synonyms: 119Sn Mossbauer spectroscopy, 119Sn Moessbauer spectroscopy, 119Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy, 119Sn Mößbauer spectroscopy, 119Sn recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy, tin-119 Moessbauer spectroscopy, tin-119 Mößbauer spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 119Sn nuclei is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 121Sb Mossbauer spectroscopy, 121Sb Moessbauer spectroscopy, 121Sb recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy, antimony-121 Moessbauer spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 121Sb nuclei is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 125Te Mossbauer spectroscopy, 125Te Moessbauer spectroscopy, 125Te recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy, tellurium-125 Moessbauer spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 125Te nuclei is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 127I Mossbauer spectroscopy, 127I Moessbauer spectroscopy, 127I Mössbauer spectroscopy, 127I Mößbauer spectroscopy, 127I recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy, iodine-127 Moessbauer spectroscopy, iodine-127 Mößbauer spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 127I nuclei is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 129I Mossbauer spectroscopy, 129I Moessbauer spectroscopy, 129I recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy, iodine-129 Moessbauer spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 129I nuclei is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 129Xe Mossbauer spectroscopy, 129Xe Moessbauer spectrometry, 129Xe Moessbauer spectroscopy, 129Xe Mossbauer spectrometry, 129Xe Mössbauer spectrometry, 129Xe Mössbauer spectroscopy, 129Xe Mößbauer spectrometry, 129Xe Mößbauer spectroscopy, 129Xe recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy, xenon-129 Moessbauer spectroscopy, xenon-129 Mößbauer spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 129Xe nuclei is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 14N ESEEM, 14N electron spin echo envelope modulation, nitrogen-14 ESEEM, nitrogen-14 electron spin echo envelope modulation
A type of pulsed EPR spectroscopy which is used to observe the electron spin echo in 14N nuclei as a function of the time that separates the pulses causing the echo. This technique is a powerful probe of the radial distribution of magnetic nuclear spins in the environment of the electron spins producing the echo. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 151Eu Mossbauer spectroscopy, 151Eu Moessbauer spectroscopy, 151Eu recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy, europium-151 Moessbauer spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 151Eu nuclei is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 17O ENDOR, 17O ENDOR spectroscopy, oxygen-17 ENDOR, oxygen-17 ENDOR spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where a microwave frequency pulse is used to saturate the electron resonance transitions in the 17O nuclei of a sample, and a radio frequency pulse is used excite a nuclear transition. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 197Au Mossbauer spectroscopy, 197Au Moessbauer spectroscopy, 197Au recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy, gold-197 Moessbauer spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 197Au nuclei is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 1H NMR absorption spectroscopy, 1H c.w. NMR, 1H continuous wave nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, 1H cw-NMR
A type of spectroscopy where the energy states of 1H nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Spectra are obtained by scanning a range of radio frequencies. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 1H ENDOR, 1H ENDOR spectroscopy, hydrogen-1 ENDOR, hydrogen-1 ENDOR spectroscopy, proton ENDOR, proton ENDOR spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where a microwave frequency pulse is used to saturate the electron resonance transitions in the 1H nuclei of a sample, and a radio frequency pulse is used excite a nuclear transition. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy, 57Fe Moessbauer spectroscopy, 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, 57Fe Mößbauer spectroscopy, 57Fe recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy, iron-57 Moessbauer spectroscopy, iron-57 Mößbauer spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 57Fe nuclei is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 57Fe ENDOR, 57Fe ENDOR spectroscopy, iron-57 ENDOR, iron-57 ENDOR spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where a microwave frequency pulse is used to saturate the electron resonance transitions in the 57Fe nuclei of a sample, and a radio frequency pulse is used excite a nuclear transition. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 63Cu EPR, 63Cu ESR, 63Cu pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the response of a 63Cu atom to short (ns) pulses of microwave radiation in a magnetic field is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 65Cu EPR, 65Cu ESR, 65Cu pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the response of a 65Cu atom to short (ns) pulses of microwave radiation in a magnetic field is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 95Mo ENDOR, 95Mo ENDOR spectroscopy, molybdenum-95 ENDOR, molybdenum-95 ENDOR spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where a microwave frequency pulse is used to saturate the electron resonance transitions in the 95Mo nuclei of a sample, and a radio frequency pulse is used excite a nuclear transition. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Acheson technique
A method for growing low-purity polycrystalline SiC. A mixture of silica, carbon, sawdust and NaCl is heated to 2700 deg. C in a furnace, and the temperature gradually decreased. [CHMO]
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synonyms: AEAPS, Auger electron appearance potential spectrometry, EAAPS, IEMM, electron-excited Auger electron appearance potential spectrometry, electron-excited Auger electron appearance potential spectroscopy, incident energy modulation method spectrometry, incident energy modulation method spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by a sudden increase in secondary electron current. [CHMO]
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synonyms: APYS, Auger electron partial yield spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionization of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. Only the Auger electrons emitted at a particular photon energy are detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: AEES, AES, Auger electron emission spectroscopy, Auger electron spectrometry, Auger spectrometry, Auger spectroscopy
Any type of spectroscopy where a high energy photon ionizes a core electron and an electron from a higher energy level descends to take its place, releasing sufficient energy to eject a second so-called 'Auger' electron and the energy of the Auger electron is detected as a function of incident photon energy. [CHMO]
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synonyms: AEPECS, APECS, Auger electron photoelectron coincidence spectrometry, Auger electron-photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy, Auger-photoelectron electron coincidence spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays resulting in the emission of photoelectrons and 'Auger' electrons which are detected as a function of energy. [CHMO]
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A BET analysis is a measuring process for calculating surface area based on the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) theory of multiple adsorption layers. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: Bonnemann method, Bonnemann colloidal method, Bonnemann's method
A method for producing metal nanoparticles by the reduction of metal salts with tetraalkylammonium hydrotriorganoborates. The resulting colloids are highly active hydrogenation catalysts. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Bridgman technique, Bridgman-Stockbarger technique
A method of growing a single crystal 'ingot' or 'boule'. The polycrystalline sample is heated in a container above its melting point and slowly cooled from one end where a seed crystal is located. Single crystal material is then progressively formed along the length of the container. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Brust nanoparticle synthesis, Brust synthesis
A method for synthesising gold nanoparticles from HAuCl4 in non-aqueous solution (e.g. toluene) using tetraoctylammonium bromide as a phase-transfer catalyst and sodium borohydride to reduce Au(III) to Au(0). [CHMO]
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synonyms: BLEW, BLEW pulse sequence, BLEW sequence, Burum-Linder-Ernst windowless pulse sequence, Burum-Linder-Ernst windowless sequence
A sequence of pulses used in magic angle spinning NMR to remove the effect of homonuclear dipolar couplings. A train/sequence of pulses is used to cyclically manipulate the signal whilst stroboscopic sampling ensures the effects of coupling are unobserved. For the pulse sequence see J. Magn. Reson., (1981), 44, pg 173. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill pulse sequence, CPMG, CPMG pulse sequence, CPMG sequence, Carr, Purcell,Meiboom,Gill pulse sequence, Carr-Purcell Meiboom-Gill pulse sequence
A pulse sequence which is applied during nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure spin-spin (T2) relaxation times. For the pulse sequence see Rev. Sci. Inst., (1958), 29, pg 688. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Cohn process
A method for separating proteins from plasma by changing the conditions of the plasma by simultaneous cooling and addition of alcohol. This causes precipitation of the proteins, which can then be removed by centrifugation. [CHMO]
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A method of producing large single crystals (of semiconductors or metals) by inserting a small seed crystal into a crucible filled with similar molten material, then slowly pulling the seed up from the melt while rotating it. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DNA metalization
The deposition of a layer of metal on DNA by chemically reducing DNA-complexed metal salts (e.g., Ag, Pd, Pt, and Cu). [CHMO]
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Truncation of the FID recorded either by insufficient acquisition time or by post acquisition processing. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: z-filling
A recorded RF signal in NMR spectroscopy observed as the perturbed sample magnetisation relaxes back to its bulk magnetisation population state that has been suffixed with a set of data points containing many zeros. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: UV Fmoc test, ultraviolet Fmoc test
A colorimetric test which consists of coupling an Fmoc (9H-fluoren-9-yl-methoxycarbonyl )-protected amino acid and measuring the UV absorbance of the sample after deprotection using 20% piperidine in DMF. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Forster resonance energy transfer, Förster resonance energy transfer, Förster resonance energy transfer, FRET, Förster resonant energy transfer
A method for determining the distance between molecules using an energy transfer between two chromophores (a donor and an acceptor) in close proximity (typically <10 nm) via a nonradiative, long-range dipole-dipole coupling mechanism. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FP, FTP, Fourier transform profilometry
A method where the profile of a surface is determined by illuminating the sample with a beam of light which has been split into two paths, one of which is directed at the sample and the other at a reference mirror. When the reflections are recombined a Fourier transform is applied to the phase of the interference pattern which contains information about the contours of the surface. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FT Raman spectrometry, FT Raman spectroscopy, FT-Raman, Fourier transform Raman spectrometry, Fourier-transform Raman spectrometry, Fourier-transform Raman spectroscopy
Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy is a type of vibrational spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of light by a sample is detected and the spectrum is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FT Raman spectrometry, FT Raman spectroscopy, FT-Raman, Fourier transform Raman spectrometry, Fourier-transform Raman spectrometry, Fourier-transform Raman spectroscopy
A type of vibrational spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of light by a sample is detected and the spectrum is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy, ATR FT-IR spectroscopy, ATR FTIR spectroscopy, ATR-FTIR, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, FTIR-ATR, Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infra-red , Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infra-red spectroscopy, Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infrared , Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy , Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy, attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infra-red, Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infrared
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synonyms: FT-EIS
A type of spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of an electrochemical cell is measured. A Fourier transform is then applied to the spectrum. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FT-FIR, FT-FIR spectrometry, FT-FIR spectroscopy, FT-far-IR, FT-far-IR spectroscopy, FT/FIR, FTFIR, Fourier transform far infrared spectroscopy, Fourier transform far-infra-red spectrometry, Fourier transform far-infrared spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation in the far infrared region (15-1000 µm) and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Fourier transform flame infrared emission spectroscopy, FT-FIRE, Fourier transform FIRE, Fourier transform flame infra-red emission spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is heated in a flame and the infrared radiation (0.78-1000 µm) emitted during cooling is detected. The spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FT-IR, FT-IR spectroscopy, FTIR, FTIR spectrometry, FTIR spectroscopy, Fourier transform infra-red absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) absorption spectroscopy
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is a type of vibrational spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the infrared region (0.78-1000 µm) and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Fourier transform infrared emission spectroscopy, FT-IRES, FTIRES, Fourier transform IRES, Fourier transform infra-red emission spectrometry, Fourier transform infra-red emission spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared emission spectrometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
IR emission spectroscopy where the spectrum is obtained by a single pulse of (UV) radiation, and is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FT-IR imaging, FT-IR microscopy, FTIR imaging, FTIR microscopy, FTIR microspectroscopy, FTIR spectromicroscopy, FTIR-MSP, Fourier transform infra-red microspectrometry, Fourier transform infra-red microspectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared microspectrometry, Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectromicroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared microscopy
The collection of spatially resolved infrared spectra of a sample during optical microscopy. The infrared spectra are obtained by single pulse of infrared radiation, and are subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FT-IR OAS, FT-IR PAS, FT-IR optoacoustic spectrometry, FT-IR optoacoustic spectroscopy, FT-IR photoacoustic spectrometry, FT-IR photoacoustic spectroscopy, FT/IR OAS, FT/IR PAS, FTIR OAS, FTIR PAS, FTIR-OAS, FTIR-PAS, FTIROAS, FTIRPAS, Fourier transform infra-red photoacoustic spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sound emitted when a gaseous sample is exposed to an intense infrared laser beam, which is rapidly interrupted by a rotating slotted disk, is measured. The spectrum is then subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]
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synonyms: reflection-absorption Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy, FT-IRAS, FT-IRRAS, Fourier transform infrared reflection absorption spectrometry, RA FT-IR, RA FTIR, RA-FTIR, reflection absorption (RA) FT-IR, reflection absorption Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry, reflection absorption Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, reflection absorption Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
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synonyms: reflection-absorption Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy, FT-IRAS, FT-IRRAS, Fourier transform infrared reflection absorption spectrometry, RA FT-IR, RA FTIR, RA-FTIR, reflection absorption (RA) FT-IR, reflection absorption Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry, reflection absorption Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, reflection absorption Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the absorption and reflection of low-incident-angle infrared light by the surface molecules of a highly reflective or polished sample is measured. The sample absorbs a single pulse of radiation and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FT-IR, FT-IR spectroscopy, FTIR, FTIR spectrometry, FTIR spectroscopy, Fourier transform infra-red absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) absorption spectroscopy
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is a type of vibrational spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the infrared region (0.78-1000 µm) and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FT-IR, FT-IR spectroscopy, FTIR, FTIR spectrometry, FTIR spectroscopy, Fourier transform infra-red absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) absorption spectroscopy
A type of vibrational spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the infrared region (0.78-1000 µm) and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]
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Mass spectrometry technique in which m/z values are represented by frequencies of ion motion and mass spectra are generated by Fourier transform mathematical operations from time domain transients produced by image current detection. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Mass spectrometry technique in which m/z values are represented by frequencies of ion motion and mass spectra are generated by Fourier transform mathematical operations from time domain transients produced by image current detection. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: FT-MW spectrometry, FT-MW spectroscopy, FTMW spectrometry, FTMW spectroscopy, Fourier transform microwave spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is irradiated with a single pulse of radiation in the microwave region (1-1000 mm) and the spectrum is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Fourier transform near infrared absorbance spectroscopy, Fourier transform near infrared absorption spectrometry, FT NIRS, FT-NIRS, FTNIRS, Fourier transform near infra-red absorbance spectrometry, Fourier transform near infra-red absorption spectrometry, Fourier transform near infra-red spectrometry, Fourier transform near infra-red spectroscopy, Fourier transform near infrared absorbance spectrometry, Fourier transform near infrared absorption spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample absorbs a single pulse of radiation from the near infrared region (0.8-2 µm) and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Fourier transform near infrared absorbance spectroscopy, Fourier transform near infrared absorption spectrometry, FT NIRS, FT-NIRS, FTNIRS, Fourier transform near infra-red absorbance spectrometry, Fourier transform near infra-red absorption spectrometry, Fourier transform near infra-red spectrometry, Fourier transform near infra-red spectroscopy, Fourier transform near infrared absorbance spectrometry, Fourier transform near infrared absorption spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample absorbs a single pulse of radiation from the near infrared region (0.8-2 µm) and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]
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synonyms: fourier transformation
The Fourier transformation decomposes a function of time (e.g. a signal) into the frequencies that make it up. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: Weierstrass transform, binomial smoothing, Gaussian blur
Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: Weierstrass transform, binomial smoothing, Gaussian blur
A Gaussian smoothing is a smoothing by convolving the data with a one-dimensional Gaussian function. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: HCANNH experiment
A triple-resonance NMR experiment used to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shift of the (backbone) amide proton is correlated with the chemical shift of the covalently bound nitrogen and with the alpha-carbon and proton of the same residue. The experiment name describes the path taken by the magnetization during the experiment. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HCC(CO)NNH experiment
A triple-resonance NMR experiment used to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shift of the (backbone) amide proton is correlated with the chemical shift of the covalently bound nitrogen and with both the alpha- and beta-carbons and protons of the preceding residue. The experiment name describes the path taken by the magnetization during the experiment. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HN(CO)CAHA experiment
A triple-resonance NMR experiment used to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shift of the (backbone) amide proton is correlated with the chemical shift of the covalently bound nitrogen and with the alpha-carbon and proton of the preceding residue. The experiment name describes the path taken by the magnetization during the experiment. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HNCA experiment
A triple-resonance NMR experiment used in to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shift of the (backbone) amide proton is correlated with the chemical shift of the covalently bound nitrogen and the alpha carbons of the same and preceding residues. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HNCAHA experiment
A triple-resonance NMR experiment used to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shift of the (backbone) amide proton is correlated with the chemical shift of the covalently bound nitrogen and the alpha-carbon and proton of the same residue. The experiment name describes the path taken by the magnetization during the experiment. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HNCO, HNCO experiment
A triple-resonance NMR experiment used in to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shift of the (backbone) amide proton is correlated with the chemical shift of the covalently bound nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon of the preceding residue. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HNCOCA, HN(CO)CA, HN(CO)CA experiment, HNCOCA experiment
A triple-resonance NMR experiment used to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shift of the (backbone) amide proton is correlated with the chemical shift of the covalently bound nitrogen and the alpha-carbon of the preceding residue. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Hadamard NMR spectroscopy, Hadamard encoded NMR, Hadamard nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Hadamard-encoded NMR
An NMR experiment in which multiple frequencies in an NMR spectrum are excited simultaneously over a broad frequency range using polychromatic pulses. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 2D Hadamard encoded TOCSY, Hadamard TOCSY, Hadamard-TOCSY
A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between all nuclei of a spin-system. All of the resonances in the spin system are excited by selecting only one line for excitation and the final spectrum consists of a series of 1D sub-spectra, each representing one spin system. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HAES, He+-excited Auger electron spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the bombardment of a sample with He+ ions results in the ionization of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected as a function of incident He+ ion energy. [CHMO]
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A J-coupling is a coupling between two nuclei spins, mediated through chemical bonds. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: 2D J-resolved spectroscopy , 2D J-spectroscopy, 2DJ spectroscopy, J-RES, J-resolved NMR, J-resolved NMR spectrometry, J-resolved NMR spectroscopy, J-resolved spectrometry, J-resolved spectroscopy, J-resolved spectroscopy NMR spectroscopy, J-spectrometry, JRES, JRES NMR, two-dimensional J-spectroscopy
A type of homonuclear proton-proton NMR spectroscopy where chemical shift and J-coupling information are separated onto different frequency axes. [CHMO]
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An electrochemical technique where the ac component of the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the ac potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. The cell current is sampled on alternate half cycles and the potential is applied as a small amplitude square wave superimposed on a linear sweep. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Karl Fischer coulometric titration, Karl Fischer coulometry, Karl-Fischer coulometry, coulometric Karl Fischer titration, coulometric Karl-Fischer titration
Karl-Fischer coulometric titration is a process of determining trace amounts of water in a sample by the titration of sulphur dioxide in water using iodine. In this method the I2 is generated electrochemically from I- and titrated with sulphur dioxide. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Karl Fischer coulometric titration, Karl Fischer coulometry, Karl-Fischer coulometry, coulometric Karl Fischer titration, coulometric Karl-Fischer titration
Karl-Fischer coulometric titration is a process of determining trace amounts of water in a sample by the titration of sulfur dioxide in water using iodine. In this method the I2 is generated electrochemically from I- and titrated with sulfur dioxide. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Karl Fischer coulometric titration, Karl Fischer coulometry, Karl-Fischer coulometry, coulometric Karl Fischer titration, coulometric Karl-Fischer titration
The process of determining trace amounts of water in a sample by the titration of sulphur dioxide in water using iodine. In this method the I2 is generated electrochemically from I- and titrated with sulphur dioxide. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Karl Fischer titration
Karl-Fischer titration is a process of determining trace amounts of water in a sample by the titration of sulfur dioxide in water using iodine. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Karl Fischer titration
The process of determining trace amounts of water in a sample by the titration of sulfur dioxide in water using iodine. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Karl Fischer volumetric titration, volumetric Karl Fischer titration, volumetric Karl-Fischer titration
Karl-Fischer volumetric titration is a process of determining trace amounts of water in a sample by the titration of sulphur dioxide in water using iodine. In this method the titrant is added directly to the sample using a burette. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Karl Fischer volumetric titration, volumetric Karl Fischer titration, volumetric Karl-Fischer titration
Karl-Fischer volumetric titration is a process of determining trace amounts of water in a sample by the titration of sulfur dioxide in water using iodine. In this method the titrant is added directly to the sample using a burette. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Karl Fischer volumetric titration, volumetric Karl Fischer titration, volumetric Karl-Fischer titration
The process of determining trace amounts of water in a sample by the titration of sulphur dioxide in water using iodine. In this method the titrant is added directly to the sample using a burette. [CHMO]
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synonyms: KFS
A type of spectroscopy where an atomic force microscope is used to measure the force experienced by a sample. A probe, which is made of a material with a known work function (commonly tungsten or platinum), is arranged close to the sample surface as a parallel-plate capacitor with a small spacing. The probe is vibrated, causing a change in the capacitance between the electrodes. A voltage is then applied between the probe and sample until the electric field between them vanishes. The force gradient is proportional to the change in amplitude of the vibration. The distance between the probe and sample is kept constant during the measurement using a feedback loop. [CHMO]
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synonyms: KFM, KPFM, Kelvin force microscopy, Kelvin probe microscopy, SSPM, scanning surface potential microscopy
A type of microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. The conducting tip forms a capacitor with the surface, over which it is scanned laterally at a constant separation, in order to map the change in work function of the surface. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Kelvin method, vibrating capacitor method
A measurement method for determining the contact potential difference or difference in work functions between the sample and a reference electrode. In this method, the probe, which is made ofna material with a known work function (commonly tungsten or platinum), is arranged close to the sample surface as a parallel-plate capacitor with a small spacing. The probe is vibrated, causing a change in the capacitance between the electrodes, resulting in a small ac current. The work function difference is measured by applying an opposing external bias voltage such that the ac current is zero. [CHMO]
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synonyms: OKE spectroscopy, OKES, optical Kerr effect spectroscopy, optical Kerr-effect spectroscopy, optical-Kerr-effect (OKE) spectroscopy, optical-Kerr-effect spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the refractive index change of the sample induced by two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) under the influence of an electric field (the 'optical Kerr effect') is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Kerr-gated Raman spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, usually from a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range, by a sample is detected. The energy of the incoming laser is adjusted such that it or the scattered light coincides with an electronic transition within the sample, and the laser is combined with a Kerr gate fluorescence rejection system. [CHMO]
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A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. As the sample mixture to be purified is heated, its vapours rise a short distance into a vertical condenser (called a 'Kugelrohr') where they are cooled by water. This technique is used for small amounts of samples with high boiling points (usually >300 deg. C) under greatly reduced pressure. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LC/MS reaction monitoring data processing
LC-MS reaction monitoring data processing is a data processing for analyzing samples using MRM technologies. [Allotrope]
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A process that is executed by an LC-UV system. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: LOWESS smoothing
Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: Langmuir-Blodgett assembly, Langmuir-Blodgett technique
A method of depositing crystalline films one molecular layer at a time, by dipping the substrate into water containing a polymer that forms a single layer of molecular chains on the surface. This layer is then transferred from the water to the substrate. [CHMO]
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synonyms: L-DLTS, LDLTS, LTDLTS, Laplace DLTS, Laplace deep level transient spectroscopy, Laplace transform DLTS, Laplace transform deep level transient spectroscopy, Laplace transform deep-level transient spectroscopy
A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the average capacitance produced by applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at a fixed temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit a peak for each 'deep level' (each energy level near the center of the band gap). The height of the peak is proportional to the defect density and the emission rate is characteristic for each type of defect. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Lely technique
A method for crystal growth where polycrystalline SiC lumps are carefully packed between two concentric graphite tubes. The inner tube is then withdrawn leaving a porous SiC layer inside the outer tube. The outer tube is then heated (~2500 deg. C) in Ar, causing the SiC powder to sublime and nucleate on a cooler surface. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MLEV, MLEV pulse sequence, MLEV sequence
A sequence of composite pulses designed to remove signal splitting due to heteronuclear J-couplings in multinuclear liquid NMR experiments. Also used to allow transfer of magnetization between nuclei (by making the spins precess with at the same chemical shift and thus enjoy strong coupling - isotropic mixing). For the pulse sequence see J. Magn. Reson., (1981), 43, pg 502. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MREV, MREV pulse sequence, MREV sequence, Mansfield Rhim Elleman Vaughn sequence, Mansfield, Rhim, Elleman, Vaughn sequence, Mansfield-Rhim-Elleman-Vaughn pulse sequence, Mansfield-Rhim-Elleman-Vaughn sequence
A pulse sequence used in magic angle spinning NMR to remove the effects of homonuclear dipolar coupling. For the pulse sequence see J. Chem. Phys., (1973), 59, pg 3740. [CHMO]
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Rearrangement reaction involving transfer of a hydrogen atom via a six-member transition state to the formal radical/charge site from a carbon atom four atoms distant from the charge/radical site (the γ-carbon); subsequent rearrangement of electron density can lead to expulsion of an olefin molecule. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Rearrangement reaction involving transfer of a hydrogen atom via a six-member transition state to the formal radical/charge site from a carbon atom four atoms distant from the charge/radical site (the γ-carbon); subsequent rearrangement of electron density can lead to expulsion of an olefin molecule. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: Mossbauer spectroscopy, Moessbauer spectroscopy, Mössbauer spectroscopy, Mößbauer spectroscopy, recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: OSWV, Osteryoung square wave voltammetry
An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied as a square wave and there is one square wave cycle per staircase step. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Ostwald-ripening
The growth of larger crystals from those of smaller size, which have a higher solubility that the larger ones. [CHMO]
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A PCR experiment is an experiment that uses PCR to achieve its goals. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: Pickering emulsification, Pickering emulsion process, Pickering emulsion processing
A method for dispersing two or more immiscible liquid by shaking, stirring or homogenising the mixture. The emulsion is stablised by adding finely divided insoluble solid particles (e.g. latex or silica). [CHMO]
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synonyms: PDLF with R-type recoupling, R-PDLF, R-type recoupling proton detected local field spectroscopy, proton-deteced separated local field spectroscopy with R-type recoupling
A magic-angle spinning NMR experiment to measure dipolar couplings. Dipolar couplings are reintroduced by synchronising RF pulses with the rotation of the rotor. Spectral simplification occurs via the proton detected separated local field protocol where 1H-1H interactions are decoupled and proton magnetization is passed through 13C nuclei present at natural abundance. [CHMO]
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synonyms: RCD, Raman CD, Raman circular dichroism
The observation of circular dichroism (the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarized light) in the Raman spectra of chiral molecules. [CHMO]
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synonyms: laser Raman spectroscopy, LRMA, MRS, RCIS, Raman chemical imaging spectrometry, Raman chemical imaging spectroscopy, Raman imaging, Raman mapping, Raman micro spectrometry, Raman micro spectroscopy, Raman microprobe spectroscopy, Raman microspectrometry, Raman microspectroscopy, Raman spectral imaging, laser Raman microanalysis, micro Raman spectrometry, micro Raman spectroscopy, micro-Raman spectrometry, micro-Raman spectroscopy
The collection of spatially resolved Raman spectra of a sample during optical microscopy. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Raman scattering spectrometry, Raman scattering spectroscopy, Raman spectrometry, laser Raman spectroscopy
Any type of vibrational spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, usually from a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range by a sample is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: RIKES, Raman-induced Kerr-effect spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) with a frequency difference close to a Raman-mode frequency in the sample induce a refractive index change in the sample. By scanning the frequency difference of the two beams and recording simultaneously the polarization change of the probe beam, the Raman spectral structure of the sample can be obtained. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Rayleigh scattering method, elastic light scattering, laser Rayleigh scattering, laser Rayleigh scattering spectrometry, laser Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy, laser-Rayleigh scattering
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HE IS, HE ISS, HE-IS, HE-ISS, HEIS, HEISS, RBS, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, Rutherford scattering spectrometry, Rutherford scattering spectroscopy, backscattering spectroscopy, heavy ion scattering spectrometry, heavy ion scattering spectroscopy, heavy-ion scattering spectrometry, heavy-ion scattering spectroscopy, high-energy ion scattering spectrometry, high-energy ion scattering spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with He+ or H+ ions (500-1500 eV) and the energies and positions of any backscattered ions are detected. [CHMO]
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Definition pending. [0]
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Savitzky-Golay smoothing is a smoothing by convolving the data by fitting successive sub-sets of adjacent data points with a low-degree polynomial by the method of linear least squares. [Allotrope]
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The process of transferring the partially soluble components of a solid to the liquid phase using a Soxhlet extractor. The solid is placed in a filter paper thimble which is then placed into the main chamber of the Soxhlet extractor. The solvent (heated to reflux) travels into the main chamber and the partially soluble components are slowly tranferred to the solvent. [CHMO]
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synonyms: UV-assisted CFL
A process for shaping pliable thermoplastic polymers. An elastomeric (polyurethane acrylate) mould is placed on a UV-curable polymer that has been spin- or drop-coated onto a substrate and partially cured using UV light (200-400 nm). The system is then further exposed to UV light and capillary force allows the polymer melt to fill up the void space between the polymer and the mould. After cooling to ambient temperature, the mould is removed, generating the negative replica of the mould pattern. [CHMO]
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synonyms: flame fusion
A method for preparing synthetic gemstones. A finely powdered sample is melted in an hydrogen-oxygen flame (2000 deg. C) and crystallising the melted droplets on a boule (a single crystal). [CHMO]
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synonyms: Waugh, Huber, Haeberlin pulse sequence, WAHUHA, WAHUHA pulse sequence, WAHUHA sequence, Waugh Huber Haeberlin sequence, Waugh-Huber-Haeberlin pulse sequence, Waugh-Huber-Haeberlin sequence
A pulse sequence used in magic angle spinning NMR to remove the effects of homonuclear dipolar coupling. For the pulse sequence see Phys. Rev. Lett., (1968), 20, pg 180. [CHMO]
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synonyms: X half-filter
A technique used in 2D NMR of isotopically enriched samples (usually 13C/15N) to remove signals of protons which are not bound to a particular isotope from one of the two domains of the experiment. For the technique see J. Magn. Reson., (1986), 70, pg 500. [CHMO]
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synonyms: X-band EPR spectroscopy, X-band ESR spectroscopy, X-band electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to short (ns) pulses of microwave radiation in a magnetic field is measured. The microwave radiation used has an approximate frequency of 9 GHz, known as the 'X-band'. [CHMO]
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synonyms: heteronuclear nXQF element
A technique used in NMR of isotopically enriched samples (usually 13C/15N) to select for, or to remove signals of protons bound to a particular isotope. [CHMO]
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synonyms: X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements, X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry, XAFS
A type of X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient around the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are measured as a function of incident X-ray energy. [CHMO]
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synonyms: X-ray absorption spectrometry, XAS
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays and the X-ray absorption coefficient of the sample is measured. When the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron in an atom there is a decrease in the intensity of transmitted X-rays resulting in an absorption edge. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EEXAPS, EXAPS, SXAPS, X-ray appearance potential spectrometry, XAPS, electron-excited X-ray appearance potential spectrometry, electron-excited X-ray appearance potential spectroscopy, soft X-ray appearance potential spectrometry, soft X-ray appearance potential spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by the sudden appearance of soft X-ray fluorescence. [CHMO]
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synonyms: X-ray bremsstrahlung spectrometry, XBIS, ultraviolet bremsstrahlung spectrometry, ultraviolet bremsstrahlung spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation in the X-ray region. [CHMO]
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synonyms: X-Ray crystallographic analysis, X-ray analysis, X-ray crystallography, X-ray diffraction analysis, X-ray diffractometry, X-ray structure determination, XRD
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. [CHMO]
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synonyms: X-ray emission spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, XES, XRES, XRF, XRF spectrometry, XRF spectroscopy
Any type of X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays or particles and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions (known as 'X-ray fluorescence') are detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: X-ray excited Auger electron spectrometry, X-ray induced Auger electron spectrometry, X-ray induced Auger electron spectroscopy, XAES, XEAES, XIAES
A type of spectroscopy where X-ray bombardment of a sample results in the ionization of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected as a function of incident X-ray energy. [CHMO]
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synonyms: X-ray excited electron appearance potential spectrometry, XEAPS
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by the sudden appearance of peaks in the photoelectron spectrum. [CHMO]
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synonyms: X-ray fluorescence imaging, XFM, XRF imaging, x-ray fluorescence microprobe (XFM) analysis
An imaging technique where a beam of X-rays is directed at the specimen and the intensities of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions (known as 'X-ray fluorescence') are detected as a function of wavelength and position. As these energies are element-specific, X-ray fluorescence microscopy can be used to determine spatially-resolved elemental composition. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PXL, XL, proximity X-ray lithography
A synthesis technique which uses X-rays to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a beam of X-rays is scanned across a patterned mask. The mask consists of an X-ray absorber (e.g. Au) on a membrane that is transparent to X-rays (e.g. SiC). The X-rays induce chemical reactions in the resist and the desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). [CHMO]
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synonyms: X-ray magnetic circular dichroism spectrometry, XMCD, XMCD spectrometry, XMCD spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised X-ray radiation in the presence of a magnetic field. [CHMO]
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synonyms: X-ray microemission spectroscopy, X-ray microemission, X-ray microemission spectrometry, X-ray microfluorescence, X-ray microfluorescence spectrometry, X-ray microfluorescence spectroscopy, XRME, XRME spectrometry, XRME spectroscopy, XRMF, XRMF spectrometry, XRMF spectroscopy
A type of X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 m diameter) X-ray beam and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions (known as 'X-ray fluorescence') are detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: X-ray microprobe spectroscopy, X-ray micro-probe spectrometry, X-ray microanalysis, X-ray microprobe spectrometry, XMPS
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with a finely focused X-ray beam (<10 m diameter) and the X-ray absorption coefficient of the sample is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: XM, XRM
An imaging technique where soft X-rays (100-1000 eV) are directed at the specimen, and the difference in absorption of the X-rays by different elements (mainly O and C) produces an image. [CHMO]
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synonyms: XPD, XPED, XPhD
A method for determining structure during X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. X-rays are directed at a sample and diffraction patterns resulting from the emission of electrons are recorded. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ESCA, PESIS, X-ray photoelectron emission spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron scattering (XPS) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron scattering spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectrometry, X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, XPES, XPS, electron spectrometry for chemical analysis, electron spectrometry for chemical applications, electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis, electron spectroscopy for chemical applications, photoelectron spectroscopy of the inner shell
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with X-rays causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: X-ray excited PEEM, X-ray photoelectron microscopy, XPEEM
A type of electron microscopy where the distribution of electrons emitted by a specimen sample following excitation with an X-ray source is used to produce an image. [CHMO]
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synonyms: X-Ray photon correlation spectroscopy, XPCS
A method for determining the size distribution of a sample of small particles in solution by bombarding the sample with coherent X-rays and measuring the time-dependent fluctuations in the intensity of the scattered X-rays caused by Brownian motion. [CHMO]
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synonyms: X-ray reflection spectrometry, X-ray reflectivity spectrometry, X-ray reflectivity spectroscopy
Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays and the energies of reflected X-rays are measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: X-ray reflectivity, XRR
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at an extremely flat surface and measuring the intensity of the reflected X-rays as a function of angle. X-ray reflectometry is used to determine the structure of thin films. [CHMO]
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synonyms: XRS, XS
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: X-ray spectrometry
Any type of spectroscopy where the absorption or emission of X-rays is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: XU photoelectron spectrometry, XU photoelectron spectroscopy, XUPES, XUPS, XUV photoelectron spectrometry, XUV photoelectron spectroscopy, XUVPES, XUVPS
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation in the range Xray-ultraviolet, which causes ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ZZ filter
A technique used in NMR experiments to remove unwanted signals from the spectrum by destroying the magnetization giving rise to these signals using a pulsed filed gradient whilst the magnetization of interest is maintained in a state which is unaffected by the pulsed field gradient (ZZ-state). [CHMO]
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synonyms: AC-HAADF-STEM, abberration corrected high angular annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy, abberration-corrected high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy
A type of microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum. The beam of electrons is scattered or diffracted at high angles before reaching the specimen, and the image results from a weakening of the beam by its interaction with the sample. An annular aperture is used to select electrons that have passed through given symmetric zones within the objective lens of the microscope. The electron beam is focused using a set of magnetic lenses which removes spherical aberration (an effect where the electron beam is deflected too strongly, resulting in a blurred image). [CHMO]
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synonyms: aberration corrected high resolution transmission electron microscopy, aberration-corrected HRTEM
A type of microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum and the phase contrast between transmitted electron waves is used to produce an image. The beam is focused using a set of magnetic lenses which removes spherical aberration (an effect where the electron beam is deflected too strongly, resulting in a blurred image). [CHMO]
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synonyms: Cs-corrected TEM, aberration-corrected TEM, spherical-aberration-corrected TEM, spherical-aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy
A type of microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. The electron beam is focused using a set of magnetic lenses which removes spherical aberration (an effect where the electron beam is deflected too strongly, described by the spherical aberration coefficient 'Cs', which results in a blurred image). [CHMO]
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Definition pending. [0]
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Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: aborted, is aborted
An aborted state is a state during which a planned process has run to completion in an abnormal way and the device or service is waiting for a reset that cause the state to change to an idle state. [Allotrope]
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Abrading is a material process of scuffing, scratching, wearing down, marring, or rubbing away. [Wikipedia]
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A kind of activation analysis in which the elemental concentrations in the material are calculated from known nuclear constants, irradiation and measurement parameters, rather than by comparing with known standards. [CHMO]
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synonyms: absorbance profile
An absorbance process profile is a profile that quantifies the absorbance of a material entity over time. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: ADMR
A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels are detected by light absorption. Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves. [CHMO]
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synonyms: absorbance titration, absorption spectral titration
The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the absorbance of radiation by the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: AMS, accelerator MS, accelerator mass spectrometry, accelerator mass spectroscopy
Mass spectrometry technique in which atoms and molecules from a sample are ionized, accelerated to MeV energies and separated according to their momentum, charge, and energy, allowing high discrimination for measurement of isotope abundances. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: AMS, accelerator MS, accelerator mass spectrometry, accelerator mass spectroscopy
Mass spectrometry technique in which atoms and molecules from a sample are ionized, accelerated to MeV energies and separated according to their momentum, charge, and energy, allowing high discrimination for measurement of isotope abundances. [IUPAC]
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A non-cumulative process (event) that is non-atomic. [DOLCE]
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A dimensionality reduction technique used in multidimensional NMR experiments. A nD NMR experiment is represented in n-1 dimensions by concerted, simultaneous interrogation of two spectral dimensions. [CHMO]
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A process boundary based on some physical characteristics at the start or end of some process changing these characteristics. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: acid-digestion
The decomposition of a sample in strong acids such as nitric, sulfuric or perchloric acid in order to obtain the sample in liquid form. [CHMO]
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synonyms: acid-base titration, acid/base titration
Acid-base titration is the process of determining the quantity of a sample (an acid or base) by adding measured increments of a titrant (a base or acid) until the endpoint, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. [CHMO]
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synonyms: acid-base titration, acid/base titration
The process of determining the quantity of a sample (an acid or base) by adding measured increments of a titrant (a base or acid) until the endpoint, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. [CHMO]
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synonyms: acidimetry
The process of determining the quantity of a sample (a base) by adding measured increments of a titrant (an acid) until the endpoint, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. [CHMO]
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synonyms: acoustic drop dispensing
The dropwise release of a liquid using a focused acoustic beam to eject a controlled droplet from an open pool of liquid. When the acoustic beam strikes the liquid surface, the pressure causes the fluid to rise up and a droplet breaks off. [CHMO]
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synonyms: acoustic emission spectroscopy
A type of spectrometry where the noise generated by the movement of bubbles or particles is detected. [CHMO]
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Any process that involves preparing or exciting a material for a subsequent reaction. [OSTHUS, CHMO]
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Any process that involves preparing or exciting a material for a subsequent reaction. [CHMO]
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A kind of elemental or isotopic analysis based on the measurement of characteristic radiation from nuclides formed directly or indirectly by activation of the test portion. [CHMO]
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An activity is a process that is cumulative but not homeomeric. [Allotrope, DOLCE]
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An activity is a process that is cumulative but not homomeric. [Allotrope, DOLCE]
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synonyms: activating, starting, switching on, turning on
Actuating is the process of commencing the flow of energy, signal, or material in response to an imported control signal. [NIST]
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synonyms: addition, adding, addition (material), material addition
Adding is loading material into a container where it is combined with existing material. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: addition rate profile
An addition rate process profile is a rate process profile that is an occurent part of an material addition process. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: addition rate profile
An addition rate process profile is a rate process profile that is an occurrent part of an material addition process. [Allotrope]
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Removal of an electron from an atom, radical, or molecule in its lowest energy state, thus producing an ion in its lowest energy state. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: ASC
The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of the temperature, whilst the pressure is kept constant. Scanning rates on the order of a few mK min-1 are used and a constant power is continuously applied to (or extracted from) the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: adjustment
Adjusting is a process of slightly changing something with the purpose to achieve an agreement with a set of specifications. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: adjustment
Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: adjustment
Adjusting is a changing by altering or moving slightly. [Allotrope]
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Chromatography in which separation is based mainly on differences between the adsorption affinities of the sample components for the surface of an active solid. [CHMO]
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synonyms: AdSV, adsorptive-stripping voltammetry
An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first adsorbed onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped'. During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ASE, advanced silicon etch
The process of creating deep holes and trenches in a silicon surface using short pulses of a plasma (a partially ionized gas - usually SF6 - containing free electrons and radicals) alternating with the deposition of a chemically inert passivation layer (e.g. C4F8). [CHMO]
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synonyms: AACVD, aerosol assisted CVD, aerosol-assisted CVD, aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition, aerosol-assisted chemical vapour deposition
