradation is the state of changing in the qualities of a material under the influence of one or more environmental factors such as heat, light or chemicals such as acids, alkalis and some salts to a lower level of quality. [Allotrope]
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Degradation is the state of changing in the qualities of a material under the influence of one or more environmental factors such as heat, light or chemicals such as acids, alkalies and some salts to a lower level of quality. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: deionisation, deionisation method, deionization method
The removal of ions from a solution using an ion-exchange method. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DEDMR
A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels are detected by delayed light emission. Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DE
The application of the accelerating voltage pulse after a time delay in desorption ionization from a surface. The extraction delay can produce energy focusing in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. [PSI-MS]
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synonyms: DFDMR
A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels are detected by delayed fluorescence. Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DANTE, DANTE pulse sequence, DANTE sequence
A pulse sequence used to selectively excite a frequency range by applying a series of very short pulses to manipulate, or nutate, the magnetization vectors of the desired spins, interspersed with delays which cause the off-resonance magnetisation not to be excited. For the pulse see J. Magn. Reson., (1978), 29, pg 433. [AMGEN, CHMO]
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synonyms: DANTE, DANTE pulse sequence, DANTE sequence
A pulse sequence used to selectively excite a frequency range by applying a series of very short pulses to manipulate, or nutate, the magnetization vectors of the desired spins, interspersed with delays which cause the off-resonance magnetisation not to be excited. For the pulse see J. Magn. Reson., (1978), 29, pg 433. [CHMO]
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synonyms: importing material
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synonyms: importing material
Delivering material is the importing of material to a location or site. [Allotrope]
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Denaturation is the process of unfolding a protein. [Allotrope]
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Denaturing is the process of partial or total alteration of the native structure of a macromolecule resulting from the loss of tertiary or tertiary and secondary structure that is a consequence of the disruption of stabilizing weak bonds. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: DGGE
A separation method where colloidal particles consisting of polynucleotides move at different speeds according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of a gel that contains a denaturing agent that causes double-stranded DNA to unzip, across which an electric field is applied. [CHMO]
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Denoting is a process that assigns a symbol to an entity in order to reference it. [Allotrope]
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The removal of impurities and elimination of pores from a xerogel (a gel that has been dried with unhindered shrinkage). [CHMO]
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synonyms: densiometric measurements, densiometry, densitometric measurements
The measurement of the density of a sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: density gradient centrifugation
A method where the components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density, in a dense medium or density gradient, in a centrifuge, according to the centrifugal force they experience. [CHMO]
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synonyms: density gradient ultracentrifugation
A method where the components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density, in a dense medium or density gradient, in a centrifuge, according to the centrifugal force they experience. Samples are spun at speeds of up to 150,000 rpm. [CHMO]
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Departure is the archivement of leaving the source site in a moving process. [Allotrope]
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Departure is the achievement of leaving the source site in a moving process. [Allotrope]
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Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: material deposition, sample deposition
The process of the settling of particles (atoms or molecules) from a solution, suspension or vapour onto a pre-existing surface, resulting in the growth of a new phase. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DC EMS, DCEMS, DS EMS, DS MS, DSEMS, DSMS, depth-selective Mossbauer spectrometry, depth-selective Moßbauer spectrometry, depth-selective Moßbauer spectroscopy, depth-selective Mössbauer spectrometry, depth-selective Mößbauer spectrometry, depth-selective Mößbauer spectroscopy, depth-selective conversion electron Mossbauer spectrometry, depth-selective conversion electron Moßbauer spectrometry, depth-selective conversion electron Moßbauer spectroscopy, depth-selective conversion electron Mösbauer spectrometry, depth-selective conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy, depth-selective conversion electron Mößbauer spectrometry, depth-selective conversion electron Mößbauer spectroscopy, depth-selective electron Mossbauer spectrometry, depth-selective electron Mossbauer spectroscopy, depth-selective electron Moßbauer spectrometry, depth-selective electron Moßbauer spectroscopy, depth-selective electron Mössbauer spectrometry, depth-selective electron Mössbauer spectroscopy, depth-selective electron Mößbauer spectrometry, depth-selective electron Mößbauer spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where gamma-rays are absorbed by a sample resulting in the ejection of conversion electrons, the energy distribution of which is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DSPES, depth-selective photoelectron spectrometry, depth-selective photoemission spectrometry, gamma-ray photoelectron spectrometry, gamma-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, gamma-ray photoemission spectrometry, gamma-ray photoemission spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with gamma-rays causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]
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A process used to destroy or remove pyrogens (e.g., endotoxin). [FDA]
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The transformation of a chemical compound (the 'educt') into another similar compound (the 'derivative') by altering one or more of its functional groups. Derviatisation is generally perfomed to alter reactivity or change a physical property such as solubility, boiling point, melting point, thermal stability etc. [CHMO]
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synonyms: desalinization
Desalination is a process that removes minerals from saline water. More generally, desalination may also refer to the removal of salts and minerals. [Wikipedia]
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Describing is a process by which an account of some relevant characteristics, qualities or events of an entity are given or presented. [Allotrope]
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Descriptive statistics is the process of using and analyzing descriptive statistics. A descriptive statistic is a summary statistic that quantitatively describes or summarizes features of a collection of information. [Wikipedia]
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Desorption is the process of a species desorbing from a surface when heated. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: DAPCI
An ionization method in which a corona discharge is used to direct a liquid spray (composed of an inert, high velocity gas and solvent ions) onto the sample surface. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DCI
Formation of gas-phase ions by chemical ionization of gaseous molecules produced by the rapid heating and desorption of a solid or low vapour pressure liquid. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: DCI
Formation of gas-phase ions by chemical ionization of gaseous molecules produced by the rapid heating and desorption of a solid or low vapour pressure liquid. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: DESI
An ionization method where charged solvent droplets which are formed by forcing the solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min-1) into an electric field are directed at the sample surface. The droplets form a thin film on the sample surface, dissolving the analyte of interest. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DESI MS, DESI-MS, DESIMS, desorption electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy, desorption electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by directing charged solvent droplets (which are formed by forcing the solvent through a small heated capillary into an electric field) at the sample surface. The droplets form a thin film on the sample surface, dissolving the analyte of interest. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DI
Formation of gas phase ions from a solid or liquid sample surface upon activation by heat, strong electric field, particles, droplets, or photon bombardment. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: DI
Formation of gas phase ions from a solid or liquid sample surface upon activation by heat, strong electric field, particles, droplets, or photon bombardment. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: DIOS
Soft ionization alternative to matrix-assisted desorption/ionization involving laser desorption ionization of a sample deposited on a porous silicon surface. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: DIOS
Soft ionization alternative to matrix-assisted desorption/ionization involving laser desorption ionization of a sample deposited on a porous silicon surface. [IUPAC]
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A method for determining surface area by measuring the amount of an inert gasesous or liquid substance (the 'sorbent', usually H2 or N2) which desorbs from the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'). Regression analysis is then applied to the data, resulting in an isotherm. [CHMO]
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synonyms: detection, detection method
Detecting is sensing that discovers information about of a material or energy. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: detection, detection method
Detecting is observing the presence of an entity. This occurs when a threshold value of a quantity (quality, disposition, process property) is exceeded. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: detecting, is detecting
A detecting state is a state that occurs when a detector detects its detection target. [Allotrope]
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The substitution of one or more hydrogen atoms in a molecule with deuterium atoms. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 2H decoupled NMR, 2H-decoupled NMR, deuterium-decoupled NMR, deuterium-decoupled NMR spectroscopy
A type of NMR spectroscopy where (J/scalar) couplings to 2H nuclei are cancelled by applying radio frequency radiation to saturate or otherwise manipulate the 2H spins such that no evolution of the coupling occurs. [CHMO]
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synonyms: device control driver, driver
A device driver (commonly referred to as a driver) is a computer program that operates or controls a particular type of device that is attached to a computer. A driver provides a software interface to hardware devices, enabling operating systems and other computer programs to access hardware functions without needing to know precise details of the hardware being used. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: device control driver, driver
A device driver (commonly referred to as a driver) is a computer program that operates or controls a particular type of device that is attached to a computer. A driver provides a software interface to hardware devices, enabling operating systems and other computer programs to access hardware functions without needing to know precise details of the hardware being used. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: instrument process
A device process is a planned process that realizes a function by a device or device system. [Allotrope]
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Diafiltration is a dilution process that involves removal or separation of components (permeable molecules like salts, small proteins, solvents etc.,) of a solution based on their molecular size by using micro-molecule permeable filters in order to attain pure solution. [Wikipedia]
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The separation of molecules in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane. [CHMO]
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synonyms: dichroism spectrometry
Any type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of polarized light by a sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DBDI
Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization in which the low-temperature plasma is not generated by a corona discharge but by a device consisting of two electrodes with at least one dielectric layer that separates the electrode from the plasma. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: DBDI
Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization in which the low-temperature plasma is not generated by a corona discharge but by a device consisting of two electrodes with at least one dielectric layer that separates the electrode from the plasma. [IUPAC]
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The removal of solvent from a sample by the application of radio frequency (3 Hz to 300 GHz) or microwave (1-1000 mm) radiation. [CHMO]
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synonyms: dielectric polarization sensing, measurement of dielectric polarization, sensing of dielectric polarization
A dielectric polarization measurement is a measuring of the difference between the electric displacement vector and the product of the electric field strength with the permittivity of vacuum. [IUPAC]
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The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the relative permittivity of the solution as a function of the solution volume. [CHMO]
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The measurement of the relative permittivity of a solution as a function of concentration. Measurements are made indirectly across the resistance of the solution with alternating current. [CHMO]
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synonyms: dielectrophoretic analysis
A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their dielectrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium, across which an electric field is applied. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DEP drop dispensing, DEP droplet dispensing
The dispensing of droplets from an electrode surface after an applied voltage has been removed. Periodic bumps along the length of the electrodes promote droplet formation by establishing an initial, static perturbation. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DIGE, differential in gel electrophoresis, differential in-gel electrophoresis
A two dimensional gel electrophoresis method where protein analytes have been previously labelled with different fluorescent dyes and different analytes are compared. [CHMO]
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A separation method where the components of a cell are separated on the basis of their density in a centrifuge according to the centrifugal force they experience. The sample is centrifuged in a number of separate, sequential steps; each time the pellet is removed and the speed increased. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DCM
A type of microscopy where visible light coming from the specimen (which is placed approximately half a confocal parameter from the focal plane along the optical axis of the microscope) is collected and guided through a pinhole before it is detected. The pinhole allows only light from the focal point to pass to the detector, reducing background interference. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DIC, DIC microscopy, NIC, NIC microscopy, Nomarski interference contrast microscopy, Nomarski microscopy
A type of microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with polarized visible light split into two beams, which then interfere to produce fringes whose spacing is proportional to the height of the specimen. [CHMO]
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synonyms: D-ICTS, DICTS, differential ICTS, differential-ICTS
A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the differential of the capacitance produced by applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at constant different temperatures, spectra are generated that exhibit peaks, the height of which are proportional to the height of which are proportional to time constant for the emission rate. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DOAS, differential optical absorbance spectrometry, differential optical absorbance spectroscopy, differential optical absorption spectrometry, differential optical absorption spectroscopy
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy where the difference between incident and transmitted radiation is measured for a gaseous sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DPASV
An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by applying an oxidising potential (as a series of voltage pulses of increasing amplitude). During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The current is sampled before and after each voltage pulse. [CHMO]
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An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. The potential is varied using pulses of linearly increasing amplitude (one pulse during each drop lifetime) and the current is sampled before and after each voltage pulse. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DPV, differential-pulse voltammetry
An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied using pulses of increasing amplitude and the current is sampled before and after each voltage pulse. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DSC, differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analysis, differential scanning calorimetric analysis