A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more involatile precursors, suspended in a liquid-gas aerosol (generated ultrasonically), which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. [CHMO]
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synonyms: AJD, aerosol JD
A synthesis method where an aerosol containing precursors is projected onto a surface, resulting in a deposit. [CHMO]
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synonyms: aerosol process, aerosol processing
A method for the synthesis of solid particles from an aerosol. The desired solid particles are suspended in a liquid, which is heated to 275-330 deg. C under pressure and passed through an orifice so that an aerosol forms. The particles in the aerosol are polymerised by partial evaporation of the solvent. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ASES
A technique where a solid sample is dissolved in a common (organic or inorganic) solvent, mixed with a supercritical fluid and sprayed into an autoclave. This leads to the reduction in solubility of the solid and precipitation. [CHMO]
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synonyms: affinity purification, bioaffinity chromatography
A method of separating biochemical mixtures based on a highly specific interaction such as that between antigen and antibody, enzyme and substrate, or receptor and ligand. [Allotrope]
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An electrophoresis method where the separation medium has specific interactions with the analytes. [CHMO]
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The selective sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') from a liquid sample containing a ligand and a target protein. The precipitate evolves after the application of a suitable stimulus (e.g. Ca2+ or Ba2+). [CHMO]
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A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium consisting of agarose gel, across which an electric field is applied. [CHMO]
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synonyms: aggregating data, data aggregation, collecting data
A data processing that assigns some data to a collection. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: age hardening, dispersion hardening, precipitate ageing, precipitation hardening
Any time-dependent change of the properties of a precipitate e.g. loss of water or growth of crystals as a result of prolonged heat treatment. [CHMO]
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Air cooling is a type of sample cooling using gaseous air. [Allotrope]
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A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a high-boiling-point sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat at low pressure and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. The vacuum is replaced by an inert gas once the distillation is complete. [CHMO]
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synonyms: alkalimetry
The process of determining the quantity of a sample (an acid) by adding measured increments of a titrant (a base) until the endpoint, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. [CHMO]
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synonyms: APXS, alpha X-ray spectrometry, alpha X-ray spectroscopy, alpha-X-ray emission spectrometry, alpha-X-ray emission spectroscopy, alpha-X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, alpha-X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, alpha-X-ray spectrometry, alpha-X-ray spectroscopy, alpha-particle X-ray emission spectrometry, alpha-particle X-ray emission spectroscopy, alpha-particle X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, alpha-particle X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, alpha-particle X-ray spectrometry
A type of X-ray emission spectroscopy where the sample is irradiated with alpha-particles and the energies of the backscattered alpha-particles and X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions are measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: alpha scattering, alpha-scattering
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered alpha-particles. [CHMO]
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synonyms: alpha spectroscopy, alpha-particle spectrometry
A type of spectrometry where the alpha-particles (or 4He nuclei) spontaneously emitted from radioisotopes are detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: AC force spectroscopy, AC-modulated force spectroscopy, ac mode force spectroscopy, ac-mode force spectroscopy, alternating-current force spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where an atomic force microscope is used to measure the force experienced by a sample. The method involves the application of a small sinusoidal oscillating force to the tip via a magnetic field created by a conducting coil which interacts with a magnetic particle glued on the backside of the cantilever and measuring the change in amplitude during the approach and retraction of the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: AC-IS, AC-impedance spectrometry, AC-impedance spectroscopy, ACIS, Ac-impedance spectrometry, Ac-impedance spectroscopy, ac-impedance spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of a sample during excitation with an alternating-current voltage is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: AC polarography, AC-polarography, alternating-current polarography
An electrochemical technique where the alternating current (ac) component of the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the ac potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. [CHMO]
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synonyms: AC dielectrophoresis, a.c. dielectrophoresis, ac dielectrophoresis, alternating current dielectrophoresis, alternating current dielectrophoretic analysis
A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their dielectrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium, across which an alternating electric field is applied. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Al metalization, Al metallisation, Al metallization, aluminium metallization, aluminum metalization
The deposition of a layer of aluminium on a substrate (usually to provide electrical contacts in devices). A number of techniques may be used for metallization including evaporation and sputter coating. [CHMO]
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Desorption of molecules and formation of ions outside the mass spectrometer directly from samples in their native environment with no or minimal sample preparation. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Desorption of molecules and formation of ions outside the mass spectrometer directly from samples in their native environment with no or minimal sample preparation. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: ambient mass spectrometry
Any mass spectrometry technique where the sample is ionized at low or ambient temperature. [CHMO]
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synonyms: amperometric method
An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled. [CHMO]
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synonyms: controlled current coulometry, controlled-current coulometry
An electrochemical technique where the total Coulombs of electricity required to complete (fully oxidise or fully reduce the sample in) an electrochemical reaction is measured whilst the current is held at a constant value. [CHMO]
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synonyms: AM-AFM, amplitude modulation AFM, amplitude modulation atomic force microscopy, amplitude-modulation AFM
A type of microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. The tip oscillates, intermittently touching or tapping the surface. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between oscillation amplitude or phase of the tip and the surface during scanning, which is performed under ultra-high vacuum conditions. [CHMO]
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synonyms: analysis, analyte assay
An assay with the objective to capture information about the presence, concentration or amount of an analyte in the evaluand. [OBI]
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synonyms: analysis, analyte assay
An assay with the objective to capture information about the presence, concentration or amount of an analyte in the evaluant. [OBI]
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synonyms: calibration
Analyte calibration is producing a calibration curve from measurements of known amounts of analyte that will be used as measurement function for the measurement of unknown amounts of analytes. [Allotrope]
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A separation method where components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density in a centrifuge according to the centrifugal force they experience. During centrifugation the sample can be monitored in real time through an optical detection system or using ultraviolet light absorption. [CHMO]
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The characterization, in an inert atmosphere, of a material or a chemical process by a chemical degradation reaction induced by thermal energy. [CHMO]
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The measurement of the enthalpy change during chemical reaction in order to determine quantitative values of a reactant or catalyst. In general, at least one reactant is a liquid or solution. [CHMO]
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Technique used to investigate details of the collisional excitation process by studying trends relating scattering angle of the precursor ion, internal energy transferred, and the masses of the ion and its collision partner. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Technique used to investigate details of the collisional excitation process by studying trends relating scattering angle of the precursor ion, internal energy transferred, and the masses of the ion and its collision partner. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: ARXPS, angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with X-rays causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, which are detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]
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A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation which is detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ARE2E, angle-resolved E2E, angle-resolved electron-electron coincidence spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of a pair of electrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]
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synonyms: AREEICO, angle-resolved electron-electron ion coincidence spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of an ion and a pair of electrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]
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synonyms: AIRES, angle-resolved ion-electron spectrometry, angle-resolved ion-electron spectroscopy
Any type of spectroscopy where ion bombardment of a sample results in the ionization of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ARPEFS, ARPEFSS, ARPES spectrometry, ARPES spectroscopy, angle-resolved photoelectron extended fine structure spectrometry, angle-resolved photoemission extended fine structure spectrometry, angle-resolved photoemission extended fine structure spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. The spectrum is recorded over an extended energy range, from the photon absorption edge onset to several hundred eV above it. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ARP, ARPES, ARPS, angle-resolved photoelectron spectrometry, angle-resolved photoemission spectrometry, angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]
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synonyms: angle-resolved resonance Auger electron spectrometry, angle-resolved resonance Auger electron spectroscopy, angle-resolved resonant Auger electron spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionization of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The wavelength of the incident photons is scanned over an absorption edge in the sample and the Auger electrons emitted are detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]
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synonyms: angle-resolved resonant X-ray emission spectrometry, angle-resolved resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy, angular-resolved resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy
A method for determining structure by measuring the energy loss of X-rays scattered by a sample as a function of emission angle, where the incident X-ray energy is chosen to coincide with an electronic transition in the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ARSES, angle-resolved secondary electron spectrometry, angular resolved secondary electron spectrometry, angular resolved secondary electron spectroscopy
Any type of spectroscopy where primary electrons interact with a sample and the electrons emitted as a result of the interaction (secondary electrons) are detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]
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synonyms: angle-resolved synchotron radiation photoelectron spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray-ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]
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synonyms: UVAIUPES, UVAIUPS, UVARUPES, UVARUPS, angle-integrated ultra-violet photoelectron spectrometry, angle-integrated ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy, angle-integrated ultra-violet photoemission spectrometry, angle-integrated ultraviolet photoelectron spectrometry, angle-integrated ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, angle-integrated ultraviolet photoemission spectrometry, angle-integrated ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy, angle-resolved ultra-violet photoelectron spectrometry, angle-resolved ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy, angle-resolved ultra-violet photoemission spectrometry, angle-resolved ultra-violet photoemission spectroscopy, angle-resolved ultraviolet photoelectron spectrometry, angle-resolved ultraviolet photoemission spectrometry, angle-resolved ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with ultraviolet (10-400 nm) photons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, which are detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ADAS, ARAES, angle-resolved Auger electron spectrometry, angle-resolved Auger electron spectroscopy, angular dependent Auger spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionization of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]
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synonyms: angular velocity profile
An angular velocity process profile is a quality process profile of how fast an object rotates or revolves relative to another point. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: AEX, anion chromatography, anion exchange chromatography
Column chromatography where anions are retained by positively charged functional groups in the stationary phase. [CHMO]
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synonyms: wet anisotropic etching
The process of using strong acids/alkalis to remove a thin layer of the unprotected parts of a sample surface (e.g. metal or silicon) to create a pattern. Anisotropic etching occurs when different etch rates are observed in different directions in the sample (e.g. for different crystal faces). [CHMO]
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A heat treatment that alters the microstructure of a material causing changes in its properties such as strength and hardness. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ADF-STEM
A type of microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum. The beam of electrons is scattered or diffracted before reaching the specimen, and the image results from a weakening of the beam by its interaction with the sample. An annular aperture is used to select electrons that have passed through given symmetric zones within the objective lens of the microscope. [CHMO]
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Anodic mobilization is a specialized form of electrophoretic separation of proteins and ampholytes based on their net charge, separation is achieved by the use of pH changes in the buffer with the addition of salt to the buffer resulting in excess nonproton cations. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: ASP
An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by re-oxidation using either oxidants in the sample or by applying a small constant current, or a combination of both. During removal the time-dependence of the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ASV
An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by applying an oxidising potential. During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. [CHMO]
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An eletrochemical process that increases the thickness of the oxide layer on the surface of a metal sample in order to make it less reactive. Anodization proceeds by passing a direct current through an electrolytic solution, with the sample serving as the anode. [CHMO]
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synonyms: AXD, AXS, X-ray anomalous dispersion, X-ray anomalous scattering, anomalous X-ray dispersion
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in phase of X-rays scattered by a sample. Normally incident X-rays continue in the same phase after encountering the scatterer. However, if the energy of the incident X-rays is at or above the absorption edge of the scatterer, a phase shift occurs. [CHMO]
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synonyms: AWAXS, anomalous wide angle X-ray scattering
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample at wide angles (>10 deg.). The wavelength of the X-rays used is scanned over an absorption edge which changes the scattering in a known way (the 'anomalous dispersion effect'). [CHMO]
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synonyms: s-SNOM, S-NSOM, aNSOM, aSNOM, apertureless scanning near-field optical microscopy, scattering type apertureless near-field scanning optical microscopy, scattering type apertureless scanning near-field optical microscopy, scattering type near-field scanning optical microscopy, scattering type scanning near-field optical microscopy
A type of microscopy where a laser spot is focused on a solid sharp metallic probe producing a confined light field very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the scattering of the incident light by the probe as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. [CHMO]
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synonyms: APS, appearance potential spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by the appearance of relaxation products (Auger electrons or X-rays) or by a change in the electron beam current. [CHMO]
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An approval state is a state where information content such as a specification is allowed or is suitable by an authority for a purpose or in a context. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: approval, approval process
Approving is agreeing to a proposition or accepting something as satisfactory towards an set objective. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: APR, aqueous phase reforming
The reaction of biomass-derived oxygenated compounds (e.g. glycerol) in aqueous solution at low temperature in the presence of a platinum catalyst to produce hydrogen. [CHMO]
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synonyms: arc discharge method, arc method, arc-evaporation of graphite, dc arc-discharge method, direct current arc-discharge method, direct-current arc-discharge method
A method for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes where a direct-current arc voltage is applied across two graphite electrodes immersed in an inert gas such as He. When pure graphite rods are used, fullerenes are deposited as soot inside the chamber, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes are deposited on the cathode. When a graphite anode containing a metal catalyst (Fe or Co) is used with a pure graphite cathode single-walled carbon nanotubes are generated in the form of soot. [CHMO]
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synonyms: sum peak picking
Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: sum peak picking
Height peak picking is a peak picking by reporting the area defined by all raw data points. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: area profile
A volume process profile is a quality process profile that tracks some area. [Allotrope]
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Area scanning is scanning at positions defined by a two-dimensional pattern over an area. [Allotrope].
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Area scanning is scanning at positions defined by a two-dimensional pattern over an area. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: argentimetric titration
Argentometric titration is a process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by the observing the precipitation of silver compounds following the addition of silver nitrate. [CHMO]
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synonyms: argentimetric titration
The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by the observing the precipitation of silver compounds following the addition of silver nitrate. [CHMO]
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synonyms: AID
A detection method where metastable Ar atoms are used to ionize the sample, which is held in a carrier gas. The resulting electrons are focused toward a collector electrode and the current is measured. [CHMO]
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The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample with an Ar plasma (a partially ionized gas containing free electrons) until the particles adhere to each other. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Ar-PDPID, Ar/PDPID, argon pulse discharge photoionisation detection, argon pulse discharge photoionization detection, argon pulsed discharge photoionisation detection, argon pulsed discharge photoionization detection, argon pulsed-discharge photoionisation detection, argon pulsed-discharge photoionization detection
A detection method where a DC voltage pulse is passed through argon gas generating high-energy (13.5-17.5 eV) photons which photoionize the elements in the sample mixture, and the current generated by this ionization is measured. [CHMO]
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Arrival is the archivement of reaching the destination site in a moving process. [Allotrope]
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Arrival is the achievement of reaching the destination site in a moving process. [Allotrope]
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Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: aspiration
Aspirating is the process of sample preparation that is to draw an amount of a liquid by suction and then expel the liquid. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: analysis, measurement method
A planned process with the objective to produce information about the material entity that is the evaluant, by physically examining it or its proxies. [OBI]
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synonyms: analysis, measurement method
A planned process with the objective to produce information about the material entity that is the evaluand, by physically examining it or its proxies. [OBI]
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Assay preparation is the planned process of preparing an assay that produces information about the material entity that is the evaluand, by physically examining it or its proxies. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: assembly
The process of fitting device components together to form a system. [Allotrope]
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Assessing is evaluating or estimating a quality or behavior. [Allotrope]
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Definition pending. [0]
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Assigning is the producing of an assignment that asserts some relation between entities. [Allotrope]
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Assigning is the producing of an assigment that asserts some relation between entities. [Allotrope]
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Ionization process in which two atoms or molecules, one or both of which is in an excited state, react to form a single positive ion and an electron. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Ionization process in which two atoms or molecules, one or both of which is in an excited state, react to form a single positive ion and an electron. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: APCI
Chemical ionization that takes place at atmospheric pressure as opposed to the reduced pressure is normally used for chemical ionization. [PSI-MS]
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synonyms: APGD, APGDI
An ionization method when the sample is ionized, at atmospheric pressure, in a plasma (a partially ionized gas - such as Ar - containing free electrons) which has been generated by passing an electrical discharge between two electrodes. [CHMO]
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synonyms: API
Any ionization process in which ions are formed in the gas phase at atmospheric pressure. [PSI-MS]
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synonyms: AP MALDI
Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization in which the sample target is at atmospheric pressure and the ions formed by the pulsed laser are sampled through a small aperture into the mass spectrometer. [PSI-MS]
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synonyms: APPI
Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization in which the reactant ions are generated by photo-ionization. [PSI-MS]
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synonyms: APPI MS, APPI-MS, APPIMS, atmospheric pressure photoionisation mass spectroscopy, atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is irradiated with an ultraviolet laser at atmospheric pressure. The sample absorbs one or more photons resulting in ionization. [CHMO]
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synonyms: APCVD, atmospheric pressure CVD, atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition, atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition, atmospheric-pressure CVD
A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, at atmospheric pressure, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. [CHMO]
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synonyms: APLI
Atmospheric pressure laser ionization is an atmospheric pressure ionization method for mass spectrometry (MS). Laser light in the UV range is used to ionize molecules in a resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) process. It is a selective and sensitive ionization method for aromatic and polyaromatic compounds. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: APLI-MS, APLI/MS, atmospheric-pressure laser induced mass spectrometry, atmospheric-pressure laser ionisation mass spectroscopy, atmospheric-pressure laser ionization mass spectroscopy
Mass spectrometry using atmospheric-pressure laser ionization. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: AP FIM, AP field ionisation microscopy, AP field ionization microscopy, AP field-ion microscopy, AP field-ionisation microscopy, AP field-ionization microscopy, AP-FIM, AP/FIM, APFIM, atom probe field ionisation microscopy, atom probe field ionization microscopy, atom probe field-ion microscopy, atom probe field-ionisation microscopy, atom probe field-ionization microscopy, atom-probe field-ion microscopy
A type of microscopy where atoms in the vicinty of the specimen (which is in the form of a very sharp tip <10 m diameter) are ionized by the application of a strong electric field to the tip and an image is produced by the projection of the ions onto a fluorescent screen. The image consists of a pattern of spots of light which correspond to individual atoms on the specimen surface. When a sudden voltage pulse is applied to the tip, atoms from the surface of the specimen itself are be ejected and travel down a drift tube where their arrival time (a measure of the mass of the atom) can be determined. This allows the atomic composition of the specimen to be determined. [CHMO]
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A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered atoms. [CHMO]
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synonyms: GD-AAS, GDAAS, atomic absorption glow-discharge spectrometry, glow discharge atomic absorption spectrometry, glow discharge atomic absorption spectroscopy
A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas) is used to atomise the sample before it absorbs ultra-violet or visible light atoms at characteristic wavelengths. [CHMO]
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synonyms: AAS, atomic absorption spectrometry
A type of atomic spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with ultraviolet or visible light which is absorbed by the non-excited atoms at characteristic wavelengths. [CHMO]
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synonyms: AED, atomic-emission detection
A detection method that is sensitive to individual elements. The sample is atomised and excited by an excitation source and the characteristic radiation emitted by the atoms in the sample is then detected using a photodiode array. [CHMO]
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synonyms: AES, OES, atomic emission spectrometry, optical emission spectrometry, optical emission spectroscopy
A type of atomic spectroscopy where the atoms in the sample are excited and the emission of electromagnetic radiation at characteristic wavelengths is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: AFS, atomic fluorescence spectrometry
Any type of atomic spectroscopy where an atom absorbs then spontaneously emits a photon. [CHMO]
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synonyms: AFMIR, atomic force microscopy infrared microscopy
The simultaneous collection of AFM topography data and spatially-resolved IR spectra by measuring the IR absorption via transient deformation of the AFM cantilever induced by an infrared pulsed laser (tuned to a wavelength that corresponds to a vibrational absorbing wavelength in the specimen) as a function of AFM tip position. [CHMO]
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synonyms: AFM, SFM, atomic force imaging, atomic-force microscopy, scanning force microscopy
A type of microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ALCVD, atomic layer CVD, atomic-layer CVD, atomic-layer chemical vapor deposition, atomic-layer chemical vapour deposition
A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a monolayer deposit. The surface reaction is self-limiting resulting in a nanometre thickness of film. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ALD, atomic-layer deposition
A thin film deposition technique based on the sequential reaction of gaseous precursors at a surface to produce a monolayer. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ALE, atomic-layer epitaxy
A synthesis method that consists of depositing alternating monolayers of two elements onto a substrate. The deposition is self-limiting and is completed when all available chemisorption sites are occupied. Film thickness is controlled by the number of precursor cycles. [CHMO]
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synonyms: atomic spectrometry
Any spectroscopic technique which is based upon the ability of atoms to absorb or emit electromagnetic radiation. In atomic spectroscopy the sample is vaporised and then atomised. [CHMO]
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synonyms: atomisation
The conversion of a vaporized sample into atomic components. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy, ATR FT-IR spectroscopy, ATR FTIR spectroscopy, ATR-FTIR, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, FTIR-ATR, Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infra-red , Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infra-red spectroscopy, Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infrared , Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy , Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy, attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infra-red, Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infrared
A type of spectroscopy where infrared light is introduced into a prism at an angle exceeding the critical angle for internal reflection. This produces an evanescent wave at the reflecting surface (a surface which is transparent to infrared such as thallium bromide) on which the sample is supported. The distortion of the evanescent wave by the sample is measured producing a spectrum which is then subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ATR spectrometry, ATR spectroscopy, ATR-IR, ATR-IR spectrometry, ATR-IR spectroscopy, ATR/IR, ATR/IRS, IRS, MIRS, attenuated total reflectance infra-red spectroscopy, attenuated total reflectance spectrometry, internal reflection spectrometry, internal reflection spectroscopy, multiple internal reflection spectrometry, multiple internal reflection spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where infrared light is introduced into a prism at an angle exceeding the critical angle for internal reflection. This produces an evanescent wave at the reflecting surface (a surface which is transparent to infrared such as thallium bromide) on which the sample is supported, and the distortion of the evanescent wave by the sample is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ATR spectrometry, ATR spectroscopy, ATR-IR, ATR-IR spectrometry, ATR-IR spectroscopy, ATR/IR, ATR/IRS, IRS, MIRS, attenuated total reflectance infra-red spectroscopy, attenuated total reflectance spectrometry, internal reflection spectrometry, internal reflection spectroscopy, multiple internal reflection spectrometry, multiple internal reflection spectroscopy
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synonyms: keeping close
A spatial change state the decreases the spatial distance at the end. [Allotrope]
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The formation of a neutral when a negative ion in a discrete state with an energy greater than the detachment threshold loses an electron spontaneously without further interaction with an energy source. [PSI-MS]
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The formation of a neutral when a negative ion in a discrete state with an energy greater than the detachment threshold loses an electron spontaneously without further interaction with an energy source. [IUPAC]
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The formation of an ion when an atom or molecule in a discrete state with an energy greater than the ionization threshold loses an electron spontaneously without further interaction with an energy source. [PSI-MS]
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The formation of an ion when an atom or molecule in a discrete state with an energy greater than the ionization threshold loses an electron spontaneously without further interaction with an energy source. [IUPAC]
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The application of a mathematical operation to both the real and imaginary parts of the complex numbers represented by the FID recorded as the sample magnetisation vector relaxes from its excited state vector back to its equilibrium bulk magnetisation population as adjusted by automated algorithms in the data acquisition or processing software. [Allotrope]
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The cleavage of one or more bonds in a radioactive material resulting directly or indirectly from its own radioactive decay. [CHMO]
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A process executed by an autosampler. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: ATR
The reaction of hydrocarbons with oxygen and carbon dioxide at 950-1100 deg. C to form syngas. [CHMO]
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Averaging is the calculation of a mean statistic or a temporal average value. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: Averaging is a data aggregation by calculating the mean on the member over a data set. [Allotrope]
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Ejection of an ion from an ion trap in a direction parallel to the longitudinal axis of the trap. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Ejection of an ion from an ion trap in a direction parallel to the longitudinal axis of the trap. [IUPAC]
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Technique used in Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometers to limit the translational motion of the trapped ions so that they occupy a small volume near the trap center, thus optimizing performance criteria including resolving power. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Technique used in Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometers to limit the translational motion of the trapped ions so that they occupy a small volume near the trap center, thus optimizing performance criteria including resolving power. [IUPAC]
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A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. An azeotrope (a mixture of two or more liquids which produces vapor with the same ratio of constituents as the original mixture) cannot be separated by normal distillation, therefore an additional third component (known as an 'entrainer') is added to the mixture. This has the effect of changing the volatility of one of liquids in the azeotrope to a greater extent than the other, allowing separation to occur. [CHMO]
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synonyms: APD, APED, azimuthal-photoelectron diffraction
A method for determining structure during photoelectron spectroscopy. Photons are directed at a sample and diffraction patterns resulting from the emission of electrons are determined as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]
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Background correction is a data transformation designed to remove irrelevant contributions from the measured signal, e.g. those due to instrument noise or sample preparation. [BAO]
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Background measurement is the process of determination of the base level of signals without presence of a sample. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: back pressure within spec, back pressure within specification
A backpressure check is a software check performed during device under test to confirm the back pressure system is within the instrument input specification. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: backscattering near-field optical microscopy, back-scattering SNIM, back-scattering SNOM, back-scattering near-field optical microscopy, back-scattering s-SNOM, back-scattering-based SNIM, back-scattering-type near-field optical microscopy, backscattering SNIM, backscattering SNOM, backscattering s-SNOM, backscattering-based SNIM, backscattering-type near-field optical microscopy, infrared scattering SNOM
A type of microscopy where a laser is focused to a diffraction-limited spot size onto an oscillating AFM tip close to the surface of the specimen. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the backscattered light from the tip as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. [CHMO]
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synonyms: zeroing
Zeroing is the process of taring the balance without a weight on the weight pan to check if the balance meets the minimum tare range. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: zeroing
Zeroing is the process of taring the balance without a weight on the weight pan to check if the balance meets the minimum tare range. [Amgen]
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The mechanical reduction of the particle size of a solid sample by grinding with one or more inert balls (ceramic, flint, or stainless steel, 2-8 mm diameter) rotating around a horizontal axis. [CHMO]
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synonyms: barrel sputtering, barrel-sputtering
A synthesis technique where a solid target is bombarded with energetic ions (e.g. Ar+) causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate. The substrate is held in a barrel which is swung from side-to-side to ensure even deposition. [CHMO]
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synonyms: alkali digestion
The decompositon of a sample in strong alkalis (e.g. NaOH) to obtain the sample in liquid form. [CHMO]
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Baseline determination is a data transformation that calculates or assigns a baseline to a curve. [Allotrope]
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A process of removal of varying intensities generated due to variable energy absorption before further processing can take place. Baseline reduction facilitates meaningful comparison between intensities of m/z values. [PSI-MS]
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A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. Distillation is completed before more sample mixture is added. [CHMO]
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synonyms: batch-injection enthalpimetry, direct-injection calorimetry, direct-injection enthalpimetry
The measurement of the enthalpy change during a chemical reaction in order to measure the amount of the imiting reagent. [CHMO]
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The beam path is a data object that describes the pathway of the X-ray beam from the X-ray tube to the sample and to the detector. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: beta spectrometry, beta spectroscopy, beta-particle spectrometry, β-particle spectrometry, β-particle spectroscopy
Any type of spectroscopy where the beta-particles spontaneously emitted from radioisotopes are detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: BIRD, bilinear rotation decoupling
A pulse cluster (a spin echo on 1H with inversion of 13C in the centre) used to achieve selective inversion of 12C-bound protons, thus achieving the removal of signals due to 12C-bound nuclei. For the pulse sequence see Chem. Phys. Lett., (1982), 93, pg 504. [CHMO]
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A binding affinity assay is a biological measurement method examining the binding of ligand molecules to some medium. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: BLI
Bio-layer interferometry (BLI) is a label-free technology for measuring biomolecular interactions within the sample. It is an optical analytical technique that analyzes the interference pattern of white light reflected from two surfaces: a layer of immobilized protein on the biosensor tip, and an internal reference layer. Any change in the number of molecules bound to the biosensor tip causes a shift in the interference pattern that can be measured in real-time. [Wikipedia]
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A bioassay is an analytical method to determine concentration or potency of a substance by its effect on living cells or tissues. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: bioprocess, bioprocessing, biotechnology processing
A biochemical processing is chemical processing that involve biological organisms or molecules, such as bioreactors. [Wikipedia, OSTHUS]
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synonyms: bioprocess, bioprocessing, biotechnology processing
A biochemical processing is chemical processing that involve biological organisms or molecules, such as bioreactors. [Wikipedia, Allotrope]
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synonyms: bioprocess, bioprocessing, biotechnology processing
A biochemical processing is chemical processing that involve biological organisms or molecules, such as bioreactors. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: bio-electrochemical analysis, bio-electrochemical method, bioelectrochemical method
The use of an electrochemical cell to measure a qualitative or quantitative response for a biological system. [CHMO]
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The determination of the relative strength of a substance (e.g., a drug or hormone or toxicant) by comparing its effect on a test organism with that of a standard preparation. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: BRET
A method for determining the distance between molecules using an energy transfer between two chromophores (a donor and an acceptor) in close proximity (typically <10 nm) via a nonradiative, long-range dipole-dipole coupling mechanism. Energy transfer usually occurs between a luciferase (donor) and a green fluorescent protein (acceptor). The luciferase is bioluminescent therefore external illumination is not required. [CHMO]
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synonyms: BIRD
A special case of infrared multiphoton dissociation wherein excitation of the reactant ion is caused by absorption of infrared photons radiating from heated blackbody surroundings, which are usually the walls of a vacuum chamber. See also infrared multiphoton dissociation. [PSI-MS]
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A synthesis technique involving the transfer of a nanosized pattern to a material using a micelle solution of a block copolymer. A glass or silicon substrate is dipped into the solution, retrieved, and the solvent is allowed to evaporate in air. A plasma treatment (O2, H2 or Ar) is performed to remove the polymer shell leaving a pattern. [CHMO]
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A state of keeping two materials topologically disconnected by a separation medium. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: ABG, BGA, arterial blood gas, blood gas measurement
Blood gas analysis is the process of analyzing amount of dissolved gases in a blood sample. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: ABG, BGA, arterial blood gas, blood gas measurement
Blood gas analysis is the process of analyzing properties of a blood sample such as pH, dissolved oxygen and dissolved carbondioxide. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: blood measurement
A measurement of the blood, it's contents, cells or other factors contained within the blood. [CMO]
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The removal of solvent from a sample by the application of an inert gas or air. [CHMO]
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synonyms: blow forming
A process for shaping pliable thermoplastic or thermosetting plastics using a rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The plastic is heated and shaped into a tube then a pressurized gas, usually air, is used to expand the plastic and press it against the mould. [CHMO]
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synonyms: BN-PAGE, blue native PAGE, blue-native PAGE
A separation method where protein molecules move at different speeds, in non-denaturing conditions, according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of polyacrylamide gel, across which an electric field is applied. The dye Coomassie blue is used to transfer charge to the protein. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 2D blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, blue native 2D PAGE, two-dimensional blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
A two-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are both blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis protein molecules move at different speeds, in non-denaturing conditions, according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of polyacrylamide gel, across which an electric field is applied. The dye Coomassie blue is used to transfer charge to the protein. [CHMO]
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synonyms: bomb-digestion
The decomposition of a sample in strong acids such as nitric, sulfuric or perchloric acid in a sealed vessel (lined with PTFE), under high pressure and high temperature, in order to obtain the sample in liquid form. [CHMO]
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synonyms: disconnecting
The process of causing a flow to no longer be topologically connected. [NIST]
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synonyms: breath-figure templating, BF method, breath figure method, breath figure templating, breath figure-driven templating, breath-figure method
The method of using hexagonally-packed water microspheres as templates for the fabrication of microporous polymer films. [CHMO]
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synonyms: BIS, bremsstrahlung isochromat spectrometry, bremsstrahlung spectrometry, bremsstrahlung spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation. [CHMO]
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synonyms: bright field microscopy, bright-field optical microscopy, transmitted light microscopy, transmitted-light microscopy
A type of microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with light transmitted from a source on the opposite side of the specimen from the objective. [CHMO]
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synonyms: BF-STEM, bright field scanning transmission electron microscopy
A type of microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum. The beam of electrons passes directly through an aperture before reaching the specimen. The image results from a weakening of the direct beam by its interaction with the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: BF-TEM, bright field TEM, bright field transmission electron microscopy, bright-field TEM
A type of microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV. under vacuum. The beam of electrons passes directly through an aperture before reaching the specimen. The image results from a weakening of the direct beam by its interaction with the sample. [CHMO]
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All nuclei of a specified isotope are unselectively irradiated with an RF pulse. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: bulb to bulb distillation
A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture under reduced pressure. As a small quantity of the sample mixture is heated using several glass bulbs connected in line, its vapours rise a short distance into a vertical condenser where they are cooled by dry ice in acetone (-78 deg.C). [CHMO]
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A densitometry of bulk material that includes the contribution of the interparticulate void volume. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: calcining
The heating of a sample to high temperatures in air or oxygen. [CHMO]
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synonyms: computation, computing
A calculation is a process by which a data transformation technique that involves problem solving for numbers or quantities is performed. [Allotrope]
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Operation that, under specified conditions, in a first step, establishes a relation between the quantity values with measurement uncertainties provided by measurement standards and corresponding indications with associated measurement uncertainties (of the calibrated instrument or secondary standard) and, in a second step, uses this information to establish a relation for obtaining a measurement result from an indication. [BIPM]
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Calibration is the comparison of measurement values delivered by a device under test with those of a calibration standard of known accuracy. [Wikipedia]
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Definition pending. [0]
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A single point of a calibration where one or multiple test points are used. [Allotrope]
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A single point of a calibration where one or multiple test points are used. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: reference profile
A calibration reference profile is a process profile with a known, repeatable temporal pattern, that is a reference for calibration of a time or rate measurement device. [Allotrope]
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The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point is reached. The titration performed in a calorimeter which produces a plot of heat change vs. volume of titrant. [CHMO]
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synonyms: enthalpimetric analysis, enthalpimetry
A measurement in which heat is measured as some chemical reaction or physical process occurs. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: enthalpimetric analysis, enthalpimetry
The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CDI, capacitive desalination, electrochemical demineralization, electrosorb process for desalination of water, electrosorption of salt ions
Capacitive deionization is a technology to deionize water by applying an electrical potential difference over two porous carbon electrodes. Anions, ions with a negative charge, are removed from the water and are stored in the positively polarized electrode. Likewise, cations (positive charge) are stored in the cathode, which is the negatively polarized electrode. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: CCP AES, CCP-AES, capacitively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a plasma generated by a potential difference between two electrodes, one of which is grounded and one of which is live. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ACE, CAE
An electrophoresis method which takes place in a capillary where the separation medium has specific interactions with the analytes. [CHMO]
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A capillary array electrophoresis uses many capillaries at the same time allowing many analyses at the same time. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: capillary regeneration
Process by which the material of the capillary is treated to result in a uniform charge throughout the surface. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: CEC
Electrokinetic chromatography where the movement of the mobile phase through a capillary is achieved by electroosmotic flow. The retention time is determined by a combination of electrophoretic migration and chromatographic retention. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CZE, capillary zone electrophoresis
A capillary electrophoresis is an electrophoresis which takes place in a capillary. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CZE, capillary zone electrophoresis
An electrophoresis method which takes place in a capillary. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CFL
A process for shaping pliable thermoplastic polymers. An elastomeric mould is placed on a polymer that has been spin-coated onto a substrate. The system is then heated above the glass transition temperature of the polymer. Capillary force allows the polymer melt to fill up the void space between the polymer and the mould. After cooling to ambient temperature, the mould is removed, generating the negative replica of the mould pattern. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CGE, gel CE
A separation method that takes place in a capillary and where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium consisting of gel, across which an electric field is applied. [CHMO]
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synonyms: capillary HPLC, capillary high performance liquid chromatography, capillary high pressure liquid chromatography, capillary high-pressure liquid chromatography, capillary-HPLC
Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles held in a tube of diameter less than a millimeter, and the inlet pressure is relatively high. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CIEF, capillary isoelectric focussing
An electrophoresis method for the separation of amphoteric analytes according to their isolectric points by the application of an electric field along a pH gradient in a capillary. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CITP
An electrophoresis method in a capillary containing a discontinuous buffer system where the analytes migrate according to their electrophoretic mobilities, forming a chain of adjacent zones moving with equal velocity between two solutions, the leading and terminating electrolytes, bracketing the mobility range of the analytes. [CHMO]
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synonyms: cap-LC, capLC
Chromatography which takes place in a separation capillary and where the mobile phase is a liquid. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CME, capillary microextraction
The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the liquid sample through a small fused-silica capillary. [CHMO]
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synonyms: capillary flushing
Capillary rinsing is the process to rinse a solution under defined conditions through the capillary. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: CSE
An electrophoresis method that takes place in a capillary and where the separation medium contains a reticulated system, for example an entangled polymer network, that further separates the analytes according to their size and shape. [CHMO]
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The determination of the viscosity of a fluid by measuring the time a defined volume of fluid requires to flow through a capillary tube of a specific length and width. [CHMO]
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synonyms: carbo reduction, carboreduction
A process in which a metal oxide is reduced in the presence of carbon or a carbon-containing compound. [CHMO]
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Any method used to synthesise carbon nanotubes. [CHMO]
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synonyms: C, H, N analysis, C, H, N elemental analysis, C,H,N analysis, CHN analysis
A type of elemental analysis accomplished by combustion of the sample at 1200 deg. C in a stream of unreactive gas and excess oxygen and collection of the products (CO2, H2O and NOx). The masses of these combustion products can be used to calculate the composition of the unknown sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CELIV, CELIV method, carrier extraction by linearly increasing voltage, charge-carrier extraction in a linearly increasing voltage
A method for measuring charge carrier mobilities and conductivities by applying two sequentional triangular-shaped voltage pulses and measuring the resulting current. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CEPV, carrier extraction using pulsed voltage, charge-carrier extraction using pulsed voltage
A method for measuring charge carrier mobilities and conductivities by applying two sequentional square-shaped voltage pulses and measuring the resulting current. [CHMO]
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synonyms: carrying
Carrying is a state where a material entity, the carrier, supports the state of moving or keeping in place of another material or information. [Allotrope]
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Catalymetric titration is he process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point is reached. The titration involves a catalyst, and the end-point is detected by the sudden increase or decrease in the rate of a reaction. [CHMO]
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The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point is reached. The titration involves a catalyst, and the end-point is detected by the sudden increase or decrease in the rate of a reaction. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CIEEL , catalysed chemiluminescence, catalyzed chemiluminescence, chemically initiated electron exchange luminescence, chemically-initiated electron exchange luminescence
The detection of luminescence resulting from a thermal electron-transfer reaction. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CCD
A detection method that is sensitive to compounds containing C-H bonds. An electric current is passed through a tiny coil of platinum wire embedded in a catalytic ceramic bead (heated to 500 deg. C by the coil). A flow of air carries the sample to the bed and when a hydrogen or a hydrocarbon molecule impacts the hot coil, it combusts on the surface raising the temperature and resistance of the platinum wire. The resistance change is then measured. [CHMO]
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The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy in the presence of a catalyst. [CHMO]
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Any process in which the molecular structure of a hydrocarbon is rearranged to alter its properties (e.g. its combustion characteristics) in the presence of a catalyst and under a high pressure of H2 gas. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CSR
The reaction of hydrocarbons with steam at high temperature (700-1000 deg. C) in the presence of a nickel catalyst, in order to produce hydrogen. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ethanol steam reforming
The reaction of ethanol with steam at high temperature (700-1000 deg. C) in the presence of a nickel catalyst, in order to produce hydrogen. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CSRM, methanol steam reforming
The reaction of methanol with steam at high temperature (700-1000 deg. C) in the presence of a nickel catalyst, in order to produce hydrogen. [CHMO]
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synonyms: arc physical vapor deposition, arc physical vapour deposition, arc-PVD, arc-physical vapor deposition, arc-physical vapour deposition
A synthesis technique where an electric arc is used to vaporize material from a cathode target. The vaporized material then condenses on a substrate, forming a thin film. [CHMO]
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Cathodic mobilization is a specialized form of electrophoretic separation of molecules based on their net charge, separation is achieved by the use of progressive pH changes in the buffer with the addition of salt to the buffer resulting in excess nonhydroxyl anions. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: CSP
An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by re-reduction. During removal the time-dependence of the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CSV
An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by applying a reducing potential. During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. [CHMO]
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The detection of luminescence emitted from a sample as a result of the impact of high-energy electrons. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CEX, cation chromatography, cation exchange chromatography
Column chromatography where cations are retained by negatively charged functional groups in the stationary phase. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CEAS, cavity enhanced absorption spectrometry
A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside a highly reflective laser cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. The laser light is tuned to match the frequency of the cavity bandwidth. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CRDS, CRLAS, cavity ring-down laser absorption spectrometry cavity ringdown spectroscopy, cavity ring-down laser absorption spectroscopy, cavity ring-down spectrometry, cavity ringdown spectrometry
A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside a highly reflective laser cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. The decay time for light exiting the cavity is determined as a function of pulsed laser wavelength. [CHMO]
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synonyms: cell counter analysis, cell counting analysis, cell counter measurement
Cell counter assay is a cellular assay that uses various methods to quantify cells in a culture. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: cell counter analysis, cell counting analysis, cell counter measurement
Cell counter assay is a cellurar assay that uses various methods to quantify cells in a culture. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: cell counter analysis, cell counting analysis, cell counter measurement
A cellular assay that uses various methods to quantify cells in a culture. [VIVO-ISF]
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Cell counting is the counting of cells. [Allotrope]
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Cell culture is a synthesis method for cells. It involves the dispersal of cells in an artificial environment composed of nutrient solutions. [Allotrope]
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Cell culture is a synthesis method for cells. It involves the dispersal of cells in an artificial environment composed of nutrient solutions. [OSTHUS]
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A cell culture analysis is the process of analyzing properties of a cell culture. [Allotrope]
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Cell density measurement is a measurement of the number density of cells. [Allotrope]
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Affinity chromatography where a cell membrane has been immobilized on a silica carrier. [CHMO]
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The cell type detection algorithm handles the detection of cell types in image data. [Allotrope]
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An assay that generates data about the presence, quantity, structure, function, behavior, or activity of cells, or a process that occurs at a cellular level of anatomical granularity (includes subcellular structures and organelles). [VIVO-ISF]
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synonyms: CTMAS, CTMAS NMR, central-transition magic-angle spinning
An NMR experiment where the selective excitation of central transitions during magic angle spinning is used for recording high-resolution NMR spectra of quadrupolar nuclei in solids. [CHMO]
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The evaporation of solvent from a sample by placing it a centrifuge and spinning it rapidly. [CHMO]
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A method where components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density in a centrifuge according to the centrifugal force they experience. [CHMO]
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A process in which a ceramic precursor is converted into a ceramic. [CHMO]
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synonyms: modifying
Changing is a processing by which an entity gains or looses parts, qualities, roles, dispositions, functions etc in a predetermined and fixed manner but maintains its identity. [Allotrope]
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Changing is controlling a quality of energy in a predetermined and fixed manner. [NIST]
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Changing is controlling a quality of energy in a predetermined and fixed manner. [OSTHUS,NIST]
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synonyms: modification, modifying material
Changing is controlling a quality of the material in a predetermined and fixed manner. The identity of the material is maintained. [NIST]
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synonyms: modification, modifying material
Changing is controlling a quality of the material in a predetermined and fixed manner. The identity of the material is maintained. [OSTHUS,NIST]
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synonyms: altering quality process profile
A changing quality process profile is a quality process profile where the tracked quality changes over time. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: changing, altering, altering (state), altering quality change, being unsteady, changing (state), unstable (state), unstable quality state, unsteady (state), unsteady quality state
A changing quality state is a state where a material's quality is changing continuously. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: CELS, characteristic energy loss spectrometry, characteristic energy loss spectroscopy, characteristic energy-loss spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the number of electrons with a given characteristic energy loss is measured. [CHMO]
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Charge deconvolution is a data transformation of a spectrum representing multiply charged ions to singly charged or neutral masses. [Allotrope]
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The determination of the mass of an ion based on the mass spectral peaks that represent multiple-charge ions. [PSI-MS]
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synonyms: CEI, charge transfer ionization
Interaction of an ion with an atom or molecule in which the charge on the ion is transferred to the neutral species without the dissociation of either species. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: CEI, charge transfer ionization
Interaction of an ion with an atom or molecule in which the charge on the ion is transferred to the neutral species without the dissociation of either species. [IUPAC]
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Reaction of an ion with a neutral with a resulting change in the magnitude or sign of the charge on the reactant ion. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Reaction of an ion with a neutral with a resulting change in the magnitude or sign of the charge on the reactant ion. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: CRF
Fragmentation of an ion in which the cleaved bond is isolated from the apparent charge site by a distance of several bond lengths. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: CRF
Fragmentation of an ion in which the cleaved bond is isolated from the apparent charge site by a distance of several bond lengths. [IUPAC]
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Definition pending. [0]
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Chemical derivatization of molecules to introduce a fixed charge site, thus improving ionization efficiency by electrospray ionization or matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization and directing subsequent ion fragmentation in a manner that facilitates structure identification. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: CS, CSR, charge stripping reaction
Reaction of an ion with a neutral or collision partner ion in which a free electron is stripped from the ion, resulting in the charge on the product ion being more positive than that of the reactant ion. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: CS, CSR, charge stripping reaction
Reaction of an ion with a neutral or collision partner ion in which a free electron is stripped from the ion, resulting in the charge on the product ion being more positive than that of the reactant ion. [IUPAC]
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Any technique for measuring charge transport. [CHMO]
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synonyms: inductive cleavage
Fragmentation of an ion in which the cleavage of one of its bonds is induced by the charge site. The cleaved bond is adjacent to the apparent charge site, and its cleavage involves movement of the electron pair forming that bond to the original charge site and thus migration of the charge to the released fragment. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: inductive cleavage
Fragmentation of an ion in which the cleavage of one of its bonds is induced by the charge site. The cleaved bond is adjacent to the apparent charge site, and its cleavage involves movement of the electron pair forming that bond to the original charge site and thus migration of the charge to the released fragment. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: loading, incrementing energy
Increasing the amount of energy in a system. [Allotrope]
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Chelatometric titration is the process of determining the quantity of a sample (metal cation) by adding measured increments of a titrant (a chelating agent) until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. [CHMO]
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The process of determining the quantity of a sample (metal cation) by adding measured increments of a titrant (a chelating agent) until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. [CHMO]
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Ionization of an atom or molecule by interaction with another internally excited atom or molecule. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Ionization of an atom or molecule by interaction with another internally excited atom or molecule. [IUPAC]
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A method for analysing cells suspended in a stream of fluid. Cells are loaded with fluorescent substrates (reporters) followed by laser-based lysis of a single cell and loading of its contents into an overlying capillary where chemical separation is accomplished via capillary electrophoresis. [CHMO]
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The breakdown of a single entity (normal molecule, reaction intermediate, etc.) into two or more fragments. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CFM
A type of microscopy which uses a chemically functionalised sharp spike (e.g. with thiols) mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the chemical interactions between the tip and surface (e.g. gold) as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CIS, chemical imaging spectrometry, chemical imaging spectroscopy, hyperspectral imaging, imaging spectrometry, imaging spectroscopy, multispectral imaging, spectral imaging, spectroscopic imaging
The simultaneous measurement of spectra and images. A radiation source illuminates the sample and a series of spatially resolved spectra are collected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CI
Formation of a new ion in the gas phase by the reaction of a neutral with an ion. The process may involve transfer of an electron, a proton, or other charged species between the reactants. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: CI
Formation of a new ion in the gas phase by the reaction of a neutral with an ion. The process may involve transfer of an electron, a proton, or other charged species between the reactants. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: CI-MS, LCPIMS, LP-CI-MS, LPCI-MS, chemical ionisation mass spectroscopy, chemical ionization mass spectroscopy, low pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry, low pressure chemical ionisation mass spectroscopy, low pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry, low pressure chemical ionization mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by interaction (electron or proton transfer) with reagent (N2, O2, H2O) gaseous ions at low pressure. Reagent ions are produced by electron ionization. [CHMO]
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Chemical processes are large-scale processes that produce, transform, transport, and properly use chemicals, materials and energy. Essentially they convert chemicals, raw materials, living cells, microorganisms and energy into useful forms and products. [Wikipedia, OSTHUS]
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Chemical processes are large-scale processes that produce, transform, transport, and properly use chemicals, materials and energy. Essentially they convert chemicals, raw materials, living cells, microorganisms and energy into useful forms and products. [Wikipedia, Allotrope]
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Chemical processes are large-scale processes that produce, transform, transport, and properly use chemicals, materials and energy. Essentially they convert chemicals, raw materials, living cells, microorganisms and energy into useful forms and products. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: chemical reaction, 2020-12-11 Changed labels. [Allotrope], reaction
A chemical reaction is a process that results in the interconversion of chemical species. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: chemical reaction, 2020-12-11 Changed labels. [Allotrope], reaction
A chemical reaction is a process that results in the interconversion of chemical species. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: CSA experiment
An NMR experiment in which differences in chemical shift are used to give information about the orientation of those spins with respect to the field and, thus, the orientation of the molecule. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CBD, CSD, chemical bath deposition, chemical deposition, chemical-bath deposition, chemical-solution deposition
The process of the settling of particles (atoms or molecules) from a solution or suspension onto a pre-existing surface, resulting in the growth of a new phase. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CVD, CVD (chemical vapor deposition) synthesis, CVD (chemical vapour deposition) synthesis, chemical-vapor deposition, chemical-vapour deposition
A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. [CHMO]
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A synthesis method for carbon nanotubes where a hydrocarbon vapor (such as methane) is thermally decomposed in a tube furnace in the presence of a metal catalyst. Carbon nanotubes grow over the catalyst and are collected upon cooling. Low temperatures yield multi-walled carbon nanotubes, whereas high temperatures favour single-walled carbon nanotubes. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CVI
The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from, a vapour. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CVT
A crystal growth method for metal dichalcogenides in which the starting materials (high purity metal and chalcogen) are placed in a quartz ampoule together with a transport agent (e.g. iodine) and heated in a furnace under a temperature gradient. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CL detection, chemoluminescence detection
The detection of luminescence emitted from a sample as a result of a chemical reaction. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CL spectrometry, CL spectroscopy, chemiluminescence (CL) spectroscopy, chemiluminescence spectrometry
Any type of spectroscopy where luminesence (the emission of visible light) from molecules as a result of a chemical reaction) is detected as a function of wavelength. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Raman optical activity, chiral Raman, chiral Raman spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where vibrational optical activity is measured by means of a small difference in the intensity of Raman scattering from chiral molecules of right- and left-circularly polarised incident light. [CHMO]
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A separation method where the components (in this case stereoisomers) are distributed between two chiral phases, one of which is stationary, while the other moves in a definite direction. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CSP GC, CSP-GC, GC on a chiral stationary phase, chiral GC
Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a gas and the stationary phase is a chiral, high-boiling-point, thermally-stable liquid such as a chiral polysiloxane. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CSP HPLC, CSP-HPLC, HPLC on a chiral stationary phase, chiral HPLC, chiral stationary phase high-pressure liquid chromatography
Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small chiral particles and the inlet pressure is relatively high. [CHMO]
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synonyms: chiral supercritical fluid chromatography
A separation method where the components (in this case stereoisomers) are distributed between two chiral phases, one of which is stationary, while the other moves in a definite direction (the 'mobile phase'). In this method the mobile phase is a fluid above and relatively close to its critical temperature and pressure. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CHIRP, CHIRP pulse, chirp pulse
An adiabatic shaped pulse. The resonance frequency is swept through a defined RF range during application of the pulse. Allows excitation of a broader range of frequencies than the size of the RF field. For the pulse see J. Magn. Reson., Ser. A, (1993), 102, pg 293. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ChIP
The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') consisting of a protein-specific antibody complex (where the protein is attached to a protein-DNA complex) from solution. This method is used to determine the location of DNA binding sites on the genome for particular proteins of interest. [CHMO]
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A separation method where the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary, while the other moves in a definite direction. [CHMO]
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A chromatography is a separation where the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary, while the other moves in a definite direction. [CHMO]
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Chromatography column packing is the process of preparing a chromatography column by transferring a stationary phase sample into the column body as a densely packed phase. [Allotrope]
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Data processing on chromatograms. [Allotrope]
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Chromatography data processing is a data transformation on chromatograms. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: chronoamperometry
An electrochemical technique where the time dependence of the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled. [CHMO]
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synonyms: chronocoulometry
An electrochemical technique where the time-dependence of the total Coulombs of electricity required to complete (fully oxidise or fully reduce the sample in) an electrochemical reaction is measured whilst the current is held at a constant value. [CHMO]
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synonyms: chronopotentiometry
An electrochemical technique where the time-dependence of the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CD spectrometry, CD spectroscopy, circular dichrosim spectrometry, direct transmittance circular dichroism
A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised light by a sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CD titration, CD titration experiment, CD titration experiments
The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised light by the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: cleansing, cleanup
Cleaning is the process of getting rid of dirt, impurities, or extraneous unwanted matter. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: CN-PAGE, clear native PAGE, clear-native PAGE, colorless native PAGE , colorless-native PAGE
A separation method where protein molecules move at different speeds, in non-denaturing conditions, according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of polyacrylamide gel, across which an electric field is applied. This method does not use a dye to transfer charge to the protein molecules and is used to separate acidic water-soluble and membrane proteins. [CHMO]
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synonyms: clinical measurement
A quantitative or qualitative value which is the result of an act of assessing a morphological or physiological state or property in a single individual or sample or a group of individuals or samples, based on direct observation or experimental manipulation. [CMO]
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synonyms: closed loop
The closed loop uses feedback control for the regulation of the vapor generation. The system continuously detects deviations from the target partial pressure and adjusts the vapor generation correspondingly. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: CPE, cloud point extraction
The process of transferring a non-ionic surfactant from one liquid phase to another by heating. As the temperature of the solution rises, the surfactant molecules form micelles, if the temperature increases above the cloud point (CPT) the micelles become dehydrated and aggregate. This leads to macroscopic phase separation of the solution into a surfactant-rich phase and a solvent phase. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Co-assembly, coassembly
The process of two individual components of a sample associating to form a new pattern or structure. [CHMO]
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synonyms: coprecipitation
The simultaneous precipitation of a normally soluble component with a macro-component from the same solution by the formation of mixed crystals, by adsorption, occlusion or mechanical entrapment. [CHMO]
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synonyms: being coated, is coated
Coated state is the connected state when a substance covers the surface of another substance. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: being coated, is coated
Coated state is the convering state when a substance covers the surface of another substance firmly. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: being coated, is coated
Coated state is the covering state when a substance covers the surface of another substance firmly. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: coating method
The application of a thin cover to a material. [CHMO]
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synonyms: coating solution preparation
The coating preparation is a process of executing the necessary tasks for the production of a proper coating suspension and for the correct setup of a tablet coater. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: coating solution preparation
The coating preparation is a process of executing the necessary tasks for the production of a proper coating suspension and for the correct setup of a tablet coater. [OSTHUS]
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synonyms: coating solution preparation
Coating suspension preparation is the process of preparing a proper coating suspension for proper tablet film coating. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: coating solution preparation
Coating suspension preparation is the process of preparing a proper coating suspension for proper tablet film coating. [OSTHUS]
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synonyms: co crystallisation, co crystallization, co-crystallisation, co-crystallization
The simultaneous crystallization of two different substances or two different structural elements of the same substance. [CHMO]
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Code scanning is the transformation of data in the representation form of visual machine-readable codes to another form. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: co-extraction
The transfer of two solutes from a liquid phase to a (low-polarity) organic liquid phase in contact with it. The solutes form mixed-species aggregates in the organic phase. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CPM, coherence-probe microscopy, phase correlation microscopy
A type of microscopy where the surface of the specimen is illuminated with short-coherence length visible light split into two beams, which then interfere to produce fringes whose spacing is proportional to the profile of the specimen. [CHMO]
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A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light from three lasers (known as pump, probe and Stokes/anti-Stokes) by a sample is detected. Multiphoton excitation is used to produce a signal in which the emitted waves are coherent. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CSRS, coherent Stokes Raman scattering spectrometry, coherent Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy, coherent Stokes Raman spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light by a sample is detected. An anti-Stokes frequency stimulation beam is used and a Stokes frequency beam is observed. Multiphoton excitation is used to produce a signal in which the emitted waves are coherent. [CHMO]
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A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light by a sample is detected. An anti-Stokes frequency stimulation beam is used and a Stokes frequency beam is observed and the difference between the pump and the Stokes beams coincides with the frequency of an electronic transition within the molecule. Multiphoton excitation is used to produce a signal in which the emitted waves are coherent. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CARS, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectrometry, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy, coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light by a sample is detected. A Stokes frequency stimulation beam is used and an anti-Stokes frequency beam is observed. Multiphoton excitation is used to produce a signal in which the emitted waves are coherent. [CHMO]
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A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light by a sample is detected. A Stokes frequency stimulation beam is used and an anti-Stokes frequency beam is observed and the difference between the pump and the anti-Stokes beams coincides with the frequency of an electronic transition within the molecule. Multiphoton excitation is used to produce a signal in which the emitted waves are coherent. [CHMO]
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A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample and phase is conserved. [CHMO]
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A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a material through a die at room temperature. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CV-AAS, CVAAS, cold vapor AAS, cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry, cold vapour AAS
A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where no vaporization step is required because the sample is a volatile heavy metal such as mercury, which is a vapour at room temperature. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CV-AFS, CVAFS, cold vapor AFS, cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry, cold vapour AFS, cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectrometry
A type of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy where no vaporization step is required because the sample is a volatile heavy metal such as mercury, which is a vapour at room temperature. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CFE-SEM, cold-field-emission scanning electron microscopy, CFE SEM, CFE/SEM, CFEG-SEM, CFEGSEM, CFSEM, cold field emission gun scanning electron microscopy, cold field emission scanning electron microscopy, cold-field-emission gun scanning electron microscopy, cold-field-gun scanning electron microscopy
A type of microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam produced by applying a high voltage to a tungsten crystal (cold-field emission) and with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across the specimen under vacuum and the interaction of the electrons with the specimen is determined. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CSI-MS, cold-spray ionisation mass spectroscopy, cold-spray ionization mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small cold (10-80 °C) capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. [CHMO]
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synonyms: collection
The act of gathering things together; having been brought together in one place. [NCI]
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synonyms: aggregating
The process of forming an aggregate of some objects. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: collecting
A storing state that brings a flow together at one place. [NIST]
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synonyms: CLABS, collinear fast atom beam spectrometry, collinear fast atom beam spectroscopy
A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is in the form of a high-speed accelerated beam of atoms which is superimposed on a resonant laser beam (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample) and light absorption is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CFIBLS, collinear fast ion beam laser spectrometry
A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is in the form of a high-speed accelerated beam of ions which is superimposed on a resonant laser beam (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample) and light absorption is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: collinear laser ion-beam spectroscopy, CLIBS, collinear laser beam spectrometry, collinear laser beam spectroscopy, collinear laser ion beam spectroscopy, collinear laser ion-beam spectrometry
A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is in the form of an accelerated beam of ions which is superimposed on a resonant laser beam (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample) and light absorption is measured. [CHMO]
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Any type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is in the form of an accelerated beam of particles (atoms or ions) which is superimposed on a resonant laser beam (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample) and light absorption is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CAD, CID, collision activated dissociation , collision induced dissociation , collision-activated dissociation , collisionally activated dissociation , collisionally-activated dissociation
Dissociation of an ion after collisional excitation. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: CAD, CID, collision activated dissociation , collision induced dissociation , collision-activated dissociation , collisionally activated dissociation , collisionally-activated dissociation
Dissociation of an ion after collisional excitation. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: colloid method
Any method for the synthesis or processing of colloids (mixtures where one substance is dispersed evenly throughout another). [CHMO]
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A synthesis method in which polymer spheres are assembled into a colloidal crystal on a substrate by evaporation induced self-assembly. The free spaces between the spheres are subsequently infiltrated with a metal by electrodeposition, and the colloidal particles are selectively removed by dissolution in a solvent (e.g. toluene) leaving behind a periodic arrangement of spherical voids embedded in a solid macroporous matrix. [CHMO]
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A sample preparation method where solid particles are dispersed in a liquid phase. [CHMO]
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Any synthesis technique involving the transfer of a pattern to a material (a 'resist') by exposure to a radiation source (e.g. light or X-rays) or to a beam of charged particles through a mask composed of a close-packed colloidal array. Upon irradiation, the material experiences a change in its physical properties. Excess material is then removed, by a liquid 'developer' or an etching process. [CHMO]
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synonyms: colloid force microscopy, colloidal probe AFM
A type of microscopy which uses a microparticle (usually made of silica) mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of a colloidal specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force between the two colloidal surfaces as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. [CHMO]
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A test which produces colour change in the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: colorimetric method, colourimetry
The determination of the spectral absorbance of a solution. This method is often used to determine the concentration of a chemical in a solution. [CHMO]
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A chromatography method where the stationary bed is within a tube (of standard length 25 cm). The particles of the solid stationary phase or support coated with a liquid stationary phase may fill the whole inside volume of the tube (packed column) or be concentrated on or along the inside tube wall leaving an open, unrestricted path for the mobile phase in the middle part of the tube (open-tubular column). [CHMO]
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A reaction in which two reactants combine to form a new product. [Allotrope]
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A reaction in which two reactants combine to form a new product. [OSTHUS]
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synonyms: CRAMPS, combined rotation and multiple pulse spectrometry
A type of NMR spectroscopy using a solid sample. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74 deg. with respect to the direction of the magnetic field).The combination of multiple-pulse NMR experiments and magic angle spinning. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. [CHMO]
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synonyms: assembling
Combining is the building of a whole out of parts. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: material combination
Combining material is a combing process that combines two or more materials in to a new material. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: burning
An exothermic chemical reaction between a fuel (usually a hydrocarbon) and an oxidant (usually oxygen) which is sometimes accompanied by the production of light. [CHMO]
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synonyms: transferring signal, transmitting signal
Communicating is transferring information from one material entity to another. This can be by way of a material or energy connecting the entity or by transporting the material bearing the information between the locations. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: comparative CT experiment, comparative cycle threshold qPCR experiment, ∆∆CT
A comparative CT experiment is an experiment using qPCR that determines relative target quantity in samples. Samples are compared to a normalized target quantity to determine relative quantity of the sample. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: comparison
The observation or assessment of the similarities or dissimilarities between two things. [Allotrope]
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A type of microscopy where two specimens can be compared by illuminating them with visible light using two identical sets of microscope lenses which are linked by an optical bridge. [CHMO]
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The separation of molecules in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane. In competition dialysis an array of nucleic acid structures and sequences is dialysed against a common test ligand solution. After equilibration, the amount of ligand bound to each structure or sequence is determined by absorbance or fluorescence measurements. Since all structures and sequences are in equilibrium with the same free ligand concentration, the amount bound is directly proportional to the ligand binding affinity. [CHMO]
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synonyms: completed, is completed
A completed state is a state during which a planned process has run to completion and the device or service is waiting for a reset that cause the state to change to an idle state. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: CPD
An NMR pulse sequence, employing composite pulses, which decouples nuclei i.e. removes the effects of (usually) J-coupling (line splitting) from the spectrum. [CHMO]
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The code of compressibility DSC scan mode for studying volumetric properties. [Allotrope]
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Compression is the act of reducing volume by applying a force. [Allotrope]
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A process for shaping pliable polymer material using a rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The pre-heated material is first placed in an open, heated mould which is then closed before pressure is applied to it. The applied pressure forces the softened polymer to adopt the shape of the mould. [CHMO]
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synonyms: preconcentration
A preparative step where the concentration of one component is increased. [CHMO]
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An concentration measurement is the determination of the concentration of a compound in solution. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: COMAS
A type of spectroscopy where a pump laser is used to excite a chromophore and the transmitted power of a probe laser is used to determine the state concentration (excited vs. non-excited) of the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: concentration profile
A concentration process profile is a quality process profile that tracks some concentration. [Allotrope]
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Conditioning is changing a material to be appropriate for an intended use. [NIST,OSTHUS]
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Conditioning is changing a material to be appropriate for an intended use. [NIST]
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synonyms: C-AFM, CAFM, conductive AFM
Conductive AFM is used for collecting simultaneous topography imaging and current imaging. Specifically, standard conductive AFM operates in contact AFM mode. Variations in surface conductivity can be distinguished using this mode. Conductive AFM operates in contact AFM mode by using a conductive AFM tip. The contact tip is scanned in contact with the sample surface. Just like contact AFM, the feedback loop uses the DC cantilever deflection signal to maintain a constant force between the tip and the sample to generate the topography image. At the same time, a DC bias is applied to the tip. The sample is held at ground potential. [CHMO]
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The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point is reached. The titration is monitored by measuring the conductance of the solution. [CHMO]
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synonyms: conductimetry
The measurement of the conductance of a solution as a function of concentration. Measurements are made indirectly across the resistance of the solution with alternating current. [CHMO]
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synonyms: conductimetry
Conductometry is the measurement of the conductance of a solution as a function of concentration. Measurements are made indirectly across the resistance of the solution with alternating current. [CHMO]
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The measurement of thermodynamic parameters such as heat release rate, heat of combustion, ignitability, and the evolution of toxic gases, smoke and soot, for flame retarding materials using a cone calorimeter. [CHMO]
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A configuration process profile is a quality process profile that tracks the configuration of a system or device. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: confocal Raman microanalysis, confocal Raman microspectrometry, confocal Raman microspectroscopy, confocal micro Raman
The collection of spatially resolved Raman spectra of a sample during optical microscopy. An aperture is used to discriminate between Raman signal coming from the laser spot and that coming from the out-of-focus region of the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CRS, confocal Raman spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light is detected. An aperture is used to discriminate between Raman signal coming from the focused laser spot and Raman signal coming from the out-of-focus region of the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: confocal FCS
A type of spectroscopy where the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample are measured and correlated within a very small detection volume. The light emitted during fluorescence is collected and guided through a pinhole before it is detected, reducing background interference. [CHMO]
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synonyms: confocal infra-red chemical imaging spectroscopy, confocal IR spectromicroscopy, confocal IR-MSP, confocal infra-red chemical imaging spectrometry, confocal infra-red microscopy, confocal infrared chemical imaging spectrometry, confocal infrared chemical imaging spectroscopy, confocal infrared mapping, confocal infrared microspectrophotometry, confocal infrared microspectroscopy, confocal infrared spectromicroscopy
The collection of spatially resolved infrared spectra of a sample during optical microscopy. An aperture is used to discriminate between infrared signal coming from the laser spot and that coming from the out-of-focus region of the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LSCM, CLSM, confocal fluorescence imaging, confocal fluorescence microscopy, confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy, confocal-laser scanning microscopy, fluorescence confocal microscopy, fluorescence confocal scanning laser microscopy, scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy
A type of microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by scanning a gas (Ar or Kr) laser spot of specific wavelength over its surface and using a spatial pinhole to eliminate out-of-focus fluorescence. [CHMO]
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A type of microscopy where visible light coming from the specimen is collected and guided through a pinhole before it is detected. The pinhole allows only light from the focal point to pass to the detector, reducing background interference. [CHMO]
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synonyms: being connected, is connected
A state s with participating materials m1 and m2 and m1 is connected to m2. [Allotrope]
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Connecting is bringing two or more topological flows into connection. [Allotrope, NIST]
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Connecting material is connecting of material. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: CRM
Multiple-stage mass spectrometry experiment with three or more stages of m/z separation in which products of sequential fragmentation or bimolecular reactions are selected for detection. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: CRM
Multiple-stage mass spectrometry experiment with three or more stages of m/z separation in which products of sequential fragmentation or bimolecular reactions are selected for detection. [IUPAC]
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Definition pending. [0]
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Constant flow rate mobile phase delivery is a mobile phase delivery process whereby the mobile phase is delivered by maintaining a constant flow rate of the mobile phase. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: CPA, constant-potential amperometry
An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is held at a constant value (sufficient to oxidize or reduce the sample). [CHMO]
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Definition pending. [0]
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Constant pressure mobile phase delivery is a mobile phase delivery process whereby the mobile phase is delivered by maintaining a constant pressure of the mobile phase. [Allotrope]
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A constant quality process profile is a quality process profile where the tracked quality does not change. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: being stable, being steady, remaining unchanged, stable (state), stable quality state, steady (state), steady quality state, unchanging (state), unchanging quality state
A constant quality state is a quality state where the quality does not change. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: constant time method, CT experiment, CT method, constant time experiment
A technique used in 2D NMR whereby the chemical shift frequency modulation of the FIDs necessary to interrogate the second dimension is achieved by moving the position of a RF pulse within a fixed time period on subsequent repeats of the experiment. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CC-DLTS, CCDLTS, constant capacitance DLTS, constant capacitance deep level transient spectroscopy, constant capacitance deep-level transient spectroscopy, constant-capacitance DLTS
A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By holding the capacitance constant and monitoring the carrier emission produced when applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at different temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit a peak for each 'deep level' (each energy level near the center of the band gap). The height of the peak is proportional to the defect density and the emission rate and temperature dependence are characteristic for each type of defect. [CHMO]
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synonyms: constant current chronopotentiometric stripping, constant current stripping potentiometry, constant-current stripping potentiometry
An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped'. During removal the time-dependence of the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is constant and sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CFSS, constant final state spectroscopy, constant-final-state spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray-ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons. The energy distribution of electrons which have been promoted to a specific conduction band is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CISS, constant initial state spectroscopy, constant-initial-state spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray-ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons. The energy distribution of electrons which have been promoted from a specific valence band is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CR dip coating, constant-rate dip-coating
The application of a thin cover to sample by immersing it (at constant velocity) in a tank containing coating material, allowing it to remain there for a certain 'dwell time', and removing the piece from the tank ('withdrawal') at a constant velocity. [CHMO]
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synonyms: consumption
A process where a essential material entity participant ceases to exist at the end and it was existing at the start. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: collecting energy, energy consumption
Consuming energy is a consuming that consumes energy. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: material consumption
Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: material consumption
Consuming material is a consuming of material. [Allotrope]
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Consuming signal is consuming of signals. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: contact printing
A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90-100 deg. C. A mask ('photomask') with the desired pattern is then placed in contact with the substrate and both are exposed to intense UV light. A post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120-180 deg. C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. [CHMO]
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synonyms: contact AFM, contact mode AFM, contact-mode AFM, contact-mode atomic force microscopy, static AFM, static mode AFM, static mode atomic force microscopy, static-mode AFM, static-mode atomic force microscopy
A type of microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the deflection of the tip, which is in contact with the specimen surface, as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. [CHMO]
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A method where the profile of a surface is determined by moving a diamond stylus laterally across it at a specified contact force and measuring its vertical displacement. [CHMO]
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Containing is the state of keeping an object in the inside of a cavity. [Allotrope]
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Containing energy is containing of energy. [Allotrope]
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The state of containing a fluid material. [Allotrope]
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Definition pending. [0]
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Containing liquid material is containing material that is in gaseous state. [Allotrope]
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Definition pending. [0]
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Containing liquid material is containing material that is in liquid state. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: containing
Containing material is containing of material. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: being contained
The state of keeping a flow within spatial limits. [NIST, OSTHUS]
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synonyms: being contained
The state of keeping a flow within spatial limits. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: being contained
The state of keeping a flow within spatial limits. [NIST,OSTHUS]
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synonyms: continuous
Code of continuous scanning in XRPD. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: continuous
Code of continuous scanning in XRPD. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: CX-AES, CXAES, bremsstrahlung Auger electron spectrometry, bremsstrahlung Auger electron spectroscopy, bremsstrahlung Auger spectrometry, bremsstrahlung Auger spectroscopy, continuous X-ray-induced Auger electron spectrometry, continuous X-ray-induced Auger spectrometry, continuous X-ray-induced Auger spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the bombardment of a sample with a continuous X-ray source (X-rays generated when electrons - or other high energy charged particles such as protons or alpha-particles - lose energy whilst passing through the Coulomb field of a nucleus) results in the ionization of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected. [CHMO]
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A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. The distillation is ongoing with sample mixture being continuously added. [CHMO]
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synonyms: continuous flow hollow fibre liquid-phase micro-extraction, CFHF-LPME, continuous flow hollow fiber liquid-phase micro-extraction, continuous flow hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction
The process of transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase immobilised within the pores of the wall of a porous hollow fibre (<10 µm diameter). The aqueous phase is allowed to flow continuously through the fibre, allowing mass transfer to occur. [CHMO]
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synonyms: continuous wave electron-electron double resonance spectroscopy, c.w. ELDOR, continuous-wave electron-electron double resonance spectroscopy, cw ELDOR, cw-ELDOR
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is irradiated by two microwave frequencies which match electron resonance transitions. The effect of the higher power frequency ('pump') transition on the lower power ('observed') transitionsis measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: weight monitoring
Continuous weighing is a type of differential weighing that continuously measures the change of weight. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: weight monitoring
Continuous weighing is a type of differential weighing that continuously measures the change of weight. [OSTHUS]
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synonyms: continuous-flow calorimetry, continuous flow enthalpimetric analysis, continuous flow enthalpimetry, continuous-flow enthalpimetry
A term used to describe methods wherein a reagent is continuously fed into a flowing analyte stream and the temperature difference is measured before and after a reactor (mixing chamber). Alternatively, the temperature may be measured in a differential manner between a reference and a reactor chamber. The analyte concentration is directly proportional to the measured temperature difference. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CF-FAB, continuous flow fast atom bombardment
Variant of fast atom bombardment in which the mixture of analyte and liquid matrix is continuously supplied to the sample probe tip. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: CF-FAB, continuous flow fast atom bombardment
Variant of fast atom bombardment in which the mixture of analyte and liquid matrix is continuously supplied to the sample probe tip. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: CF-IRMS, CF/IRMS, continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry, continuous-flow IRMS
A type of mass spectrometry where the relative abundance of isotopes in a sample is determined. Measurements are taken immediately after sample preparation and separately to the standard gas. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CF-LPME, CFME, continuous flow liquid phase microextraction, continuous-flow liquid-phase microextraction, continuous-flow micro-extraction, continuous-flow microextraction
A process for transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase (or vice versa) by injecting one phase into a glass chamber using a conventional microsyringe and holding the µL droplet at the outlet tip of a PTFE connecting tube. The other phase then flows continuously over the droplet, allowing mass transfer to occur. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CFL, continuous flow lithography
A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. Shuttered pulses (30-100 ms) of mask-defined UV (365 nm) light are flashed into a continuous stream of resist inside a microchannel, leading to the formation of solid structures almost instantaneously. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CF-MALDI
Variant of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization in which the analyte is dissolved in a liquid matrix that is continuously supplied to the sample probe tip. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: CF-MALDI
Variant of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization in which the analyte is dissolved in a liquid matrix that is continuously supplied to the sample probe tip. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: CSCV, continuous scan CV, continuous scan cyclic voltammetry, continuous-scan CV
An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied as a continuous sine wave and inverts at the end point resulting in a cycle. [CHMO]
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synonyms: c.w. ENDOR, continous wave ENDOR, continuous wave electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy, cw ENDOR, cw-ENDOR
A type of spectroscopy where a sample is irradiated by a microwave frequency which matches an electron resonance transition, whilst nuclei in the vicinty of the unpaired eletron are excited by a radio frequency sweep. [CHMO]