Differential scanning calorimetry is a thermal analysis method in which the difference in energy inputs into a substance and a reference material is measured as a function of temperature whilst the substance and reference material are subjected to a controlled temperature program. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: DSC, differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analysis, differential scanning calorimetric analysis
Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: DSC cycle, cycle for DSC
A cycle in differential scanning calorimetry is a segment of the calorimetry run with its own specific heating ramp. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: feedback mode code, FB mode code
The FB mode code is the code of the feedback mode used for a DSC measurement. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: DSC mode code
The differential scanning calorimetry scan mode code encodes the mode of measurement of DSC. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: DSF, differential scanning fluorimetry
A type of spectroscopy where the intensity of the fluorescence emitted by molecules excited using ultraviolet light is detected as it changes upon interaction of the molecule with its environment. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DTA
The measurement of the temperature difference between the sample and a reference material. [CHMO]
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synonyms: back weighing
In differential weighing one or more samples are investigated for weight changes. The first workstep comprises determination of the sample container (tare, if used) and the initial weight of the sample (weighing in). The sample is then subjected to a process such as drying, centrifuging, filtering, ashing, vaporization, coating, etc. Following such treatment, the sample is reweighed (back weighing). The determined weight is used as a basis for calculation of the result, which is normally shown as a difference value in percent of the initial weight. [Mettler]
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The method to obtain the derivative of a function or curve. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: crystallography, diffraction analysis
Any detection or measurement method where the structure of a crystal or molecule can be determined by directing a beam of particles or radiation at a sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. [CHMO]
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synonyms: specular XRR, diffuse X-ray reflectance, diffuse XRR, off-specular X-ray reflectivity, off-specular X-ray reflectometry, off-specular XRR
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at an extremely flat surface (at angle theta minus omega to the surface) and measuring the intensity of the X-rays which undergo diffuse reflection (and are emitted at angle theta plus omega from the surface). [CHMO]
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synonyms: DRCD, diffuse reflectance CD, diffuse reflectance circular dichroism
A type of spectroscopy based on the differential diffuse reflectance of left- and right-handed circularly polarized light by a sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, DRIFT, DRIFTS, diffuse reflectance infra-red Fourier transform spectrometry, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectrometry, diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy by Fourier transform
A type of spectroscopy where the diffuse reflection of a single pulse of infrared radiation by a sample is measured, and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]
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synonyms: diffuse reflectance IR spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the diffuse reflection of infrared radiation by a sample is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DFLPF
A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The diffuse reflectance of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse. [CHMO]
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synonyms: UV-vis-DRS, UV-vis-diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance UV-vis spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance UV-visible
A type of spectroscopy where the diffuse reflection of radiation in the range ultraviolet to visible (190-800 nm) by a sample is measured. [CHMO]
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Diffuse reflection is the reflection of light or other waves or particles from a surface such that a ray incident on the surface is scattered at many angles rather than at just one angle as in the case of specular reflection. An ideal diffuse reflecting surface is said to exhibit Lambertian reflection, meaning that there is equal luminance when viewed from all directions lying in the half-space adjacent to the surface. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: DWS, diffusing-wave spectroscopy, diffusive wave spectroscopy, diffusive-wave spectroscopy
A method for determining molecular motion by measuring the time it takes for a particle in a highly-scattering suspension (e.g. a colloid) to move a distance comparable to the wavelength of light. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DOSY, DOSY NMR, diffusion NMR, diffusion ordered NMR spectroscopy, diffusion ordered spectroscopy, diffusion-edited NMR spectroscopy, diffusion-edited spectroscopy, diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy, diffusion-ordered nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
A type of NMR spectroscopy using pulsed-field gradients where the rate of decay of NMR signals in each component of a sample mixture is measured across a series of experiments. The rate of signal decay is proportional to the diffusion coefficient for each component. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 3D COSY-DOSY, 3D DOSY-COSY, COSY-DOSY, DOSY-COSY, correlation spectroscopy-diffusion-ordered spectroscopy
A type of three-dimensional NMR experiment in which the signals of a 2D COSY spectrum are dispersed along a third frequency axis according to diffusion coefficient. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 3D DOSY-TOCSY, 3D TOCSY-DOSY, DOSY-TOCSY, TOCSY-DOSY, total correlation spectroscopy-diffusion-ordered spectroscopy
A type of three-dimensional NMR experiment in which the signals of a 2D TOCSY spectrum are dispersed along a third frequency axis according to diffusion coefficient. [CHMO]
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The measurement and study of dimensional changes in polymers as a function of temperature, fluid absorption, mechanical stress or chemical reaction. [CHMO]
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Dilution is the process of adding a solvent to a solution to lower its concentration. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: DAD process
A process executed by a diode array detector. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: dip-coating
The application of a thin cover to sample by immersing it in a tank containing coating material, allowing it to remain there for a certain 'dwell time', removing the piece from the tank ('withdrawal'), and allowing it to drain. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DPN
A synthesis technique where an atomic force microscope is used to pattern surfaces with molecules or particles. An AFM tip is coated with a chemical compound or biomolecule and put in contact with a substrate, where transfer takes place. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DART
An ionization method where the sample is ionized by a corona discharge within a He atmosphere. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DC amperometry, dc amperometry, direct-current amperometry
An electrochemical technique where the cell direct current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DCP-AES, DCPAES, d.c. AES, d.c. plasma atomic emission spectrometry, d.c. plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, direct current plasma atomic emission spectrometry
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a plasma generated by passing an electrical discharge between two electrodes is used as the excitation source. [CHMO]
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The removal of solvent from a sample by the application of heated air. [CHMO]
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synonyms: infusion
Method of liquid sample introduction in which the sample is continuously flowed into a mass spectrometer ion source. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: infusion
Method of liquid sample introduction in which the sample is continuously flowed into a mass spectrometer ion source. [IUPAC]
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A mass spectrometry method using a direct inlet. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: direct laser absorption spectroscopy, DLAS, direct laser absorption spectrometry
Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more laser beams and light absorption is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DLICVD, direct liquid injection CVD, direct-liquid-injection CVD, direct-liquid-injection chemical vapor deposition, direct-liquid-injection chemical vapour deposition
A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more liquid precursors, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DLI
Direct delivery of a liquid sample at a low solvent flow rate into the chemical ionization ion source of a mass spectrometer. The solvent vapour can act as the reagent gas. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: DLI
Direct delivery of a liquid sample at a low solvent flow rate into the chemical ionization ion source of a mass spectrometer. The solvent vapour can act as the reagent gas. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: direct recoil spectroscopy, DRS
A type of spectroscopy where a focused beam of ions is directed at a sample causes binary collisions with surface molecules which result in molecular decomposition and the emission of atoms. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DC dielectrophoresis, d.c. dielectrophoresis, dc dielectrophoresis, direct current dielectrophoresis, direct current dielectrophoretic analysis
A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their dielectrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium, across which a direct electric field is applied. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DSA, DSL, directed self assembly, directional self assembly, directional self-assembly
A synthesis method in which the components of the sample spontaneously (and reversibly) associate by non-covalent interactions, taking the form of an existing lithographically templated structure or pattern. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DAPS, disappearance potential spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by the sudden disappearance of electrons from the beam. [CHMO]
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synonyms: decrementing energy, unloading
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A state s with participating materials m1 and m2, and m1 is not connected to m2. [Allotrope]
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Disconnecting is a branching process that removes the connection between parts of a flow so that they become topologically separate. [Allotrope]
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Process by which surface bioburden is reduced to a safe level or eliminated. Some disinfection agents are effective only against vegetative microbes, while others possess additional capability to effectively kill bacterial and fungal spores. [FDA]
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synonyms: disintegrated
Disintegrated state is a state of an object when its has turned into an aggregate of small, separated pieces. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: disintegration
Disintegrating is a break a material into small, separate parts. [Allotrope]
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A disintegration test is a test to check the time that an object needs to disintegrate. [Allotrope]
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A disintegration test is a process in order to check the time that an object needs to disintegrate. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: dispension
Dispensing is giving out material in discrete portions. [Allotrope]
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Dispersed state is a state of a system in which discrete particles of one material are dispersed in a continuous phase of another material. [Allotrope]
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A polymer preparation technique in which an insoluble polymer is dispersed in a continuous organic phase. [CHMO]
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A type of spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the infrared region (0.78-1000 µm). The infrared beam is passed through a diffraction grating which separates (or disperses) the wavelength of the light and directs each wavelength individually through a slit to a detector. [CHMO]
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Dispersive Raman spectroscopy is a type of Raman spectroscopy that uses a dispersive Raman spectrometer which focuses the signal on a grating that separates the wavelengths and sends the spatially separated beams onto a detector. [Allotrope]
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Chromatography where the mobile phase contains a compound (the displacer) more strongly retained than the components of the sample under examination. The sample is fed into the system as a finite slug. [CHMO]
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The process of transforming a signal into a visual signal (color, pattern). [Allotrope]
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synonyms: anatomization
The disassembly of an object to determine its internal structure. [CHMO]
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Dissociation in chemistry and biochemistry is a general process in which molecules (or ionic compounds such as salts, or complexes) separate or split into smaller particles such as atoms, ions or radicals, usually in a reversible manner. [Wikipedia]
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Ionization mechanism in which capture of a low-energy electron by a molecule leads directly to a dissociative state of the nascent anion, an example of dissociative ionization. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Ionization mechanism in which capture of a low-energy electron by a molecule leads directly to a dissociative state of the nascent anion, an example of dissociative ionization. [IUPAC]
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The reaction of a gas-phase molecule that results in its decomposition to form products, one of which is an ion. [PSI-MS]
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A measurement of dissolved carbon dioxide. [Allotrope]
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A measurement of dissolved oxygen. [Allotrope]
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A mixing step where a soluble component is mixed with a liquid component. [CHMO]
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A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. [CHMO]
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synonyms: distillation precipitation copolymerisation, distillation precipitation copolymerization
A polymer preparation technique in which two different types of monomer are dissolved in an organic solvent and distilled until a precipitate of the corresponding copolymer is formed. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DEPT, DEPT NMR, distortionless enhancement by polarisation transfer, distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer
A type of spectroscopy where the energy states of 13C nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.The 13C NMR signals are enhanced by transferring 1H magnetization to 13C nuclei and the phase of the signals reflects the multiplicity i.e. CH, CH2 or CH3). Separate methyl, methylene and methine spectra may be obtained. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DEPTQ, DEPTQ NMR
A type of spectroscopy where the energy states of 13C nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.The 13C NMR signals are enhanced by transferring 1H magnetization to 13C nuclei and the phase of the signals reflects the multiplicity i.e. CH, CH2 or CH3). Separate methyl, methylene and methine spectra may be obtained. The quaternary carbon centres are also represented in the spectra, albeit with reduced intensities, and are rendered with similar 'signs' to methylene groups. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: DEPTQ, DEPTQ NMR
A type of spectroscopy where the energy states of 13C nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.The 13C NMR signals are enhanced by transferring 1H magnetization to 13C nuclei and the phase of the signals reflects the multiplicity i.e. CH, CH2 or CH3). Separate methyl, methylene and methine spectra may be obtained. The quaternary carbon centres are also represented in the spectra, albeit with reduced intensities, and are rendered with similar 'signs' to methylene groups. [OSTHUS]
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synonyms: partioning, portioning, splitting
Dividing is a separating of flows focused on all parts of the flow. [Allotrope]
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Dividing materials is dividing of materials. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: DPL, double-patterning lithography
A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90-100 deg. C. The photoresist is then exposed to two different patterns of intense (typically UV) light using two different masks. A post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120-180 deg. C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DPFGSE, DPFGSE excitation, DPFGSE pulse sequence, DPFGSE sequence, double pulsed field gradient spin echo, double pulsed field gradient spin-echo, double pulsed field gradient spin-echo pulse sequence
An NMR pulse sequence in which pulsed field gradients are applied to a doubled spin echo sequence to cleanly and precisely excite particular resonances. For the pulse sequence see J. Magn. Reson. A, (1995), 112, pg 275. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DQF
An NMR technique used to edit the NMR response from a sample by selecting only two-spin coupled systems, usually achieved by appropriate cycling of the phase (direction of application) of the pulses in an experiment and of the receiver. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DOUBTFUL, DOUBTFUL pulse sequence, DOUBTFUL sequence
A pulse sequence used to selectively resolve the signals from two coupled nuclei, see J. Am. Chem. Soc., (1982), 104, pg 4286. [CHMO]
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A synthesis method where an electrical discharge is passed under reduced pressure between two cathodes. One cathode is the source (or target) composed of the elements required to prepare the sample via sputtering, and the other cathode is the substrate material. When two different (negative) voltages are applied to the two cathodes, glow discharge occurs, causing a build up of the sample on the substrate cathode. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DQF-COSY, double quantum filtered COSY, double quantum filtered correlation spectroscopy, double-quantum-filtered COSY
A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between nuclei which are J-coupled (usually <= 3 bonds apart). The response is edited by selecting only two-spin coupled systems, usually achieved by appropriate cycling of the phase (direction of application) of the pulses in the experiment. [CHMO]
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Downscan mode is a scan mode of differential scanning calorimetry that proceeds with decreasing temperature. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: downstream, downstream bioprocessing, downstream processing
Downstream processing refers to the recovery and purification of biosynthetic products, particularly pharmaceuticals, from natural sources such as animal or plant tissue or fermentation broth, including the recycling of salvageable components and the proper treatment and disposal of waste. [Wikipedia]
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Drawing is the process by which an object or liquid is extracted from a container or receptacle. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: DTIMS, drift tube ion mobility spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the velocity of gas phase ions in an electric field is measured. The ions are gated into a region of constant electric field strength and the ions with highest mobility arrive at the detector first. [CHMO]
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synonyms: drop-coating
The application of a thin cover to a sample by depositing consecutive drops of a solution on its surface, and allowing the solvent to evaporate. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DCD Raman spectroscopy, DCDR, DCDR spectroscopy, drop coating deposition Raman (DCDR) spectroscopy, drop-coating deposition Raman spectroscopy, drop-coating-deposition Raman spectroscopy
A type of Raman spectroscopy where the spectral signal is enhanced by pre-concentration of the sample. Drops of the sample in solution are deposited onto a surface and dry in a 'coffee-ring' pattern. Spectra are then obtained from this ring of excess of material, after evaporation has completed. [CHMO]
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synonyms: drop dispensing
The controlled dropwise release of a liquid. [CHMO]
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The removal of solvent from a sample by applying it as a thin layer to the surface of a heated drum. [CHMO]
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The process of the settling of particles (atoms or molecules) from a gas or vapor onto a pre-existing surface, resulting in the growth of a new phase. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DELCD
A detection method that is sensitive to compounds containing Br or Cl. A carrier gas flow containing the sample is heated in a ceramic chamber to 1000 deg. C, forming gaseous Cl and Br ions. The change in electrical conductivity of the gas-phase current is then measured. [CHMO]
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The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface by sputtering or dissolving using reactive ions or a vapour-phase etchant. [CHMO]
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A process used to create polymer fibers. Polymer dissolved in a solvent is forced through a spinneret (a multi-pored device similar to a shower head) and the solvent is removed from the polymer fibres by evaporation. [CHMO]
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synonyms: dry-wet phase inversion technique, Loeb-Sourirajan method, Loeb-Sourirajan technique
A technique for preparing a polymer membrane by mixing polymer and solvent, then casting this solution onto a surface and allowing the solvent to partially evaporate. The film is them immersed in a nonsolvent causing solidification. [CHMO]
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synonyms: drying, sample drying
The process of removing a solvent from a substance. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DI-IRMS, DI/IRMS, dual inlet IRMS, dual inlet isotope ratio mass spectrometry, dual-inlet IRMS
A type of mass spectrometry where purified gas obtained from a sample is alternated rapidly with a standard gas (of known isotopic composition) by means of a system of valves, so that a number of comparative measurements are made of both gases. The relative abundance of isotopes in a sample is then determined. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DPE, bioslurping, dual phase extraction, multi-phase extraction, multiphase extraction, vacuum-enhanced extraction
An extraction method for soil samples that uses a high-vacuum system to remove liquid and gas from low-permeability or heterogeneous soil. By removing water from the sample (liquid-phase extraction) the water table is lowered exposing the solid sample to vapor-phase extraction. [CHMO]
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synonyms: coloring
Dyeing is the changing of the color of some material. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: DDSC, DDSCle and a reference, by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of temperature whilst a second variable is kept constant. The power input is in the form of a saw-tooth wave. [CHMO]
The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction of both a sample and a reference, by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of temperature whilst a second variable is kept constant. The power input is in the form of a saw-tooth wave. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DDSC, DDSCle and a reference, by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of temperature whilst a second variable is kept constant. The power input is in the form of a saw-tooth wave. [CHMO]
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synonyms: AC-mode AFM, AFM tapping-mode, DFM, DSFM, dynamic force AFM, dynamic scanning force microscopy, intermittant contact AFM, intermittant contact atomic force microscopy, intermittant-contact AFM, intermittant-contact atomic force microscopy, intermittent contact AFM, intermittent contact atomic force microscopy, intermittent-contact AFM, intermittent-contact atomic force microscopy, tapping mode AFM, tapping mode atomic force microscopy, tapping-mode AFM
A type of microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. The tip oscillates, intermittently touching or tapping the surface. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DFS
The use of an atomic force microscope to measure rupture or fusion force as a function of loading rate. [CHMO]
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synonyms: purge and trap, purge and trap extraction
The process of transferring a substance from a solid or liquid matrix to the vapour phase by heating, and removing analytes from the headspace in a carrier gas. [CHMO]
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synonyms: dynamic light scattering, DLS, PCS, QELS, dynamic laser scattering, dynamic light scattering spectrometry, dynamic light scattering spectroscopy, photocorrelation spectroscopy, photon correlation spectrometry, photon correlation spectroscopy, quasi-elastic light scattering, quasi-elastic light scattering spectrometry, quasi-elastic light scattering spectroscopy
A method for determining the size distribution of a sample of small particles in solution by illuminating the sample with a light source (usually a laser) and measuring the time-dependent fluctuations in the intensity of the scattered light caused by Brownian motion. [CHMO]
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synonyms: dynamic LPME, dynamic liquid-phase microextraction
The process of transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase (or vice versa) by the repeated movement of a microsyringe. [CHMO]
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A mass spectrometry technique in which m/z separation using one or more electric fields that vary with time. [CHMO, OSTHUS]
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A mass spectrometry technique in which m/z separation using one or more electric fields that vary with time. [CHMO, Allotrope]
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A mass spectrometry technique in which m/z separation using one or more electric fields that vary with time. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DNP oximetry
A technique for measuring the amount of oxygen in a sample by collecting proton nuclear magnetic resonance data whilst irradiating the electron paramagnetic resonance signal from O2. A transfer of polarization from the electrons to the protons occurs, resulting in an enhancement of the observed NMR signal. [CHMO]
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The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction as a function of temperature. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DMS, dynamic mass spectrometry, DSIMS, dynamic mass spectroscopy, dynamic secondary ion mass spectroscopy, sputtered mass spectrometry, sputtered mass spectroscopy
Secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis with primary ion current density sufficiently high for use in analysis of sample surface layers in the depth direction. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: DMS, dynamic mass spectrometry, DSIMS, dynamic mass spectroscopy, dynamic secondary ion mass spectroscopy, sputtered mass spectrometry, sputtered mass spectroscopy
Secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis with primary ion current density sufficiently high for use in analysis of sample surface layers in the depth direction. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: moisture sorption
Dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) is a gravimetric technique that measures how quickly and how much of a solvent is absorbed by a sample: such as a dry powder absorbing water. It does this by varying the vapor concentration surrounding the sample and measuring the change in mass which this produces. Water vapor is most commonly used, but it is also possible to use a wide range of organic solvents. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: DVS
Dynamic vapor sorption is a gravimetric technique that measures how quickly and how much of a solvent is absorbed by a sample. It does this by varying the vapor concentration surrounding the sample and measuring the change in mass which this produces. [Wikipedia]
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In dynamic weighing you obtain stable weighing results even if the weighing sample or the balance itself moves, e.g. in animal weighing or if the balance is wobbling. [Mettler]
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synonyms: dynamic surface tensiometry
The measurement of the surface tension of a non-static liquid. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EINS
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, phase is not conserved and the neutrons retain all of their kinetic energy during collisions. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ELEED, elastic low-energy electron diffraction, low-energy electron diffraction
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of low energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any elastically scattered (scattering where kinetic energy is conserved) electrons. [CHMO]
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synonyms: elastic neutron scattering
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample and retain all of their kinetic energy during collisions. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FRS, ERD, ERDA, HFS, elastic recoil detection, forward recoil scattering, hydrogen forward scattering
A technique for measuring elemental concentration depth profiles in thin films by directing an ion beam at the sample and detecting recoiled atoms. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EFISH, EFISHG, EFISHG spectroscopy, electric field induced second harmonic generation, electric field induced second harmonic generation spectroscopy, electric-field-induced SHG, electric-field-induced SHG spectroscopy, electric-field-induced second harmonic generation, electric-field-induced second-harmonic- (EFISH) generation
A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser of frequency ömega whilst a direct-current electric field is applied, allowing the production of the second harmonic (2 omega). This technique is used to induce an asymmetry in an otherwise symmetric material as a probe of the molecular hyperpolarizability. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EF-FFF, ElFFF, electric FFF, electric field field-flow fractionation, electrical FFF
A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel and applying an electric field perpendicular to the channel. A carrier liquid is passed through the channel and the particles are separated on the basis of electrophoretic mobility. [CHMO]
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synonyms: electroanalytical method, electrochemical assay, electrochemical method
The use of an electrochemical cell to measure a qualitative or quantitative response. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ECR
Any process in which the molecular structure of a hydrocarbon is rearranged to alter its properties (e.g. its combustion characteristics) in the presence of a metal catalyst and under a high pressure of H2 gas. An electric current is used to heat the catalyst. [CHMO]
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synonyms: cathodic electrodeposition, electrocoating, electrodeposition, electroplating
A synthesis method in which a film of solid metal is deposited from a solution of ions onto an electrically conducting surface (an electrode). Three electrodes are required (working, counter and reference) and when sufficient current is passed through the solution, metal ions are reduced at the working electrode. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ED, coulometric detection
A detection method that is sensitive to compounds which can be either reduced or oxidised. A liquid containing the sample passes directly over the working electrode, which is set to the specific potential required for oxidation or reduction. The current produced is then measured. [CHMO]
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The formation of a gel from a solution by electrochemical oxidation. [CHMO]
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synonyms: electrochemical nanoimprinting, superionic electrochemical nanoimprinting
A synthesis technique that uses an electrochemical reaction to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A superionic conductor (e.g. Ag2S) stamp containing the desired (nanosized) pattern on its surface is pressed onto a metal substrate. When a voltage is applied across the substrate and stamp, metal ions move from the substrate to the stamp leaving behind the complementary pattern. [CHMO]
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synonyms: electrolytic passivation
Any eletrochemical process that makes one sample unreactive to another, prior to using the samples together. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EQCM measurements, EQCM technique, eQCM measurements, eQCM technique, electrochemical QCM, electrochemical QCM measurements, electrochemical QCM technique, electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance measurements, electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance technique
A method used to determine the ratio of the mass, deposited at the electrode surface during an electrochemical reaction, to the total charge passed through the electrode (the 'current efficiency'). The electrode surface is deposited on a piezoelectric quartz crystal, and the change in resonance frequency of the crystal is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EC SPRS, EC-SPR EC SPR, EC-SPR spectrometry, EC-SPR spectroscopy, EC-SPRS, ECSPR, ECSPRS
A type of spectroscopy where the resonant excitation of surface plasmons on a surface, which is the working electrode in an electrochemical experiment, by ultraviolet or visible light is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: electrochemical surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, EC-SERS, electrochemical SERS, electrochemical surface enhanced Raman scattering, electrochemical surface-enhanced Raman scattering
A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a visible laser, at a metal (Au, Ag or Cu) electrochemcial interface is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EIS, electrical impedance spectrometry, electrical-impedance spectrometry, electrical-impedance spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, electrochemical-induced impedance spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of an electrochemical cell is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ECL , electrogenerated chemiluminescence
The detection of luminescence emitted by electrochemically-generated intermediates during an electrochemical reaction. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EDI
Electrodeionization is a water treatment technology that utilizes an electricity, ion exchange membranes and resin to deionize water and separate dissolved ions (impurities) from water. [Wikipedia]
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The selective separation of molecules in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion across a semipermeable membrane under the influence of an electric field. [CHMO]
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synonyms: electrohydrodynamic droplet dispensing, EHD dispensing, EHD droplet dispensing
The dispensing of droplets between two electrodes by applying an electric field. [CHMO]
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Ionization process that produces charged droplets and gas-phase ions from a liquid under vacuum with the application of an electric field. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Ionization process that produces charged droplets and gas-phase ions from a liquid under vacuum with the application of an electric field. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: ECC, EKC, electrokinetic capillary chromatography
A separation method based on a combination of electrophoresis and interactions of the analytes with additives which form a dispersed phase moving at a different velocity. [CHMO]
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Introduction of sample into the instrument system via pressure. [Allotrope]