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synonyms: c.w. EPR, c.w. ESR, continuous wave EPR, continuous wave ESR, continuous wave electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, continuous wave electron spin resonance spectrometry, continuous wave electron spin resonance spectroscopy, cw-EPR, cw-ESR
A type of spectroscopy where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to a perturbing magnetic field is measured as a function of the frequency of a periodic perturbation. [CHMO]
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synonyms: NMR absorption spectroscopy, c.w. NMR, continuous wave nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, continuous wave nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, cw-NMR
A type of spectroscopy where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Spectra are obtained by scanning a range of radio frequencies. [CHMO]
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synonyms: controlled current potentiometry
An electrochemical technique where the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium and held at a constant (non-zero) value. [CHMO]
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Controlling is changing or regulating a flow in its magnitude. [NIST, Allotrope]
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synonyms: convective assembly
A synthesis method in which colloidal particle suspensions in thin evaporating films spontaneously (and reversibly) associate by non-covalent interactions. [CHMO]
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The code of conventional DSC scan mode for scanning up/down at constant scan rate. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: CBLEED, convergent beam low-energy electron diffraction, convergent-beam low-energy electron diffraction
A method for determining structure by directing a highly convergent beam (nm diameter) of low energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. [CHMO]
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Converting is a process that changes from one form of a flow (material, energy, signal) to another. [NIST]
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synonyms: transducing
Changing from one form of a flow energy to another. [NIST]
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Changing from one form of a flow material to another. [NIST]
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The transfer of thermal energy from a material to its surrounding environment. [CHMO]
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Definition pending. [0]
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Coordinate assigning is the assigning of coordinates to something. [Allotrope]
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Formation of ions in a corona discharge. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Formation of ions in a corona discharge. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: COSY, correlated spectrometry, correlated spectroscopy, correlation spectrometry
A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between nuclei which are J-coupled (usually <= 3 bonds apart). [CHMO]
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synonyms: 3D COSY-NOESY, 3D-COSY-NOESY, COSY-NOESY
A type of homonuclear three-dimensional NMR experiment in which a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between nuclei which are J-coupled (usually <= 3 bonds apart). These signals are then correlated to nuclei that are spatially proximate within the molecule (<= 6 Angstrom apart). [CHMO]
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Coulometric titration is the process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. In a coulometric titration the titrant is generated electrochemically by passing a constant current through an electrolyte. [CHMO]
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The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. In a coulometric titration the titrant is generated electrochemically by passing a constant current through an electrolyte. [CHMO]
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An electrochemical technique where the total Coulombs of electricity required to complete (fully oxidize or fully reduce the sample in) an electrochemical reaction is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CCC, counter-current chromatography
Countercurrent chromatography is a form of liquid–liquid chromatography that uses a liquid stationary phase that is held in place by centrifugal force and is used to separate, identify, and quantify the chemical components of a mixture. [Wikipedia]
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Coupling is connecting together material such that the members are still distinguishable from each other. [NIST]
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Coupling material is the coupling of materials. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: is covered
Covered state is a connected state where something is located on the surface of another thing and prevents some kind of material or energy flow through that surface. [Allotrope]
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Convering is a joining process where the joining is on to the surface in such way that it is preventing some kind of material or energy flow through that surface. [Allotrope]
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Covering is a joining process where the joining is on to the surface in such way that it is preventing some kind of material or energy flow through that surface. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: CP-MAS, CP-MAS NMR, CP/MAS, CP/MAS NMR, CPMAS, CPMAS NMR, cross polarisation magic angle spinning, cross polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, cross polarization magic angle spinning, cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, cross-polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
A type of NMR spectroscopy using a solid sample. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid state NMR, but can be reduced to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74 deg. with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). Cross polarization is used to enhance the signal from weakly coupled nuclei. [CHMO]
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synonyms: cryo-DRIE
The process of creating deep holes and trenches in a sample surface (cooled to -110 deg. C) using short pulses of a plasma (a partially ionized gas containing free electrons and radicals) alternating with the deposition of a chemically inert passivation layer. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LT-EM, cryo EM, cryo-EM, cryo-electron microscopy , cryogenic EM, cryogenic-electron microscopy, low-temperature electron microscopy
A type of microscopy where the specimen, which is cooled in liquid ethane to 180 deg. C, is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum and the interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LT-SEM, cryo SEM, cryo-SEM, cryo-scanning electron microscopy , cryogenic SEM, low-temperature scanning electron microscopy
A type of microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across an electron transparent specimen under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. A type of microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across the specimen, which is cooled in liquid ethane to 180 deg. C, under vacuum and the interaction of the electrons with the specimen is determined. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LT-TEM, cryo TEM, cryo-TEM, cryo-transmission electron microscopy , cryogenic TEM, low-temperature transmission electron microscopy
A type of microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen, which is cooled in liquid ethane to 180 deg. C, is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. [CHMO]
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Any synthesis method used to grow crystals. [CHMO]
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The formation of a crystalline solid from a solution, melt vapour, or a different solid phase, generally by lowering the temperature or by evaporation of a solvent. [CHMO]
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A chemical process in which a prepolymer or polymer is converted into a polymer of higher molar mass and then into a network. [CHMO]
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synonyms: I-DLTS, IDLTS, current DLTS, current-DLTS
A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the current produced when applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at different temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit a peak for each 'deep level' (each energy level near the center of the band gap). The height of the peak is proportional to the defect density and the emission rate and temperature dependence are characteristic for each type of defect. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CEFFF, CElFFF, cyclic electric FFF, cyclic electrical FFF, cyclic-electric FFF, cyclic-electrical FFF
A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel and applying an alternating electric field perpendicular to the channel. A carrier liquid is passed through the channel and the particles are separated on the basis of electrophoretic mobility. [CHMO]
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synonyms: cyclic rate profile
A cyclic rate profile is a rate profile of a process that follows a cyclic pattern. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: cyclic rate profile
A cyclic rate profile is a rate profile of a process that follows a cyclic pattern. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: cyclic rate profile
Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: CV, cyclic triangular wave voltammetry, cyclovoltammetry
An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied linearly and inverts at the end point resulting in a cycle. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CYCLOPS
A phase cycle technique used in FT NMR experiments whereby the sense of application (or phase) of the RF pulses is altered on repeating the experiment such that addition of the resulting signals results in increased intensity for the signals of interest and more effective noise reduction. For the technique see Progr. NMR Spectr., (1978), 12, pg 41. [CHMO]
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synonyms: dark-field optical microscopy, darkfield microscopy, darkfield optical microscopy
A type of microscopy where the sample is illuminated with visible light that is not collected by the objective lens. Only the light scattered by the specimen is collected by the lens, producing an image of a light specimen on a black background. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DFOMS, SNOMS, dark-field single-nanoparticle optical microscopy and spectroscopy, darkfield optical microscopy and spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where a dark-field optical microscope is used to image the sample and locate a small area for spectral analysis with radiation in the ultraviolet to near infrared range. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DF-STEM
A type of microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum. The beam of electrons is scattered or diffracted before reaching the specimen, and the image results from a weakening of the beam by its interaction with the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DF-TEM
A type of microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV. under vacuum. The beam of electrons is scattered or diffracted before reaching the specimen, and the image results from a weakening of the beam by its interaction with the sample. [CHMO]
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Data acquisition is the process of sampling signals that measure real world physical conditions and converting the resulting samples into digital numeric values that can be manipulated by a computer. [Wikipedia]
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Definition pending. [0]
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Data aggregation is a data reduction that applies an aggregating function on the data to produce an aggregated (summary) datum from a collection of data items. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: data massaging
A term used meaning the processing and manipulation of the spectral data produced for the purposes of improving spectral appearance, change the signal to noise ratio (S/N), or resolution. The term is often collectively used in conjunction with line broadening, sharpening, averaging, smoothing. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: aggregating data, data aggregation, collecting data
A data transformation that assigns some data to a collection. [Allotrope]
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Data creation is a producing process that creates information content entities. [Allotrope]
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Data extraction is a data transformation process whereby specific data is taken out of a larger set of data and presented in a usable format. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: reducing data
Data reduction is the transformation of numerical or alphabetical digital information derived empirically or experimentally into a corrected, ordered, and/or simplified form. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: data processing
A converting process that converts the signals from one form into another by changing its content. [Allotrope]
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Deciding is making a choice from a set of alternatives. [Allotrope]
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The breakdown of a single phase into two or more phases by heating or treatment with acid, alkali or enzymes. [CHMO]
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A process that eliminates viable bioburden via use of sporicidal chemical agents. [FDA]
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synonyms: DIPSI, DIPSI pulse sequence, DIPSI sequence
A sequence of composite pulses designed to remove signal splitting due to heteronuclear J-couplings in multinuclear liquid NMR experiments. Also used to allow transfer of magnetization between nuclei (by making the spins precess with at the same chemical shift and thus enjoy strong coupling - isotropic mixing). For the pulse sequence see J. Magn. Reson., (1988), 77, pg 274. [CHMO]
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An NMR pulse sequence that decouples nuclei i.e. removes the effects of dipolar coupling or J-coupling from the spectrum. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DUMBO, DUMBO pulse sequence, DUMBO sequence, decoupling using mind boggling optimisation, decoupling using mind boggling optimization, decoupling using mind-boggling optimisation, decoupling using mind-boggling optimization
A sequence of pulses used in magic angle spinning NMR to remove the effect of homonuclear dipolar couplings. For the pulse sequence see Chem. Phys. Lett., (2004), 398, pg 532. [CHMO]
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Definition pending. [0]
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An decreasing quality process profile is a quality process profile where the tracked determinate quality is continuously decreasing in magnitude. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: decrementing magnitude
Decrementing is reducing the magnitude of a quality in a predetermined and fixed manner. [OSTHUS, NIST]
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synonyms: decrementing magnitude
Decrementing is reducing the magnitude of a quality in a predetermined and fixed manner. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: decrementing magnitude
Decrementing is reducing the magnitude of a quality in a predetermined and fixed manner. [OSTHUS,NIST]
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Dedusting is the process of removal of dust. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: DRIE, pulsed etching, time-multiplexed etching
The process of creating deep holes and trenches in a sample surface using short pulses of a plasma (a partially ionized gas containing free electrons and radicals) alternating with the deposition of a chemically inert passivation layer. [CHMO]
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A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a deep ultraviolet (<300 nm) laser, by a sample is detected. The energy of the incoming laser is adjusted such that it or the scattered light coincides with an electronic transition within the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: C-DLTS, CDLTS, DLTS, capacitance deep level transient spectroscopy, capacitance deep-level transient spectroscopy, deep level transient spectroscopy
A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the capacitance produced by applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at different temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit a peak for each 'deep level' (each energy level near the center of the band gap). The height of the peak is proportional to the defect density and the emission rate and temperature dependence are characteristic for each type of defect. [CHMO]
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synonyms: deep ultraviolet lithography, deep-UV lithography
A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90-100 deg. C. The photoresist is then exposed to a pattern of intense UV (240 nm) light and a post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120-180 deg. C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. [CHMO]
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synonyms: deflection
A deflection, in physics, refers to the change in an objects' acceleration as a consequence of contact (collision) with a surface or the influence of a field. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: degas, degasification
Degassing is a sample preparation process whereby the adsorbed (dissolved) gas is removed from a solid or liquid. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: degas, degasification
A preparative step involving the removal of dissolved gases from a sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DFWM spectroscopy, degenerate four-wave spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where one laser beam is split into three beams. [CHMO]
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Degradation is the state of changing in the qualities of a material under the influence of one or more environmental factors such as heat, light or chemicals such as acids, alkalis and some salts to a lower level of quality. [Allotrope]
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Degradation is the state of changing in the qualities of a material under the influence of one or more environmental factors such as heat, light or chemicals such as acids, alkalies and some salts to a lower level of quality. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: deionisation, deionisation method, deionization method
The removal of ions from a solution using an ion-exchange method. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DEDMR
A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels are detected by delayed light emission. Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DE
The application of the accelerating voltage pulse after a time delay in desorption ionization from a surface. The extraction delay can produce energy focusing in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. [PSI-MS]
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synonyms: DFDMR
A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels are detected by delayed fluorescence. Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DANTE, DANTE pulse sequence, DANTE sequence
A pulse sequence used to selectively excite a frequency range by applying a series of very short pulses to manipulate, or nutate, the magnetization vectors of the desired spins, interspersed with delays which cause the off-resonance magnetisation not to be excited. For the pulse see J. Magn. Reson., (1978), 29, pg 433. [AMGEN, CHMO]
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synonyms: DANTE, DANTE pulse sequence, DANTE sequence
A pulse sequence used to selectively excite a frequency range by applying a series of very short pulses to manipulate, or nutate, the magnetization vectors of the desired spins, interspersed with delays which cause the off-resonance magnetisation not to be excited. For the pulse see J. Magn. Reson., (1978), 29, pg 433. [CHMO]
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synonyms: importing material
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synonyms: importing material
Delivering material is the importing of material to a location or site. [Allotrope]
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Denaturation is the process of unfolding a protein. [Allotrope]
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Denaturing is the process of partial or total alteration of the native structure of a macromolecule resulting from the loss of tertiary or tertiary and secondary structure that is a consequence of the disruption of stabilizing weak bonds. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: DGGE
A separation method where colloidal particles consisting of polynucleotides move at different speeds according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of a gel that contains a denaturing agent that causes double-stranded DNA to unzip, across which an electric field is applied. [CHMO]
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Denoting is a process that assigns a symbol to an entity in order to reference it. [Allotrope]
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The removal of impurities and elimination of pores from a xerogel (a gel that has been dried with unhindered shrinkage). [CHMO]
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synonyms: densiometric measurements, densiometry, densitometric measurements
The measurement of the density of a sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: density gradient centrifugation
A method where the components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density, in a dense medium or density gradient, in a centrifuge, according to the centrifugal force they experience. [CHMO]
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synonyms: density gradient ultracentrifugation
A method where the components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density, in a dense medium or density gradient, in a centrifuge, according to the centrifugal force they experience. Samples are spun at speeds of up to 150,000 rpm. [CHMO]
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Departure is the archivement of leaving the source site in a moving process. [Allotrope]
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Departure is the achievement of leaving the source site in a moving process. [Allotrope]
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Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: material deposition, sample deposition
The process of the settling of particles (atoms or molecules) from a solution, suspension or vapour onto a pre-existing surface, resulting in the growth of a new phase. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DC EMS, DCEMS, DS EMS, DS MS, DSEMS, DSMS, depth-selective Mossbauer spectrometry, depth-selective Moßbauer spectrometry, depth-selective Moßbauer spectroscopy, depth-selective Mössbauer spectrometry, depth-selective Mößbauer spectrometry, depth-selective Mößbauer spectroscopy, depth-selective conversion electron Mossbauer spectrometry, depth-selective conversion electron Moßbauer spectrometry, depth-selective conversion electron Moßbauer spectroscopy, depth-selective conversion electron Mösbauer spectrometry, depth-selective conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy, depth-selective conversion electron Mößbauer spectrometry, depth-selective conversion electron Mößbauer spectroscopy, depth-selective electron Mossbauer spectrometry, depth-selective electron Mossbauer spectroscopy, depth-selective electron Moßbauer spectrometry, depth-selective electron Moßbauer spectroscopy, depth-selective electron Mössbauer spectrometry, depth-selective electron Mössbauer spectroscopy, depth-selective electron Mößbauer spectrometry, depth-selective electron Mößbauer spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where gamma-rays are absorbed by a sample resulting in the ejection of conversion electrons, the energy distribution of which is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DSPES, depth-selective photoelectron spectrometry, depth-selective photoemission spectrometry, gamma-ray photoelectron spectrometry, gamma-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, gamma-ray photoemission spectrometry, gamma-ray photoemission spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with gamma-rays causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]
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A process used to destroy or remove pyrogens (e.g., endotoxin). [FDA]
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The transformation of a chemical compound (the 'educt') into another similar compound (the 'derivative') by altering one or more of its functional groups. Derviatisation is generally perfomed to alter reactivity or change a physical property such as solubility, boiling point, melting point, thermal stability etc. [CHMO]
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synonyms: desalinization
Desalination is a process that removes minerals from saline water. More generally, desalination may also refer to the removal of salts and minerals. [Wikipedia]
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Describing is a process by which an account of some relevant characteristics, qualities or events of an entity are given or presented. [Allotrope]
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Descriptive statistics is the process of using and analyzing descriptive statistics. A descriptive statistic is a summary statistic that quantitatively describes or summarizes features of a collection of information. [Wikipedia]
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Desorption is the process of a species desorbing from a surface when heated. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: DAPCI
An ionization method in which a corona discharge is used to direct a liquid spray (composed of an inert, high velocity gas and solvent ions) onto the sample surface. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DCI
Formation of gas-phase ions by chemical ionization of gaseous molecules produced by the rapid heating and desorption of a solid or low vapour pressure liquid. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: DCI
Formation of gas-phase ions by chemical ionization of gaseous molecules produced by the rapid heating and desorption of a solid or low vapour pressure liquid. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: DESI
An ionization method where charged solvent droplets which are formed by forcing the solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min-1) into an electric field are directed at the sample surface. The droplets form a thin film on the sample surface, dissolving the analyte of interest. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DESI MS, DESI-MS, DESIMS, desorption electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy, desorption electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by directing charged solvent droplets (which are formed by forcing the solvent through a small heated capillary into an electric field) at the sample surface. The droplets form a thin film on the sample surface, dissolving the analyte of interest. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DI
Formation of gas phase ions from a solid or liquid sample surface upon activation by heat, strong electric field, particles, droplets, or photon bombardment. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: DI
Formation of gas phase ions from a solid or liquid sample surface upon activation by heat, strong electric field, particles, droplets, or photon bombardment. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: DIOS
Soft ionization alternative to matrix-assisted desorption/ionization involving laser desorption ionization of a sample deposited on a porous silicon surface. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: DIOS
Soft ionization alternative to matrix-assisted desorption/ionization involving laser desorption ionization of a sample deposited on a porous silicon surface. [IUPAC]
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A method for determining surface area by measuring the amount of an inert gasesous or liquid substance (the 'sorbent', usually H2 or N2) which desorbs from the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'). Regression analysis is then applied to the data, resulting in an isotherm. [CHMO]
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synonyms: detection, detection method
Detecting is sensing that discovers information about of a material or energy. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: detection, detection method
Detecting is observing the presence of an entity. This occurs when a threshold value of a quantity (quality, disposition, process property) is exceeded. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: detecting, is detecting
A detecting state is a state that occurs when a detector detects its detection target. [Allotrope]
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The substitution of one or more hydrogen atoms in a molecule with deuterium atoms. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 2H decoupled NMR, 2H-decoupled NMR, deuterium-decoupled NMR, deuterium-decoupled NMR spectroscopy
A type of NMR spectroscopy where (J/scalar) couplings to 2H nuclei are cancelled by applying radio frequency radiation to saturate or otherwise manipulate the 2H spins such that no evolution of the coupling occurs. [CHMO]
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synonyms: device control driver, driver
A device driver (commonly referred to as a driver) is a computer program that operates or controls a particular type of device that is attached to a computer. A driver provides a software interface to hardware devices, enabling operating systems and other computer programs to access hardware functions without needing to know precise details of the hardware being used. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: device control driver, driver
A device driver (commonly referred to as a driver) is a computer program that operates or controls a particular type of device that is attached to a computer. A driver provides a software interface to hardware devices, enabling operating systems and other computer programs to access hardware functions without needing to know precise details of the hardware being used. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: instrument process
A device process is a planned process that realizes a function by a device or device system. [Allotrope]
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Diafiltration is a dilution process that involves removal or separation of components (permeable molecules like salts, small proteins, solvents etc.,) of a solution based on their molecular size by using micro-molecule permeable filters in order to attain pure solution. [Wikipedia]
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The separation of molecules in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane. [CHMO]
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synonyms: dichroism spectrometry
Any type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of polarized light by a sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DBDI
Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization in which the low-temperature plasma is not generated by a corona discharge but by a device consisting of two electrodes with at least one dielectric layer that separates the electrode from the plasma. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: DBDI
Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization in which the low-temperature plasma is not generated by a corona discharge but by a device consisting of two electrodes with at least one dielectric layer that separates the electrode from the plasma. [IUPAC]
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The removal of solvent from a sample by the application of radio frequency (3 Hz to 300 GHz) or microwave (1-1000 mm) radiation. [CHMO]
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synonyms: dielectric polarization sensing, measurement of dielectric polarization, sensing of dielectric polarization
A dielectric polarization measurement is a measuring of the difference between the electric displacement vector and the product of the electric field strength with the permittivity of vacuum. [IUPAC]
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The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the relative permittivity of the solution as a function of the solution volume. [CHMO]
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The measurement of the relative permittivity of a solution as a function of concentration. Measurements are made indirectly across the resistance of the solution with alternating current. [CHMO]
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synonyms: dielectrophoretic analysis
A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their dielectrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium, across which an electric field is applied. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DEP drop dispensing, DEP droplet dispensing
The dispensing of droplets from an electrode surface after an applied voltage has been removed. Periodic bumps along the length of the electrodes promote droplet formation by establishing an initial, static perturbation. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DIGE, differential in gel electrophoresis, differential in-gel electrophoresis
A two dimensional gel electrophoresis method where protein analytes have been previously labelled with different fluorescent dyes and different analytes are compared. [CHMO]
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A separation method where the components of a cell are separated on the basis of their density in a centrifuge according to the centrifugal force they experience. The sample is centrifuged in a number of separate, sequential steps; each time the pellet is removed and the speed increased. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DCM
A type of microscopy where visible light coming from the specimen (which is placed approximately half a confocal parameter from the focal plane along the optical axis of the microscope) is collected and guided through a pinhole before it is detected. The pinhole allows only light from the focal point to pass to the detector, reducing background interference. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DIC, DIC microscopy, NIC, NIC microscopy, Nomarski interference contrast microscopy, Nomarski microscopy
A type of microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with polarized visible light split into two beams, which then interfere to produce fringes whose spacing is proportional to the height of the specimen. [CHMO]
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synonyms: D-ICTS, DICTS, differential ICTS, differential-ICTS
A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the differential of the capacitance produced by applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at constant different temperatures, spectra are generated that exhibit peaks, the height of which are proportional to the height of which are proportional to time constant for the emission rate. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DOAS, differential optical absorbance spectrometry, differential optical absorbance spectroscopy, differential optical absorption spectrometry, differential optical absorption spectroscopy
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy where the difference between incident and transmitted radiation is measured for a gaseous sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DPASV
An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by applying an oxidising potential (as a series of voltage pulses of increasing amplitude). During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The current is sampled before and after each voltage pulse. [CHMO]
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An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. The potential is varied using pulses of linearly increasing amplitude (one pulse during each drop lifetime) and the current is sampled before and after each voltage pulse. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DPV, differential-pulse voltammetry
An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied using pulses of increasing amplitude and the current is sampled before and after each voltage pulse. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DSC, differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analysis, differential scanning calorimetric analysis
Differential scanning calorimetry is a thermal analysis method in which the difference in energy inputs into a substance and a reference material is measured as a function of temperature whilst the substance and reference material are subjected to a controlled temperature program. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: DSC, differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analysis, differential scanning calorimetric analysis
Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: DSC cycle, cycle for DSC
A cycle in differential scanning calorimetry is a segment of the calorimetry run with its own specific heating ramp. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: feedback mode code, FB mode code
The FB mode code is the code of the feedback mode used for a DSC measurement. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: DSC mode code
The differential scanning calorimetry scan mode code encodes the mode of measurement of DSC. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: DSF, differential scanning fluorimetry
A type of spectroscopy where the intensity of the fluorescence emitted by molecules excited using ultraviolet light is detected as it changes upon interaction of the molecule with its environment. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DTA
The measurement of the temperature difference between the sample and a reference material. [CHMO]
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synonyms: back weighing
In differential weighing one or more samples are investigated for weight changes. The first workstep comprises determination of the sample container (tare, if used) and the initial weight of the sample (weighing in). The sample is then subjected to a process such as drying, centrifuging, filtering, ashing, vaporization, coating, etc. Following such treatment, the sample is reweighed (back weighing). The determined weight is used as a basis for calculation of the result, which is normally shown as a difference value in percent of the initial weight. [Mettler]
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The method to obtain the derivative of a function or curve. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: crystallography, diffraction analysis
Any detection or measurement method where the structure of a crystal or molecule can be determined by directing a beam of particles or radiation at a sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. [CHMO]
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synonyms: specular XRR, diffuse X-ray reflectance, diffuse XRR, off-specular X-ray reflectivity, off-specular X-ray reflectometry, off-specular XRR
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at an extremely flat surface (at angle theta minus omega to the surface) and measuring the intensity of the X-rays which undergo diffuse reflection (and are emitted at angle theta plus omega from the surface). [CHMO]
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synonyms: DRCD, diffuse reflectance CD, diffuse reflectance circular dichroism
A type of spectroscopy based on the differential diffuse reflectance of left- and right-handed circularly polarized light by a sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, DRIFT, DRIFTS, diffuse reflectance infra-red Fourier transform spectrometry, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectrometry, diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy by Fourier transform
A type of spectroscopy where the diffuse reflection of a single pulse of infrared radiation by a sample is measured, and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]
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synonyms: diffuse reflectance IR spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the diffuse reflection of infrared radiation by a sample is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DFLPF
A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The diffuse reflectance of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse. [CHMO]
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synonyms: UV-vis-DRS, UV-vis-diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance UV-vis spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance UV-visible
A type of spectroscopy where the diffuse reflection of radiation in the range ultraviolet to visible (190-800 nm) by a sample is measured. [CHMO]
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Diffuse reflection is the reflection of light or other waves or particles from a surface such that a ray incident on the surface is scattered at many angles rather than at just one angle as in the case of specular reflection. An ideal diffuse reflecting surface is said to exhibit Lambertian reflection, meaning that there is equal luminance when viewed from all directions lying in the half-space adjacent to the surface. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: DWS, diffusing-wave spectroscopy, diffusive wave spectroscopy, diffusive-wave spectroscopy
A method for determining molecular motion by measuring the time it takes for a particle in a highly-scattering suspension (e.g. a colloid) to move a distance comparable to the wavelength of light. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DOSY, DOSY NMR, diffusion NMR, diffusion ordered NMR spectroscopy, diffusion ordered spectroscopy, diffusion-edited NMR spectroscopy, diffusion-edited spectroscopy, diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy, diffusion-ordered nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
A type of NMR spectroscopy using pulsed-field gradients where the rate of decay of NMR signals in each component of a sample mixture is measured across a series of experiments. The rate of signal decay is proportional to the diffusion coefficient for each component. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 3D COSY-DOSY, 3D DOSY-COSY, COSY-DOSY, DOSY-COSY, correlation spectroscopy-diffusion-ordered spectroscopy
A type of three-dimensional NMR experiment in which the signals of a 2D COSY spectrum are dispersed along a third frequency axis according to diffusion coefficient. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 3D DOSY-TOCSY, 3D TOCSY-DOSY, DOSY-TOCSY, TOCSY-DOSY, total correlation spectroscopy-diffusion-ordered spectroscopy
A type of three-dimensional NMR experiment in which the signals of a 2D TOCSY spectrum are dispersed along a third frequency axis according to diffusion coefficient. [CHMO]
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The measurement and study of dimensional changes in polymers as a function of temperature, fluid absorption, mechanical stress or chemical reaction. [CHMO]
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Dilution is the process of adding a solvent to a solution to lower its concentration. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: DAD process
A process executed by a diode array detector. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: dip-coating
The application of a thin cover to sample by immersing it in a tank containing coating material, allowing it to remain there for a certain 'dwell time', removing the piece from the tank ('withdrawal'), and allowing it to drain. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DPN
A synthesis technique where an atomic force microscope is used to pattern surfaces with molecules or particles. An AFM tip is coated with a chemical compound or biomolecule and put in contact with a substrate, where transfer takes place. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DART
An ionization method where the sample is ionized by a corona discharge within a He atmosphere. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DC amperometry, dc amperometry, direct-current amperometry
An electrochemical technique where the cell direct current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DCP-AES, DCPAES, d.c. AES, d.c. plasma atomic emission spectrometry, d.c. plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, direct current plasma atomic emission spectrometry
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a plasma generated by passing an electrical discharge between two electrodes is used as the excitation source. [CHMO]
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The removal of solvent from a sample by the application of heated air. [CHMO]
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synonyms: infusion
Method of liquid sample introduction in which the sample is continuously flowed into a mass spectrometer ion source. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: infusion
Method of liquid sample introduction in which the sample is continuously flowed into a mass spectrometer ion source. [IUPAC]
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A mass spectrometry method using a direct inlet. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: direct laser absorption spectroscopy, DLAS, direct laser absorption spectrometry
Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more laser beams and light absorption is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DLICVD, direct liquid injection CVD, direct-liquid-injection CVD, direct-liquid-injection chemical vapor deposition, direct-liquid-injection chemical vapour deposition
A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more liquid precursors, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DLI
Direct delivery of a liquid sample at a low solvent flow rate into the chemical ionization ion source of a mass spectrometer. The solvent vapour can act as the reagent gas. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: DLI
Direct delivery of a liquid sample at a low solvent flow rate into the chemical ionization ion source of a mass spectrometer. The solvent vapour can act as the reagent gas. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: direct recoil spectroscopy, DRS
A type of spectroscopy where a focused beam of ions is directed at a sample causes binary collisions with surface molecules which result in molecular decomposition and the emission of atoms. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DC dielectrophoresis, d.c. dielectrophoresis, dc dielectrophoresis, direct current dielectrophoresis, direct current dielectrophoretic analysis
A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their dielectrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium, across which a direct electric field is applied. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DSA, DSL, directed self assembly, directional self assembly, directional self-assembly
A synthesis method in which the components of the sample spontaneously (and reversibly) associate by non-covalent interactions, taking the form of an existing lithographically templated structure or pattern. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DAPS, disappearance potential spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by the sudden disappearance of electrons from the beam. [CHMO]
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synonyms: decrementing energy, unloading
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A state s with participating materials m1 and m2, and m1 is not connected to m2. [Allotrope]
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Disconnecting is a branching process that removes the connection between parts of a flow so that they become topologically separate. [Allotrope]
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Process by which surface bioburden is reduced to a safe level or eliminated. Some disinfection agents are effective only against vegetative microbes, while others possess additional capability to effectively kill bacterial and fungal spores. [FDA]
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synonyms: disintegrated
Disintegrated state is a state of an object when its has turned into an aggregate of small, separated pieces. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: disintegration
Disintegrating is a break a material into small, separate parts. [Allotrope]
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A disintegration test is a test to check the time that an object needs to disintegrate. [Allotrope]
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A disintegration test is a process in order to check the time that an object needs to disintegrate. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: dispension
Dispensing is giving out material in discrete portions. [Allotrope]
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Dispersed state is a state of a system in which discrete particles of one material are dispersed in a continuous phase of another material. [Allotrope]
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A polymer preparation technique in which an insoluble polymer is dispersed in a continuous organic phase. [CHMO]
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A type of spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the infrared region (0.78-1000 µm). The infrared beam is passed through a diffraction grating which separates (or disperses) the wavelength of the light and directs each wavelength individually through a slit to a detector. [CHMO]
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Dispersive Raman spectroscopy is a type of Raman spectroscopy that uses a dispersive Raman spectrometer which focuses the signal on a grating that separates the wavelengths and sends the spatially separated beams onto a detector. [Allotrope]
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Chromatography where the mobile phase contains a compound (the displacer) more strongly retained than the components of the sample under examination. The sample is fed into the system as a finite slug. [CHMO]
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The process of transforming a signal into a visual signal (color, pattern). [Allotrope]
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synonyms: anatomization
The disassembly of an object to determine its internal structure. [CHMO]
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Dissociation in chemistry and biochemistry is a general process in which molecules (or ionic compounds such as salts, or complexes) separate or split into smaller particles such as atoms, ions or radicals, usually in a reversible manner. [Wikipedia]
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Ionization mechanism in which capture of a low-energy electron by a molecule leads directly to a dissociative state of the nascent anion, an example of dissociative ionization. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Ionization mechanism in which capture of a low-energy electron by a molecule leads directly to a dissociative state of the nascent anion, an example of dissociative ionization. [IUPAC]
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The reaction of a gas-phase molecule that results in its decomposition to form products, one of which is an ion. [PSI-MS]
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A measurement of dissolved carbon dioxide. [Allotrope]
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A measurement of dissolved oxygen. [Allotrope]
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A mixing step where a soluble component is mixed with a liquid component. [CHMO]
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A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. [CHMO]
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synonyms: distillation precipitation copolymerisation, distillation precipitation copolymerization
A polymer preparation technique in which two different types of monomer are dissolved in an organic solvent and distilled until a precipitate of the corresponding copolymer is formed. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DEPT, DEPT NMR, distortionless enhancement by polarisation transfer, distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer
A type of spectroscopy where the energy states of 13C nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.The 13C NMR signals are enhanced by transferring 1H magnetization to 13C nuclei and the phase of the signals reflects the multiplicity i.e. CH, CH2 or CH3). Separate methyl, methylene and methine spectra may be obtained. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DEPTQ, DEPTQ NMR
A type of spectroscopy where the energy states of 13C nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.The 13C NMR signals are enhanced by transferring 1H magnetization to 13C nuclei and the phase of the signals reflects the multiplicity i.e. CH, CH2 or CH3). Separate methyl, methylene and methine spectra may be obtained. The quaternary carbon centres are also represented in the spectra, albeit with reduced intensities, and are rendered with similar 'signs' to methylene groups. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: DEPTQ, DEPTQ NMR
A type of spectroscopy where the energy states of 13C nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.The 13C NMR signals are enhanced by transferring 1H magnetization to 13C nuclei and the phase of the signals reflects the multiplicity i.e. CH, CH2 or CH3). Separate methyl, methylene and methine spectra may be obtained. The quaternary carbon centres are also represented in the spectra, albeit with reduced intensities, and are rendered with similar 'signs' to methylene groups. [OSTHUS]
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synonyms: partioning, portioning, splitting
Dividing is a separating of flows focused on all parts of the flow. [Allotrope]
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Dividing materials is dividing of materials. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: DPL, double-patterning lithography
A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90-100 deg. C. The photoresist is then exposed to two different patterns of intense (typically UV) light using two different masks. A post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120-180 deg. C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DPFGSE, DPFGSE excitation, DPFGSE pulse sequence, DPFGSE sequence, double pulsed field gradient spin echo, double pulsed field gradient spin-echo, double pulsed field gradient spin-echo pulse sequence
An NMR pulse sequence in which pulsed field gradients are applied to a doubled spin echo sequence to cleanly and precisely excite particular resonances. For the pulse sequence see J. Magn. Reson. A, (1995), 112, pg 275. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DQF
An NMR technique used to edit the NMR response from a sample by selecting only two-spin coupled systems, usually achieved by appropriate cycling of the phase (direction of application) of the pulses in an experiment and of the receiver. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DOUBTFUL, DOUBTFUL pulse sequence, DOUBTFUL sequence
A pulse sequence used to selectively resolve the signals from two coupled nuclei, see J. Am. Chem. Soc., (1982), 104, pg 4286. [CHMO]
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A synthesis method where an electrical discharge is passed under reduced pressure between two cathodes. One cathode is the source (or target) composed of the elements required to prepare the sample via sputtering, and the other cathode is the substrate material. When two different (negative) voltages are applied to the two cathodes, glow discharge occurs, causing a build up of the sample on the substrate cathode. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DQF-COSY, double quantum filtered COSY, double quantum filtered correlation spectroscopy, double-quantum-filtered COSY
A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between nuclei which are J-coupled (usually <= 3 bonds apart). The response is edited by selecting only two-spin coupled systems, usually achieved by appropriate cycling of the phase (direction of application) of the pulses in the experiment. [CHMO]
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Downscan mode is a scan mode of differential scanning calorimetry that proceeds with decreasing temperature. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: downstream, downstream bioprocessing, downstream processing
Downstream processing refers to the recovery and purification of biosynthetic products, particularly pharmaceuticals, from natural sources such as animal or plant tissue or fermentation broth, including the recycling of salvageable components and the proper treatment and disposal of waste. [Wikipedia]
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Drawing is the process by which an object or liquid is extracted from a container or receptacle. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: DTIMS, drift tube ion mobility spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the velocity of gas phase ions in an electric field is measured. The ions are gated into a region of constant electric field strength and the ions with highest mobility arrive at the detector first. [CHMO]
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synonyms: drop-coating
The application of a thin cover to a sample by depositing consecutive drops of a solution on its surface, and allowing the solvent to evaporate. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DCD Raman spectroscopy, DCDR, DCDR spectroscopy, drop coating deposition Raman (DCDR) spectroscopy, drop-coating deposition Raman spectroscopy, drop-coating-deposition Raman spectroscopy
A type of Raman spectroscopy where the spectral signal is enhanced by pre-concentration of the sample. Drops of the sample in solution are deposited onto a surface and dry in a 'coffee-ring' pattern. Spectra are then obtained from this ring of excess of material, after evaporation has completed. [CHMO]
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synonyms: drop dispensing
The controlled dropwise release of a liquid. [CHMO]
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The removal of solvent from a sample by applying it as a thin layer to the surface of a heated drum. [CHMO]
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The process of the settling of particles (atoms or molecules) from a gas or vapor onto a pre-existing surface, resulting in the growth of a new phase. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DELCD
A detection method that is sensitive to compounds containing Br or Cl. A carrier gas flow containing the sample is heated in a ceramic chamber to 1000 deg. C, forming gaseous Cl and Br ions. The change in electrical conductivity of the gas-phase current is then measured. [CHMO]
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The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface by sputtering or dissolving using reactive ions or a vapour-phase etchant. [CHMO]