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Introduction of sample into the instrument system via pressure. [OSTHUS]
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Any patterning technique that utlilises the movement of particles under the influence of an electric field (e.g. electroosmosis or electrophoresis). [CHMO]
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A synthesis method in which a film of solid metal is deposited from a solution of ions onto an electrically conducting surface. No external power source is required, but a reductant is added to the solution to initiate the reduction of the metal ions. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EL detection
The detection of luminescence emitted from a sample as a result of the application of an electric current or a strong electric field. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Coulson electrolytic conductivity detection, ELCD, HECD, Hall electrolytic conductivity detection
A detection method that is sensitive to compounds containing Br or Cl. The pyrolysed sample is dissolved in water, forming aqueous solutions of HBr or HCl. The change in electrical conductivity of the solution is then measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: electrolytic conductivity detection
An electrolytic conductivity measurement is a measurement of the electrolytic conductivity of a material. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: electroetching
The process of removing the unprotected areas of a surface by placing it inside an electrochemical etching solution in the presence of an electric current. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EAPFS, EAPFSS, electron appearance potential fine structure spectrometry, electron appearance potential fine structure spectroscopy, extended appearance potential fine structure analysis, extended appearance potential fine structure spectrometry, extended appearance potential fine structure spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by a sudden change in the electron beam current. The fine structure close to the threshold is analysed by measuring the change in electron beam current. [CHMO]
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synonyms: BKD, EBSD, backscatter Kikuchi diffraction
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of electrons at the sample (the energies of which are controlled by their acceleration voltage) and recording the resulting diffraction pattern of any backscattered electrons. [CHMO]
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synonyms: E-beam curing, EB curing, e-beam curing, electron-beam curing
A chemical process in which a prepolymer is converted into a polymer and then into a network, upon irradiation with an electron beam. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ECD, electron capture detection, electron capture dissociation
A detection method that is sensitive to electronegative compounds (e.g. halogenated compounds). A beta-particle emitter (e.g. 63Ni) is used to produce an electron beam, which is passed between two electrodes. As the sample is passed through the e-beam, organic functional groups interact with the electrons, interrupting the current. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ECD
Process in which multiply protonated molecules interact with low-energy electrons followed by fragmentation. The capture of an electron by the even-electron cation [M + nH]n+ liberates energy and reduces its charge state, thus producing the corresponding [M + nH](n–1)+• odd-electron ion, which readily fragments. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: ECD
Process in which multiply protonated molecules interact with low-energy electrons followed by fragmentation. The capture of an electron by the even-electron cation [M + nH]n+ liberates energy and reduces its charge state, thus producing the corresponding [M + nH](n–1)+• odd-electron ion, which readily fragments. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: ECNI, ECI, electron capture negative ionisation, electron capture negative ionization
Ionization of a gas-phase atom or molecule by attachment of a free electron to form molecular ions of the M–• type. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: ECNI, ECI, electron capture negative ionisation, electron capture negative ionization
Ionization of a gas-phase atom or molecule by attachment of a free electron to form molecular ions of the M–• type. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: ECD, electron capture detection, electron capture dissociation
Electron capture measurement is a measurement that is sensitive to electronegative compounds (e.g. halogenated compounds). A beta-particle emitter (e.g. 63Ni) is used to produce an electron beam, which is passed between two electrodes. As the sample is passed through the e-beam, organic functional groups interact with the electrons, interrupting the current. [Allotrope, CHMO]
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synonyms: ECNI, electron capture negative ionisation mass spectrometry, electron capture negative ionization mass spectroscopy, resonant electron capture negative ionisation mass spectrometry, resonant electron capture negative ionisation mass spectroscopy, resonant electron capture negative ionization mass spectrometry, resonant electron capture negative ionization mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by interaction with thermal electrons (electrons with energy 0.1 eV or less). [CHMO]
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synonyms: ECS, electron coincidence spectrometry
Any type of spectroscopy where two or more particles (electrons, photons or ions) originating from a single event, such as an ionization, are detected as a function of energy. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ED, electron crystallography, electron diffraction analysis, electron diffractometry
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of electrons (the energies of which are controlled by their acceleration voltage) and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EIS, ELS, EELS, IESS, REELS, electron energy loss spectrometry, electron impact spectroscopy, inelastic electron scattering spectrometry, inelastic electron scattering spectroscopy, reflection electron energy loss spectrometry, reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy
Any type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies (50-200 eV) interacts with a surface and the energy loss (0.005-100 eV) the electrons suffer as a result of the interaction is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: electron ionisation, electron impact ionisation, EI, electron impact, electron impact ionization
Electron ionization is a ionization that removes one or more electrons from an atom or molecule through interactions with electrons that are typically accelerated to energies between 10 and 150 eV. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: electron ionisation, electron impact ionisation, EI, electron impact, electron impact ionization
Ionization that removes one or more electrons from an atom or molecule through interactions with electrons that are typically accelerated to energies between 10 and 150 eV. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: EI-MS, electron ionisation mass spectroscopy, electron ionization mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by electrons (energy 70 eV) which have been emitted from a glowing filament and accelerated through an electric field. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EMR, EMR spectroscopy
Any type of magnetic resonance spectroscopy involving unpaired electrons. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Auger electron microanalysis, EMAS, electron microprobe Auger electron spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where bombardment of a sample with a finely focused (<10 m diameter) beam of electrons results in the ionization of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of incident electron energy. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EM
A type of microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: electron nuclear double resonance , ENDOR, ENDOR spectroscopy, EPR detected NMR
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synonyms: electron nuclear double resonance , ENDOR, ENDOR spectroscopy, EPR detected NMR
Any type of spectroscopy where a nuclear resonance is detected though its effect on an electron spin resonance. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EPR-monitored oxidation-reduction titration, EPR-monitored redox titration, ESR-monitored oxidation-reduction titration, ESR-monitored redox titration, electron paramagnetic resonance monitored redox titration, electron spin resonance monitored oxidation-reduction titration, electron spin resonance monitored redox titration
The process of determining the quantity of a sample by monitoring a redox process until the endpoint, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by monitoring the amplitude of an EPR signal (the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to a perturbing magnetic field) from one of the reactants. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EMPA, EPMA, EPXMA, electron microprobe analysis, electron probe microanalysis
A type of X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding a flat polished sample with a finely focused (<10 µm diameter) beam of electrons which results in the ionization of the inner shells of sample atoms. The decay of the ionized states results in the emission of characteristic X-rays. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ESS, electron scattering spectrometry, electron scattering spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, extended range of kinetic energies is scattered by a surface and the energy and position of the scattered electrons is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ES, electron spectrometry
Any type of spectroscopy where the absorption or emission of electrons is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EPR imaging, EPRI, ESR imaging, ESRI, electron paramagnetic imaging
An imaging method which uses the detection of unpaired spins in a magnetic field gradient so that the resonance condition is sensitive to the position of the spins in the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EPR oximetry, EPR spin-label oximetry, EPR spin-probe oximetry, ESR oximetry, ESR spin-label oximetry, ESR spin-probe oximetry, electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry , electron paramagnetic resonance spin-label oximetry, electron paramagnetic resonance spin-probe oximetry, electron spin resonance spin-label oximetry, electron spin resonance spin-probe oximetry, spin-label oximetry, spin-probe oximetry
A technique used to measure the levels of oxygen in a sample by measuring the enhancement of relaxation rates (proportional to O2 concentration) of paramagnetic species ('labels' or 'probes', e.g. nitroxides) in solution with O2, using ESR spectroscopy. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EPR, EPR spectroscopy, ESR, ESR spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometry, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, electron spin resonance spectrometry
Any type of spectroscopy where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to a perturbing magnetic field is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ESEEM, electron spin echo envelope modulation
A type of pulsed EPR spectroscopy which is used to observe the electron spin echo in a paramagnetic system as a function of the time that separates the pulses causing the echo. This technique is a powerful probe of the radial distribution of magnetic nuclear spins in the environment of the electron spins producing the echo. [CHMO]
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synonyms: electron transfer dissociation, ETD
A detection method that is sensitive to peptides. Anions transfer electrons to multiply protonated peptides inducing fragmentation of the peptide backbone. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ETD
Process in which multiply protonated molecules accept an electron from an anion with relatively low electron affinity. Capture of the electron leads to the liberation of energy and a reduction in charge of the ion with the production of the [M + nH](n–1)+• odd-electron ion, which is readily fragmented by collision-induced dissociation. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: ETD
Process in which multiply protonated molecules accept an electron from an anion with relatively low electron affinity. Capture of the electron leads to the liberation of energy and a reduction in charge of the ion with the production of the [M + nH](n–1)+• odd-electron ion, which is readily fragmented by collision-induced dissociation. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: EB lithography, EBDW, EBL, EPL, e-beam lithography, e-beam patterning, electron beam (EB) lithography, electron beam lithography, electron beam patterning, electron projection lithography, electron-beam direct-write lithography, electron-beam patterning, electron-projection lithography
A synthesis technique that uses electrons to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a beam of electrons (10-20 keV) is scanned across it in a patterned fashion. The electrons induce chemical reactions in the resist and the desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). The electron beam can be focused using either electric or magnetic fields. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EPL, e-beam projection lithography, ebeam projection lithography
A synthesis technique that uses electrons to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a beam of electrons (100 keV) is scanned across a patterned mask. The electrons induce chemical reactions in the resist and the desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). The electron beam can be focused using either electric or magnetic fields. [CHMO]
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synonyms: e-beam sputtering, e-beam sputtering deposition, electron beam sputtering, electron sputter deposition, electron-beam sputtering
A synthesis technique where a solid target is bombarded with electrons causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EB deposition, EBD, EBID, electron beam deposition, electron beam-induced deposition, electron-beam deposition
A synthesis method where an electron beam is used to decompose gaseous molecules leading to deposition of a solid on a nearby substrate. [CHMO]
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synonyms: E2E, electron-electron coincidence spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of a pair of electrons which are detected as a function of energy. [CHMO]
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synonyms: electron-electron double resonance spectroscopy, DEER, DEER spectroscopy, ELDOR, ELDOR spectroscopy, double electron-electron resonance spectroscopy, electron-electron double resonance
Any type of spectroscopy where one electron spin resonance is detected though its effect on another. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EEICO, electron-electron ion coincidence spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of an ion and a pair of electrons which are detected as a function of energy. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EAES, EEAES, EIAES, electron-excited Auger electron spectrometry, electron-induced Auger electron spectrometry, electron-induced Auger electron spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where electron bombardment of a sample results in the ionization of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electron and the energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of incident electron energy. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EIXES, electron-induced XES
Any type of X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding the sample with a focused beam of high-energy electrons. [CHMO]
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synonyms: electron-induced PES
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. The energy of the incident electrons is usually greater than the ionization energy of the sample and the photoelectrons are emitted with the excess in the form of kinetic energy. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EICO, electron-ion coincidence spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of an ion and an electron which are detected as a function of energy. [CHMO]
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synonyms: electronic absorption detection, electronic absorbance measuring
Electronic absorption measurement is a measurement that is based on the absorption of energy by electronic transitions. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: electronic absorption detection, electronic absorbance measuring
Electronic absorption detection is a type of detection that is based on the absorption of energy by electronic transitions. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: ECD, ECD spectrometry, ECD spectroscopy, electronic CD, electronic circular dichroism, electronic circular dichroism spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarized visible or near-ultraviolet radiation (200-400 nm). The optical activity of the sample is monitored using electronic transitions. [CHMO]
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Any spectroscopic method which probes the electronic degrees of freedom of an atom or molecule. [CHMO]
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Any spectroscopic method which probes the electronic degrees of freedom of an atom or molecule. [CHMO]
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synonyms: electronic sputtering
The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface by bombarding it with high-energy or highly charged heavy ions. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ESFG spectroscopy, electronic sum frequency generation spectroscopy, electronic sum-frequency generation (ESFG) spectroscopy
A method for generating surface-specific electronic spectra by mixing two light beams at a surface and detecting the output beam, which has frequency equal to the sum of the two input frequencies. [CHMO]
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synonyms: cataphoresis, electrophoretic analysis
An electrophoresis is a separation where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium, across which an electric field is applied. [CHMO]
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synonyms: cataphoresis, electrophoretic analysis
A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium, across which an electric field is applied. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EPD
Any synthesis process where colloidal particles suspended in a liquid medium migrate under the influence of an electric field and are deposited on an electrode. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ELS
A method for determining the electrophoretic mobility and zeta-potential of a sample of colloidal particles in solution by illuminating the sample with a light source (usually a laser) and measuring the time dependent fluctuations in the frequency of the scattered light caused by an oscillating electric field. [CHMO]
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synonyms: electropermeabilization
A method for introducing polar molecules into a host cell through the cell membrane. A large electric pulse (300-400 mV for <1 ms) temporarily disturbs the phospholipid bilayer, allowing molecules like DNA to pass into the cell. [CHMO]
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synonyms: electro-spinning
A process used to created very fine (µm or nm scale) fibres from a liquid. A high voltage is applied to a droplet of the liquid sample which is drawn out into fibres and cooled in air. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ESI, ionspray
Spray ionization process in which either cations or anions in solution are transferred to the gas phase via formation and desolvation at atmospheric pressure of a stream of highly charged droplets that result from applying a potential difference between the tip of the electrospray needle containing the solution and a counter electrode. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: ESI, ionspray
Spray ionization process in which either cations or anions in solution are transferred to the gas phase via formation and desolvation at atmospheric pressure of a stream of highly charged droplets that result from applying a potential difference between the tip of the electrospray needle containing the solution and a counter electrode. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: ESI-GEMMA
A separation method where singly-charged complexes move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in air under the influence of an electric field. The sample is ionized by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ESI MS, ES-MS, ESI-MS, ESI-mass spectrometry, ESIMS, ESMS, MS (EI), electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy
Any type of spectrometry where the sample is ionized by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. The ions are then characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ELDI-MS, ELDI/MS, ESI-LD-MS, electrospray ionisation laser desorption mass spectrometry, electrospray ionization laser desorption mass spectrometry
A type of mass spectrometry where neutral molecules are desorbed from the sample (usually biological) using a nitrogen laser and then ionized by collision with charged solvent droplets which are formed by forcing the solvent through a small heated capillary into an electric field. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EFM, electric force microscopy
A type of microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. A bias voltage is applied between the tip and sample, forming a capacitor with the sample surface, over which it is scanned laterally at a constant separation. The electrostatic force (measured as the change in resonant frequency of the cantilever) is probed as a function of position by changing the applied voltage. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ERLIC, electrostatic repulsion-hydrophilic interaction chromatography
Hydrophilic interaction chromatography where the chromatography column is an ion-exchange column and the mobile phase is predominantly organic. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ET-AAS, ETAAS, electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy
A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where the sample is atomised using a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ETAES, electrothermal atomic emission spectrometry
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is atomised using a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ETAFS, electrothermal atomic fluorescence spectrometry
A type of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy where the sample is atomised using a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EA
A process where a sample is analyzed for its elemental and sometimes isotopic composition (the elements present and sometimes their weight percentage). [CHMO]
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synonyms: EA-IR-MS, EA-IRMS, elemental analyser isotope ratio mass spectrometry, elemental analyser isotope ratio mass spectroscopy, elemental analysis isotope ratio mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is first subject to elemental analysis (dropped onto a heated reactor which contains an oxidant - such as copper and chromium oxide - and combusted at 900 C to produce N2, NOx, H2O and CO2 which are reduced in a stream of helium) before the relative abundance of isotopes in the sample is determined. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EP
The measurement of the pore diameter, pore-size distribution and total pore volume of a thin porous film sample by measuring the changes in intensity and polarization of reflected light during vapour adsorption and desorption. [CHMO]
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synonyms: optical ellipsometry
Any method for determining structure where the sample is illuminated with light and the intensity and change in polarization of the reflected light are measured. [CHMO]
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A process wherein one material is extracted from another by interaction with a solvent. [CHMO]
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Definition pending. [0]
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Elution chromatography is a chromatography in which the mobile phase is continuously passed through or along the chromatographic bed and the sample is fed into the system as a finite slug. [IUPAC]
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The achievement that a signal has left a source in an information transmission. [Allotrope]
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The accomplishment that a signal has left a source in an information transmission. [Allotrope]
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The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the intensity/wavelength of radiation emitted by the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: emulsion method, emulsion process, emulsion processing
A method for dispersing two or more immiscible liquids by shaking, stirring or homogenising the mixture. [CHMO]
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synonyms: conventional emulsion polymerisation, conventional emulsion polymerization
A polymer preparation technique in which monomer (usually acrylic) droplets are dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase and are kept colloidally stable through the use of a surfactant. [CHMO]
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The process boundary when the process ends. [Allotrope]
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A process where an agent affects energy flowing in and out of a system or affecting the energetic state of materials. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: energizing, providing energy, supplying energy
State of making energy available for a consumer. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: energizing, providing energy, supplying energy
State of making energy available for a consumer. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: EDAX, EDCS, EDS, EDS analysis, EDX, EDX analysis, EDXA, EDXRF, X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, energy dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, energy distribution curve spectroscopy, energy distribution spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray emission analysis
A type of X-ray emission spectroscopy where the energy spectrum of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions is measured using a semiconductor detector. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ESI, EF-TEM, EF/TEM, EFTEM, electron spectroscopic imaging, energy filtered TEM, energy filtered transmission electron microscopy, energy-filtered TEM
A type of microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum and the intensities of transmitted electrons of particular kinetic energies are measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: E-SEM, ESEM, environmental SEM
A type of microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across the specimen in a gaseous environment and the interaction of the electrons with the specimen is determined. [CHMO]
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synonyms: enzymatic digestion, enzymic digestion
The decomposition of sample by an enzyme to obtain the sample in liquid form. [CHMO]
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A technique used to determine the extent of oxygenation of an enzyme, based on the absorption of light by the oxygenated and deoxygenated forms. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ED-FRAP, ED/FRAP, enzyme dependent fluorescence recovery after photobleaching
A method for determining the distribution of enzyme activity in a sample by photobleaching a specific fluorescent metabolite during microscopy, and monitoring its enzymatically-driven recovery. [CHMO]
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synonyms: enzymatic decomposition
The conversion of a high-molecular-mass species into a lower-molecular-mass species using an enzyme. [CHMO]
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A type of microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with light of specific wavelengths. In epifluorescence microscopy light is transmitted through the objective lens onto the specimen, eliminating the need to filter out unwanted light directly from the source. [CHMO]
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A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from liquid or gaseous precursors) on a monocrystalline substrate. [CHMO]
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Equilibration is the process of bring the state of a system to an equilibrium. [Allotrope]
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A method where the absorption of radiation in the ultraviolet to near-infrared (0.1-2.5 μm) is used to calculate stability constants by equimolar dilution. [CHMO]
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A method where the absorption of radiation in the ultraviolet to near-infrared (0.1-2.5 µm) is used to calculate stability constants by equimolar dilution. [CHMO]
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The process of chemically removing a thin layer from a sample surface, usually to leave behind a pattern. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EtOH extraction
The process of transferring a substance from any matrix into ethanol. [CHMO]
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synonyms: evacuating
Evacuating is the removing of gasses from a container to create a vacuum. [Allotrope]
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The physical process by which a liquid substance is converted to a gas or vapour. This may occur at or below the normal boiling point of the liquid (the temperature at which a liquid boils at 1 atmosphere pressure) and the process is endothermic. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EISA, evaporation induced self assembly, evaporation induced self-assembly
A synthesis method in which a drop of solvent is placed on the components to be assembled and allowed to dry freely in air. The solvent evaporation causes the spontaneous association of individual components into an organised structure or pattern. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ELSD, evaporative light scattering measurement, evaporative light scattering process
A detection method where a liquid containing the sample is atomized in a gas, forming small droplets which are allowed to evaporate leaving the sample as fine particles. The suspended particles pass through a light beam and the scattered light transmitted by the particles is sensed by a photodiode or photomultiplier tube. The response can be quantitative and relative to the amount of molecules eluting. [Allotrope, CHMO]
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synonyms: ELSD, ELS, evaporative light scattering
A detection method where a liquid containing the sample is atomised in a gas, forming small droplets which are allowed to evaporate leaving the sample as fine particles. The suspended particles pass through a light beam and the scattered light transmitted by the particles is sensed by a photomultiplier. The response is proportional to the mass of the molecules in the sample. [CHMO]
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An event is an occurrent that is an accomplishment or an achievement. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy, EEM, excitation emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence, excitation-emission matrix fluorescence, fluorescence EEM
A type of fluorescence spectroscopy where a two-dimensional total fluorescence spectrum is recorded at various excitationnwavelengths. [CHMO]
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Column chromatography where the separation is caused by exclusion effects such as differences in molecular size, shape or charge. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EXORCYCLE
A phase cycle technique used in FT NMR experiments whereby the sense of application (or phase) of the RF pulses is altered on repeating the experiment to eliminate spectral artefacts. Exorcyle takes its name from the fact that it is used to remove 'phantom' and 'ghost' peaks. For the technique see J. Magn. Reson., (1977), 27, pg 511. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EBA
A chromatography taht uses an expanded bed chromatographic adsorption column for a biochemical separation process. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: EBA
A chromatography that uses an expanded bed chromatographic adsorption column for a biochemical separation process. [Allotrope]
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An experiment is a planned process that has the goal of verifying, falsifying, or establishing the validity of a hypothesis. [SIO]
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Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: power calibration
An exponential calibration is an analyte calibration that applies curve fitting of the calibration curve to an exponential function. [Allotrope]
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Exporting is a channeling that sends a flow (material, energy, signal) from inside of a boundary to the outside. [Allotrope, NIST]
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synonyms: EXAFS, EXAFS spectrometry, EXAFS spectroscopy, EXAFSS, extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry
A type of X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient measured 500-1000 eV below the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are determined as a function of incident X-ray energy. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EELFS, ELFS spectrometry, ELFS spectroscopy, EXEELFS, EXELFS spectrometry, EXELFS spectroscopy, extended electron energy loss fine structure spectrometry, extended energy loss fine structure spectrometry, extended energy loss fine structure spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, extended range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the energy loss the electrons suffer upon reflection is measured. Measurements are taken from the absorption edge onset to several hundred eV above it. [CHMO]
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Separating by drawing, or forcibly pulling out, a flow that is of a different kind than that of the input flow. [Allotrope, NIST]
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Extracting material is extracting of material. [Allotrope]
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The transfer of a solute from a liquid phase to another immiscible or partially-miscible liquid phase in contact with it. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EESI
An ionization method where a neutral sample, in the form of a gas or aerosol flow, is ionized by directing it into a plume of charged droplets, generated by forcing a solution of pure solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 µL min-1) into an electric field. [CHMO]
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A method of separating two components of very similar boiling point from a mixture. A third, miscible and high-boiling-point solvent is added to the mixture which causes a change in the volatilities of the components. These components are then vaporised by the application of heat and cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EESI-MS, EESI/MS, extractive electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy, extractive electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where a neutral sample, in the form of a gas or aerosol flow, is ionized by directing it into a plume of charged droplets, generated by forcing a solution of pure solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 µL min-1) into an electric field. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EUV lithography, EUVL, extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography, extreme-ultraviolet lithography, soft X-ray reflective lithography
A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90-100 deg. C. The photoresist is then exposed to a pattern of intense EUV (13.5 nm) light in a vacuum. A post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120-180 deg. C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EUV photoelectron micro-spectroscopy, EUV photoelectron microspectroscopy, extreme ultra-violet photoelectron microspectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a finely focused (<10 m) extreme ultraviolet (10-121 nm) photon beam causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: extrusion molding, extrusion moulding
A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a material through a die. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FIR-LMR, FIRMR, LEPR, LESR, LMR, far-infrared laser magnetic resonance, far-infrared laser magnetic resonance spectroscopy, far-infrared magnetic resonance, laser electron paramagnetic resonance, laser electron spin resonance, laser magnetic resonance, laser magnetic resonance (LMR) at far-infrared wavelengths, laser magnetic resonance spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the energy levels of paramagnetic species (such as HCN) are tuned into resonance with a far-infrared laser source in order to investigate rotational transitions. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FIR, FIR spectrometry, FIR spectroscopy, far infrared spectroscopy, far-IR, far-IR spectroscopy, far-infra-red spectrometry, far-infrared spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation in the far infrared region (15-1000 µm). [CHMO]