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A process used to create polymer fibers. Polymer dissolved in a solvent is forced through a spinneret (a multi-pored device similar to a shower head) and the solvent is removed from the polymer fibres by evaporation. [CHMO]
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synonyms: dry-wet phase inversion technique, Loeb-Sourirajan method, Loeb-Sourirajan technique
A technique for preparing a polymer membrane by mixing polymer and solvent, then casting this solution onto a surface and allowing the solvent to partially evaporate. The film is them immersed in a nonsolvent causing solidification. [CHMO]
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synonyms: drying, sample drying
The process of removing a solvent from a substance. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DI-IRMS, DI/IRMS, dual inlet IRMS, dual inlet isotope ratio mass spectrometry, dual-inlet IRMS
A type of mass spectrometry where purified gas obtained from a sample is alternated rapidly with a standard gas (of known isotopic composition) by means of a system of valves, so that a number of comparative measurements are made of both gases. The relative abundance of isotopes in a sample is then determined. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DPE, bioslurping, dual phase extraction, multi-phase extraction, multiphase extraction, vacuum-enhanced extraction
An extraction method for soil samples that uses a high-vacuum system to remove liquid and gas from low-permeability or heterogeneous soil. By removing water from the sample (liquid-phase extraction) the water table is lowered exposing the solid sample to vapor-phase extraction. [CHMO]
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synonyms: coloring
Dyeing is the changing of the color of some material. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: DDSC, DDSCle and a reference, by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of temperature whilst a second variable is kept constant. The power input is in the form of a saw-tooth wave. [CHMO]
The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction of both a sample and a reference, by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of temperature whilst a second variable is kept constant. The power input is in the form of a saw-tooth wave. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DDSC, DDSCle and a reference, by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of temperature whilst a second variable is kept constant. The power input is in the form of a saw-tooth wave. [CHMO]
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synonyms: AC-mode AFM, AFM tapping-mode, DFM, DSFM, dynamic force AFM, dynamic scanning force microscopy, intermittant contact AFM, intermittant contact atomic force microscopy, intermittant-contact AFM, intermittant-contact atomic force microscopy, intermittent contact AFM, intermittent contact atomic force microscopy, intermittent-contact AFM, intermittent-contact atomic force microscopy, tapping mode AFM, tapping mode atomic force microscopy, tapping-mode AFM
A type of microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. The tip oscillates, intermittently touching or tapping the surface. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DFS
The use of an atomic force microscope to measure rupture or fusion force as a function of loading rate. [CHMO]
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synonyms: purge and trap, purge and trap extraction
The process of transferring a substance from a solid or liquid matrix to the vapour phase by heating, and removing analytes from the headspace in a carrier gas. [CHMO]
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synonyms: dynamic light scattering, DLS, PCS, QELS, dynamic laser scattering, dynamic light scattering spectrometry, dynamic light scattering spectroscopy, photocorrelation spectroscopy, photon correlation spectrometry, photon correlation spectroscopy, quasi-elastic light scattering, quasi-elastic light scattering spectrometry, quasi-elastic light scattering spectroscopy
A method for determining the size distribution of a sample of small particles in solution by illuminating the sample with a light source (usually a laser) and measuring the time-dependent fluctuations in the intensity of the scattered light caused by Brownian motion. [CHMO]
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synonyms: dynamic LPME, dynamic liquid-phase microextraction
The process of transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase (or vice versa) by the repeated movement of a microsyringe. [CHMO]
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A mass spectrometry technique in which m/z separation using one or more electric fields that vary with time. [CHMO, OSTHUS]
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A mass spectrometry technique in which m/z separation using one or more electric fields that vary with time. [CHMO, Allotrope]
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A mass spectrometry technique in which m/z separation using one or more electric fields that vary with time. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DNP oximetry
A technique for measuring the amount of oxygen in a sample by collecting proton nuclear magnetic resonance data whilst irradiating the electron paramagnetic resonance signal from O2. A transfer of polarization from the electrons to the protons occurs, resulting in an enhancement of the observed NMR signal. [CHMO]
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The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction as a function of temperature. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DMS, dynamic mass spectrometry, DSIMS, dynamic mass spectroscopy, dynamic secondary ion mass spectroscopy, sputtered mass spectrometry, sputtered mass spectroscopy
Secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis with primary ion current density sufficiently high for use in analysis of sample surface layers in the depth direction. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: DMS, dynamic mass spectrometry, DSIMS, dynamic mass spectroscopy, dynamic secondary ion mass spectroscopy, sputtered mass spectrometry, sputtered mass spectroscopy
Secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis with primary ion current density sufficiently high for use in analysis of sample surface layers in the depth direction. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: moisture sorption
Dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) is a gravimetric technique that measures how quickly and how much of a solvent is absorbed by a sample: such as a dry powder absorbing water. It does this by varying the vapor concentration surrounding the sample and measuring the change in mass which this produces. Water vapor is most commonly used, but it is also possible to use a wide range of organic solvents. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: DVS
Dynamic vapor sorption is a gravimetric technique that measures how quickly and how much of a solvent is absorbed by a sample. It does this by varying the vapor concentration surrounding the sample and measuring the change in mass which this produces. [Wikipedia]
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In dynamic weighing you obtain stable weighing results even if the weighing sample or the balance itself moves, e.g. in animal weighing or if the balance is wobbling. [Mettler]
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synonyms: dynamic surface tensiometry
The measurement of the surface tension of a non-static liquid. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EINS
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, phase is not conserved and the neutrons retain all of their kinetic energy during collisions. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ELEED, elastic low-energy electron diffraction, low-energy electron diffraction
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of low energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any elastically scattered (scattering where kinetic energy is conserved) electrons. [CHMO]
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synonyms: elastic neutron scattering
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample and retain all of their kinetic energy during collisions. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FRS, ERD, ERDA, HFS, elastic recoil detection, forward recoil scattering, hydrogen forward scattering
A technique for measuring elemental concentration depth profiles in thin films by directing an ion beam at the sample and detecting recoiled atoms. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EFISH, EFISHG, EFISHG spectroscopy, electric field induced second harmonic generation, electric field induced second harmonic generation spectroscopy, electric-field-induced SHG, electric-field-induced SHG spectroscopy, electric-field-induced second harmonic generation, electric-field-induced second-harmonic- (EFISH) generation
A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser of frequency ömega whilst a direct-current electric field is applied, allowing the production of the second harmonic (2 omega). This technique is used to induce an asymmetry in an otherwise symmetric material as a probe of the molecular hyperpolarizability. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EF-FFF, ElFFF, electric FFF, electric field field-flow fractionation, electrical FFF
A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel and applying an electric field perpendicular to the channel. A carrier liquid is passed through the channel and the particles are separated on the basis of electrophoretic mobility. [CHMO]
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synonyms: electroanalytical method, electrochemical assay, electrochemical method
The use of an electrochemical cell to measure a qualitative or quantitative response. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ECR
Any process in which the molecular structure of a hydrocarbon is rearranged to alter its properties (e.g. its combustion characteristics) in the presence of a metal catalyst and under a high pressure of H2 gas. An electric current is used to heat the catalyst. [CHMO]
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synonyms: cathodic electrodeposition, electrocoating, electrodeposition, electroplating
A synthesis method in which a film of solid metal is deposited from a solution of ions onto an electrically conducting surface (an electrode). Three electrodes are required (working, counter and reference) and when sufficient current is passed through the solution, metal ions are reduced at the working electrode. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ED, coulometric detection
A detection method that is sensitive to compounds which can be either reduced or oxidised. A liquid containing the sample passes directly over the working electrode, which is set to the specific potential required for oxidation or reduction. The current produced is then measured. [CHMO]
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The formation of a gel from a solution by electrochemical oxidation. [CHMO]
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synonyms: electrochemical nanoimprinting, superionic electrochemical nanoimprinting
A synthesis technique that uses an electrochemical reaction to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A superionic conductor (e.g. Ag2S) stamp containing the desired (nanosized) pattern on its surface is pressed onto a metal substrate. When a voltage is applied across the substrate and stamp, metal ions move from the substrate to the stamp leaving behind the complementary pattern. [CHMO]
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synonyms: electrolytic passivation
Any eletrochemical process that makes one sample unreactive to another, prior to using the samples together. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EQCM measurements, EQCM technique, eQCM measurements, eQCM technique, electrochemical QCM, electrochemical QCM measurements, electrochemical QCM technique, electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance measurements, electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance technique
A method used to determine the ratio of the mass, deposited at the electrode surface during an electrochemical reaction, to the total charge passed through the electrode (the 'current efficiency'). The electrode surface is deposited on a piezoelectric quartz crystal, and the change in resonance frequency of the crystal is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EC SPRS, EC-SPR EC SPR, EC-SPR spectrometry, EC-SPR spectroscopy, EC-SPRS, ECSPR, ECSPRS
A type of spectroscopy where the resonant excitation of surface plasmons on a surface, which is the working electrode in an electrochemical experiment, by ultraviolet or visible light is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: electrochemical surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, EC-SERS, electrochemical SERS, electrochemical surface enhanced Raman scattering, electrochemical surface-enhanced Raman scattering
A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a visible laser, at a metal (Au, Ag or Cu) electrochemcial interface is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EIS, electrical impedance spectrometry, electrical-impedance spectrometry, electrical-impedance spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, electrochemical-induced impedance spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of an electrochemical cell is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ECL , electrogenerated chemiluminescence
The detection of luminescence emitted by electrochemically-generated intermediates during an electrochemical reaction. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EDI
Electrodeionization is a water treatment technology that utilizes an electricity, ion exchange membranes and resin to deionize water and separate dissolved ions (impurities) from water. [Wikipedia]
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The selective separation of molecules in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion across a semipermeable membrane under the influence of an electric field. [CHMO]
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synonyms: electrohydrodynamic droplet dispensing, EHD dispensing, EHD droplet dispensing
The dispensing of droplets between two electrodes by applying an electric field. [CHMO]
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Ionization process that produces charged droplets and gas-phase ions from a liquid under vacuum with the application of an electric field. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Ionization process that produces charged droplets and gas-phase ions from a liquid under vacuum with the application of an electric field. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: ECC, EKC, electrokinetic capillary chromatography
A separation method based on a combination of electrophoresis and interactions of the analytes with additives which form a dispersed phase moving at a different velocity. [CHMO]
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Introduction of sample into the instrument system via pressure. [Allotrope]
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Introduction of sample into the instrument system via pressure. [OSTHUS]
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Any patterning technique that utlilises the movement of particles under the influence of an electric field (e.g. electroosmosis or electrophoresis). [CHMO]
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A synthesis method in which a film of solid metal is deposited from a solution of ions onto an electrically conducting surface. No external power source is required, but a reductant is added to the solution to initiate the reduction of the metal ions. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EL detection
The detection of luminescence emitted from a sample as a result of the application of an electric current or a strong electric field. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Coulson electrolytic conductivity detection, ELCD, HECD, Hall electrolytic conductivity detection
A detection method that is sensitive to compounds containing Br or Cl. The pyrolysed sample is dissolved in water, forming aqueous solutions of HBr or HCl. The change in electrical conductivity of the solution is then measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: electrolytic conductivity detection
An electrolytic conductivity measurement is a measurement of the electrolytic conductivity of a material. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: electroetching
The process of removing the unprotected areas of a surface by placing it inside an electrochemical etching solution in the presence of an electric current. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EAPFS, EAPFSS, electron appearance potential fine structure spectrometry, electron appearance potential fine structure spectroscopy, extended appearance potential fine structure analysis, extended appearance potential fine structure spectrometry, extended appearance potential fine structure spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by a sudden change in the electron beam current. The fine structure close to the threshold is analysed by measuring the change in electron beam current. [CHMO]
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synonyms: BKD, EBSD, backscatter Kikuchi diffraction
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of electrons at the sample (the energies of which are controlled by their acceleration voltage) and recording the resulting diffraction pattern of any backscattered electrons. [CHMO]
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synonyms: E-beam curing, EB curing, e-beam curing, electron-beam curing
A chemical process in which a prepolymer is converted into a polymer and then into a network, upon irradiation with an electron beam. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ECD, electron capture detection, electron capture dissociation
A detection method that is sensitive to electronegative compounds (e.g. halogenated compounds). A beta-particle emitter (e.g. 63Ni) is used to produce an electron beam, which is passed between two electrodes. As the sample is passed through the e-beam, organic functional groups interact with the electrons, interrupting the current. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ECD
Process in which multiply protonated molecules interact with low-energy electrons followed by fragmentation. The capture of an electron by the even-electron cation [M + nH]n+ liberates energy and reduces its charge state, thus producing the corresponding [M + nH](n–1)+• odd-electron ion, which readily fragments. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: ECD
Process in which multiply protonated molecules interact with low-energy electrons followed by fragmentation. The capture of an electron by the even-electron cation [M + nH]n+ liberates energy and reduces its charge state, thus producing the corresponding [M + nH](n–1)+• odd-electron ion, which readily fragments. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: ECNI, ECI, electron capture negative ionisation, electron capture negative ionization
Ionization of a gas-phase atom or molecule by attachment of a free electron to form molecular ions of the M–• type. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: ECNI, ECI, electron capture negative ionisation, electron capture negative ionization
Ionization of a gas-phase atom or molecule by attachment of a free electron to form molecular ions of the M–• type. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: ECD, electron capture detection, electron capture dissociation
Electron capture measurement is a measurement that is sensitive to electronegative compounds (e.g. halogenated compounds). A beta-particle emitter (e.g. 63Ni) is used to produce an electron beam, which is passed between two electrodes. As the sample is passed through the e-beam, organic functional groups interact with the electrons, interrupting the current. [Allotrope, CHMO]
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synonyms: ECNI, electron capture negative ionisation mass spectrometry, electron capture negative ionization mass spectroscopy, resonant electron capture negative ionisation mass spectrometry, resonant electron capture negative ionisation mass spectroscopy, resonant electron capture negative ionization mass spectrometry, resonant electron capture negative ionization mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by interaction with thermal electrons (electrons with energy 0.1 eV or less). [CHMO]
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synonyms: ECS, electron coincidence spectrometry
Any type of spectroscopy where two or more particles (electrons, photons or ions) originating from a single event, such as an ionization, are detected as a function of energy. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ED, electron crystallography, electron diffraction analysis, electron diffractometry
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of electrons (the energies of which are controlled by their acceleration voltage) and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EIS, ELS, EELS, IESS, REELS, electron energy loss spectrometry, electron impact spectroscopy, inelastic electron scattering spectrometry, inelastic electron scattering spectroscopy, reflection electron energy loss spectrometry, reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy
Any type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies (50-200 eV) interacts with a surface and the energy loss (0.005-100 eV) the electrons suffer as a result of the interaction is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: electron ionisation, electron impact ionisation, EI, electron impact, electron impact ionization
Electron ionization is a ionization that removes one or more electrons from an atom or molecule through interactions with electrons that are typically accelerated to energies between 10 and 150 eV. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: electron ionisation, electron impact ionisation, EI, electron impact, electron impact ionization
Ionization that removes one or more electrons from an atom or molecule through interactions with electrons that are typically accelerated to energies between 10 and 150 eV. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: EI-MS, electron ionisation mass spectroscopy, electron ionization mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by electrons (energy 70 eV) which have been emitted from a glowing filament and accelerated through an electric field. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EMR, EMR spectroscopy
Any type of magnetic resonance spectroscopy involving unpaired electrons. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Auger electron microanalysis, EMAS, electron microprobe Auger electron spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where bombardment of a sample with a finely focused (<10 m diameter) beam of electrons results in the ionization of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of incident electron energy. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EM
A type of microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: electron nuclear double resonance , ENDOR, ENDOR spectroscopy, EPR detected NMR
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synonyms: electron nuclear double resonance , ENDOR, ENDOR spectroscopy, EPR detected NMR
Any type of spectroscopy where a nuclear resonance is detected though its effect on an electron spin resonance. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EPR-monitored oxidation-reduction titration, EPR-monitored redox titration, ESR-monitored oxidation-reduction titration, ESR-monitored redox titration, electron paramagnetic resonance monitored redox titration, electron spin resonance monitored oxidation-reduction titration, electron spin resonance monitored redox titration
The process of determining the quantity of a sample by monitoring a redox process until the endpoint, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by monitoring the amplitude of an EPR signal (the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to a perturbing magnetic field) from one of the reactants. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EMPA, EPMA, EPXMA, electron microprobe analysis, electron probe microanalysis
A type of X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding a flat polished sample with a finely focused (<10 µm diameter) beam of electrons which results in the ionization of the inner shells of sample atoms. The decay of the ionized states results in the emission of characteristic X-rays. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ESS, electron scattering spectrometry, electron scattering spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, extended range of kinetic energies is scattered by a surface and the energy and position of the scattered electrons is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ES, electron spectrometry
Any type of spectroscopy where the absorption or emission of electrons is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EPR imaging, EPRI, ESR imaging, ESRI, electron paramagnetic imaging
An imaging method which uses the detection of unpaired spins in a magnetic field gradient so that the resonance condition is sensitive to the position of the spins in the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EPR oximetry, EPR spin-label oximetry, EPR spin-probe oximetry, ESR oximetry, ESR spin-label oximetry, ESR spin-probe oximetry, electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry , electron paramagnetic resonance spin-label oximetry, electron paramagnetic resonance spin-probe oximetry, electron spin resonance spin-label oximetry, electron spin resonance spin-probe oximetry, spin-label oximetry, spin-probe oximetry
A technique used to measure the levels of oxygen in a sample by measuring the enhancement of relaxation rates (proportional to O2 concentration) of paramagnetic species ('labels' or 'probes', e.g. nitroxides) in solution with O2, using ESR spectroscopy. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EPR, EPR spectroscopy, ESR, ESR spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometry, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, electron spin resonance spectrometry
Any type of spectroscopy where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to a perturbing magnetic field is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ESEEM, electron spin echo envelope modulation
A type of pulsed EPR spectroscopy which is used to observe the electron spin echo in a paramagnetic system as a function of the time that separates the pulses causing the echo. This technique is a powerful probe of the radial distribution of magnetic nuclear spins in the environment of the electron spins producing the echo. [CHMO]
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synonyms: electron transfer dissociation, ETD
A detection method that is sensitive to peptides. Anions transfer electrons to multiply protonated peptides inducing fragmentation of the peptide backbone. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ETD
Process in which multiply protonated molecules accept an electron from an anion with relatively low electron affinity. Capture of the electron leads to the liberation of energy and a reduction in charge of the ion with the production of the [M + nH](n–1)+• odd-electron ion, which is readily fragmented by collision-induced dissociation. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: ETD
Process in which multiply protonated molecules accept an electron from an anion with relatively low electron affinity. Capture of the electron leads to the liberation of energy and a reduction in charge of the ion with the production of the [M + nH](n–1)+• odd-electron ion, which is readily fragmented by collision-induced dissociation. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: EB lithography, EBDW, EBL, EPL, e-beam lithography, e-beam patterning, electron beam (EB) lithography, electron beam lithography, electron beam patterning, electron projection lithography, electron-beam direct-write lithography, electron-beam patterning, electron-projection lithography
A synthesis technique that uses electrons to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a beam of electrons (10-20 keV) is scanned across it in a patterned fashion. The electrons induce chemical reactions in the resist and the desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). The electron beam can be focused using either electric or magnetic fields. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EPL, e-beam projection lithography, ebeam projection lithography
A synthesis technique that uses electrons to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a beam of electrons (100 keV) is scanned across a patterned mask. The electrons induce chemical reactions in the resist and the desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). The electron beam can be focused using either electric or magnetic fields. [CHMO]
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synonyms: e-beam sputtering, e-beam sputtering deposition, electron beam sputtering, electron sputter deposition, electron-beam sputtering
A synthesis technique where a solid target is bombarded with electrons causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EB deposition, EBD, EBID, electron beam deposition, electron beam-induced deposition, electron-beam deposition
A synthesis method where an electron beam is used to decompose gaseous molecules leading to deposition of a solid on a nearby substrate. [CHMO]
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synonyms: E2E, electron-electron coincidence spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of a pair of electrons which are detected as a function of energy. [CHMO]
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synonyms: electron-electron double resonance spectroscopy, DEER, DEER spectroscopy, ELDOR, ELDOR spectroscopy, double electron-electron resonance spectroscopy, electron-electron double resonance
Any type of spectroscopy where one electron spin resonance is detected though its effect on another. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EEICO, electron-electron ion coincidence spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of an ion and a pair of electrons which are detected as a function of energy. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EAES, EEAES, EIAES, electron-excited Auger electron spectrometry, electron-induced Auger electron spectrometry, electron-induced Auger electron spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where electron bombardment of a sample results in the ionization of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electron and the energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of incident electron energy. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EIXES, electron-induced XES
Any type of X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding the sample with a focused beam of high-energy electrons. [CHMO]
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synonyms: electron-induced PES
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. The energy of the incident electrons is usually greater than the ionization energy of the sample and the photoelectrons are emitted with the excess in the form of kinetic energy. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EICO, electron-ion coincidence spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of an ion and an electron which are detected as a function of energy. [CHMO]
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synonyms: electronic absorption detection, electronic absorbance measuring
Electronic absorption measurement is a measurement that is based on the absorption of energy by electronic transitions. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: electronic absorption detection, electronic absorbance measuring
Electronic absorption detection is a type of detection that is based on the absorption of energy by electronic transitions. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: ECD, ECD spectrometry, ECD spectroscopy, electronic CD, electronic circular dichroism, electronic circular dichroism spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarized visible or near-ultraviolet radiation (200-400 nm). The optical activity of the sample is monitored using electronic transitions. [CHMO]
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Any spectroscopic method which probes the electronic degrees of freedom of an atom or molecule. [CHMO]
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Any spectroscopic method which probes the electronic degrees of freedom of an atom or molecule. [CHMO]
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synonyms: electronic sputtering
The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface by bombarding it with high-energy or highly charged heavy ions. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ESFG spectroscopy, electronic sum frequency generation spectroscopy, electronic sum-frequency generation (ESFG) spectroscopy
A method for generating surface-specific electronic spectra by mixing two light beams at a surface and detecting the output beam, which has frequency equal to the sum of the two input frequencies. [CHMO]
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synonyms: cataphoresis, electrophoretic analysis
An electrophoresis is a separation where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium, across which an electric field is applied. [CHMO]
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synonyms: cataphoresis, electrophoretic analysis
A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium, across which an electric field is applied. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EPD
Any synthesis process where colloidal particles suspended in a liquid medium migrate under the influence of an electric field and are deposited on an electrode. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ELS
A method for determining the electrophoretic mobility and zeta-potential of a sample of colloidal particles in solution by illuminating the sample with a light source (usually a laser) and measuring the time dependent fluctuations in the frequency of the scattered light caused by an oscillating electric field. [CHMO]
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synonyms: electropermeabilization
A method for introducing polar molecules into a host cell through the cell membrane. A large electric pulse (300-400 mV for <1 ms) temporarily disturbs the phospholipid bilayer, allowing molecules like DNA to pass into the cell. [CHMO]
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synonyms: electro-spinning
A process used to created very fine (µm or nm scale) fibres from a liquid. A high voltage is applied to a droplet of the liquid sample which is drawn out into fibres and cooled in air. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ESI, ionspray
Spray ionization process in which either cations or anions in solution are transferred to the gas phase via formation and desolvation at atmospheric pressure of a stream of highly charged droplets that result from applying a potential difference between the tip of the electrospray needle containing the solution and a counter electrode. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: ESI, ionspray
Spray ionization process in which either cations or anions in solution are transferred to the gas phase via formation and desolvation at atmospheric pressure of a stream of highly charged droplets that result from applying a potential difference between the tip of the electrospray needle containing the solution and a counter electrode. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: ESI-GEMMA
A separation method where singly-charged complexes move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in air under the influence of an electric field. The sample is ionized by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ESI MS, ES-MS, ESI-MS, ESI-mass spectrometry, ESIMS, ESMS, MS (EI), electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy
Any type of spectrometry where the sample is ionized by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. The ions are then characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ELDI-MS, ELDI/MS, ESI-LD-MS, electrospray ionisation laser desorption mass spectrometry, electrospray ionization laser desorption mass spectrometry
A type of mass spectrometry where neutral molecules are desorbed from the sample (usually biological) using a nitrogen laser and then ionized by collision with charged solvent droplets which are formed by forcing the solvent through a small heated capillary into an electric field. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EFM, electric force microscopy
A type of microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. A bias voltage is applied between the tip and sample, forming a capacitor with the sample surface, over which it is scanned laterally at a constant separation. The electrostatic force (measured as the change in resonant frequency of the cantilever) is probed as a function of position by changing the applied voltage. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ERLIC, electrostatic repulsion-hydrophilic interaction chromatography
Hydrophilic interaction chromatography where the chromatography column is an ion-exchange column and the mobile phase is predominantly organic. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ET-AAS, ETAAS, electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy
A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where the sample is atomised using a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ETAES, electrothermal atomic emission spectrometry
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is atomised using a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ETAFS, electrothermal atomic fluorescence spectrometry
A type of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy where the sample is atomised using a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EA
A process where a sample is analyzed for its elemental and sometimes isotopic composition (the elements present and sometimes their weight percentage). [CHMO]
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synonyms: EA-IR-MS, EA-IRMS, elemental analyser isotope ratio mass spectrometry, elemental analyser isotope ratio mass spectroscopy, elemental analysis isotope ratio mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is first subject to elemental analysis (dropped onto a heated reactor which contains an oxidant - such as copper and chromium oxide - and combusted at 900 C to produce N2, NOx, H2O and CO2 which are reduced in a stream of helium) before the relative abundance of isotopes in the sample is determined. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EP
The measurement of the pore diameter, pore-size distribution and total pore volume of a thin porous film sample by measuring the changes in intensity and polarization of reflected light during vapour adsorption and desorption. [CHMO]
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synonyms: optical ellipsometry
Any method for determining structure where the sample is illuminated with light and the intensity and change in polarization of the reflected light are measured. [CHMO]
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A process wherein one material is extracted from another by interaction with a solvent. [CHMO]
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Definition pending. [0]
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Elution chromatography is a chromatography in which the mobile phase is continuously passed through or along the chromatographic bed and the sample is fed into the system as a finite slug. [IUPAC]
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The achievement that a signal has left a source in an information transmission. [Allotrope]
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The accomplishment that a signal has left a source in an information transmission. [Allotrope]
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The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the intensity/wavelength of radiation emitted by the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: emulsion method, emulsion process, emulsion processing
A method for dispersing two or more immiscible liquids by shaking, stirring or homogenising the mixture. [CHMO]
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synonyms: conventional emulsion polymerisation, conventional emulsion polymerization
A polymer preparation technique in which monomer (usually acrylic) droplets are dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase and are kept colloidally stable through the use of a surfactant. [CHMO]
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The process boundary when the process ends. [Allotrope]
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A process where an agent affects energy flowing in and out of a system or affecting the energetic state of materials. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: energizing, providing energy, supplying energy
State of making energy available for a consumer. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: energizing, providing energy, supplying energy
State of making energy available for a consumer. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: EDAX, EDCS, EDS, EDS analysis, EDX, EDX analysis, EDXA, EDXRF, X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, energy dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, energy distribution curve spectroscopy, energy distribution spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray emission analysis
A type of X-ray emission spectroscopy where the energy spectrum of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions is measured using a semiconductor detector. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ESI, EF-TEM, EF/TEM, EFTEM, electron spectroscopic imaging, energy filtered TEM, energy filtered transmission electron microscopy, energy-filtered TEM
A type of microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum and the intensities of transmitted electrons of particular kinetic energies are measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: E-SEM, ESEM, environmental SEM
A type of microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across the specimen in a gaseous environment and the interaction of the electrons with the specimen is determined. [CHMO]
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synonyms: enzymatic digestion, enzymic digestion
The decomposition of sample by an enzyme to obtain the sample in liquid form. [CHMO]
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A technique used to determine the extent of oxygenation of an enzyme, based on the absorption of light by the oxygenated and deoxygenated forms. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ED-FRAP, ED/FRAP, enzyme dependent fluorescence recovery after photobleaching
A method for determining the distribution of enzyme activity in a sample by photobleaching a specific fluorescent metabolite during microscopy, and monitoring its enzymatically-driven recovery. [CHMO]
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synonyms: enzymatic decomposition
The conversion of a high-molecular-mass species into a lower-molecular-mass species using an enzyme. [CHMO]
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A type of microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with light of specific wavelengths. In epifluorescence microscopy light is transmitted through the objective lens onto the specimen, eliminating the need to filter out unwanted light directly from the source. [CHMO]
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A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from liquid or gaseous precursors) on a monocrystalline substrate. [CHMO]
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Equilibration is the process of bring the state of a system to an equilibrium. [Allotrope]
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A method where the absorption of radiation in the ultraviolet to near-infrared (0.1-2.5 μm) is used to calculate stability constants by equimolar dilution. [CHMO]
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A method where the absorption of radiation in the ultraviolet to near-infrared (0.1-2.5 µm) is used to calculate stability constants by equimolar dilution. [CHMO]
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The process of chemically removing a thin layer from a sample surface, usually to leave behind a pattern. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EtOH extraction
The process of transferring a substance from any matrix into ethanol. [CHMO]
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synonyms: evacuating
Evacuating is the removing of gasses from a container to create a vacuum. [Allotrope]
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The physical process by which a liquid substance is converted to a gas or vapour. This may occur at or below the normal boiling point of the liquid (the temperature at which a liquid boils at 1 atmosphere pressure) and the process is endothermic. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EISA, evaporation induced self assembly, evaporation induced self-assembly
A synthesis method in which a drop of solvent is placed on the components to be assembled and allowed to dry freely in air. The solvent evaporation causes the spontaneous association of individual components into an organised structure or pattern. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ELSD, evaporative light scattering measurement, evaporative light scattering process
A detection method where a liquid containing the sample is atomized in a gas, forming small droplets which are allowed to evaporate leaving the sample as fine particles. The suspended particles pass through a light beam and the scattered light transmitted by the particles is sensed by a photodiode or photomultiplier tube. The response can be quantitative and relative to the amount of molecules eluting. [Allotrope, CHMO]
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synonyms: ELSD, ELS, evaporative light scattering
A detection method where a liquid containing the sample is atomised in a gas, forming small droplets which are allowed to evaporate leaving the sample as fine particles. The suspended particles pass through a light beam and the scattered light transmitted by the particles is sensed by a photomultiplier. The response is proportional to the mass of the molecules in the sample. [CHMO]
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An event is an occurrent that is an accomplishment or an achievement. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy, EEM, excitation emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence, excitation-emission matrix fluorescence, fluorescence EEM
A type of fluorescence spectroscopy where a two-dimensional total fluorescence spectrum is recorded at various excitationnwavelengths. [CHMO]
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Column chromatography where the separation is caused by exclusion effects such as differences in molecular size, shape or charge. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EXORCYCLE
A phase cycle technique used in FT NMR experiments whereby the sense of application (or phase) of the RF pulses is altered on repeating the experiment to eliminate spectral artefacts. Exorcyle takes its name from the fact that it is used to remove 'phantom' and 'ghost' peaks. For the technique see J. Magn. Reson., (1977), 27, pg 511. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EBA
A chromatography taht uses an expanded bed chromatographic adsorption column for a biochemical separation process. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: EBA
A chromatography that uses an expanded bed chromatographic adsorption column for a biochemical separation process. [Allotrope]
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An experiment is a planned process that has the goal of verifying, falsifying, or establishing the validity of a hypothesis. [SIO]
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Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: power calibration
An exponential calibration is an analyte calibration that applies curve fitting of the calibration curve to an exponential function. [Allotrope]
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Exporting is a channeling that sends a flow (material, energy, signal) from inside of a boundary to the outside. [Allotrope, NIST]
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synonyms: EXAFS, EXAFS spectrometry, EXAFS spectroscopy, EXAFSS, extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry
A type of X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient measured 500-1000 eV below the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are determined as a function of incident X-ray energy. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EELFS, ELFS spectrometry, ELFS spectroscopy, EXEELFS, EXELFS spectrometry, EXELFS spectroscopy, extended electron energy loss fine structure spectrometry, extended energy loss fine structure spectrometry, extended energy loss fine structure spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, extended range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the energy loss the electrons suffer upon reflection is measured. Measurements are taken from the absorption edge onset to several hundred eV above it. [CHMO]
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Separating by drawing, or forcibly pulling out, a flow that is of a different kind than that of the input flow. [Allotrope, NIST]
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Extracting material is extracting of material. [Allotrope]
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The transfer of a solute from a liquid phase to another immiscible or partially-miscible liquid phase in contact with it. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EESI
An ionization method where a neutral sample, in the form of a gas or aerosol flow, is ionized by directing it into a plume of charged droplets, generated by forcing a solution of pure solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 µL min-1) into an electric field. [CHMO]
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A method of separating two components of very similar boiling point from a mixture. A third, miscible and high-boiling-point solvent is added to the mixture which causes a change in the volatilities of the components. These components are then vaporised by the application of heat and cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EESI-MS, EESI/MS, extractive electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy, extractive electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where a neutral sample, in the form of a gas or aerosol flow, is ionized by directing it into a plume of charged droplets, generated by forcing a solution of pure solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 µL min-1) into an electric field. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EUV lithography, EUVL, extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography, extreme-ultraviolet lithography, soft X-ray reflective lithography
A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90-100 deg. C. The photoresist is then exposed to a pattern of intense EUV (13.5 nm) light in a vacuum. A post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120-180 deg. C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EUV photoelectron micro-spectroscopy, EUV photoelectron microspectroscopy, extreme ultra-violet photoelectron microspectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a finely focused (<10 m) extreme ultraviolet (10-121 nm) photon beam causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: extrusion molding, extrusion moulding
A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a material through a die. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FIR-LMR, FIRMR, LEPR, LESR, LMR, far-infrared laser magnetic resonance, far-infrared laser magnetic resonance spectroscopy, far-infrared magnetic resonance, laser electron paramagnetic resonance, laser electron spin resonance, laser magnetic resonance, laser magnetic resonance (LMR) at far-infrared wavelengths, laser magnetic resonance spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the energy levels of paramagnetic species (such as HCN) are tuned into resonance with a far-infrared laser source in order to investigate rotational transitions. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FIR, FIR spectrometry, FIR spectroscopy, far infrared spectroscopy, far-IR, far-IR spectroscopy, far-infra-red spectrometry, far-infrared spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation in the far infrared region (15-1000 µm). [CHMO]
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synonyms: FFT-FTIR, FFT/FTIR, FT infrared spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample absorbs a single pulse of radiation from the infrared region (0.78-1000 µm) and the spectrum obtained is subject to a fast Fourier transform. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FFT-FTIR, FFT/FTIR, FT infrared spectroscopy
Fast Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is a type of spectroscopy where the sample absorbs a single pulse of radiation from the infrared region (0.78-1000 µm) and the spectrum obtained is subject to a fast Fourier transform. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FAB
Ionization of molecules initiated by a beam of neutral atoms with translational energies in the keV range. Labile molecules susceptible to dissociation are dissolved in an involatile liquid matrix that absorbs the energy of the bombarding atoms to form a selvedge region above the liquid surface in which ionization of the molecules occurs. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: FAB
Ionization of molecules initiated by a beam of neutral atoms with translational energies in the keV range. Labile molecules susceptible to dissociation are dissolved in an involatile liquid matrix that absorbs the energy of the bombarding atoms to form a selvedge region above the liquid surface in which ionization of the molecules occurs. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: FIB, fast ion bombardment
Ionization of any species by the interaction of a focused beam of ions, with a translational energy of several thousand eV, with a solid or liquid sample. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: FIB, fast ion bombardment
Ionization of any species by the interaction of a focused beam of ions, with a translational energy of several thousand eV, with a solid or liquid sample. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: FPLC
Fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) is a liquid chromatography that is used to analyze or purify mixtures of proteins. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: FAB-MS, FABMS, LSI-MS, LSIMS, MS (FAB), fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, fast atom bombardment mass spectroscopy, fast-atom bombardment mass spectroscopy, liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry, liquid secondary ion mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample (which is held in a liquid matrix) is bombarded with a stream of primary noble gas atoms and the secondary ions ejected from the sample are detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FCV, FSCV, fast cyclic voltammetry, fast scan cyclic voltammetry
An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied linearly and inverts at the end point resulting in a cycle which repeats approximately every 100 ms. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FRIKES, femtosecond Raman induced Kerr effect spectroscopy, femtosecond Raman-induced Kerr-effect spectroscopy, fs RIKES, fs-RIKES
A type of spectroscopy where femtosecond pulses of two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) with a frequency difference close to a Raman-mode frequency in the sample induce a refractive index change in the sample. By scanning the frequency difference of the two beams and recording simultaneously the polarization change of the probe beam, the Raman spectral structure of the sample can be obtained.Information is obtained regarding ultrafast solvent dynamics by measuring the time response of a transient birefringence that is induced in the sample by a polarized femtosecond optical pulse. [CHMO]
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synonyms: fs laser flash photolysis
A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong femtosecond pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The absorption of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse. [CHMO]
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synonyms: fs-LIBS
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a high energy femtosecond laser pulse is used to generate a plasma which acts as the excitation source. [CHMO]
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synonyms: femtosecond OHD-RIKES, femtosecond OHRIKES, femtosecond optical heterodyne-detected Raman-induced Kerr-effect spectroscopy, femtosecond optically heterodyned Raman induced Kerr effect spectroscopy, femtosecond optically heterodyned Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy, femtosecond optically heterodyned Raman-induced Kerr-effect spectroscopy, fs-OHD-RIKES, fs-OHRIKE spectroscopy, fs-OHRIKES, fsOHD-RIKES, fsOHRIKES
A type of spectroscopy where femtosecond pulses of two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) with a frequency difference close to a Raman-mode frequency in the sample induce a refractive index change in the sample. By scanning the frequency difference of the two beams and recording simultaneously the polarization change of the probe beam, the Raman spectral structure of the sample can be obtained. The polarizing filters are rotated slightly, giving rise to a heterodyne at the detector, improving the signal-to-noise ratio compared to Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy. [CHMO]
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synonyms: femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy, fs PP spectroscopy, fs pump probe spectroscopy, fs pump-probe spectroscopy, ultra-fast pump-probe spectroscopy, ultrafast pump probe spectroscopy, ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with an initial laser pulse (the 'pump') followed by a second laser pulse (the 'probe') after a fs delay. The pump pulse creates excitations in the sample, which are sensed by the probe pulse. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FSRS, FSRSS, femtosecond broadband stimulated Raman scattering spectrometry, femtosecond broadband stimulated Raman scattering spectroscopy, femtosecond broadband stimulated Raman spectrometry, femtosecond broadband stimulated Raman spectroscopy, femtosecond stimulated Raman scattering spectrometry, femtosecond stimulated Raman scattering spectroscopy, femtosecond stimulated Raman spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a femtosecond laser pulse, by a sample is detected. The laser pulse is generated by the mixing of two lasers ('pump' and 'probe'). [CHMO]
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synonyms: femtosecond two-colour four-wave spectroscopy, fsTC-FWM spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where three femtosecond pulse incident laser beams are mixed, two 'pump' beams of the same frequency and one 'probe' beam of a different frequency. [CHMO]
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The process in which cells (microorganisms, plant or animal cells) are cultured in a bioreactor in a liquid or solid medium to convert organic substances into biomass (growth) or into products. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FD
The formation of gas-phase ions from a material deposited on a solid surface in the presence of a high electric field. Because this process may encompass ionization by field ionization or other mechanisms, it is not recommended as a synonym for field desorption ionization. [PSI-MS]
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synonyms: FDMS, FD mass spectrometry, FD-MS, field desorption mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is deposited on a solid surface known as an 'emitter' and ionized by interaction with a high electric field. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FEESP, field-emission electron spin-polarisation spectroscopy, field-emission electron spin-polarization spectroscopy, field-emitted electron spin-polarization spectrometry, field-emitted electron spin-polarization spectrometry, field-emitted electron spin-polarisation spectrometry
Any type of electron spectroscopy where electrons are emitted from a cathode by application of an intense electric field and a magnet is used to align all electron spins parallel to the sample surface. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FIM, field ionisation microscopy, field ionization microscopy, field-ion microscopy, field-ionisation microscopy, field-ionization microscopy
A type of microscopy where atoms of an inert gas in the vicinty of the specimen (which is in the form of a very sharp tip <10 m diameter) are ionized by the application of a strong electric field to the tip and an image is produced by the projection of the ions onto a fluorescent screen. The image consists of a pattern of spots of light which correspond to individual atoms on the specimen surface. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FI
The removal of electrons from any species by interaction with a high electric field. [PSI-MS]
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synonyms: FI-MS, FI/MS, FIMS, field ionisation mass spectroscopy, field ionization mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by interaction with a high electric field. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FET method, FET technique, field effect transistor method, field-effect transistor (FET) method
A method for determining charge transport by incorporating the sample (as a thin film) into an FET. An electric field is applied to the sample (by means of the gate electrode) and the change in conductance between the source and drain electrodes is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FEM, field electron microscopy, field emission electron microscopy, field emission microscopy, field-emission microscopy
A type of microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam produced by field emission with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FEED spectrometry, FEED spectroscopy, FES, field emission electron spectroscopy, field emission energy distribution spectrometry, field emission energy distribution spectroscopy FEEDS
Any type of electron spectroscopy where electrons are emitted from a cathode by application of an intense electric field. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FE-SEM, FEG-SEM, FE SEM, FE/SEM, FEGSEM, FESEM, FSEM, field emission gun scanning electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, field-emission gun scanning electron microscopy
A type of microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam produced by thermionic emission heating (field emission) and with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across the specimen under vacuum and the interaction of the electrons with the specimen is determined. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FEG-TEM, FEGTEM, FE TEM, FE-TEM, FE/TEM, FETEM, FTEM, field emission gun transmission electron microscopy, field emission transmission electron microscopy, field-emission-gun transmission electron microscopy
A type of microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam produced by thermionic emission heating (field emission) and with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FFF, field flow fractionation
Any separation technique based on the application of a field perpendicular to a flow stream in a narrow channel. [CHMO]
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synonyms: tablet coating, tablet film coating
A film coating is a thin polymer-based coat applied to a solid dosage form such as a tablet. The thickness of such a coating is usually between 20-100 µm. [Wikipedia]
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The process of segregation of phases; the separation of suspended solids from a liquid or gas, usually by forcing a carrier gas or liquid through a porous medium. [CHMO]
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Fingerprinting is the process of comparison or overlay of measured spectra with existing reference spectra. [Allotrope]
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Given a process that needs some post-conditions (a specific situation realized) after process ends the finishing process follows to achieve these post-conditions. [Allotrope]
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In electronic systems and computing, firmware is "the combination of a hardware device, e.g. an integrated circuit, and computer instructions and data that reside as read only software on that device". As a result, firmware usually cannot be modified during normal operation of the device. Typical examples of devices containing firmware are embedded systems (such as traffic lights, consumer appliances, and digital watches), computers, computer peripherals, mobile phones, and digital cameras. The firmware contained in these devices provides the control program for the device. [Wikipedia]
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In electronic systems and computing, firmware is "the combination of a hardware device, e.g. an integrated circuit, and computer instructions and data that reside as read only software on that device". As a result, firmware usually cannot be modified during normal operation of the device. Typical examples of devices containing firmware are embedded systems (such as traffic lights, consumer appliances, and digital watches), computers, computer peripherals, mobile phones, and digital cameras. The firmware contained in these devices provides the control program for the device. [Wikipedia]
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The application of a Phase Correction algorithm to a Fourier transform NMR spectra such that it is optimised to accommodate for the frequency independent time delay between excitation (the RF pulse) and relaxation (acquiring the FID) to give maximum values of the FID Fourier Transform complex number set. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: 5QMAS, 5QMAS NMR, five-quantum MAS, five-quantum excitation in combination with magic-angle spinning
An NMR experiment used for 5/2-spin quadrupolar nuclei, involving transitions between non-consecutive energy levels during the excitation of the spin system by the first RF pulse. [CHMO]
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synonyms: fixed angle reflectivity, fixed-angle reflectivity, fixed-angle reflectometry, optical fixed angle reflectivity, optical fixed angle reflectometry, optical fixed-angle reflectivity, optical fixed-angle reflectometry
A method for determining structure by illuminating an extremely flat surface with visible light and measuring the intensity of the light reflected at the Brewster angle. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PC
Scan that determines, in a single experiment, the m/z values of product ions that are produced by the reaction of a selected precursor ion with a user-specified m/z value. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: PC
Scan that determines, in a single experiment, the m/z values of product ions that are produced by the reaction of a selected precursor ion with a user-specified m/z value. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: PI
Scan that determines, in a single experiment, the m/z values of precursor ions that react to produce a product ion with a user-selected m/z value. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: PI
Scan that determines, in a single experiment, the m/z values of precursor ions that react to produce a product ion with a user-selected m/z value. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: F-AAS, FAAS, flame atomic absorption spectroscopy
A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where the sample is aspirated, aerosolised, and mixed with combustible gases, such as acetylene and air or acetylene and nitrous oxide. The mixture is then ignited and atomised in a flame whose temperature ranges from 2100-2800 °C. During combustion, atoms of the element of interest in the sample absorb light at characteristic wavelengths. [CHMO]
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synonyms: flame atomic emission spectroscopy, F-AES, FAES, flame emission spectroscopy
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is excited using an N2/oxide-acetylene flame. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FAFS, FFS, flame atomic fluorescence spectrometry, flame fluorescence spectrometry, flame fluorescence spectroscopy
A type of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy where the sample is atomised using a flame. [CHMO]
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synonyms: flame infrared emission spectroscopy, FIRE, flame infra-red emission spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is heated in a flame and the infrared radiation (0.78-1000 µm) emitted during cooling is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FID, flame ionization detection, flame ionisation detection, flame ionization process, flame ionisation process
A detection method which is sensitive to compounds containing C-H bonds. A flow of carrier gas containing the sample is mixed with H2 and air and ignited. Any positively-charged radicals resulting from this process are collected at a cathode, allowing the current to be measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FID, flame ionization detection, flame ionisation detection, flame ionization process, flame ionisation process
A flame ionization measurement is a measurement which is sensitive to compounds containing C-H bonds. A flow of carrier gas containing the sample is mixed with H2 and air and ignited. Any positively-charged radicals resulting from this process are collected at a cathode, allowing the current to be measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FPD, flame photometric measurement, flame photometric process
A detection method that is sensitive to sulfur- and phosphorus-containing compounds. A flow of carrier gas containing the sample is mixed with oxygen or air and ignited. Any chemiluminescence due to these compounds is then detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SCD, sulfur chemiluminescence detection, FPD
A detection method that is sensitive to sulfur- and phosphorus-containing compounds. A flow of carrier gas containing the sample is mixed with oxygen or air and ignited. Any chemiluminescence due to these compounds is then detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: medium pressure chromatography, medium-pressure chromatography
A type of rapid preparative column chromatography where 0.1-10 g of sample mixture is separated in less than 15 min by using pressurised gas to drive the mobile phase through the column. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FP
A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser or flash lamp. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The absorption of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse. [CHMO]
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The chemical degradation of a sample caused by a fast rate of temperature increase (10,000 K/s). [CHMO]
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synonyms: FVP, FVT, flash vacuum pyrolysis, flash vacuum thermal decomposition
The reaction of a molecule by exposing it to a short thermal shock at high temperature, usually in the gas phase. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FLOPSY, flip-flop spectroscopy
A sequence of composite pulses designed to allow isotropic mixing of magnetisation between nuclei. For the pulse sequence see J. Magn.Reson., (1988), 77, pg 274. [CHMO]
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synonyms: fb-NOESY, fb-NOESY NMR, fb-nOesy, flip-back nuclear Overhauser effect spectrometry, flip-back nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy, flip-back nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectrometry
A type of heteronuclear two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy incorporating a water flip-back sequence, based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (<= 6 Angstrom apart). [CHMO]
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Flow cytometry is a measuring of the optical properties of particles suspended in fluid and passed one at a time through a set of detectors. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: flow cytometric analysis, flow cytometric studies
A method for analysing microscopic particles suspended in a stream of fluid. The particles are individually passed through a laser beam and the resulting fluorescence and scattered light is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: flow cytometry
In biotechnology, flow cytometry is a laser- or impedance-based, biophysical technology employed in cell counting, cell sorting, biomarker detection and protein engineering, by suspending cells in a stream of fluid and passing them through an electronic detection apparatus. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: FIFFF, flow FFF, flow field flow fractionation
A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel and applying a carrier liquid flow perpendicular to the channel. A carrier liquid is then passed through the channel and the particles elute in order of decreasing diffusion coefficient. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FIA, flow injection analysis
Method of flow injection analysis in which an aliquot of sample is injected, without chromatographic separation, into a liquid carrier stream for on-line mass spectrometry. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: FIA, flow injection analysis
Method of flow injection analysis in which an aliquot of sample is injected, without chromatographic separation, into a liquid carrier stream for on-line mass spectrometry. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: FI-AAS, FIAAS, flow injection atomic absorption spectroscopy
A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where flow injection is used to transfer a sample to the spectrometer. [CHMO]
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synonyms: flow injection electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, FI-ETAAS, FIETAAS, flow injection electrothermal atomisation atomic absorption spectrometry, flow injection electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry, flow injection electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectroscopy
A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where flow injection is used to carry a sample to an electrothermal atomiser where it is atomised using a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. [CHMO]
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synonyms: flow injection flame atomic absorption spectrometry, FI-FAAS, FIFAAS
A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where flow injection is used to carry a gas phase sample to flame where it is atomised. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FI-SPE-ICP-AES
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample mixture is first separated by solid phase extraction, carried to the spectrometer by flow injection and then excited using a plasma generated by electromagnetic inductance. [CHMO]
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synonyms: flow injection thermospray flame furnace absorption spectrometry, FI-TS-FF-AAS
A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where the sample is carried to the spectrometer by flow injection and forced through a heated metal capillary tip before atomization in a flame furnace. [CHMO]
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Definition pending. [0]
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Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: flow-compensated phase contrast NMR velocimetry, flow-compensated phase contrast nuclear magnetic resonance velocimetry
A method for determining the velocity of fluids by using magnetic field gradients to encode velocity information into the phase of the NMR signal. All other contributions to the magnetic gradient phase are set to zero; the only velocity contribution to the phase is due to the flow of the sample ('flow compensation'). [CHMO]
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synonyms: flow, flowing process, flowing state
Flowing is the state of moving along a steady continuous stream. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: FA
An ion source immersed in a flow of helium or other inert buffer gas that carries the ions through a meter-long reactor at pressures around 100 Pa. [PSI-MS]
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synonyms: FA, fluorescence anisotropy measurement , fluorescence polarisation spectroscopy, fluorescence polarization spectroscopy
A method for measuring the binding interaction between two labelled molecules. The sample is excited with vertically polarized light and the polarization of the fluorescence is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: fluorescence assay, fluorescence detection, fluorescence measurement
An assay in which a materials fluorescence is determined. [VIVO-ISF]
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synonyms: FCS, fluroescence correlation spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample are measured and correlated within a very small detection volume. Ultraviolet light is used to stimulate fluorescence. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FCCS, fluorescence cross-correlation spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample are measured at two distinct wavelengths and correlated within a very small detection volume. Ultra-violet light is used to stimulate fluorescence. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FDCD, FDCD spectrometry, FDCD spectroscopy, fluorescence detected circular dichroism spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarized luminescence. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FDMR
A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels are detected by fluorescence. Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves. [CHMO]
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synonyms: fluorescence detection, FD, fluorescence (FL) detection
A detection method which is sensitive to naturally fluorescent or tagged compounds. As the sample passes through a small cell it is excited by ultraviolet light and any fluorescence is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FLSM, LSM, laser scanning fluorescence microscopy, laser scanning microscopy
A type of microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by scanning a laser spot of specific wavelength over its surface. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FLIM, fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy
A type of microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with light of specific wavelengths and the spatial distribution of mean fluorescence lifetimes (usually on the ns scale) is mapped within the microscopic images. [CHMO]
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synonyms: fluorescence imaging, FM, fluorescence microscopic imaging
Any type of microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with light of specific wavelengths. These specimens are called fluorophores. [CHMO]
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synonyms: fluorescence profile
A fluorescence process profile is a profile that quantifies the fluorescence of a material entity over time. [Allotrope]
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Any method that involves observing, or measuring the time take for, loss of fluorescence in a sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FRAP
A method for determining the mobility of fluorescent molecules by photobleaching a sub-set of the sample during fluorescence microscopy and monitoring the movement of the remaining fluorescent molecules. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FRET, fluorescence resonance energy transfer microscopy, fluorescent resonance energy transfer
A method for determining the distance between molecules using an energy transfer between two fluorescent chromophores (a donor and an acceptor) in close proximity (typically <10 nm) via a nonradiative, long-range dipole-dipole coupling mechanism. Energy transfer usually occurs between a cyan fluorescent protein (donor) and a yellow fluorescent protein (acceptor). [CHMO]
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A type of microscopy where a probe consisting of a laser of a specific wavelength transmitted through a tapered optical fibre is positioned very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen. The tip is coated with metal (to prevent light from escaping from the sides) and near-field (or evanescent field) light is emitted through a small opening or 'aperture' (50-100 nm in diameter) at the apex of the probe. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the fluorescence intensity from fluorophores on the surface of the specimen as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FSM, fluorescent speckle microscopy
A type of microscopy where a very low concentration of fluorescent subunits in a polymer or peptide reveals the assembly dynamics, movement and turnover of assemblies throughout the image. [CHMO]
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synonyms: fluorimetry, fluorescence emission spectroscopy, fluorescence spectrometry, fluorescence spectrophotometry, fluorometry, spectrofluorimetry, spectrofluorometry
A type of spectroscopy where the intensity of the fluorescence emitted by molecules excited by ultraviolet light is detected as a function of wavelength or time. [CHMO]
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The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the intensity/wavelength of fluorescence emitted by the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FACS
Fluorescence-activated cell sorting is a specialized type of flow cytometry. It provides a method for sorting a heterogeneous mixture of biological cells into two or more containers, one cell at a time, based upon the specific light scattering and fluorescent characteristics of each cell. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: FACS, fluorescence activated cell sorting
A method for separating microscopic particles suspended in a stream of fluid. The particles are forced individually through a vibrating nozzle, then exposed to a laser beam and the resulting fluorescence and scattered light is detected. Finally the cells are sorted by applying an electrical charge to droplets of the fluid and deflecting it to the left or right using charged electrodes. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FADS, fluorescence activated droplet sorting
A method for separating cells, where each one is suspended in a single aqueous droplet. A fluorogenic substrate is embedded in each cell and any cellular enzymes present bind to it producing fluorescence. The droplets then flow over a microfluidic chip which sorts each one according to the intensity of the fluorescence. [CHMO]
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synonyms: fluorescence labeling, fluorescence labelling, fluorescent labelling
The process of covalently attaching a chemically-reactive derivative of a fluorophore to another molecule, such as a protein or nucleic acid. [CHMO]
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synonyms: fluorescence assay, fluorescence detection, fluorescence measurement
An assay in which a materials fluorescence is determined. [VIVO-ISF]
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A method of separation in which a component of the bulk liquid is preferentially adsorbed at the liquid-vapour interface and is removed by foaming. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FBRM, fbrm
Focused beam reflectance measurement is a measuring process using a focused laser beam at a fixed speed of rotation to calculate particle chord lengths via detection of the backscattered light pulses. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: AFM force spectroscopy, atomic force spectroscopy, force modulation, force modulation AFM, force-modulation AFM
Any type of spectroscopy where an atomic force microscope is used to measure the force experienced by a sample, usually by taking force-distance curves. [CHMO]
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synonyms: AFM force mapping , AFM mapping , FSM, atomic force microscopy mapping
The measurement of spatially resolved force-distance curves using an atomic force microscope to produce a chemical profile image. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FRLS, FRS, forced Rayleigh light scattering, forced Rayleigh light scattering spectrometry, forced Rayleigh light scattering spectroscopy, forced Rayleigh scattering, forced Rayleigh scattering spectrometry
A method for determining structure where a grating created by the interference of two laser beams is written into a sample and a further laser beam is Rayleigh scattered by the grating. The change in direction or energy of the light and the temporal evolution of the scattered beam are measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: forced-flow CVI
The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from a vapour held at high pressure. [CHMO]
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synonyms: formulation
The process of formulation allows the preparation of mixtures of components in accordance with a formula and documents the composition. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: formulation
The process of formulation allows the preparation of mixtures of components in accordance with a formula and documents the composition. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: FO
Forward osmosis (FO) is an osmotic process that uses a semi-permeable membrane to effect separation of water from dissolved solutes. The driving force for this separation is an osmotic pressure gradient, such that a "draw" solution of high concentration (relative to that of the feed solution), is used to induce a net flow of water through the membrane into the draw solution, thus effectively separating the feed water from its solutes. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: 4D HCCH-TOCSY
A 4D triple-resonance NMR experiment used to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shifts of the protons of a sidechain are correlated with their covalently bound 13C nuclei and with the other protons of the side-chain. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 4D NMR, 4D-NMR, four-dimensional NMR
Any type of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in which four independent frequency dimensions are employed for the correlation and dispersal of signals (by employing three magnetization transfer steps). Each signal is described by four frequencies, thus effecting the distribution of signals within an axis of cubes. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FWM spectroscopy, four-wave mixing (FWM) spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where three incident laser beams are mixed. [CHMO]
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Fraction collection is the collection of fractional volumes of the column effluent. [IUPAC]
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Definition pending. [0]
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The stepwise crystallisation of two or more different substances induced by changes in concentration or temperature. The sample is mixed with a solvent, heated, and then gradually cooled so that, as each of its constituent components crystallises, it can be removed in its pure form from the solution. [CHMO]
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A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. As the sample mixture to be purified is heated, its vapours rise into a condenser where they are cooled by water. The vapours stick to the inside surface of the condenser where they continue to be heated until they vaporise again. [CHMO]
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A method for purifying samples by heating the sample under reduced pressure and allowing the fractions to sublime order of increasing sublimation temperature (a function of vapor pressure). [CHMO]
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The chemical degradation of different fractions of the same sample by heating at different temperatures for different times. [CHMO]
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The process of dividing up a sample mixture into smaller quantities according to their physical (e.g. size, solubility) or chemical (e.g. bonding, reactivity) properties. [CHMO]
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Fragmentation is a type of chemical dissociation. Fragmentation of a molecule can take place by a process of heterolysis or homolysis. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: FFE
An electrophoresis method where the sample is introduced continuously to the separation chamber and the electric field is applied perpendicular to the hydrodynamic flow resulting in two-dimensional separation of the analytes based on the flow rate and their electrophoretic mobilities. [CHMO]
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synonyms: normal freezing, progressive freezing
The process of enriching a solution by partially freezing it and removing frozen material that contains less of the dissolved material than the remaining solution. [CHMO]
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synonyms: cryodesiccation, freeze-drying, lyophilization
The removal of solvent from a sample without passing through the liquid-gas boundary. The sample is frozen at liquid nitrogen temperature (-80 deg. C) then the surrounding pressure is reduced to allow the water in the sample to sublime. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FF-TEM, FF/TEM, FFTEM, freeze fracture TEM, freeze fracture transmission electron microscopy, freeze-fracture TEM
A type of microscopy where the electron-transparent specimen (normally a fresh tissue or cell suspension) is prepared by rapid freezing using liquid nitrogen, then fractured, and the cold fractured surface is coated with Pt or Au by evaporation. The specimen is then bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FMS, frequency modulation spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser which is tuned to match an absorption frequency of the molecules in the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FM-AFM, frequency modulation AFM, frequency modulation atomic force microscopy, frequency-modulation AFM
A type of microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. The tip oscillates, intermittently touching or tapping the surface. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the resonant frequency of the tip and the surface during scanning, which is performed under ultra-high vacuum conditions. [CHMO]
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synonyms: frequency switched Lee-Goldberg cross polarisation, FSLG-CP, frequency switched Lee-Goldberg cross polarization, frequency-switched Lee-Goldberg cross polarisation
A magic angle spinning NMR dipolar recoupling technique used to determine dipolar couplings between 1H and 13C nuclei. A FSLG sequence is used to remove homonuclear couplings (by spin-locking the 1H nuclei) and polarization transfer from the protons to the 13C via dipolar coupling manifests as a splitting of the detected 13C signal. [CHMO]
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A friability test checks the condition of being friable. Friability describes the ability of a solid substance to be reduced to smaller pieces with little effort, especially by rubbing. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: FWHM, full peak at half-maximum
Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: FWHM, full peak at half-maximum
Full width at half-maximum is a peak separation process following an algorithm that uses full width at half maximum height of the peaks as parameter. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: FANES, furnace atomic non thermal excitation spectrometry, furnace atomic non-thermal excitation spectrometry, furnace atomic non-thermal excitation spectroscopy, furnace atomic nonthermal excitation spectroscopy
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it, then excited using a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas). [CHMO]
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synonyms: furnace atomization plasma emission spectrometry, FAPES, furnace atomisation plasma emission spectrometry
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a furnace is used to atomize the sample and a plasma is used as the excitation source. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FINES, furnace ionisation non-thermal excitation spectrometry, furnace ionization non-thermal excitation spectrometry
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it, then ionized and excited using a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas). [CHMO]
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The chemical degradation of a sample caused by passing a carrier gas (H2, O2, N2 etc.) over the sample in a heated furnace. [CHMO]
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The process of removing the unprotected areas of a silicon surface by placing it inside an electrochemical etching solution (KOH, HF or TMAH) in the presence of an electric current. When the silicon substrate is in contact with a noble metal (Au or Cr) a Galvanic cell is formed and the silicon is oxidized. [CHMO]
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synonyms: gamma-ray scattering, gamma-ray scattering spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where gamma-rays are absorbed by a sample resulting in the ejection of an electron and the emission of light which is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: gamma-ray spectroscopy, gamma ray spectrometry, gamma spectrometry, gamma spectroscopy, gamma-ray emission spectroscopy, gamma-ray emssion spectrometry, gamma-ray emssion spectroscopy, gamma-ray spectrometry
Any type of spectroscopy where the energies of gamma-rays emitted or absorbed by a sample is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: GAS, GAS recrystallisation, GAS recrystallization, GASP, GASR, gas anti-solvent precipitation, gas anti-solvent reaction, gas anti-solvent recrystallisation, gas anti-solvent recrystallization, gas antisolvent precipitation, gas antisolvent reaction, gas antisolvent recrystallisation, gas antisolvent recrystallization
A technique where a solid sample is first partially dissolved in a organic solvent in a vessel. The solution is then pressurised with a dense gas or supercritical fluid resulting in precipitation of the solid as a fine powder. [CHMO]
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synonyms: GC, GC run, gas chromatography run
Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a gas. [CHMO]
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synonyms: GC injection, GC sample introduction, gas chromatography sample introduction
Gas chromatography injection is the process of loading a sample into a gas chromatography system. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: GJD, JVD, PJD, VJD, gas-jet deposition, jet vapor deposition, jet vapour deposition, jet-vapor deposition, jet-vapour deposition, physical JD, physical jet deposition, physical-jet deposition, vapor jet deposition, vapor-jet deposition, vapour jet deposition, vapour-jet deposition
A synthesis method where a flow of carrier gas (moving at the speed of sound) containing vaporised precursors is projected onto a surface, resulting in a deposit. [CHMO]
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synonyms: gas-liquid chromatography, GLC
Gas chromatography where the stationary phase is a liquid. [CHMO]
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synonyms: gas-liquid extraction, sublation
A flotation process in which the material of interest, adsorbed on the surface of gas bubbles in a liquid, is collected on an upper layer of immiscible liquid. [CHMO]
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synonyms: GEMMA
A separation method where singly-charged complexes move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in air under the influence of an electric field. [CHMO]
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The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from, a gas. [CHMO]
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synonyms: gas-phase nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, gas phase NMR, gas phase nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy in the gas phase where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. [CHMO]
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synonyms: gas phase plasma hydrocarbonation
A synthesis method for semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes where as-grown single-walled carbon nanotubes are treated with a methane plasma at 400-600 deg. C in a vacuum and the metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes are selectively etched. [CHMO]
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synonyms: GSC
Gas chromatography where the stationary phase is a solid. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CBE, chemical beam epitaxy, chemical-beam epitaxy, gas source MBE, gas source molecular beam epitaxy, gas-source MBE
A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from a molecular beam of reactive gases) on a monocrystalline substrate under high vacuum (<10^{-8} Pa). Molecular beam epitaxy is very slow, with a deposition rate of <1000 nm per hour. [CHMO]
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The conversion of carbonaceous materials (e.g. such as coal, petroleum, biofuel, or biomass) into CO and H2 by heating with a controlled amount of oxygen and/or steam. The resulting gas mixture is called a 'syngas'. [CHMO]
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A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium consisting of gel, across which an electric field is applied. [CHMO]
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synonyms: GPC, gel permeation chromatography
Column chromatography where the separation is caused by exclusion effects within the stationary phase and where the stationary phase is a swollen gel. [CHMO]
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synonyms: dry-wet spinning
A process used to create polymer fibers. Polymer in a gel state is forced through a spinneret (a multi-pored device similar to a shower head). The fibres are then air dried and cooled in a liquid bath. [CHMO]
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synonyms: becoming a gel, gel forming
A gel transition is a state of matter state where some material transitions into a gel. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: becoming a gel, gel forming
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The formation of a gel or solidification of a gelatin solution caused by a change in conditions (such as temperature or pH). [CHMO]
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synonyms: GP spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where a spectral shift, in fluorescence spectrum, which depends on the phase of lipid membranes is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: genotyping, genotyping experiment
A genotyping qPCR experiment is an experiment using qPCR that identifies known mutations in a DNA Sample. DNA primers are used to target and identify specific alleles in a sample. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: GIXRR, glancing incidence X-ray reflectivity , glancing incidence X-ray reflectometry, glancing incidence XRR, glancing-incidence X-ray reflectivity, glancing-incidence XRR
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at a low angle (<5 deg) toward an extremely flat surface and measuring the intensity of the reflected X-rays as a function of angle. X-ray reflectometry is used to determine the structure of thin films. [CHMO]
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synonyms: GRIM
The measurement of the refractive index of small glass fragments as a function of temperature. The glass fragments are placed in silicone oil and observed as the temperature is raised. At the point where the glass fragment disappear the refractive index of the oil and glass are equal. [CHMO]
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synonyms: GARP, GARP pulse sequence, GARP sequence, globally-optimized alternating phase rectangular pulse
A sequence of composite pulses designed to remove signal splitting due to heteronuclear J-couplings in multinuclear liquid NMR experiments. For the pulse sequence see J. Magn. Reson., (1985), 64, pg 547. [CHMO]
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synonyms: GD-AES, GD-OES, glow discharge optical emission spectrometry, glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas) is used to excite the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: GDI, glow-discharge ionisation, glow-discharge ionization, glow-discharge ionisation
Formation of ions from gaseous atoms or molecules or from the vapor of a solid sample at the cathode by applying a potential difference between two electrodes immersed in a low-pressure inert gas environment. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: GDI, glow-discharge ionisation, glow-discharge ionization, glow-discharge ionisation
Formation of ions from gaseous atoms or molecules or from the vapor of a solid sample at the cathode by applying a potential difference between two electrodes immersed in a low-pressure inert gas environment. [IUPAC]
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A synthesis method where an electrical discharge is passed under reduced pressure between two electrodes. [CHMO]
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Elution with a varied composition of the mobile phase. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: gradient elution chromatography
Gradient-elution chromatography is a separation method where the composition of the mobile phase is varied in eluting strength. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: gCOSY, gradient-selected COSY
A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between nuclei that are J-coupled (usually <= 3 bonds apart). A spatially inhomogeneous magnetic field is applied with a defined gradient and used to either select a particular signal or to render unwanted signals undetectable. [CHMO]
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synonyms: GHMBC, gHMBC, gradient heteronuclear multiple bond coherence, gradient-selected HMBC
A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where pulsed-field gradients are used and a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and nuclei which are 2-3 bonds removed. [CHMO]
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synonyms: gHMQC, gradient HMQC, gradient heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence, gradient-selected HMQC
A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and the nuclei to which they are covalently bound. A spatially inhomogeneous magnetic field is applied with a defined gradient and used to either select a particular signal or to render unwanted signals undetectable. [CHMO]
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Granulation is a process of forming granules. The quality of granulation determines the smooth and trouble free process of tablets manufacturing. If granulation is not done in a proper manner, the resulting mixture may damage the tableting press. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: particle sizing, particle size analysis, particle size measurement
The measurement of the size distribution in a collection of grains. [CHMO]
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synonyms: GF-AAS, GFAAS, graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy, graphite-furnace atomic-absorption spectroscopy
A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where the sample is atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. [CHMO]
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synonyms: graphite furnace atomic emission spectrometry, GF-AES, GF-OES, GFAES, GFOES, graphite furnace optical emission spectrometry, graphite furnace optical emission spectroscopy
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. [CHMO]
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The conversion of an organic material in an inert atmosphere at temperatures in excess of 1800 °C to produce a graphite crystal structure. [CHMO]
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synonyms: gravimetric sorption, gravimetric sorption-desorption, gravimetric sorption-desorption analysis, gravimetric sorption/desorption, gravimetric sorption/desorption analysis
The determination of the mass of a gas or vapour adsorbed to a surface. [CHMO]
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synonyms: gravimetric mass measurement
Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: gravimetric mass measurement
Gravimetry is the measurement of the strength of a gravitational field. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: G-FFF, GFFF, GrFFF, gravitational FFF
A technique for separating small particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel such that the Earth's gravitational field is perpendicular to the channel. A carrier liquid is then passed through the channel and the particles are separated on the basis of particle size. [CHMO]
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synonyms: GISANS
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of neutrons scattered at low angles. The incident neutron beam strikes the sample under a small angle close to the critical angle of total external neutron reflection. [CHMO]
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synonyms: GAXRD, GID, GIXRD, glancing angle X-ray diffraction, glancing angle XRD, glancing incidence X-ray diffraction, glancing incidence XRD, glancing-angle X-ray diffraction, glancing-angle XRD, glancing-incidence X-ray diffraction, glancing-incidence XRD, grazing angle X-ray diffraction, grazing angle XRD, grazing incidence X-ray diffraction, grazing incidence XRD, grazing-angle XRD, grazing-angle incidence X-ray diffraction, grazing-angle incidence XRD, grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction, grazing-incidence XRD, grazing-incidence diffraction
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. The incident X-ray beam strikes the sample at a small angle (<5 deg.) close to the critical angle of total external X-ray reflection. [CHMO]
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synonyms: GISAXS, GIXS, grazing incidence X-ray scattering, grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering, grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample. The incident X-ray beam strikes the sample under a small angle close to the critical angle of total external X-ray reflection. [CHMO]
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synonyms: dry grinding, milling, solid-state grinding, solvent-free grinding
The mechanical reduction of the particle size of a solid sample by attribution (friction), impact or cutting. [CHMO]
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Gripping is a guiding process by applying friction or pressure to prevent movement. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: directing the course
Guiding is directing the course of a flow (material, energy, signal) along a specific path. [Allotrope, NIST]
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synonyms: half-log dilution
Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: half-log dilution
A half-logarithmic dilution is a serial dilution with a 3.16-fold (10^0.5) dilution for each step. [Wikipedia]
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Formation of gas-phase ions accompanied by extensive fragmentation. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Formation of gas-phase ions accompanied by extensive fragmentation. [IUPAC]
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An RF pulse that unselectively excites a spin system over a given bandwidth. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: tablet hardness testing
Tablet hardness testing is a laboratory technique used by the pharmaceutical industry to test the breaking point and structural integrity of a tablet under conditions of storage, transportation, and handling before usage. [Wikipedia]
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Headspace chromatography is a type of chromatography that uses the gaseous headspace above a sample for analysis because very light volatiles can be efficiently partitioned as they diffuse to the gas volume above. [Allotrope]
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The process of transferring a substance from a solid or liquid matrix to the vapour phase by heating. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HS-LPME, HSLPME, headspace LPME, headspace liquid-phase microextraction
The process of transferring a substance from an organic phase to an aqueous phase (or vice versa) by heating the organic sample within a confined space in the presence of an aqueous acceptor droplet suspended on the tip of a microsyringe. [CHMO]
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synonyms: headspace solid-phase micro-extraction, HSPME, HSSE, hSPME, headspace solid-phase microextraction, headspace sorptive extraction
The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by exposing a small fibre containing a stationary phase bonded to a silica needle (<10 µm diameter) to the headspace above the liquid sample. [CHMO]
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A heat flow process profile is a rate process profile that is the change in heat flow through a material entity. [Allotrope]
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Heat sealing is the process of sealing one thermoplastic to another thermoplastic using heat and pressure. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: heat transfer coefficient profile
A heat transfer coefficient process profile is a rate process profile of the ratio of the heat flux and the thermodynamic driving force for the flow of heat. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: heat-flux DSC
The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction of both a sample and a reference, by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of one variable, whilst a second is kept constant using a heat-flux differential scanning calorimeter. [CHMO]
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A process involving the increase in temperature of an object. [Allotrope]
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Heating is a process involving the increase in temperature of an object. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: cooling rate process profile, cooling rate profile, heating (cooling) rate process profile, heating (cooling) rate profile, heating or cooling rate profile, heating rate process profile, heating rate profile
A heating or cooling rate process profile is a rate process profile of the heating/cooling rate of an object. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: HERDA, HI ERDA, HI-ERDA, heavy ion elastic recoil detection analysis, heavy-ion ERDA
A technique for measuring elemental concentration depth profiles in thin films by directing a heavy-ion (such as iodine-127) beam at the sample and detecting the recoiled atoms. [CHMO]
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synonyms: max peak picking
Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: max peak picking
Height peak picking is a peak picking by reporting the maximum height value of all raw data points belong to the peak. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: held, is held
A held state is a state during which a device or service waits for a longer time e.g. for maintainance. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: held, is held
A held state is a state during which a device or service waits for a longer time e.g. for maintenance. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: HDID
A detection method where metastable helium ions (generated by an electric arc) ionize the molecules in the sample (held in He carrier gas). The resulting electrons are focused toward a collector electrode and the current is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HID
A detection method where metastable helium ions (generated by irradiation with beta-particles from a radioactive source) ionize the molecules in the sample (held in He carrier gas). The resulting electrons are focused toward a collector electrode and the current is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: He-PDPID, He/PDPID, helium pulse discharge photoionisation detection, helium pulse discharge photoionization detection, helium pulsed discharge photoionisation detection, helium pulsed discharge photoionization detection, helium pulsed-discharge photoionisation detection, helium pulsed-discharge photoionization detection
A detection method where a DC voltage pulse is passed through helium gas generating high-energy (13.5-17.5 eV) photons which photoionize the elements in the sample mixture, and the current generated by this ionization is measured. [CHMO]
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A type of microscopy where atoms of He gas in the vicinty of the specimen are ionized and an image is produced by the projection of the ions onto a fluorescent screen. The image consists of a pattern of spots of light which correspond to individual atoms on the specimen surface. [CHMO]
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The measurement of the intensity of the light resulting from the interference of two lasers of different wavelength. [CHMO]
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A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from liquid or gaseous precursors) of one substance, on a monocrystalline substrate of a different substance. [CHMO]
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Heterolytic fragmentation is bond cleavage where the bonding electrons remain with only one of the fragment species. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: HEHAHA, HEHAHA pulse sequence, HEHAHA sequence, heteronuclear Hartman-Hahn pulse sequence, heteronuclear Hartman-Hahn sequence, heteronuclear Hartmann Hahn
An NMR pulse sequence used to transfer magnetization between protons and covalently bound (spin active) heteronuclei via isotropic mixing of their magnetization. Used to e.g. enhance the NMR signal of heteronuclei or to correlate chemical shifts of protons with heteronuclei. For the pulse sequence see J. Magn. Reson., (1991), 91, pg 444. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HOESY, HOESY NMR, heteronuclear Overhauser effect spectrometry, heteronuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy, heteronuclear Overhauser enhancement spectrometry
A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed, based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (<= 6 Angstrom apart). [CHMO]
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synonyms: 2D heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy, HETCOR, HETCORR, HETCOSY, HETEROCOR, hetCOSY, heteronuclear COSY, two-dimensional heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy
A type of NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and heteronuclei. [CHMO]
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The nuclei being irradiated with an RF pulse is a different nuclei or the same nuclei and a different isotope that the nuclei being observed to relax back to equilibrium for generation of the NMR spectrum. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: HMBC, HMBC NMR
A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and nuclei which are 2-3 bonds removed. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HMQC, HMQC NMR
A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and the nuclei to which they are covalently bound. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 3D DOSY-HMQC, 3D HMQC-DOSY, DOSY-HMQC, HMQC-DOSY, diffusion-ordered spectroscopy-heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence
A type of three-dimensional NMR experiment in which the signals of a 2D HMQC spectrum are dispersed along a third frequency axis according to diffusion coefficient. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HSQC
A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and the nuclei to which they are covalently bound. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 3D HSQC-TOCSY, 3D TOCSY-HSQC, HSQC-TOCSY, TOCSY-HSQC
A type of heteronuclear three-dimensional NMR experiment in which the proton signals of a 2D TOCSY spectrum are dispersed along a third frequency axis according to the chemical shift of their covalently bound heteronuclei. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 3D HSQC-NOESY
A 3D NMR experiment in which the chemical shifts of protons are correlated with the chemical shifts their covalently-bound heteronuclei and with the shifts of spatially proximate protons (<6 Angstrom). [CHMO]
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synonyms: heteronuclear 3D NMR
Any type of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in which three independent frequency dimensions are employed for the correlation and dispersal of signals. Each signal is described by three frequencies, arising from a combination of protons and heteronuclei, thus effecting the distribution of signals within a cube. [CHMO]
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synonyms: heteronuclear 2D NMR
Any type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed. [CHMO]
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synonyms: high FB, high feedback
The code of feedback mode of DSC measurements that have high active compensation of differences of cell temperatures. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: HEED, high-energy electron diffraction
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of high energy (10-200 keV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DMS, FAIMS, RF-DC IMS, RF-DC ion mobility spectrometry, differential mobility spectroscopy, high field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectroscopy, high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry, high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectroscopy
Separation of ions at atmospheric pressure between two electrodes due to simultaneous application of a high potential asymmetric waveform, whereby ions migrate towards one of the two electrodes depending on the ratio of the high- to low-field mobility of the ion. A variable compensating DC potential is used to selectively transmit ions of interest. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: DMS, FAIMS, RF-DC IMS, RF-DC ion mobility spectrometry, differential mobility spectroscopy, high field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectroscopy, high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry, high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectroscopy