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synonyms: FFT-FTIR, FFT/FTIR, FT infrared spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample absorbs a single pulse of radiation from the infrared region (0.78-1000 µm) and the spectrum obtained is subject to a fast Fourier transform. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FFT-FTIR, FFT/FTIR, FT infrared spectroscopy
Fast Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is a type of spectroscopy where the sample absorbs a single pulse of radiation from the infrared region (0.78-1000 µm) and the spectrum obtained is subject to a fast Fourier transform. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FAB
Ionization of molecules initiated by a beam of neutral atoms with translational energies in the keV range. Labile molecules susceptible to dissociation are dissolved in an involatile liquid matrix that absorbs the energy of the bombarding atoms to form a selvedge region above the liquid surface in which ionization of the molecules occurs. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: FAB
Ionization of molecules initiated by a beam of neutral atoms with translational energies in the keV range. Labile molecules susceptible to dissociation are dissolved in an involatile liquid matrix that absorbs the energy of the bombarding atoms to form a selvedge region above the liquid surface in which ionization of the molecules occurs. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: FIB, fast ion bombardment
Ionization of any species by the interaction of a focused beam of ions, with a translational energy of several thousand eV, with a solid or liquid sample. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: FIB, fast ion bombardment
Ionization of any species by the interaction of a focused beam of ions, with a translational energy of several thousand eV, with a solid or liquid sample. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: FPLC
Fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) is a liquid chromatography that is used to analyze or purify mixtures of proteins. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: FAB-MS, FABMS, LSI-MS, LSIMS, MS (FAB), fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, fast atom bombardment mass spectroscopy, fast-atom bombardment mass spectroscopy, liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry, liquid secondary ion mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample (which is held in a liquid matrix) is bombarded with a stream of primary noble gas atoms and the secondary ions ejected from the sample are detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FCV, FSCV, fast cyclic voltammetry, fast scan cyclic voltammetry
An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied linearly and inverts at the end point resulting in a cycle which repeats approximately every 100 ms. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FRIKES, femtosecond Raman induced Kerr effect spectroscopy, femtosecond Raman-induced Kerr-effect spectroscopy, fs RIKES, fs-RIKES
A type of spectroscopy where femtosecond pulses of two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) with a frequency difference close to a Raman-mode frequency in the sample induce a refractive index change in the sample. By scanning the frequency difference of the two beams and recording simultaneously the polarization change of the probe beam, the Raman spectral structure of the sample can be obtained.Information is obtained regarding ultrafast solvent dynamics by measuring the time response of a transient birefringence that is induced in the sample by a polarized femtosecond optical pulse. [CHMO]
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synonyms: fs laser flash photolysis
A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong femtosecond pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The absorption of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse. [CHMO]
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synonyms: fs-LIBS
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a high energy femtosecond laser pulse is used to generate a plasma which acts as the excitation source. [CHMO]
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synonyms: femtosecond OHD-RIKES, femtosecond OHRIKES, femtosecond optical heterodyne-detected Raman-induced Kerr-effect spectroscopy, femtosecond optically heterodyned Raman induced Kerr effect spectroscopy, femtosecond optically heterodyned Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy, femtosecond optically heterodyned Raman-induced Kerr-effect spectroscopy, fs-OHD-RIKES, fs-OHRIKE spectroscopy, fs-OHRIKES, fsOHD-RIKES, fsOHRIKES
A type of spectroscopy where femtosecond pulses of two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) with a frequency difference close to a Raman-mode frequency in the sample induce a refractive index change in the sample. By scanning the frequency difference of the two beams and recording simultaneously the polarization change of the probe beam, the Raman spectral structure of the sample can be obtained. The polarizing filters are rotated slightly, giving rise to a heterodyne at the detector, improving the signal-to-noise ratio compared to Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy. [CHMO]
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synonyms: femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy, fs PP spectroscopy, fs pump probe spectroscopy, fs pump-probe spectroscopy, ultra-fast pump-probe spectroscopy, ultrafast pump probe spectroscopy, ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with an initial laser pulse (the 'pump') followed by a second laser pulse (the 'probe') after a fs delay. The pump pulse creates excitations in the sample, which are sensed by the probe pulse. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FSRS, FSRSS, femtosecond broadband stimulated Raman scattering spectrometry, femtosecond broadband stimulated Raman scattering spectroscopy, femtosecond broadband stimulated Raman spectrometry, femtosecond broadband stimulated Raman spectroscopy, femtosecond stimulated Raman scattering spectrometry, femtosecond stimulated Raman scattering spectroscopy, femtosecond stimulated Raman spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a femtosecond laser pulse, by a sample is detected. The laser pulse is generated by the mixing of two lasers ('pump' and 'probe'). [CHMO]
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synonyms: femtosecond two-colour four-wave spectroscopy, fsTC-FWM spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where three femtosecond pulse incident laser beams are mixed, two 'pump' beams of the same frequency and one 'probe' beam of a different frequency. [CHMO]
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The process in which cells (microorganisms, plant or animal cells) are cultured in a bioreactor in a liquid or solid medium to convert organic substances into biomass (growth) or into products. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FD
The formation of gas-phase ions from a material deposited on a solid surface in the presence of a high electric field. Because this process may encompass ionization by field ionization or other mechanisms, it is not recommended as a synonym for field desorption ionization. [PSI-MS]
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synonyms: FDMS, FD mass spectrometry, FD-MS, field desorption mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is deposited on a solid surface known as an 'emitter' and ionized by interaction with a high electric field. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FEESP, field-emission electron spin-polarisation spectroscopy, field-emission electron spin-polarization spectroscopy, field-emitted electron spin-polarization spectrometry, field-emitted electron spin-polarization spectrometry, field-emitted electron spin-polarisation spectrometry
Any type of electron spectroscopy where electrons are emitted from a cathode by application of an intense electric field and a magnet is used to align all electron spins parallel to the sample surface. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FIM, field ionisation microscopy, field ionization microscopy, field-ion microscopy, field-ionisation microscopy, field-ionization microscopy
A type of microscopy where atoms of an inert gas in the vicinty of the specimen (which is in the form of a very sharp tip <10 m diameter) are ionized by the application of a strong electric field to the tip and an image is produced by the projection of the ions onto a fluorescent screen. The image consists of a pattern of spots of light which correspond to individual atoms on the specimen surface. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FI
The removal of electrons from any species by interaction with a high electric field. [PSI-MS]
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synonyms: FI-MS, FI/MS, FIMS, field ionisation mass spectroscopy, field ionization mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by interaction with a high electric field. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FET method, FET technique, field effect transistor method, field-effect transistor (FET) method
A method for determining charge transport by incorporating the sample (as a thin film) into an FET. An electric field is applied to the sample (by means of the gate electrode) and the change in conductance between the source and drain electrodes is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FEM, field electron microscopy, field emission electron microscopy, field emission microscopy, field-emission microscopy
A type of microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam produced by field emission with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FEED spectrometry, FEED spectroscopy, FES, field emission electron spectroscopy, field emission energy distribution spectrometry, field emission energy distribution spectroscopy FEEDS
Any type of electron spectroscopy where electrons are emitted from a cathode by application of an intense electric field. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FE-SEM, FEG-SEM, FE SEM, FE/SEM, FEGSEM, FESEM, FSEM, field emission gun scanning electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, field-emission gun scanning electron microscopy
A type of microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam produced by thermionic emission heating (field emission) and with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across the specimen under vacuum and the interaction of the electrons with the specimen is determined. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FEG-TEM, FEGTEM, FE TEM, FE-TEM, FE/TEM, FETEM, FTEM, field emission gun transmission electron microscopy, field emission transmission electron microscopy, field-emission-gun transmission electron microscopy
A type of microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam produced by thermionic emission heating (field emission) and with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FFF, field flow fractionation
Any separation technique based on the application of a field perpendicular to a flow stream in a narrow channel. [CHMO]
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synonyms: tablet coating, tablet film coating
A film coating is a thin polymer-based coat applied to a solid dosage form such as a tablet. The thickness of such a coating is usually between 20-100 µm. [Wikipedia]
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The process of segregation of phases; the separation of suspended solids from a liquid or gas, usually by forcing a carrier gas or liquid through a porous medium. [CHMO]
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Fingerprinting is the process of comparison or overlay of measured spectra with existing reference spectra. [Allotrope]
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Given a process that needs some post-conditions (a specific situation realized) after process ends the finishing process follows to achieve these post-conditions. [Allotrope]
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In electronic systems and computing, firmware is "the combination of a hardware device, e.g. an integrated circuit, and computer instructions and data that reside as read only software on that device". As a result, firmware usually cannot be modified during normal operation of the device. Typical examples of devices containing firmware are embedded systems (such as traffic lights, consumer appliances, and digital watches), computers, computer peripherals, mobile phones, and digital cameras. The firmware contained in these devices provides the control program for the device. [Wikipedia]
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In electronic systems and computing, firmware is "the combination of a hardware device, e.g. an integrated circuit, and computer instructions and data that reside as read only software on that device". As a result, firmware usually cannot be modified during normal operation of the device. Typical examples of devices containing firmware are embedded systems (such as traffic lights, consumer appliances, and digital watches), computers, computer peripherals, mobile phones, and digital cameras. The firmware contained in these devices provides the control program for the device. [Wikipedia]
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The application of a Phase Correction algorithm to a Fourier transform NMR spectra such that it is optimised to accommodate for the frequency independent time delay between excitation (the RF pulse) and relaxation (acquiring the FID) to give maximum values of the FID Fourier Transform complex number set. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: 5QMAS, 5QMAS NMR, five-quantum MAS, five-quantum excitation in combination with magic-angle spinning
An NMR experiment used for 5/2-spin quadrupolar nuclei, involving transitions between non-consecutive energy levels during the excitation of the spin system by the first RF pulse. [CHMO]
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synonyms: fixed angle reflectivity, fixed-angle reflectivity, fixed-angle reflectometry, optical fixed angle reflectivity, optical fixed angle reflectometry, optical fixed-angle reflectivity, optical fixed-angle reflectometry
A method for determining structure by illuminating an extremely flat surface with visible light and measuring the intensity of the light reflected at the Brewster angle. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PC
Scan that determines, in a single experiment, the m/z values of product ions that are produced by the reaction of a selected precursor ion with a user-specified m/z value. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: PC
Scan that determines, in a single experiment, the m/z values of product ions that are produced by the reaction of a selected precursor ion with a user-specified m/z value. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: PI
Scan that determines, in a single experiment, the m/z values of precursor ions that react to produce a product ion with a user-selected m/z value. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: PI
Scan that determines, in a single experiment, the m/z values of precursor ions that react to produce a product ion with a user-selected m/z value. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: F-AAS, FAAS, flame atomic absorption spectroscopy
A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where the sample is aspirated, aerosolised, and mixed with combustible gases, such as acetylene and air or acetylene and nitrous oxide. The mixture is then ignited and atomised in a flame whose temperature ranges from 2100-2800 °C. During combustion, atoms of the element of interest in the sample absorb light at characteristic wavelengths. [CHMO]
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synonyms: flame atomic emission spectroscopy, F-AES, FAES, flame emission spectroscopy
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is excited using an N2/oxide-acetylene flame. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FAFS, FFS, flame atomic fluorescence spectrometry, flame fluorescence spectrometry, flame fluorescence spectroscopy
A type of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy where the sample is atomised using a flame. [CHMO]
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synonyms: flame infrared emission spectroscopy, FIRE, flame infra-red emission spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is heated in a flame and the infrared radiation (0.78-1000 µm) emitted during cooling is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FID, flame ionization detection, flame ionisation detection, flame ionization process, flame ionisation process
A detection method which is sensitive to compounds containing C-H bonds. A flow of carrier gas containing the sample is mixed with H2 and air and ignited. Any positively-charged radicals resulting from this process are collected at a cathode, allowing the current to be measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FID, flame ionization detection, flame ionisation detection, flame ionization process, flame ionisation process
A flame ionization measurement is a measurement which is sensitive to compounds containing C-H bonds. A flow of carrier gas containing the sample is mixed with H2 and air and ignited. Any positively-charged radicals resulting from this process are collected at a cathode, allowing the current to be measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FPD, flame photometric measurement, flame photometric process
A detection method that is sensitive to sulfur- and phosphorus-containing compounds. A flow of carrier gas containing the sample is mixed with oxygen or air and ignited. Any chemiluminescence due to these compounds is then detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SCD, sulfur chemiluminescence detection, FPD
A detection method that is sensitive to sulfur- and phosphorus-containing compounds. A flow of carrier gas containing the sample is mixed with oxygen or air and ignited. Any chemiluminescence due to these compounds is then detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: medium pressure chromatography, medium-pressure chromatography
A type of rapid preparative column chromatography where 0.1-10 g of sample mixture is separated in less than 15 min by using pressurised gas to drive the mobile phase through the column. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FP
A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser or flash lamp. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The absorption of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse. [CHMO]