Separation of ions at atmospheric pressure between two electrodes due to simultaneous application of a high potential asymmetric waveform, whereby ions migrate towards one of the two electrodes depending on the ratio of the high- to low-field mobility of the ion. A variable compensating DC potential is used to selectively transmit ions of interest. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: HPLC system process
A high performance liquid chromatography system process is a process that is executed on a high performance liquid chromatography system. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: high power impulse magnetron sputter deposition, HIPIMS, HPPMS, high hower pulsed magnetron sputter deposition, high hower pulsed magnetron sputtering, high impact power magnetron sputter deposition, high impact power magnetron sputtering, high power impulse magnetron sputtering
A synthesis technique where a solid target is bombarded with energetic ions (e.g. Ar+) generated in a magnetron (a device that uses electrical and magnetic fields to generate heat) causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate. The ionization process uses extremely high power densities of the order of kW cm-2 in short pulses. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HR SEM, HR-SEM, HRSEM, high resolution SEM, high-resolution SEM, high-resolution scanning electron microscopy
A type of microscopy where a finely focused electron beam is scanned across the specimen under vacuum and the secondary and backscattered electrons produced are detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HAADF-STEM, high angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy, high angular annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy, high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy
A type of microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum. The beam of electrons is scattered or diffracted at high angles before reaching the specimen, and the image results from a weakening of the beam by its interaction with the sample. An annular aperture is used to select electrons that have passed through given symmetric zones within the objective lens of the microscope. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HEBM, high energy ball milling
The mechanical reduction of the particle size of a solid sample by grinding with one or more inert balls (ceramic, flint or stainless steel, 2-8 mm diameter) rotating at high speed (up to 650 rpm) around a horizontal axis. A high-speed agitator is used to increase the speed of the balls which are held in vacuum or in an inert gas (e.g. Ar). [CHMO]
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A collision-induced dissociation process wherein the projectile ion has the translational energy higher than approximately 1000 eV. [PSI-MS]
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synonyms: high field NMR, high-field NMR
A type of spectroscopy where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static (>300 MHz) magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. [CHMO]
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synonyms: high frequency conductometric titration
The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point is reached. The titration is monitored by measuring the conductance of the solution, the current is provided by a high-frequency source. [CHMO]
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synonyms: high frequency conductometry
The measurement of the conductance of a solution as a function of concentration. Measurements are made indirectly across the resistance of the solution with high-frequency alternating current (>0.1 MHz). [CHMO]
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synonyms: HF-EPR, HF-ESR, high frequency electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, high frequency electron spin resonance spectroscopy, high-field EPR, high-field ESR, high-field electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, high-field electron spin resonance spectroscopy, high-frequency EPR, high-frequency ESR
A type of spectroscopy where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to short (ns) pulses of high-frequency microwave radiation (mm wavelength) in a high magnetic field is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography, high pressure liquid chromatography, high-pressure liquid chromatography, HPLC run, high performance liquid chromatography run
Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles and the inlet pressure is relatively high. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HiPCO, HiPCO method, HiPco, HiPco method, high-pressure CO conversion
A synthesis method for carbon nanotubes that involves mixing high pressure (e.g. 30 atmospheres) CO that has been preheated (1000 deg. C) and a catalyst precursor gas (metal carbonyl or metallocene). Under these conditions the precursor decomposes forming metal particle clusters on which carbon nanotubes nucleate and grow. The carbon nanotubes are 99% single-walled carbon nanotubes with small diameters (e.g., (5,5) tubes). [CHMO]
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synonyms: high pressure FCS, high pressure fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, high-pressure FCS
A type of spectroscopy where the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample are measured and correlated within a very small detection volume. Ultraviolet light is used to stimulate fluorescence and the sample is held inside a single fused silica microcapillary under high pressure (up to 300 MPa). [CHMO]
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synonyms: HR-XRD, HRXRD, high resolution X-ray diffraction, high resolution XRD, high-resolution XRD
A method for determining structure by directing a parallel beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HR-XPS, HRXPS, high resolution X-ray photoelectron spectrometry, high resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, high resolution X-ray photoemission spectrometry, high resolution X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectrometry, high-resolution X-ray photoemission spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with monochromatic X-rays causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HR-DOSY, high resolution DOSY, high resolution diffusion-ordered spectroscopy, high-resolution DOSY
A type of NMR spectroscopy using pulsed-field gradients where the rate of decay of NMR signals in each component of a sample mixture is measured across a series of experiments. The rate of signal decay is proportional to the diffusion coefficient for each component. The diffusion coefficient for each peak is measured and this information is used to construct a 2D spectrum. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HREM, high resolution EM, high resolution electron microscopy, high-resolution EM
A type of microscopy where the specimen bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The specimen is tilted such that a low-order zone axis is closely parallel to the incident beam, and columns of atoms are viewed end-on by the beam. The interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. HREM imaging is used to explore crystal structures and imperfections on the atomic scale. [CHMO]
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synonyms: high-resolution energy loss spectroscopy, HEELS, HR-EELS, HREELS, HRELS, VELS, high resolution energy loss spectrometry, high resolution energy loss spectroscopy, vibrational ELS, vibrational energy loss spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the small energy loss (0.02-1 eV) the electrons suffer upon reflection is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HR MAS, HR-MAS, HR-MAS NMR spectroscopy, HR/MAS, HRMAS, HRMAS NMR spectroscopy, high resolution magic-angle spinning
A type of NMR spectroscopy using a solid sample and a high resolution magnetic susceptibility matching probe. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74 deg. with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). [CHMO]
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synonyms: high-resolution mass spectrometry, HR-MS, HRMS, high resolution mass spectroscopy
Any type of mass spectrometry where the 'exact' mass of the molecular ions in the sample is determined as opposed to the 'nominal' mass (the number of protons and neutrons). [CHMO]
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synonyms: HR-SXPS, HRSXPS, high resolution soft X-ray photoelectron spectrometry, high resolution soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, high resolution soft X-ray photoemission spectrometry, high resolution soft X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, high-resolution soft X-ray photoelectron spectrometry, high-resolution soft X-ray photoemission spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with monochromatic 'soft' (<300 eV) X-rays causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HRTEM, HR TEM, HR-TEM, HR/TEM, high resolution (HR) TEM, high resolution TEM, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, high-resolution TEM, phase contrast TEM, phase contrast transmission electron microscopy, phase-contrast TEM, phase-contrast transmission electron microscopy
A type of microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen is bombarded with several finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beams with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum, and the phase contrast between the transmitted interfering electron waves is used to produce an image. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HSBM, high speed ball milling
The mechanical reduction of the particle size of a solid sample by grinding with one or more inert balls (ceramic, flint or stainless steel, 2-8 mm diameter) rotating at high speed around a horizontal axis. A high-speed agitator is used to increase the speed of the balls. [CHMO]
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synonyms: high speed centrifugation
A separation method where components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density in a centrifuge according to the centrifugal force they experience. Samples are spun at >5000 rpm. [CHMO]
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synonyms: high-speed chronoamperometry
An electrochemical technique where the time dependence of the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled. Measurements are taken every 1-5 s. [CHMO]
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synonyms: high-target-utilisation sputtering, high-target-utilization sputtering
A synthesis technique where a solid target is bombarded with energetic ions (e.g. Ar+) causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate. Ionization of the neutral gas atoms requires an external plasma (a partially ionized gas containing free electrons) source, which generates an ion beam. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HT-XRD, HTXRD, high temperature X-ray diffraction, high temperature XRD, high-temperature XRD
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample which is heated from 25-2000 deg. C and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HITUV, high temperature ultrasonic velocimetry
A method for detemining the velocity of metallic or semiconductor melts (at ~1000 deg. C) by measuring the Doppler shift experienced by ultrasound radiation. [CHMO]
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synonyms: high vacuum sublimation
A technique for purifying solid samples by heating the sample under high vacuum (<0.1 Pa). The sample sublimes and the vapours condense as a purified compound on a cooled surface, leaving the non-volatile residue impurities behind. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HV TEM, HV-TEM, HV/TEM, HVTEM, high voltage TEM, high voltage transmission electron microscopy, high-voltage TEM
A type of microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 700-3000 kV under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: higher-order Raman spectral excitation spectroscopy, HORSES, higher order Raman spectral excitation studies, higher-order Raman spectral excitation studies
A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a two-colour laser, by a sample is detected. [CHMO]
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Definition pending. [0]
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Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: fixing, securing, supporting
A state of supporting a material to stay in a location or orientation. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: hole burning spectroscopy, holeburning spectroscopy, laser hole-burning spectroscopy, spectroscopic hole burning
A type of laser spectroscopy where a dye laser is used to remove, from an inhomogeneously broadened spectral line, a narrow homogenous line causing the appearance of a dip ( or 'hole') in a spectrum. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HF-LPME, HFLPME, hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction, hollow fiber-based liquid phase microextraction, hollow fibre liquid-phase microextraction, hollow fibre-based liquid phase microextraction, hollow-fiber LPME, hollow-fiber based LPME, hollow-fiber liquid-phase micro-extraction, hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction, hollow-fiber-based LPME, hollow-fibre LPME, hollow-fibre based LPME, hollow-fibre liquid-phase micro-extraction, hollow-fibre liquid-phase microextraction, hollow-fibre-based LPME
The process of transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase immobilised within the pores of the wall of a porous hollow fibre (<10 µm diameter). [CHMO]
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synonyms: HC-AES, HC-OES, HCGD-AES, HCGD-OES, hollow cathode glow discharge atomic emission spectrometry, hollow cathode glow discharge atomic emission spectroscopy, hollow cathode glow discharge optical emission spectrometry, hollow cathode optical emission spectrometry, hollow-cathode glow discharge atomic emission spectrometry, hollow-cathode glow discharge atomic emission spectroscopy, hollow-cathode glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy, hollow-cathode optical emission spectrometry
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas) is used to excite the sample. The plasma source contains a hollow cylindrical metal cathode containing the metal for excitation, and an anode. [CHMO]
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synonyms: holographic laser tweezing, holographic optical trapping, holographic optical tweezing
The trapping of microscopic particles by a focused laser beam. The beam is focused through a microscope objective, producing a strong electric field gradient at its narrowest point, which attracts dielectric particles. In holographic laser trapping, computer-generated holograms are used to split single laser beams into multiple beams, creating three-dimensional configurations. [CHMO]
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synonyms: laser holography, optical holography
The recording of an interference pattern on a photographic film. Coherent light from a laser is reflected from an object and combined at the film with light from a reference beam. Both the phase and amplitude of the light scattered by the object is recorded. [CHMO]
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The measurement of the intensity of the light resulting from the interference of two lasers of the same wavelength. [CHMO]
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A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from liquid or gaseous precursors) on a monocrystalline substrate of the same substance. [CHMO]
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The intensive mixing of mutually insoluble phases (sometimes with addition of surfactants) to obtain a soluble suspension or emulsion. [CHMO]
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Homolytic fragmentation is bond dissociation where each of the fragments retains one of the originally-bonded electrons. [Wikipedia]
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The nuclei being irradiated with an RF pulse is the same nuclei and isotope as the nuclei being observed to relax back to equilibrium for generation of the NMR spectrum. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: homonuclear 3D NMR
Any type of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in which three independent frequency dimensions are employed for the correlation and dispersal of signals. Each signal is described by three frequencies, all arising from the same type of nucleus, thus effecting the distribution of signals within a cube. [CHMO]
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Homospoil is an NMR pulse sequence that results in linear variation of the magnetic field in the z direction. After the homospoil pulse, transverse magnetization in the slices of sample will acquire additional phase, which will vary with height. Net x-y plane magnetization will be zero. [Allotrope]
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Homospoil is an NMR pulse sequence that results in linear variation of the magnetic field in the z direction. After the homospoil pulse, transverse magnetization in the slices of sample will acquire additional phase, which will vary with height. Net x-y plane magnetization will be zero. [Amgen]
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A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a material through a die at elevated temperatures (up to 2000 °C). [CHMO]
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synonyms: HIP, HIPping, hipping
The process of pressing a powder under a gas or liquid at elevated temperatures so that pressure is transmitted equally in all directions. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HFCVD, HWCVD, cat-CVD, catalytic CVD, catalytic chemical vapor deposition, catalytic chemical vapour deposition, hot filament CVD, hot filament chemical vapor deposition, hot filament chemical vapour deposition, hot wire CVD, hot wire chemical vapour deposition
A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react or decompose (catalysed by a hot filament) on the surface to produce a deposit. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HPCVD
A synthesis method that involves both the chemical decomposition of a precursor gas and the vaporization of a solid source e.g. the growth of MgB2 involves both diborane gas and solid Mg. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HG-AAS, HGAAS, hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry, hydride-generation atomic absorption spectrometry
A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where metal samples such as As, Sb and Se are vaporised by converting them into volatile hydrides. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HG-AFS, HGAFS, hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry
A type of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy of metal samples such as As, Sb and Se which are vaporised by converting them into volatile hydrides. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HG-ICP-AES, HG-ICP-OES, hydride generation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, hydride generation inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, hydride generation inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy
Atomic emission spectrometry of metal samples such as As, Sb and Se that are vaporised by converting them into volatile hydrides and excited using a plasma generated by electromagnetic induction. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HVPE, hydride vapor phase epitaxy, hydride vapour phase epitaxy
A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film, from vapour-phase precursors (in hydrogen or ammonia carrier gases), on a monocrystalline substrate. [CHMO]
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synonyms: elevation injection
Introduction of sample into the instrument system via creation of pressure via different levels of input and output. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: elevation injection
Introduction of sample into the instrument system via creation of pressure via different levels of input and output. [OSTHUS]
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synonyms: linear scan hydrodynamic voltammetry, linear-scan hydrodynamic voltammetry
An electrochemical technique where the cell current flowing during convective mass transfer (the movement of material by the action of a fluid) is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied linearly and inverts at the end point resulting in a cycle. [CHMO]
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synonyms: H2 arc discharge method, H2 dc arc-discharge method, hydrogen arc discharge method, hydrogen direct current arc-discharge method, hydrogen direct-current arc discharge, hydrogen direct-current arc-discharge method
A method for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes where a direct-current arc voltage is applied across two graphite electrodes immersed in H2 gas. When pure graphite rods are used, fullerenes are deposited as soot inside the chamber, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes are deposited on the cathode. When a graphite anode containing a metal catalyst (Fe or Co) is used with a pure graphite cathode single-walled carbon nanotubes are generated in the form of soot. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HILIC, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography
Liquid chromatography where the stationary phase is hydrophilic, the mobile phase is organic and separation is achieved based on polarity. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HIC
Separation using HIC is based on the reversible interaction between a protein and the hydrophobic ligand bound to the chromatography matrix. [Allotrope]
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A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a material through a die in the presence of a pressurised fluid. [CHMO]
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synonyms: hydrothermal method, hydrothermal process, hydrothermal reaction
A synthesis method for growing single crystals from an aqueous solution in an autoclave (a thick-walled steel vessel) at high temperature (400 deg. C) and pressure. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HAMMOC, hydroxy acid-modified MOAC, hydroxy acid-modified MOC, hydroxy acid-modified metal oxides chromatography, hydroxy acid-modified metal-oxide chromatography
A chromatography method where the separation is caused by differing analyte-ligand interactions. Phosphorylated proteins and peptides are retained by hydroxy acid-modified metal oxide particles because of their affinity for the phosphate group. [CHMO]
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Hygroscopy is the phenomenon of attracting and holding water molecules via either absorption or adsorption from the surrounding environment. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: hyper Raman scattering spectrometry, hyper Raman scattering spectroscopy, hyper Raman spectrometry, hyper-Raman scattering spectrometry, hyper-Raman scattering spectroscopy, hyper-Raman spectrometry, hyper-Raman spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of light by a (liquid) sample is detected. During scattering, photons from the incident laser (with frequency ömega) are scattered by sample into photons of the second harmonic (photons with frequency 2ömega). [CHMO]
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synonyms: HRLS, HRS, SHLS, hyper Rayleigh light scattering, hyper Rayleigh scattering, hyper Rayleigh scattering spectrometry, hyper-Rayleigh light scattering, hyper-Rayleigh scattering, hyper-Rayleigh scattering spectrometry, hyper-Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy, second harmonic Rayleigh scattering
A method for determining the structure of a liquid sample by measuring the change in direction or energy of hyper-Rayleigh scattered visible light (scattering where photons from the incident laser - with frequency - are scattered into photons of the second harmonic - photons with frequency 2). [CHMO]
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synonyms: 2D-HYSCORE, HYSCORE, hyperfine sublevel correlation
A type of two-dimensional EPR spectroscopy based on the electron spin-echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) effect, where a sequence of four microwave pulses is applied to the sample and the stimulated spin-echo produced is measured. [CHMO]
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Identifying is recognizing an entity by some criteria and assigning an identifier to the entity. [Allotrope]
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Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: idle, is idle
An idle state is a state during which a device or service waits for being started to execute a planned process. [Allotrope]
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Image analysis is the discovering of patterns in an image that are correlated to qualities of the material entity the image represents or of abstract patterns. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: ICS
A type of spectroscopy where the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample are measured at several different points in parallel and correlated within very small detection volumes. Ultra-violet light is used to stimulate fluorescence. [CHMO]
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Method of ion detection by measuring the current that results from the image charge induced by a coherent motion of ions passing near a conductor. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Method of ion detection by measuring the current that results from the image charge induced by a coherent motion of ions passing near a conductor. [IUPAC]
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Imaging is a process that produces an image of something. [Allotrope]
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An imaging assay is a physical characterization assay to produce a picture of an entity. [CHMO]
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An imaging assay is an assay to produce a picture of an entity. [CHMO]
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synonyms: IMS, I-MS, imaging MS
Procedure used to form chemically selective images of an object based on the mass spectrometric detection of ions desorbed from its surface. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: IMS, I-MS, imaging MS
Procedure used to form chemically selective images of an object based on the mass spectrometric detection of ions desorbed from its surface. [IUPAC]
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A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90-100 deg. C. The photoresist is then immersed in a liquid with RI >1 (e.g. highly purified water) and exposed to a pattern of intense UV light. A post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120-180 deg. C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. [CHMO]
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synonyms: IMAC, immobilised metal affinity chromatography
A chromatography method where the separation is caused by differing analyte-ligand interactions. Proteins containing amino acids with a specific affinity for metal ions (e.g. His which has an affinity for Co and Zn ions) are retained by the column. [CHMO]
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synonyms: IPG based-IEF, IPG-IEF, immobilised pH gradient-IEF, immobilized pH gradient-IEF
An electrophoresis method for the separation of amphoteric analytes according to their isoelectric points by the application of an electric field along a pH gradient. The pH gradient is formed during casting of the gels therefore cannot be altered during the experiment. [CHMO]
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synonyms: IP
The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate'), consisting of an antigen-specific antibody complex, from solution. [CHMO]
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synonyms: IS, dielectric spectroscopy, impedance spectrometry
Any type of spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of a sample during excitation is measured as a function of frequency. [CHMO]
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Importing is a channeling that brings in a flow (material, energy, signal) from outside of a boundary to the inside. [Allotrope, NIST]
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Importing is a localization that brings in a flow (material, energy, signal) from outside of a boundary to the inside. [Allotrope, NIST]
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A method for determining structure by detecting the positions and intensities of X-rays, that have been generated within a structural domain, as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Kossel technique, Kossel-technique, MXRD, micro X-ray diffraction, micro XRD, micro in situ XRD
A method for determining structure by detecting the positions and intensities of X-rays, that have been generated in microstructural domain, as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. [CHMO]
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synonyms: in situ synchrotron XRD
A method for determining structure by detecting the positions and intensities of X-rays, that have been generated within a synchrotron, as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. [CHMO]
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synonyms: INS
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample and phase is not conserved. [CHMO]
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Definition pending. [0]
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An increasing quality process profile is a quality process profile where the tracked determinate quality is continuously increasing in magnitude. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: 2D INADEQUATE, 2D INADEQUATE NMR, INADEQUATE, INADEQUATE NMR
A 2D NMR technique which correlates (commonly one-bond) J-coupled homonuclei. In one dimension, the signals appear at the chemical shift of a particular nucleus and in the other dimension, at a position which is the sum of the frequencies of that nucleus and its J-coupled partner. [CHMO]
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synonyms: incrementing magnitude
Incrementing is enlarging the magnitude of a quality in a predetermined and fixed manner. [NIST]
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Indexing is the process of organizing data according to a specific plan, usually to streamline data retrieval. [Allotrope]
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Indicating is signaling to make something known to the user about a flow. [NIST]
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The state when the role of a signal is realized independent of any other material entity that may sense (perceive) the signal. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: ILAS
Any type of laser spectroscopy where an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Co-IP
The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate'), consisting of a specific protein-antibody complex, from a solution containing many different proteins. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ISM
The melting of a material by high-frequency induction within a frozen shell of the same substance. This technique is used for materials which are very corrosive when molten e.g. cubic zirconia. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ICP AES, ICP OES, ICP-AES, ICP-OES, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a plasma generated by electromagnetic induction is used as the excitation source. [CHMO]
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synonyms: inelastic X-ray scattering, IXS, IXSS, X-ray Raman spectrometry, X-ray Raman spectroscopy, XSS, inelastic X-ray scattering spectrometry, inelastic X-ray scattering spectroscopy, non-resonant inelastic X-ray emission spectrometry, non-resonant inelastic X-ray emission spectroscopy, non-resonant inelastic X-ray scattering
A method for determining structure by measuring the energy loss of X-rays scattered by a sample. [CHMO]
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A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction and energy of scattered He atoms. The He atoms suffer energy loss upon scattering by colliding inelastically with surfaces leading to the absorption or emission of surface phonons. [CHMO]
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synonyms: IETS, inelastic electron tunneling spectrometry, inelastic electron tunnelling spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where a metal-molecule-metal sandwich is formed and electrons tunnel from metal to metal through the molecules. Any additional molecules adsorbed onto the inner layer of the sandwhich can affect the tunneling via the excitation of vibrational states. [CHMO]
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synonyms: IINS, incoherent inelastic neutron scattering
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, phase is not conserved and the neutrons suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ILEED, inelastic low-energy electron diffraction
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of low energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any inelastically scattered (scattering where kinetic energy is not conserved) electrons. [CHMO]
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synonyms: INS, inelastic coherent neutron scattering, inelastic neutron scattering spectrometry, inelastic neutron scattering spectroscopy
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, and suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions. [CHMO]
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synonyms: inertial drop dispensing
The dispensing of droplets by applying a pattern of piezoelectric acceleration and deceleration to the droplets such that inertial force can overcome adhesion force, resulting in droplet detachment from the device. [CHMO]
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synonyms: inference
Infering is a process that produces logical consequences by steps of reasoning, moving from premises. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: inference
Inferring is a process that produces logical consequences by steps of reasoning, moving from premises. [Wikipedia]
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The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from, a liquid or vapor. [CHMO]
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A process that affects, creates or destroys information content. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: IR, IR absorption spectrometry, IR absorption spectroscopy, IR spectrometry, IR spectrophotometry, IR spectroscopy, infra-red absorption spectrometry, infra-red absorption spectroscopy, infra-red spectrometry, infra-red spectrophotometry, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, infrared absorption spectrometry, infrared spectrometry, infrared spectrophotometry, infrared spectroscopy
Infrared absorption spectroscopy is a type of vibrational spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the infrared region. [CHMO]
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synonyms: IR, IR absorption spectrometry, IR absorption spectroscopy, IR spectrometry, IR spectrophotometry, IR spectroscopy, infra-red absorption spectrometry, infra-red absorption spectroscopy, infra-red spectrometry, infra-red spectrophotometry, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, infrared absorption spectrometry, infrared spectrometry, infrared spectrophotometry, infrared spectroscopy
A type of vibrational spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the infrared region. [CHMO]
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synonyms: IR, IR absorption spectrometry, IR absorption spectroscopy, IR spectrometry, IR spectrophotometry, IR spectroscopy, infra-red absorption spectrometry, infra-red absorption spectroscopy, infra-red spectrometry, infra-red spectrophotometry, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, infrared absorption spectrometry, infrared spectrometry, infrared spectrophotometry, infrared spectroscopy
A type of vibrational spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the infrared region (0.78-1000 µm). [CHMO]
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synonyms: ID, infra-red dichroism, infrared dichroism, infrared dichroism measurements
A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption or reflection of polarized infrared light by a sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: infrared emission spectroscopy, IES, infra-red emission spectrometry, infrared emission spectrometry
Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is heated and the infrared radiation (0.78-1000 µm) emitted during cooling is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: infrared evanescent wave spectroscopy, IR-EWS, infra-red evanescent wave spectrometry, infrared evanescent wave spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy using radiation in the infrared region (0.78-1000 µm) where an evanescent wave is generated using an optical fibre. [CHMO]
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synonyms: IR fluorescence microscopy, infra-red fluorescence microscopy
A type of microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with radiation in the infra-red region (2.5-16 μm). [CHMO]
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synonyms: infra-red chemical imaging spectroscopy, IR microscopy, IR spectromicroscopy, IR-MSP, IRI, infra-red chemical imaging spectrometry, infra-red microscopy, infrared chemical imaging spectrometry, infrared chemical imaging spectroscopy, infrared mapping, infrared microspectrophotometry, infrared microspectroscopy, infrared spectromicroscopy
The collection of spatially resolved infrared spectra of a sample during optical microscopy. [CHMO]
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synonyms: IRMPD
Multiphoton ionization where the reactant ion dissociates as a result of the absorption of multiple infrared photons. [PSI-MS]
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synonyms: infrared multiphoton dissociation spectroscopy, IRMPD spectrometry, IRMPD spectroscopy, infra-red multiphoton dissociation spectrometry, infrared multiphoton dissociation spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the infrared region (0.78-1000 µm) with sufficient energy to cause photodissociation by the absorption of two or more photons. [CHMO]
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synonyms: infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy, IR OAS, IR PAS, IR optoacoustic spectrometry, IR optoacoustic spectroscopy, IR photoacoustic spectrometry, IR photoacoustic spectroscopy, IR-OAS, IR-PAS, IROAS, IRPAS, infra-red optoacoustic spectrometry, infra-red photoacoustic spectrometry, infra-red photoacoustic spectroscopy, infrared optoacoustic spectrometry, infrared optoacoustic spectroscopy, infrared photoacoustic spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sound emitted when a gaseous sample is exposed to an intense infrared laser beam, which is rapidly interrupted by a rotating slotted disk, is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: infrared reflectance spectroscopy, IR reflectance spectrometry, IR reflectance spectroscopy, IR reflection spectroscopy, infra-red reflectance spectrometry, infrared reflectance spectrometry, infrared reflection spectroscopy
A type of vibrational spectroscopy where the reflection or scattering of infrared radiation (0.78-1000 µm) by a sample is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SNIM, IR-NSOM, IR-SNOM, SNFIM, SNIM imaging, infra-red near-field scanning optical microscopy, infra-red scanning near-field optical microscopy, infrared near-field scanning optical microscopy
A type of microscopy where a probe consisting of an infrared laser transmitted through a tapered optical fibre is positioned very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen. The tip is coated with metal (to prevent light from escaping from the sides) and near-field (or evanescent field) infrared radiation is emitted through a small opening or 'aperture' (50-100 nm in diameter) at the apex of the probe. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the disturbance of the infrared near-field as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. [CHMO]
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synonyms: infrared scattering SNOM, IR SNIM, IR s-SNOM, IR sSNOM, IR scattering SNOM, IR scattering near-field optical microscopy, IR scattering-type near-field optical microscopy, SNIM IR imaging, infrared s-SNOM, infrared sSNOM, infrared scattering-type near-field optical microscopy
A type of microscopy where a probe consisting of an infrared laser transmitted through a tapered optical fibre is positioned very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen and focused to a diffraction-limited spot size. A vibrating metallic AFM cantilever tip periodically and locally modifies the electromagnetic field distribution of the excitation laser. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the scattered light from the tip as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. [CHMO]
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synonyms: IRSE, infra-red spectroscopic ellipsometry, infrared ellipsometric spectroscopy
A method for determining structure by illuminating a sample with a continuous infrared wavelength light source and measuring the intensity and change in polarization of the reflected light as a function of wavelength. [CHMO]
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synonyms: infrared thermal diffusion forced Rayleigh scattering, IR-TDFRS, IR-TDFRS analysis, IR-TDFRS method
A method for determining structure where a grating created by the interference of infrared laser beams is written into a sample which contains a small amount of dye. The intensity grating is converted into a temperature grating which, in turn, causes a concentration grating by thermal diffusion. A further infrared laser beam is Rayleigh scattered by the grating and the change in direction or energy of the light and the temporal evolution of the scattered beam are measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: IR transmission spectroscopy, IR transmittance spectroscopy, infrared transmittance spectroscopy, transmission IR
Infrared transmission spectroscopy is a type of vibrational spectroscopy where the transmission of infrared radiation (0.78-1000 µm) through a sample is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: IR transmission spectroscopy, IR transmittance spectroscopy, infrared transmittance spectroscopy, transmission IR
A type of spectroscopy where the transmission of infrared radiation (0.78-1000 µm) through a sample is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: infrared-visible sum-frequency generation spectroscopy, infrared-visible sum-frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy
A method for generating surface-specific vibrational spectra by mixing two light beams (visible and IR) at a surface and detecting the output beam, which has frequency equal to the sum of the two input frequencies. [CHMO]
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Significantly restraining a flow, though a portion of the flow continues to be transferred. [NIST]
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synonyms: injection
Injecting is the forceful loading of a fluid into the interior of some other object. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: injection, sample introduction
Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: injection, sample introduction
Process of loading a sample into a chromatography system. [Allotrope]
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A process for shaping pliable thermoplastic or thermosetting plastics using a rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The plastic is fed into a heated barrel, mixed, and forced into a mould where it cools and hardens to the configuration of the mould. [CHMO]
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synonyms: needle washing
Injection needle washing is the washing of an injection needle. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: INEPT, INEPT NMR
A heteronuclear NMR experiment in which magnetization arising from 1H nuclei is transferred to covalently bound heteronuclei, thereby enhancing the NMR signal of the heteronuclei. [CHMO]
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synonyms: insertion
A spatial processing of transfering material into a site. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: insertion
A spatial processing of transferring material into a site. [Allotrope]
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The method used to obtain the integral of a function or curve. [Allotrope]
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Performance testing of a device. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: thresholding
The removal of data points based on a low or high intensity threshold. [Allotrope]
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The intensity calibration is a type of calibration of cameras such as those used in cell counter devices. [Allotrope]
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Definition pending. [0]
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Intensity normalization is a data apodization to transform the data to a common intensity range for comparison. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: IMPS
A type of spectroscopy where light energy (from a fluctuating light source) absorbed by the sample results in the production of a current (the 'photocurrent') which is measured at different spectral intervals as a function of the modulation frequency of the light source. [CHMO]
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synonyms: IMVS
A type of spectroscopy where light energy (from a fluctuating light source) absorbed by the sample results in the production of a potential difference (the 'photovoltage') which is measured at different spectral intervals as a function of the modulation frequency of the light source. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HIL, holographic interference lithography, holographic lithography
A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90-100 deg. C. The photoresist is then exposed to a pattern of intense UV light generated by the interference of two or more coherent light sources. A post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120-180 deg. C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. [CHMO]
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synonyms: interferometric Rayleigh scattering, interferometric Rayleigh scattering method, interferometric Rayleigh scattering spectrometry
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light which has been passed through an inferometer. [CHMO]
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synonyms: laser interferometry, optical interferometry
The measurement of the properties of two or more lasers or waves by studying the pattern of interference created by their superposition. [CHMO]
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Interpolation is the constructing new data points within the range of a discrete set of known data points. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: interpolation
Interpolation is a calculation that calculates a calculated measure from a primary measure by applying a measurement function that is derived from a calibration curve. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: ILS, intracavity laser absorption spectroscopy, ICAS, ICL spectrometry, ICL spectroscopy, ICLAS, ICLS, intra cavity laser absorption spectroscopy, intra-cavity laser absorption spectrometry, intra-cavity laser spectrometry, intra-cavity laser spectroscopy, intracavity laser absorption spectrometry, intracavity laser spectroscopy, intracavity spectrometry
Any type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside the laser cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: IGC
A surface characterization technique in which a pulse or constant concentration of a known gas or vapour (probe molecule) is injected into a column packed with the solid sample at a fixed carrier gas flow rate. The retention time of the probe molecule is then measured using a traditional gas chromatography detector. [CHMO]
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synonyms: IPES, IPS, inverse photoelectron spectrometry, inverse photoemission spectrometry, inverse photoemission spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons and the photons emitted are detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: I-STMAS, ISTMAS, inverse-STMAS
An NMR experiment where the selective excitation of central and satellite transitions during magic angle spinning is used for recording high-resolution NMR spectra of quadrupolar nuclei in solids. Satellite transitions are detected first, followed by central transitions. [CHMO]
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synonyms: T1, inversion recovery Fourier transform , IRFT, relaxation time measurement
An NMR experiment which measures spin-lattice (T1) relaxation rates by acquiring spectra at different delay times following inversion of the spin-state populations. [CHMO]
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synonyms: IR-TOCSY, inversion recovery TOCSY, inversion-recovery TOCSY
A two-dimensional NMR experiment which shows correlations between all the nuclei of a spin system and also allows determination of T1 relaxation rates. [CHMO]
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Inverting is a sample preparation step of mixing. It is homogenization by switching the y-axis of a sample several times, turning it upside down using a syringe. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: ion-amperometry
The measurement of cell current, whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled, associated with the ion transfer across the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES). [CHMO]
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synonyms: ion-beam patterning
A patterning process which involves using a focused Ga+ beam to cut trenches into substrates. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FIBID, IBID, focused-ion-beam-induced deposition, focussed-ion-beam-induced deposition, ion beam induced deposition, ion-beam-induced deposition
A synthesis method where an ion beam (e.g. Ga+) is used to decompose gaseous molecules leading to deposition on a nearby substrate. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ICR-MS, ICR MS, ICR mass spectrometry, ICR mass spectroscopy, ICRMS, ion cyclotron resonance mass spectroscopy, ion-cyclotron-resonance mass spectrometry, ion-cyclotron-resonance mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is determined by measuring their cyclotron frequency (the frequency at which they precesses in a fixed magnetic field). [CHMO]
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Removal of solvent molecules clustered around a gas-phase ion by means of heating and/or collisions with gas molecules. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Removal of solvent molecules clustered around a gas-phase ion by means of heating and/or collisions with gas molecules. [IUPAC]
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A method for detecting ions. [Allotrope]
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Ion detection is detecting the presence of ions. [Allotrope]
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Technique for the ejection of ions from an ion trap. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: ionization enhancement
Phenomenon in which the ionization efficiency of a compound is increased by the presence of another compound. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: ionization enhancement
Phenomenon in which the ionization efficiency of a compound is increased by the presence of another compound. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: IKES
A method of analysis in which a beam of ions is separated according to the ratio of its translational energy to charge. [PSI-MS]
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synonyms: ion microprobe spectroscopy, ion micro-probe spectrometry, ion microprobe spectrometry
A type of spectrocsopy where a finely focused (<10 m diameter) beam of ions is directed at a sample and the secondary ions emitted are detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: IM
A type of microscopy where ions are used to produce an image. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ion mobility spectroscopy, IMS, ion mobility spectrometry, ion-mobility spectroscopy
Definition pending. [0]
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Gas-phase reaction of a molecule to form both positive ion and negative ion fragments among the products. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Gas-phase reaction of a molecule to form both positive ion and negative ion fragments among the products. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: IPL, ion-projection lithography
A synthesis technique that uses ions to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a focused ion beam (75 keV He ions) is scanned across a patterned mask inducing chemical reactions in the resist. The desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). [CHMO]
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An ion reaction is a chemical reaction that has ion participants. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: ISS, ion scattering spectrometry, ion scattering spectroscopy
A method for determining structure where the sample is bombarded with ions (100-1000 eV) and the energies and positions of the scattered ions are detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: mass analysis, mass selection
Ion selection is dividing ions according to their mass to charge ratio in a mass analyzer. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: ion spectrometry
Any type of spectroscopy where the absorption of emission of ions is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ionisation suppression, ionization suppression
Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: ionisation suppression, ionization suppression
Ion suppression is a state in which the ionization efficiency of a species is lowered by the presence of a different species. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: IT MS, IT-MS, ITMS, ion trap MS, ion trap mass spectroscopy, ion-trap mass spectrometry, ion-trap mass spectroscopy
Any type of mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is measured whilst the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric or magnetic field. [CHMO]
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synonyms: IAD, IBAD, ion beam assisted deposition, ion-beam-assisted deposition
A synthesis technique where a solid target is bombarded with energetic ions (e.g. Ar+) causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'), which deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate. A secondary ion beam is then used to remove any partially bound atoms from the substrate surface. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ion beam lithography
A synthesis technique that uses ions to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a focused ion beam (75 keV He ions) is scanned across it in a patterned fashion. The ions induce chemical reactions in the resist and the desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). [CHMO]
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synonyms: IBS, ion-beam spectrometry
Any type of spectroscopy where a focused beam of ions is directed at a sample and the secondary ions emitted are detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: IBS, ion-assisted sputtering, ion-beam sputtering, ion-beam-assisted sputtering
A synthesis technique where a solid target is bombarded with energetic ions (e.g. Ar+) causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate. Ionization of the neutral gas atoms requires an external ion source, which generates a focused ion beam. [CHMO]
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synonyms: IEC, IEX, IEX chromatography, ion exchange chromatography
Column chromatography where the separation is based on ions and polar molecules' affinity to the ion-exchanger. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: IE-HPLC, IEX-HPLC, ion exchange HPLC, ion exchange high performance liquid chromatography, ion-exchange HPLC, ion-exchange high-pressure liquid chromatography
Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles, the inlet pressure is relatively high and the separation is caused by differences in ion-exchange affinity. [CHMO]
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synonyms: INS, IES, IAES, IEAES, IIAES, ion neutralisation spectrometry, ion neutralisation spectroscopy, ion neutralization spectrometry, ion neutralization spectroscopy, ion-electron spectroscopy, ion-excited Auger spectrometry, ion-induced Auger electron spectrometry, ion-induced Auger electron spectroscopy, ionelectron spectroscopy
Any type of spectroscopy where ion bombardment of a sample results in the ionization of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected as a function of incident ion energy. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ion exclusion chromatography
Column chromatography where the separation is caused by differences in charge, the mobile phase is aqueous and the analyte is ionic. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ion mobility spectroscopy, IMS, ion mobility spectrometry, ion-mobility spectroscopy
Ion-mobility spectrometry is a ion spectroscopy that that separates and identifies ionized molecules in the gas phase based on their mobility in a carrier buffer gas. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: IPC, ion pair chromatography, ion pairing chromatography, ion-pairing chromatography
A type of column chromatography in which ions in solution can be 'paired' or neutralised and separated as an ion pair on a reversed-phase column. Ion-pairing agents are usually ionic compounds that contain a hydrocarbon chain. [CHMO]
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An electrochemical technique where the potential difference between an ion-selective indicator electrode and the reference electrode is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. [CHMO]
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The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy in which the reactor is located within the ion source of a mass spectrometer. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ion-ion reaction
Reaction between two ions, generally of opposite polarity. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: ion-ion reaction
Reaction between two ions, generally of opposite polarity. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: ion-molecule reaction
Ion/neutral reaction in which the neutral is a molecule. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: ion-molecule reaction
Ion/neutral reaction in which the neutral is a molecule. [IUPAC]
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Reaction of a gas-phase ion with a neutral to produce a different neutral and ion as the products. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Reaction of a gas-phase ion with a neutral to produce a different neutral and ion as the products. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: ion-neutral reaction
Process wherein a ion interacts with a neutral reactant to produce either chemically different species or changes in the internal energy of one or both of the reactants. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: ion-neutral reaction
Process wherein a ion interacts with a neutral reactant to produce either chemically different species or changes in the internal energy of one or both of the reactants. [IUPAC]
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Dissociation of an ion into another ion of lower mass and one or more neutral or ions with a lower charge.