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The chemical degradation of a sample caused by a fast rate of temperature increase (10,000 K/s). [CHMO]
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synonyms: FVP, FVT, flash vacuum pyrolysis, flash vacuum thermal decomposition
The reaction of a molecule by exposing it to a short thermal shock at high temperature, usually in the gas phase. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FLOPSY, flip-flop spectroscopy
A sequence of composite pulses designed to allow isotropic mixing of magnetisation between nuclei. For the pulse sequence see J. Magn.Reson., (1988), 77, pg 274. [CHMO]
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synonyms: fb-NOESY, fb-NOESY NMR, fb-nOesy, flip-back nuclear Overhauser effect spectrometry, flip-back nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy, flip-back nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectrometry
A type of heteronuclear two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy incorporating a water flip-back sequence, based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (<= 6 Angstrom apart). [CHMO]
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Flow cytometry is a measuring of the optical properties of particles suspended in fluid and passed one at a time through a set of detectors. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: flow cytometric analysis, flow cytometric studies
A method for analysing microscopic particles suspended in a stream of fluid. The particles are individually passed through a laser beam and the resulting fluorescence and scattered light is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: flow cytometry
In biotechnology, flow cytometry is a laser- or impedance-based, biophysical technology employed in cell counting, cell sorting, biomarker detection and protein engineering, by suspending cells in a stream of fluid and passing them through an electronic detection apparatus. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: FIFFF, flow FFF, flow field flow fractionation
A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel and applying a carrier liquid flow perpendicular to the channel. A carrier liquid is then passed through the channel and the particles elute in order of decreasing diffusion coefficient. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FIA, flow injection analysis
Method of flow injection analysis in which an aliquot of sample is injected, without chromatographic separation, into a liquid carrier stream for on-line mass spectrometry. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: FIA, flow injection analysis
Method of flow injection analysis in which an aliquot of sample is injected, without chromatographic separation, into a liquid carrier stream for on-line mass spectrometry. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: FI-AAS, FIAAS, flow injection atomic absorption spectroscopy
A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where flow injection is used to transfer a sample to the spectrometer. [CHMO]
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synonyms: flow injection electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, FI-ETAAS, FIETAAS, flow injection electrothermal atomisation atomic absorption spectrometry, flow injection electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry, flow injection electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectroscopy
A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where flow injection is used to carry a sample to an electrothermal atomiser where it is atomised using a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. [CHMO]
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synonyms: flow injection flame atomic absorption spectrometry, FI-FAAS, FIFAAS
A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where flow injection is used to carry a gas phase sample to flame where it is atomised. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FI-SPE-ICP-AES
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample mixture is first separated by solid phase extraction, carried to the spectrometer by flow injection and then excited using a plasma generated by electromagnetic inductance. [CHMO]
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synonyms: flow injection thermospray flame furnace absorption spectrometry, FI-TS-FF-AAS
A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where the sample is carried to the spectrometer by flow injection and forced through a heated metal capillary tip before atomization in a flame furnace. [CHMO]
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Definition pending. [0]
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Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: flow-compensated phase contrast NMR velocimetry, flow-compensated phase contrast nuclear magnetic resonance velocimetry
A method for determining the velocity of fluids by using magnetic field gradients to encode velocity information into the phase of the NMR signal. All other contributions to the magnetic gradient phase are set to zero; the only velocity contribution to the phase is due to the flow of the sample ('flow compensation'). [CHMO]
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synonyms: flow, flowing process, flowing state
Flowing is the state of moving along a steady continuous stream. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: FA
An ion source immersed in a flow of helium or other inert buffer gas that carries the ions through a meter-long reactor at pressures around 100 Pa. [PSI-MS]
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synonyms: FA, fluorescence anisotropy measurement , fluorescence polarisation spectroscopy, fluorescence polarization spectroscopy
A method for measuring the binding interaction between two labelled molecules. The sample is excited with vertically polarized light and the polarization of the fluorescence is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: fluorescence assay, fluorescence detection, fluorescence measurement
An assay in which a materials fluorescence is determined. [VIVO-ISF]
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synonyms: FCS, fluroescence correlation spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample are measured and correlated within a very small detection volume. Ultraviolet light is used to stimulate fluorescence. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FCCS, fluorescence cross-correlation spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample are measured at two distinct wavelengths and correlated within a very small detection volume. Ultra-violet light is used to stimulate fluorescence. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FDCD, FDCD spectrometry, FDCD spectroscopy, fluorescence detected circular dichroism spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarized luminescence. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FDMR
A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels are detected by fluorescence. Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves. [CHMO]
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synonyms: fluorescence detection, FD, fluorescence (FL) detection
A detection method which is sensitive to naturally fluorescent or tagged compounds. As the sample passes through a small cell it is excited by ultraviolet light and any fluorescence is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FLSM, LSM, laser scanning fluorescence microscopy, laser scanning microscopy
A type of microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by scanning a laser spot of specific wavelength over its surface. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FLIM, fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy
A type of microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with light of specific wavelengths and the spatial distribution of mean fluorescence lifetimes (usually on the ns scale) is mapped within the microscopic images. [CHMO]
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synonyms: fluorescence imaging, FM, fluorescence microscopic imaging
Any type of microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with light of specific wavelengths. These specimens are called fluorophores. [CHMO]
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synonyms: fluorescence profile
A fluorescence process profile is a profile that quantifies the fluorescence of a material entity over time. [Allotrope]
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Any method that involves observing, or measuring the time take for, loss of fluorescence in a sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FRAP
A method for determining the mobility of fluorescent molecules by photobleaching a sub-set of the sample during fluorescence microscopy and monitoring the movement of the remaining fluorescent molecules. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FRET, fluorescence resonance energy transfer microscopy, fluorescent resonance energy transfer
A method for determining the distance between molecules using an energy transfer between two fluorescent chromophores (a donor and an acceptor) in close proximity (typically <10 nm) via a nonradiative, long-range dipole-dipole coupling mechanism. Energy transfer usually occurs between a cyan fluorescent protein (donor) and a yellow fluorescent protein (acceptor). [CHMO]
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A type of microscopy where a probe consisting of a laser of a specific wavelength transmitted through a tapered optical fibre is positioned very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen. The tip is coated with metal (to prevent light from escaping from the sides) and near-field (or evanescent field) light is emitted through a small opening or 'aperture' (50-100 nm in diameter) at the apex of the probe. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the fluorescence intensity from fluorophores on the surface of the specimen as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FSM, fluorescent speckle microscopy
A type of microscopy where a very low concentration of fluorescent subunits in a polymer or peptide reveals the assembly dynamics, movement and turnover of assemblies throughout the image. [CHMO]
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synonyms: fluorimetry, fluorescence emission spectroscopy, fluorescence spectrometry, fluorescence spectrophotometry, fluorometry, spectrofluorimetry, spectrofluorometry
A type of spectroscopy where the intensity of the fluorescence emitted by molecules excited by ultraviolet light is detected as a function of wavelength or time. [CHMO]
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The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the intensity/wavelength of fluorescence emitted by the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FACS
Fluorescence-activated cell sorting is a specialized type of flow cytometry. It provides a method for sorting a heterogeneous mixture of biological cells into two or more containers, one cell at a time, based upon the specific light scattering and fluorescent characteristics of each cell. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: FACS, fluorescence activated cell sorting
A method for separating microscopic particles suspended in a stream of fluid. The particles are forced individually through a vibrating nozzle, then exposed to a laser beam and the resulting fluorescence and scattered light is detected. Finally the cells are sorted by applying an electrical charge to droplets of the fluid and deflecting it to the left or right using charged electrodes. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FADS, fluorescence activated droplet sorting
A method for separating cells, where each one is suspended in a single aqueous droplet. A fluorogenic substrate is embedded in each cell and any cellular enzymes present bind to it producing fluorescence. The droplets then flow over a microfluidic chip which sorts each one according to the intensity of the fluorescence. [CHMO]
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synonyms: fluorescence labeling, fluorescence labelling, fluorescent labelling
The process of covalently attaching a chemically-reactive derivative of a fluorophore to another molecule, such as a protein or nucleic acid. [CHMO]
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synonyms: fluorescence assay, fluorescence detection, fluorescence measurement
An assay in which a materials fluorescence is determined. [VIVO-ISF]
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A method of separation in which a component of the bulk liquid is preferentially adsorbed at the liquid-vapour interface and is removed by foaming. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FBRM, fbrm
Focused beam reflectance measurement is a measuring process using a focused laser beam at a fixed speed of rotation to calculate particle chord lengths via detection of the backscattered light pulses. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: AFM force spectroscopy, atomic force spectroscopy, force modulation, force modulation AFM, force-modulation AFM
Any type of spectroscopy where an atomic force microscope is used to measure the force experienced by a sample, usually by taking force-distance curves. [CHMO]
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synonyms: AFM force mapping , AFM mapping , FSM, atomic force microscopy mapping
The measurement of spatially resolved force-distance curves using an atomic force microscope to produce a chemical profile image. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FRLS, FRS, forced Rayleigh light scattering, forced Rayleigh light scattering spectrometry, forced Rayleigh light scattering spectroscopy, forced Rayleigh scattering, forced Rayleigh scattering spectrometry
A method for determining structure where a grating created by the interference of two laser beams is written into a sample and a further laser beam is Rayleigh scattered by the grating. The change in direction or energy of the light and the temporal evolution of the scattered beam are measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: forced-flow CVI
The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from a vapour held at high pressure. [CHMO]
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synonyms: formulation
The process of formulation allows the preparation of mixtures of components in accordance with a formula and documents the composition. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: formulation
The process of formulation allows the preparation of mixtures of components in accordance with a formula and documents the composition. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: FO
Forward osmosis (FO) is an osmotic process that uses a semi-permeable membrane to effect separation of water from dissolved solutes. The driving force for this separation is an osmotic pressure gradient, such that a "draw" solution of high concentration (relative to that of the feed solution), is used to induce a net flow of water through the membrane into the draw solution, thus effectively separating the feed water from its solutes. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: 4D HCCH-TOCSY
A 4D triple-resonance NMR experiment used to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shifts of the protons of a sidechain are correlated with their covalently bound 13C nuclei and with the other protons of the side-chain. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 4D NMR, 4D-NMR, four-dimensional NMR
Any type of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in which four independent frequency dimensions are employed for the correlation and dispersal of signals (by employing three magnetization transfer steps). Each signal is described by four frequencies, thus effecting the distribution of signals within an axis of cubes. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FWM spectroscopy, four-wave mixing (FWM) spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where three incident laser beams are mixed. [CHMO]
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Fraction collection is the collection of fractional volumes of the column effluent. [IUPAC]
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Definition pending. [0]
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The stepwise crystallisation of two or more different substances induced by changes in concentration or temperature. The sample is mixed with a solvent, heated, and then gradually cooled so that, as each of its constituent components crystallises, it can be removed in its pure form from the solution. [CHMO]
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A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. As the sample mixture to be purified is heated, its vapours rise into a condenser where they are cooled by water. The vapours stick to the inside surface of the condenser where they continue to be heated until they vaporise again. [CHMO]
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A method for purifying samples by heating the sample under reduced pressure and allowing the fractions to sublime order of increasing sublimation temperature (a function of vapor pressure). [CHMO]
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The chemical degradation of different fractions of the same sample by heating at different temperatures for different times. [CHMO]
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The process of dividing up a sample mixture into smaller quantities according to their physical (e.g. size, solubility) or chemical (e.g. bonding, reactivity) properties. [CHMO]
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A fragmentation is an ion reaction in which the breakdown of a radical ion forms an ion of lower molar mass and a radical. [IUPAC]
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Fragmentation is a type of chemical dissociation. Fragmentation of a molecule can take place by a process of heterolysis or homolysis. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: FFE
An electrophoresis method where the sample is introduced continuously to the separation chamber and the electric field is applied perpendicular to the hydrodynamic flow resulting in two-dimensional separation of the analytes based on the flow rate and their electrophoretic mobilities. [CHMO]
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synonyms: normal freezing, progressive freezing
The process of enriching a solution by partially freezing it and removing frozen material that contains less of the dissolved material than the remaining solution. [CHMO]
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synonyms: cryodesiccation, freeze-drying, lyophilization
The removal of solvent from a sample without passing through the liquid-gas boundary. The sample is frozen at liquid nitrogen temperature (-80 deg. C) then the surrounding pressure is reduced to allow the water in the sample to sublime. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FF-TEM, FF/TEM, FFTEM, freeze fracture TEM, freeze fracture transmission electron microscopy, freeze-fracture TEM
A type of microscopy where the electron-transparent specimen (normally a fresh tissue or cell suspension) is prepared by rapid freezing using liquid nitrogen, then fractured, and the cold fractured surface is coated with Pt or Au by evaporation. The specimen is then bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FMS, frequency modulation spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser which is tuned to match an absorption frequency of the molecules in the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FM-AFM, frequency modulation AFM, frequency modulation atomic force microscopy, frequency-modulation AFM
A type of microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. The tip oscillates, intermittently touching or tapping the surface. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the resonant frequency of the tip and the surface during scanning, which is performed under ultra-high vacuum conditions. [CHMO]
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synonyms: frequency switched Lee-Goldberg cross polarisation, FSLG-CP, frequency switched Lee-Goldberg cross polarization, frequency-switched Lee-Goldberg cross polarisation
A magic angle spinning NMR dipolar recoupling technique used to determine dipolar couplings between 1H and 13C nuclei. A FSLG sequence is used to remove homonuclear couplings (by spin-locking the 1H nuclei) and polarization transfer from the protons to the 13C via dipolar coupling manifests as a splitting of the detected 13C signal. [CHMO]
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A friability test checks the condition of being friable. Friability describes the ability of a solid substance to be reduced to smaller pieces with little effort, especially by rubbing. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: FWHM, full peak at half-maximum
Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: FWHM, full peak at half-maximum
Full width at half-maximum is a peak separation process following an algorithm that uses full width at half maximum height of the peaks as parameter. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: FANES, furnace atomic non thermal excitation spectrometry, furnace atomic non-thermal excitation spectrometry, furnace atomic non-thermal excitation spectroscopy, furnace atomic nonthermal excitation spectroscopy
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it, then excited using a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas). [CHMO]
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synonyms: furnace atomization plasma emission spectrometry, FAPES, furnace atomisation plasma emission spectrometry
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a furnace is used to atomize the sample and a plasma is used as the excitation source. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FINES, furnace ionisation non-thermal excitation spectrometry, furnace ionization non-thermal excitation spectrometry
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it, then ionized and excited using a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas). [CHMO]
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The chemical degradation of a sample caused by passing a carrier gas (H2, O2, N2 etc.) over the sample in a heated furnace. [CHMO]
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The process of removing the unprotected areas of a silicon surface by placing it inside an electrochemical etching solution (KOH, HF or TMAH) in the presence of an electric current. When the silicon substrate is in contact with a noble metal (Au or Cr) a Galvanic cell is formed and the silicon is oxidized. [CHMO]
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synonyms: gamma-ray scattering, gamma-ray scattering spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where gamma-rays are absorbed by a sample resulting in the ejection of an electron and the emission of light which is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: gamma-ray spectroscopy, gamma ray spectrometry, gamma spectrometry, gamma spectroscopy, gamma-ray emission spectroscopy, gamma-ray emssion spectrometry, gamma-ray emssion spectroscopy, gamma-ray spectrometry
Any type of spectroscopy where the energies of gamma-rays emitted or absorbed by a sample is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: GAS, GAS recrystallisation, GAS recrystallization, GASP, GASR, gas anti-solvent precipitation, gas anti-solvent reaction, gas anti-solvent recrystallisation, gas anti-solvent recrystallization, gas antisolvent precipitation, gas antisolvent reaction, gas antisolvent recrystallisation, gas antisolvent recrystallization
A technique where a solid sample is first partially dissolved in a organic solvent in a vessel. The solution is then pressurised with a dense gas or supercritical fluid resulting in precipitation of the solid as a fine powder. [CHMO]
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synonyms: GC, GC run, gas chromatography run
Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a gas. [CHMO]
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synonyms: GC injection, GC sample introduction, gas chromatography sample introduction
Gas chromatography injection is the process of loading a sample into a gas chromatography system. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: GJD, JVD, PJD, VJD, gas-jet deposition, jet vapor deposition, jet vapour deposition, jet-vapor deposition, jet-vapour deposition, physical JD, physical jet deposition, physical-jet deposition, vapor jet deposition, vapor-jet deposition, vapour jet deposition, vapour-jet deposition
A synthesis method where a flow of carrier gas (moving at the speed of sound) containing vaporised precursors is projected onto a surface, resulting in a deposit. [CHMO]
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synonyms: gas-liquid chromatography, GLC
Gas chromatography where the stationary phase is a liquid. [CHMO]
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synonyms: gas-liquid extraction, sublation
A flotation process in which the material of interest, adsorbed on the surface of gas bubbles in a liquid, is collected on an upper layer of immiscible liquid. [CHMO]
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synonyms: GEMMA
A separation method where singly-charged complexes move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in air under the influence of an electric field. [CHMO]
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The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from, a gas. [CHMO]
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synonyms: gas-phase nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, gas phase NMR, gas phase nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy in the gas phase where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. [CHMO]
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synonyms: gas phase plasma hydrocarbonation
A synthesis method for semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes where as-grown single-walled carbon nanotubes are treated with a methane plasma at 400-600 deg. C in a vacuum and the metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes are selectively etched. [CHMO]
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synonyms: GSC
Gas chromatography where the stationary phase is a solid. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CBE, chemical beam epitaxy, chemical-beam epitaxy, gas source MBE, gas source molecular beam epitaxy, gas-source MBE
A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from a molecular beam of reactive gases) on a monocrystalline substrate under high vacuum (<10^{-8} Pa). Molecular beam epitaxy is very slow, with a deposition rate of <1000 nm per hour. [CHMO]
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The conversion of carbonaceous materials (e.g. such as coal, petroleum, biofuel, or biomass) into CO and H2 by heating with a controlled amount of oxygen and/or steam. The resulting gas mixture is called a 'syngas'. [CHMO]
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A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium consisting of gel, across which an electric field is applied. [CHMO]
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synonyms: GPC, gel permeation chromatography
Column chromatography where the separation is caused by exclusion effects within the stationary phase and where the stationary phase is a swollen gel. [CHMO]
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synonyms: dry-wet spinning
A process used to create polymer fibers. Polymer in a gel state is forced through a spinneret (a multi-pored device similar to a shower head). The fibres are then air dried and cooled in a liquid bath. [CHMO]
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synonyms: becoming a gel, gel forming
A gel transition is a state of matter state where some material transitions into a gel. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: becoming a gel, gel forming
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The formation of a gel or solidification of a gelatin solution caused by a change in conditions (such as temperature or pH). [CHMO]
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synonyms: GP spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where a spectral shift, in fluorescence spectrum, which depends on the phase of lipid membranes is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: genotyping, genotyping experiment
A genotyping qPCR experiment is an experiment using qPCR that identifies known mutations in a DNA Sample. DNA primers are used to target and identify specific alleles in a sample. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: GIXRR, glancing incidence X-ray reflectivity , glancing incidence X-ray reflectometry, glancing incidence XRR, glancing-incidence X-ray reflectivity, glancing-incidence XRR
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at a low angle (<5 deg) toward an extremely flat surface and measuring the intensity of the reflected X-rays as a function of angle. X-ray reflectometry is used to determine the structure of thin films. [CHMO]
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synonyms: GRIM
The measurement of the refractive index of small glass fragments as a function of temperature. The glass fragments are placed in silicone oil and observed as the temperature is raised. At the point where the glass fragment disappear the refractive index of the oil and glass are equal. [CHMO]
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synonyms: GARP, GARP pulse sequence, GARP sequence, globally-optimized alternating phase rectangular pulse
A sequence of composite pulses designed to remove signal splitting due to heteronuclear J-couplings in multinuclear liquid NMR experiments. For the pulse sequence see J. Magn. Reson., (1985), 64, pg 547. [CHMO]
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synonyms: GD-AES, GD-OES, glow discharge optical emission spectrometry, glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas) is used to excite the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: GDI, glow-discharge ionisation, glow-discharge ionization, glow-discharge ionisation
Formation of ions from gaseous atoms or molecules or from the vapor of a solid sample at the cathode by applying a potential difference between two electrodes immersed in a low-pressure inert gas environment. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: GDI, glow-discharge ionisation, glow-discharge ionization, glow-discharge ionisation
Formation of ions from gaseous atoms or molecules or from the vapor of a solid sample at the cathode by applying a potential difference between two electrodes immersed in a low-pressure inert gas environment. [IUPAC]
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A synthesis method where an electrical discharge is passed under reduced pressure between two electrodes. [CHMO]
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Elution with a varied composition of the mobile phase. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: gradient elution chromatography
Gradient-elution chromatography is a separation method where the composition of the mobile phase is varied in eluting strength. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: gCOSY, gradient-selected COSY
A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between nuclei that are J-coupled (usually <= 3 bonds apart). A spatially inhomogeneous magnetic field is applied with a defined gradient and used to either select a particular signal or to render unwanted signals undetectable. [CHMO]
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synonyms: GHMBC, gHMBC, gradient heteronuclear multiple bond coherence, gradient-selected HMBC
A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where pulsed-field gradients are used and a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and nuclei which are 2-3 bonds removed. [CHMO]
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synonyms: gHMQC, gradient HMQC, gradient heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence, gradient-selected HMQC
A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and the nuclei to which they are covalently bound. A spatially inhomogeneous magnetic field is applied with a defined gradient and used to either select a particular signal or to render unwanted signals undetectable. [CHMO]
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Granulation is a process of forming granules. The quality of granulation determines the smooth and trouble free process of tablets manufacturing. If granulation is not done in a proper manner, the resulting mixture may damage the tableting press. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: particle sizing, particle size analysis, particle size measurement
The measurement of the size distribution in a collection of grains. [CHMO]
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synonyms: GF-AAS, GFAAS, graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy, graphite-furnace atomic-absorption spectroscopy
A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where the sample is atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. [CHMO]
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synonyms: graphite furnace atomic emission spectrometry, GF-AES, GF-OES, GFAES, GFOES, graphite furnace optical emission spectrometry, graphite furnace optical emission spectroscopy
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. [CHMO]
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The conversion of an organic material in an inert atmosphere at temperatures in excess of 1800 °C to produce a graphite crystal structure. [CHMO]
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synonyms: gravimetric sorption, gravimetric sorption-desorption, gravimetric sorption-desorption analysis, gravimetric sorption/desorption, gravimetric sorption/desorption analysis
The determination of the mass of a gas or vapour adsorbed to a surface. [CHMO]
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synonyms: gravimetric mass measurement
Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: gravimetric mass measurement
Gravimetry is the measurement of the strength of a gravitational field. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: G-FFF, GFFF, GrFFF, gravitational FFF
A technique for separating small particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel such that the Earth's gravitational field is perpendicular to the channel. A carrier liquid is then passed through the channel and the particles are separated on the basis of particle size. [CHMO]
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synonyms: GISANS
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of neutrons scattered at low angles. The incident neutron beam strikes the sample under a small angle close to the critical angle of total external neutron reflection. [CHMO]
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synonyms: GAXRD, GID, GIXRD, glancing angle X-ray diffraction, glancing angle XRD, glancing incidence X-ray diffraction, glancing incidence XRD, glancing-angle X-ray diffraction, glancing-angle XRD, glancing-incidence X-ray diffraction, glancing-incidence XRD, grazing angle X-ray diffraction, grazing angle XRD, grazing incidence X-ray diffraction, grazing incidence XRD, grazing-angle XRD, grazing-angle incidence X-ray diffraction, grazing-angle incidence XRD, grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction, grazing-incidence XRD, grazing-incidence diffraction
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. The incident X-ray beam strikes the sample at a small angle (<5 deg.) close to the critical angle of total external X-ray reflection. [CHMO]
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synonyms: GISAXS, GIXS, grazing incidence X-ray scattering, grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering, grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample. The incident X-ray beam strikes the sample under a small angle close to the critical angle of total external X-ray reflection. [CHMO]
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synonyms: dry grinding, milling, solid-state grinding, solvent-free grinding
The mechanical reduction of the particle size of a solid sample by attribution (friction), impact or cutting. [CHMO]
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Gripping is a guiding process by applying friction or pressure to prevent movement. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: directing the course
Guiding is directing the course of a flow (material, energy, signal) along a specific path. [Allotrope, NIST]
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synonyms: half-log dilution
Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: half-log dilution
A half-logarithmic dilution is a serial dilution with a 3.16-fold (10^0.5) dilution for each step. [Wikipedia]
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Formation of gas-phase ions accompanied by extensive fragmentation. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Formation of gas-phase ions accompanied by extensive fragmentation. [IUPAC]
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An RF pulse that unselectively excites a spin system over a given bandwidth. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: tablet hardness testing
Tablet hardness testing is a laboratory technique used by the pharmaceutical industry to test the breaking point and structural integrity of a tablet under conditions of storage, transportation, and handling before usage. [Wikipedia]
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