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Dissociation of an ion into another ion of lower mass and one or more neutral or ions with a lower charge. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: ionization method, ionisation method
Ionization is a converting chemical reaction by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons, often in conjunction with other chemical changes. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: ionization method, ionisation method
Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: ionization method, ionisation method
Ionization is converting by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons, often in conjunction with other chemical changes. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: IS, CLS, ILS, core level characteristic loss spectroscopy, core-level characteristic loss spectroscopy, ionisation loss spectrometry, ionisation loss spectroscopy, ionisation spectrometry, ionization loss spectrometry, ionization loss spectroscopy, ionization spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the loss in energy of electrons produced by ionization is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: IS, CLS, ILS, core level characteristic loss spectroscopy, core-level characteristic loss spectroscopy, ionisation loss spectrometry, ionisation loss spectroscopy, ionisation spectrometry, ionization loss spectrometry, ionization loss spectroscopy, ionization spectrometry
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synonyms: IDSRS
A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from two lasers ('pump' and 'probe') by a sample is detected. The molecules in the sample are ionized using an ultraviolet laser in order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the spectrum. [CHMO]
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Reaction of an ion with a neutral in which one or more electrons are removed from either the ion or neutral to form free electrons. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Reaction of an ion with a neutral in which one or more electrons are removed from either the ion or neutral to form free electrons. [IUPAC]
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A synthesis method for growing single crystals from an ionic liquid in an autoclave (a thick-walled steel vessel) at high temperature (400 deg. C) and pressure. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ISI-MS, ISI/MS, ISMS, ion spray ionisation mass spectrometry, ion spray ionization mass spectrometry, ionspray MS, ionspray mass spectroscopy, pneumatically-assisted electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry, pneumatically-assisted electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy, pneumatically-assisted electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, pneumatically-assisted electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy., turbo ion-spray mass spectrometry, turbo ion-spray mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by forcing an aqueous solution of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. [CHMO]
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synonyms: approved, approved state
Is approved is an approval state where information content such as a specification is approved by an authority for a purpose or in a context. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: denied, denied state
Is denied is an approval state where information content such as a specification is denied by an authority for a purpose or in a context. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: constant pressure calorimetry, constant-pressure calorimetry
The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) at constant pressure during a chemical or biochemical reaction. [CHMO]
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synonyms: step elution
Elution with a constant composition of the mobile phase. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: isocratic elution chromatography
A separation method where the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary, while the other moves in a definite direction (the 'mobile' phase). In isocratic elution chromatography the elution solvent strength of the mobile phase remains constant during the separation. [CHMO]
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synonyms: isoelectric focusing, IEF, IEF focusing, IEF focussing, IEF separation, focusing, isoelectric focussing
An electrophoresis method for the separation of amphoteric analytes according to their isoelectric points by the application of an electric field along a pH gradient. [CHMO]
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synonyms: IEF-PAGE, isoelectrofocusing PAGE
A two-dimensional separation method where one separation process is isoelectric focusing on a gel and the other separation process is polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. [CHMO]
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A method for providing phasing necessary for X-ray crystallography information by introducing heavy atoms into isomorphous crystals. [CHMO]
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synonyms: equilibrium centrifugation, sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation
A method where the components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density, in a density gradient of e.g. CsCl in a centrifuge, according to buoyant density. The species in the sample move through the gradient until they reach a point where their density and that of the gradient are identical. [CHMO]
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A method where the components of a sample (e.g. plasma lipoproteins) are separated on the basis of their density in a centrifuge according to the centrifugal force they experience. A density gradient is established via equilibrium sedimentation (e.g. using caesium ions), and then analyte molecules concentrate as bands where the molecule density matches that of the surrounding solution. Samples are spun at speeds of up to 150,000 rpm. [CHMO]
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The process of pressing a powder under a gas or liquid so that pressure is transmitted equally in all directions. [CHMO]
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An electrophoresis method in a discontinuous buffer system where the analytes migrate according to their electrophoretic mobilities, forming a chain of adjacent zones moving with equal velocity between two solutions, the leading and terminating electrolytes, bracketing the mobility range of the analytes. [CHMO]
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synonyms: isotachophoretic focussing
An electrophoresis method where colloidal particles move at different speeds in a separation medium that has an electrophoretic mobility gradient so that the analytes move and stack in the order of their electrophoretic mobilities. [CHMO]
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The code of isothermal DSC scan mode for scanning at a constant temperature. [Allotrope]
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The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) at constant temperature during a chemical or biochemical reaction. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ICTS
A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the capacitance produced by applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at constant different temperatures, spectra are generated that exhibit peaks, the height of which are proportional to the height of which are proportional to time constant for the emission rate. [CHMO]
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Isothermal differential scanning calorimetry is a type of differential scanning calorimetry where the measurement takes place at constant temperature. [Allotrope]
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The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy during which the temperature is held constant. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ITC, isothermal titration microcalorimetry, titration calorimetry
The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) at constant temperature during a titration. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ID-MS, IDMS, isotope dilution mass spectroscopy
Quantitative mass spectrometry technique in which an isotopically enriched compound is used as a surrogate internal standard. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: ID-MS, IDMS, isotope dilution mass spectroscopy
Quantitative mass spectrometry technique in which an isotopically enriched compound is used as a surrogate internal standard. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: IR MS, IR-MS, IRMS, isotope ratio mass spectroscopy, isotopic ratios mass spectrometry, isotopic ratios mass spectroscopy
Measurement and study of the relative abundances of the different isotopes of an element in a material using a mass spectrometer. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: IR MS, IR-MS, IRMS, isotope ratio mass spectroscopy, isotopic ratios mass spectrometry, isotopic ratios mass spectroscopy
Measurement and study of the relative abundances of the different isotopes of an element in a material using a mass spectrometer. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: isotope labeling, isotope labelling
The substitution of an atom or an ion (present in the form of its stable isotope) by an isotope of the same element. [CHMO]
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Complete random mixing of isotopes between specified positions in an ion or neutral to achieve an equilibrium distribution of isotopes. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Complete random mixing of isotopes between specified positions in an ion or neutral to achieve an equilibrium distribution of isotopes. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: JD
A synthesis method where a flow of precursors is projected onto a surface, resulting in a deposit. [CHMO]
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The code of a job order command that enccodes the state of abort. [Allotrope]
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The code of a job order command that enccodes the state of abort. [Allotrope]
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Definition pending. [0]
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The code of a job order command that enccodes the state of hold. [Allotrope]
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The code of a job order command that enccodes the state of hold. [Allotrope]
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The code of a job order command that enccodes the state of pause. [Allotrope]
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The code of a job order command that enccodes the state of pause. [Allotrope]
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The code of a job order command that enccodes the state of reset. [Allotrope]
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The code of a job order command that enccodes the state of reset. [Allotrope]
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The code of a job order command that enccodes the state of restart. [Allotrope]
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The code of a job order command that enccodes the state of restart. [Allotrope]
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The code of a job order command that enccodes the state of resume. [Allotrope]
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The code of a job order command that enccodes the state of resume. [Allotrope]
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The code of a job order command that enccodes the state of start. [Allotrope]
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The code of a job order command that enccodes the state of start. [Allotrope]
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The code of a job order command that enccodes the state of stop. [Allotrope]
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The code of a job order command that enccodes the state of stop. [Allotrope]
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Jog mode of compaction. [Allotrope]
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Joining is the direct coupling of flows without any intermediary flow. [Allotrope]
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Joining material is joining of materials. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: JR, JR pulse sequence, JR sequence, jump and return, jump-and-return, jump-and-return pulse sequence
A pulse cluster used for solvent suppression consisting of two RF pulses separated by a delay with conditions set such that the solvent signal alone is rendered unobservable by the second pulse. For the pulse sequence see J. Am. Chem. Soc., (1982), 104, pg 7310. [CHMO]
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synonyms: KRIPES, KRIPS, k-resolved IPE spectrometry, k-resolved IPE spectroscopy, k-resolved inverse photoelectron spectrometry, k-resolved inverse photoemission spectrometry, k-resolved inverse photoemission spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation which is detected as a function of the vector k (where k is the difference between the wave vectors of the incident and scattered radiation). [CHMO]
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Method for the determination of ion thermodynamic quantities by a procedure in which the relative probabilities of competing ionic dissociations are measured via the relative abundances of the reaction products. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Method for the determination of ion thermodynamic quantities by a procedure in which the relative probabilities of competing ionic dissociations are measured via the relative abundances of the reaction products. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: kinetic spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy used to study processes through in situ observation of the time profile of molecular absorptions. [CHMO]
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synonyms: kinetics, molecular kinetics, chemical kinetics
Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: kinetics, molecular kinetics, chemical kinetics
A kinetics assay is an assay that investigates how different experimental conditions can influence the speed of a chemical reaction and yield information about the reaction's mechanism and transition states. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: Kr-PDPID, Kr/PDPID, krypton pulse discharge photoionisation detection, krypton pulse discharge photoionization detection, krypton pulsed discharge photoionisation detection, krypton pulsed discharge photoionization detection, krypton pulsed-discharge photoionisation detection, krypton pulsed-discharge photoionization detection
A detection method where a DC voltage pulse is passed through krypton gas generating high-energy (13.5-17.5 eV) photons which photoionize the elements in the sample mixture, and the current generated by this ionization is measured. [CHMO]
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The process of attaching a label onto a substance. Labels are molecular entities that facilitate the detection (through fluorescence, radioactivity, etc.) of the species to which they are attached. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LDA, laser Doppler anemometry, laser anemometry, optical anemometry
A method for determining the velocity or zeta-potential of a sample by measuring the Doppler shift experienced by light. A laser beam is directed at a series of fine particles in the medium of interest, and the reflected (or Doppler-shifted) beam then produces an interference pattern with a reference beam. [CHMO]
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synonyms: photoablation
Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: photoablation
Laser ablation is the process of removing material from a solid (or occasionally liquid) surface by irradiating it with a laser beam. At low laser flux, the material is heated by the absorbed laser energy and evaporates or sublimates. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: LAESI
An ionization method where the sample is vaporised using a high-energy pulsed laser and then ionized by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of it through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LA ICP AES, LA ICP-AES, laser ablation ICP AES, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is vaporised by laser ablation and excited using a plasma generated by electromagnetic induction. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LA-MB-FTMW spectrometry, LA-MB-FTMW spectroscopy, laser ablation molecular beam FT microwave spectroscopy, laser ablation molecular beam Fourier transform microwave (LA-MB-FTMW) spectroscopy, laser ablation molecular beam Fourier transform microwave spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample (in the form of a molecular beam) is vaporised by laser ablation before being irradiated with a single pulse of radiation in the microwave region (1-1000 mm) and the spectrum is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LASiS, LASiS technique
A method for obtaining colloidal solutions of nanoparticles by the condensation of a plasma plume formed by the laser ablation of a bulk metal plate dipped in a solution. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LAS, laser absorbance spectrometry, laser absorbance spectroscopy, laser absorption spectrometry
Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more laser beams and the absorption of light by the sample is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LCM, laser capture microdissection, laser-capture micro-dissection, laser-capture microdissection
A method for isolating specific cells of interest from microscopic regions of tissue using a microscope coupled to a UV laser. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LCVD, laser CVD, laser assisted CVD, laser assisted chemical vapor deposition, laser assisted chemical vapour deposition, laser induced CVD, laser-assisted CVD, laser-assisted chemical vapor deposition, laser-assisted chemical vapour deposition, laser-induced CVD, laser-induced chemical vapor deposition, laser-induced chemical vapour deposition
A synthesis method where a laser-heated substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. [CHMO]
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A technique for cooling atoms by directing two laser beams (with energy just below an electronic transition) at the sample from opposite directions. Scattering of the laser photons by the atoms in the sample reduces their kinetic energy. [CHMO]
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Formation of gas-phase species from a solid or liquid sample surface upon activation using a short pulse of photons from a laser. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Formation of gas-phase species from a solid or liquid sample surface upon activation using a short pulse of photons from a laser. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: ELDI, electrospray-assisted laser desorption-ionisation, electrospray-assisted laser desorption-ionization, electrospray-assisted laser desorption-ionisation
An ionization method where neutral molecules are desorbed from the sample (usually biological) using a nitrogen laser and then ionized by collision with charged solvent droplets which are formed by forcing the solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min-1) into an electric field. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LDI
A laser desorption ionization is a ionization involving the use of a pulsed laser to induce desorption and ionization of a sample. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: LDI
Formation of gas-phase ions by the interaction of a laser with a solid or liquid material. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: LDI
Formation of gas-phase ions by the interaction of a laser with a solid or liquid material. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: LIMS, LDI MS, LDI mass spectrometry, LDI-MS, LDIMS, LDMS, LIMA, laser desorption mass spectrometry, laser desorption mass spectroscopy, laser desorption-ionisation mass spectroscopy, laser desorption-ionization mass spectroscopy, laser ionisation MS, laser ionisation mass analysis, laser ionisation mass spectrometry, laser ionisation mass spectroscopy, laser ionization MS, laser ionization mass analysis, laser ionization mass spectrometry, laser ionization mass spectroscopy, laser-ionisation mass analysis, laser-ionization mass analysis
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is vaporised and ionized using a high-energy pulsed laser. [CHMO]
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synonyms: laser dissociation spectrometry, laser photo-fragmentation spectrometry, laser photo-fragmentation spectroscopy, laser photodissociation spectrometry, laser photodissociation spectroscopy, laser photofragmentation spectrometry, laser photofragmentation spectroscopy, laser-induced fragmentation spectrometry, laser-induced fragmentation spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser and molecules in the sample dissociate following the absorption of one or more high-energy photons. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Stark spectroscopy, laser Stark spectrometry, laser Stark spectroscopy, laser electric resonance spectrometry
A type of laser spectroscopy where a fixed-wavelength infrared or ultraviolet laser is used to excite the sample which is placed in an electric field. By varying the strength of the applied electric field some vibrational-rotational transitions can be made to coincide with the laser wavelength and the absorption of the laser light is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LES, laser emission spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where a thermally-excited vapour sample is illuminated with an ultraviolet or visible laser and the photon emission spectrum of the sample is observed. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LFP
A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The absorption of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LIF spectrometry, LIF spectroscopy, laser induced fluorescence spectrometry, laser-induced fluorescence spectrometry, laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser causing molecules in the sample to be electronically excited. The photons emitted as a result of the decay of the molecules back down to the ground state are measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LI
Formation of ions through the interaction of photons from a laser with solid or liquid materials or with gas-phase atoms or molecules. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: LI
Formation of ions through the interaction of photons from a laser with solid or liquid materials or with gas-phase atoms or molecules. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: LIS, laser ionisation spectrometry, laser ionization spectrometry
Any type of spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with a laser and photoexcitation is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionization potential to create an ion. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LLS, laser-light scattering
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered visible light. Light (from a laser source) is scattered by the electrons surrounding the atomic nuclei in the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LMS, L-MS, laser mass spectroscopy
Any type of mass spectrometry where the sample is illuminated with a laser. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LAMES, laser micro emission spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where a thermally-excited vapour sample is illuminated with a finely focused (<10 m diameter) ultraviolet or visible laser and the photon emission spectrum of the sample is observed. [CHMO]
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synonyms: laser microdissection
A type of dissection where a laser is coupled to a microscope and focused onto a biological sample (e.g. tissue) on the slide. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LM-ICP-AES, laser microprobe ICP-AES
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is vaporised by laser ablation with a finely focused (<10 m diameter) laser and excited using a plasma generated by electromagnetic induction. [CHMO]
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synonyms: laser microprobe mass spectrometry, LAMMA, LAMMS, LMMS, laser micro mass spectrometry, laser micro-probe mass analysis, laser micro-probe mass spectrometry, laser microprobe mass spectroscopy, laser-assisted mass microanalysis
Laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry, particularly emphasizing spatially resolved composition information. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: laser microprobe mass spectrometry, LAMMA, LAMMS, LMMS, laser micro mass spectrometry, laser micro-probe mass analysis, laser micro-probe mass spectrometry, laser microprobe mass spectroscopy, laser-assisted mass microanalysis
Laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry, particularly emphasizing spatially resolved composition information. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: laser microprobe spectroscopy, laser micro-probe spectrometry, laser microanalysis, laser microprobe spectrometry
Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more finely focused (<10 m diameter) laser beams and the absorption or emission of light by the sample is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: laser multiphoton ionisation spectrometry, laser multiphoton ionization spectrometry
Any type of spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with a laser and photoexcitation (by the absorption of two or more photons) is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionization potential to create an ion. [CHMO]
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A technique used to determine the amount of oxygen in sample based on the absorption of laser radiation. [CHMO]
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A technique used to synthesize ultrafine powders by heating a mixture of reactant vapour and inert gas with a laser. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LS
The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample with a laser (e.g. a CO2 laser) below its melting point until its particles adhere to each other. [CHMO]
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synonyms: laser spectrometry
Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more laser beams and the absorption or emission of light by the sample is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: L-TAS, LTAS, laser transient absorbance spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where transient species such as radicals, ions or reactive intermediates are studied using laser pulses. The absorbance of the sample before and after an excitation laser pulse is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: laser tweezing, optical trapping, optical tweezing
The trapping of microscopic particles by a focused laser beam. The beam is focused through a microscope objective, producing a strong electric field gradient at its narrowest point, which attracts dielectric particles. [CHMO]
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synonyms: laser furnace method
A method for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes where a laser beam (typically a YAG laser) is focused onto a graphite-metal target located in a quartz tube surrounded by a furnace. The target is vaporised in high temperature Ar gas producing single-walled and double-walled carbon nanotubes which are collected at a trap. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LADI, laser assisted direct imprint, laser assisted direct imprint lithography, laser assisted direct imprinting, laser-assisted direct imprint, laser-assisted direct imprinting
A synthesis technique that uses mechanical deformation to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photosensitive resist (a polymer) is deposited on a silicon substrate by spin coating. A transparent stamp (e.g. quartz) containing the desired (nanosized) pattern on its surface is then pressed into the resist and a single laser pulse (XeCl excimer laser) is applied to melt the top layer of silicon. The molten silicon flows into the pattern then rapidly solidifies. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LAPR, laser assisted particle removal
A sample preparation method where (contaminated) material is removed from a specimen by illuminating it with a laser beam. An energy transfer medium is illuminated with the laser beam, and preferentially absorbs energy into capillary spaces under and around the particles on the contaminated specimen. This energy transfer causes explosive evaporation of the energy transfer medium, and the propulsion of particles off the specimen much like a small rocket engine. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LEAF, LEAFS, laser-enhanced atomic fluorescence spectrometry, laser-excited atomic fluorescence spectrometry, laser-excited atomic fluorescence spectroscopy
A type of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy where a laser is used to excite the atoms in the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LEI spectrometry, LEI spectroscopy, LEIS, laser enhanced ionisation mass spectrometry, laser enhanced ionisation spectroscopy, laser enhanced ionization mass spectrometry, laser enhanced ionization spectroscopy, laser-enhanced ionisation spectrometry, laser-enhanced ionization spectrometry, resonance-enhanced ionisation spectrometry, resonance-enhanced ionization spectrometry, resonance-enhanced laser ionisation spectroscopy, resonance-enhanced laser ionization spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where resonant laser illumination (using a laser which is tuned to match an electronic transition within the sample) is used to ehanced the collisional ionization of atoms (or molecules) occurring in a flame. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LIP AES, laser-induced atomic emission spectrometry
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a laser pulse is used as the excitation source. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LIP AES, LIBS, LIP-AES, LIPS, laser induced plasma spectrometry, laser induced plasma spectroscopy, laser-induced breakdown atomic emission spectrometry, laser-induced plasma atomic emission spectrometry, laser-induced plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, laser-induced plasma spectrometry, laser-induced plasma spectroscopy
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a high energy laser pulse is used to generate a plasma which acts as the excitation source. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LIF, laser induced fluorescence detection
A detection method which is sensitive to naturally fluorescent or tagged compounds. As the sample passes through a small cell it is excited by a focused ultraviolet laser and any fluorescence is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: impedance laser spectroscopy, laser induced impedance spectrometry, laser induced impedance spectroscopy, laser-induced impedance spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of a sample during laser excitation is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LISPS, double-pulse LIBS, double-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectrometry, double-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, laser-induced shock wave spectrometry
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a high energy laser pulse is used to generate a plasma which acts as the excitation source. A second laser pulse then illuminates the sample resulting in a reheating of the laser plasma produced by the first pulse, leading to signal enhancement. [CHMO]
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synonyms: optically induced simultaneous thermophoresis
A separation method where two or more particles (e.g. proteins) are separated according to their thermal conductivity in a separation medium, across which a thermal gradient (produced by laser irradiation) is applied. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LITA velocimetry, laser-induced thermal acoustic (LITA) velocimetry, laser-induced thermal acoustic velocimetry
A method for determining the velocity of a sample flow using two coherent intersecting pulsed laser beams to create a density grating in the sample and a third, continuous, laser beam to detect the Doppler shift in the signal. [CHMO]
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synonyms: heterodyne LITA velocimetry, heterodyne laser-induced thermal acoustic velocimetry
A method for determining the velocity of a sample flow using two coherent intersecting pulsed laser beams to create a density grating in the sample and a third, continuous, laser beam to detect the Doppler shift in the signal. Heterodyne signal detection (non-linear mixing with radiation of a reference frequency) is employed to recover the Doppler shift. [CHMO]
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synonyms: laser induced thermophoresis, laser-induced thermophoretic analysis, optically induced thermophoresis
A separation method where particles move at different speeds according to their thermal conductivity in a separation medium, across which a thermal gradient (produced by laser irradiation) is applied. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LFM, lateral force AFM, lateral-force AFM, lateral-force microscopy
A type of microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the frictional force experienced by the tip as a function of position (the 'twist' of the tip). A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Laurdan generalized polarisation spectroscopy, Laurdan generalized polarization spectroscopy, generalized polarisation of Laurdan fluorescence, generalized polarization of Laurdan fluorescence, laurdan fluorescence spectroscopy, laurdan generalized polarisation (GP) measurements, laurdan generalized polarization (GP) measurements
A type of spectroscopy where the difference between the red and blue fluorescence emission of the fluorescent probe laurdan (6-dodecanoyl-2- dimethylaminonaphthalene), which depends on the phase of lipid membranes, is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ESA, ESD, LBL, LBL assembly, LbL, LbL assembly, electrostatic self-assembly, electrostatic self-assembly deposition, layer-by-layer adsorption
A synthesis method in which thin films of oppositely charged layers are deposited in sequence. Positive or negative charged species are adsorbed onto the sample surface by dipping the substrate into solutions. The excess solution, after each adsorption step, is rinsed with solvent. [CHMO]
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The dissolution of material from a solid phase into a liquid in which it is not wholly soluble. [CHMO]
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synonyms: levelling
Ensuring the exact horizontal position of a device is called levelling. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: LSS, LiSSP, light scattering spectrometry, light scattering spectroscopy
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered visible light. Light is scattered by the electrons surrounding the atomic nuclei in the sample. [CHMO]
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The formation of a gel from a solution by irradiation with light from the visible region (400-800 nm). [CHMO]
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An apodization function applied to the unprocessed FID to improve signal to noise (S/N). [Allotrope]
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An apodization function applied to the unprocessed FID to improve signal resolution. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: LS-AAS, LSAAS, line source atomic absorption spectrometry
A type of atomic absorption spectrometry using a line source of radiation. [CHMO]
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Definition pending. [0]
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A linear calibration is an analyte calibration that applies curve fitting of the calibration curve to a linear function. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: LD, LD spectroscopy, linear dichroism, linear dichroism spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption (parallel and perpendicular to the orientation axis) of linearly polarized light by a sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LSV, chrono amperometry with linear potential sweep, chronoamperometry with linear sweep, electrode voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry, stationary electrode voltammetry
An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied linearly and stops at an end point. [CHMO]
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Scan in a tandem mass spectrometer with two or more m/z analyzers or in a sector mass spectrometer that incorporates at least one magnetic sector and one electric sector. The analyzers and/or other electric fields are scanned simultaneously so as to preserve a predetermined relationship between scan parameters to produce a product ion spectrum, precursor ion spectrum, constant neutral loss spectrum, or constant neutral mass gain spectrum. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Scan in a tandem mass spectrometer with two or more m/z analyzers or in a sector mass spectrometer that incorporates at least one magnetic sector and one electric sector. The analyzers and/or other electric fields are scanned simultaneously so as to preserve a predetermined relationship between scan parameters to produce a product ion spectrum, precursor ion spectrum, constant neutral loss spectrum, or constant neutral mass gain spectrum. [IUPAC]
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Linking is coupling flows together by means of an intermediary flow. [NIST]
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Electrokinetic chromatography where the secondary phase has liposomes suspended in it. [CHMO]
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synonyms: liquid AFM, solution atomic force microscopy, solution-state AFM, solution-state atomic force microscopy
A type of microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen that is immersed in a liquid cell. The tip oscillates, intermittently touching or tapping the surface. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LC
Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LCCC, liquid chromatography at critical conditions
Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid held at or near its critical point. Liquid chromatography at the critical condition is used to determine functionality distributions in polymers. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LC-CE, LC/CE
A two-dimensional separation method where the sample is first subjected to liquid chromatography followed by capillary electrophoresis. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LPI, PIP, polymer infiltration and pyrolysis
The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with polymer precursors. [CHMO]
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A type of spectroscopy where the spontaneous emission of a beta-particle produces a flash of light (known as a 'scintillation') which is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LSI
Ionization of any species by the interaction of a focused beam of ions or atoms with a sample that is dissolved in a solvent matrix. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: LSI
Ionization of any species by the interaction of a focused beam of ions or atoms with a sample that is dissolved in a solvent matrix. [IUPAC]
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The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from, liquid silicon. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LAG, solvent-drop grinding
The mechanical reduction of the particle size of a solid sample by attribution (friction), impact or cutting in the presence of a small amount of solvent. [CHMO]
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synonyms: liquid-liquid chromatography, LLC
Column chromatography where both the mobile phase and the stationary phase are liquids. The stationary phase must be immiscible and insoluble in the mobile phase and is usually supported on a suitable material such as a diatomaceous earth. [CHMO]
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synonyms: liquid-liquid extraction, LLE, liquid phase extraction, liquid-liquid distribution, liquid-liquid partition, liquid-phase extraction
The process of transferring a dissolved substance from one liquid phase to another (immiscible or partially miscible) liquid phase in contact with it. [CHMO]
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synonyms: liquid-liquid-liquid micro-extraction, LLLME, liquid-liquid-liquid microextraction
The process of transferring a µL amount of an ionisable substance from an aqueous phase to another aqueous phase, via an organic phase, by performing simultaneous extraction and back-extraction between the phases. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LPE, liquid phase epitaxy
A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from liquid or melt precursors) on a monocrystalline substrate. [CHMO]
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synonyms: melt infiltration
The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from, a liquid. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LPME, liquid phase micro-extraction, liquid phase microextraction, liquid-phase microextraction
The process of transferring a µL amount of a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase (or vice versa). [CHMO]
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synonyms: liquid-phase nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, liquid phase NMR, liquid phase nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy in the liquid phase where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LSC
Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid and the stationary phase is a solid. [CHMO]
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synonyms: liquid-solid extraction, LSE, SPE, solid phase extraction, solid-phase extraction, sorbent extraction, sorptive extraction
The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the liquid sample through a stationary phase (e.g. silica particles). [CHMO]
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synonyms: liquid state sintering
The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample (consisting of a powder and a liquid) below the melting point of the solid until its particles adhere to each other. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LISA, lithographically-induced self-assembly
A synthesis technique that uses mechanical deformation to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of resist (a thermoplastic polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. A mould containing the desired (nanosized) pattern on its surface is then held above the resist, whilst both the substrate and mould are heated to the glass transition temperature of the polymer. The resist is then cooled and any residual resist in the cast area is removed by an anisotropic etching process such as reactive ion etching. During the heat-cool cycle the initially flat polymer film self-assembles into periodic supramolecular pillar arrays. [CHMO]
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synonyms: lithographic patterning
Any synthesis technique involving the transfer of a pattern to a material (a 'resist') by selective exposure to a radiation source (e.g. light or X-rays) or to a beam of charged particles. Upon irradiation, the material experiences a change in its physical properties. Excess material is then removed, by a liquid 'developer' or an etching process. [CHMO]
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Loading is the addition of a material to a new location. [Allotrope]
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Loading is the importing of a material into a new location that contains the material. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: LSPR spectroscopy, localised SPR spectroscopy, localized SPR spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the resonant excitation of surface plasmons (usually on a Au or Ag nanosized surface) by ultraviolet or visible light is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: channeling, localization, spatial process
A processing that affects the spatial location or orientation of some participants. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: LOWESS smoothing
Locally weighted scatterplot smoothing is a smoothing that use use locally weighted linear regression to smooth data. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: LRL, lock release lithography
A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. Shuttered pulses (30-100 ms) of mask-defined UV (365 nm) light are flashed into a stationery layer of monomer inside microchannel. Objects generated by this process are 'locked' by relief structures in the channel, before being flushed out. The process is then repeated in a cyclic manner. [CHMO]
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Locking is the process of establishing a magnetic field with a constant strength during an NMR measurement. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: log-dilution
A tenfold serial dilution. A ten-fold serial dilution could be 1 M, 0.1 M, 0.01 M, 0.001 M... [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: log-dilution
A logarithmic dilution is a serial dilution with a tenfold dilution for each step. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: LODESR, longitudinally-detected EPR, longitudinally-detected ESR
A type of spectroscopy where the longitudinal response of an atom with an unpaired electron in a magnetic field to two transverse waves is detected. [CHMO]
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A mass spectrometry using loop injection. [Allotrope]
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Repeated drying and weighing procedure until the weight stabilizes. [Allotrope]
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Repeated drying and weighing procedure until the weight stabilizes. [OSTHUS]
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synonyms: low FB, low feedback
The code of feedback mode of DSC measurements that have low active compensation of differences of cell temperatures. [Allotrope]
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A type of microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with short-coherence length visible light split into two beams, which then interfere to produce fringes whose spacing is proportional to the height of the specimen. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LEED
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of low energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. [CHMO]
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Collision-induced dissociation process wherein the precursor ion has laboratory-frame translational energy lower than a given value, often taken to be 1 keV. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Collision-induced dissociation process wherein the precursor ion has laboratory-frame translational energy lower than a given value, often taken to be 1 keV. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: LEEPL, e-beam proximity lithography, ebeam proximity lithography, electron-beam proximity lithography
A synthesis technique that uses electrons to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a beam of moderately low energy electrons (2 keV) is scanned across a patterned mask (held up to 50 µm from the substrate surface). The electrons induce chemical reactions in the resist and the desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). [CHMO]
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synonyms: LEELS, low energy electron energy loss spectrometry, low-energy electron energy loss spectrometry, low-energy electron energy loss spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of low kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the energy loss the electrons suffer upon reflection is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LE EM, LEEM, low energy EM, low energy electron microscopy, low-energy EM
A type of microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) low energy (1-100 eV) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LEEB, LEEBI, LEEBL, LVEBL, low energy electron beam irradiation, low energy electron-beam irradiation, low-energy electron-beam irradiation, low-voltage electron beam lithography, low-voltage energy beam lithography
A synthesis technique that uses electrons to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a beam of electrons (1 keV) is scanned across it in a patterned fashion. The electrons induce chemical reactions in the resist and the desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). The electron beam can be focused using either electric or magnetic fields. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LeRIBS, low-energy radioactive ion beam spectrometry, low-energy radioactive ion beam spectroscopy, low-energy radioactive ion-beam spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where a focused beam of proton is directed at a uranium sample and the secondary ions emitted are detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: low frequency EPR, low frequency ESR, low-frequency EPR, low-frequency ESR, low-frequency electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to short (ns) pulses of low-frequency microwave, L-band (cm wavelength) or radio frequency (m wavelength) radiation in a magnetic field is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LPCVD, low pressure CVD, low pressure chemical vapor deposition, low pressure chemical vapour deposition, low-pressure CVD, low-pressure chemical vapour deposition
A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, at less than atmospheric pressure, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. [CHMO]
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synonyms: low speed centrifugation
A separation method where the components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density in a centrifuge according to the centrifugal force they experience. Samples are spun at <5000 rpm. [CHMO]
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synonyms: luminescence detection
The detection of luminescence from a sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: luminescence detection
The measurement of luminescence from a material. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: luminescence profile
A luminescence process profile is a profile that quantifies the luminescence of a material entity over time. [Allotrope]
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A type of spectroscopy where the intensity of luminescence emitted by molecules excited is detected as a function of wavelength or time. [CHMO]
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synonyms: macroscopy kinetics
A macroscopic kinetics assay is a kinetics assay in which the interest is in the behaviour of bulk systems, e.g. in changes in concentrations of reactants and products. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: MAS NMR, MAS NMR spectroscopy, MAS-NMR, SS-MAS NMR, magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, magic-angle spinning, solid-state magic-angle-spinning NMR, ss-MAS-NMR
A type of NMR spectroscopy using a solid sample. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74 deg. with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). [CHMO]
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An NMR pulse sequence, used in magic angle spinning, that decouples nuclei i.e. removes the effects of (usually) J-coupling (line splitting) from the spectrum. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MSHOT3, MSHOT3 pulse sequence, MSHOT3 sequence, magic sandwich high order truncation, magic sandwich high-order truncation
A sequence of pulses used in magic angle spinning NMR to remove the effect of homonuclear dipolar couplings. For the pulse sequence see J. Chem. Phys., (1997), 125, pg 291. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MS, magnetic separation, magnetic-bead extraction
A method for extracting biological molecules from a biological sample by functionalising a magnetic bead (0.001-200 µm diameter) with a molecule specific to the target molecule (e.g. complementary DNA or a specific antibody) and placing it in the sample solution. The bead is removed from the solution using a magnetized source. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MCD, MCD spectrometry, MCD spectroscopy, magnetic circular dichroism spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarized photon radiation in the presence of a magnetic field. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MCNR, magnetic contrast neutron reflection, magnetic contrast neutron reflectivity, magnetic contrast reflection measurements, magnetic-contrast neutron reflection, magnetic-contrast neutron reflectometry, magnetic-contrast reflection measurements
A method for determining structure by directing two beams of polarized neutrons (one spin 'up' and one spin 'down') onto the sample, which contains a ferromagnetic reference layer, and measuring the intensity of the reflected neutrons in the presence of an applied magnetic field. [CHMO]
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Deflection of an ion beam as a result of the motion of the ions in a magnetic field. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Deflection of an ion beam as a result of the motion of the ions in a magnetic field. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: B-scan
Method of producing a mass spectrum from a mono-energetic ion beam by varying the strength of the magnetic field in a sector mass spectrometer. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: B-scan
Method of producing a mass spectrum from a mono-energetic ion beam by varying the strength of the magnetic field in a sector mass spectrometer. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: MFFF, MgFFF, magnetic FFF
A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel and applying a magnetic electric field perpendicular to the channel. A carrier liquid is passed through the channel and the particles are separated on the basis of magnetic susceptibility. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MFM, magnetic-force microscopy
A type of microscopy which uses a sharp magnetic spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of a magnetic specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the tip in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the magnetic force experienced by it as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. [CHMO]
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synonyms: magnetic resonance method
A magnetic resonance assay is an assay that applies a technique which detects the response of spins to a perturbing magnetic field. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: MRFM
A type of microscopy which uses a cantilever tipped with a ferromagnetic (iron cobalt) particle to directly detect a modulated spin gradient force between sample spins and the tip to scan the surface of a magnetic specimen. As the ferromagnetic tip moves close to the sample, the nuclear spins become attracted to it and generate a small force on the cantilever. The spins are then repeatedly flipped, causing the cantilever to gently sway back and forth in a synchronous motion. That displacement is measured with an interferometer to create a series of 2D images of the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: magnetic resonance method
Any technique which detects the response of spins to a perturbing magnetic field. [CHMO]
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synonyms: magnetic SEANS
A method for determining structure by measuring the velocity of neutrons in known magnetic fields before and after scattering at small angles by a magnetic sample. The neutrons are scattered by the interaction of neutron spin with spins in the sample ('spin echo'). [CHMO]
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Magnetic stirring is stirring that is achieved by rotating a magnetic stir bar in a solution. [CHMO]
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Stirring achieved by rotating a magnetic stir bar in a solution. [CHMO]
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The trapping of microscopic particles by a localised magnetic field. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MOKE spectroscopy, magneto-optical Kerr effect spectroscopy, magneto-optical Kerr spectroscopy, magneto-optical Kerr-effect spectroscopy, magnetooptical Kerr spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the refractive index change of laser light reflected by a magnetized sample (the 'magneto-optic Kerr effect') is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MOGE
A method for determining structure by illuminating an anisotropic sample with a continous infrared wavelength light source in a magnetic field and measuring the intensity and change in polarization of the reflected light as a function of wavelength. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MORD, magnetic optical rotatory dispersion
The measurement of magneto-optical activity by placing the sample in a strong magnetic field and observing a beam of plane-polarized light which is directed along the magnetic field axis. [CHMO]
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synonyms: magnetic susceptibility measurements
The measurement of the strength and/or direction of magnetic fields, or the magnetic susceptibility of a sample. [CHMO]
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A separation method where magnetic particles move at different speeds according to their magnetic susceptibilities in a separation medium, across which a magnetic field is applied. [CHMO]
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Slow rotation of the center of cyclotron motion around the central axis of a Penning ion trap that results from a drift of the cyclotron centre along the electric equipotential lines perpendicular to the magnetic field direction. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Slow rotation of the center of cyclotron motion around the central axis of a Penning ion trap that results from a drift of the cyclotron centre along the electric equipotential lines perpendicular to the magnetic field direction. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: magnetron sputtering
A synthesis technique where a solid target is bombarded with energetic ions (e.g. Ar+) generated in a magnetron (a device that uses electrical and magnetic fields to generate heat) causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate. [CHMO]
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synonyms: material maintenance
Maintaining is a regulating process that keeps some or all of the characteristics of a material over time within a specification. [OSTHUS, OBI]
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synonyms: material maintenance
Maintaining is a regulating process that keeps some or all of the characteristics of a material over time within a specification. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: material maintenance
Maintaining is a regulating process that keeps some or all of the characteristics of a material over time witihin a specification. [OSTHUS,OBI]
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The application of a mathematical operation to both the real and imaginary parts of the complex numbers represented by the FID recorded as the sample magnetisation vector relaxes from its excited state vector back to its equilibrium bulk magnetisation population as adjusted by the user set values. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: labeling
Marking is changing some quality of a material so that it concretizes a symbol.
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synonyms: labeling
Marking is changing some quality of a material so that it concretizes a symbol. [Allotrope]
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Mass analysis is a measuring process by which a mixture of ionic or neutral species is identified according to their m/z values (ions), or their aggregate atomic masses (neutrals), and their relative abundances. The analysis may be qualitative and/or quantitative. [IUPAC]
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Definition pending. [0]
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Mass analysis is a physical characterization assay the measures the mass of a molecular entity. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: MIKES
Procedure by which translational energy spectra are obtained from a sector mass spectrometer that incorporates at least one magnetic sector plus one electric sector in reverse geometry (a magnetic sector followed by an electric sector). [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: MIKES
Procedure by which translational energy spectra are obtained from a sector mass spectrometer that incorporates at least one magnetic sector plus one electric sector in reverse geometry (a magnetic sector followed by an electric sector). [IUPAC]
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synonyms: MS detection
A detection method where the sample is converted into gaseous ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. [CHMO]
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synonyms: mass profile
A mass process profile is a quality process profile that tracks some mass. [Allotrope]
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Use of mass selective instability to eject ions of selected m/z values from an ion trap along the trap axis. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Use of mass selective instability to eject ions of selected m/z values from an ion trap along the trap axis. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: MSI
Unstable trajectories in an ion trap for ions within a particular range of m/z values caused by an appropriate combination of oscillating electric fields. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: MSI
Unstable trajectories in an ion trap for ions within a particular range of m/z values caused by an appropriate combination of oscillating electric fields. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: mass calibration
Means of determining m/z values of ions from experimentally detected signals using a theoretical or empirical relational equation. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: mass calibration
Means of determining m/z values of ions from experimentally detected signals using a theoretical or empirical relational equation. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: MS, mass spectroscopy
Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: MS, mass spectroscopy
Mass spectrometry is a spectrometry that studies matter through the formation of gas-phase ions that are characterized using mass spectrometers by their mass, charge, structure, and/or physico-chemical properties. [IUPAC]
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Data processing methods applicable to mass spectrometry results. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: MSRI, mass spectroscopy of recoiled ions
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is bombarded with a stream of primary mass-selected particles and the secondary elemental ions (usually H+, D+ or He+) ejected from the sample are detected. [CHMO]
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A mass spectrometry scan is a scan in a mass spectrometry run. [Allotrope]
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A scan in a mass spectrometry run. [Allotrope]
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Definition pending. [0]
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Material flow profile is a process profile focussing on the flow of material. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: flow rate profile
A material flow rate process profile is a rate process profile that is the change of amount of material being transferred through an area. [Allotrope]
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A process that affects the physical qualities of materials or creates, destroys or converts materials. [Allotrope]
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A test that verifies that some quality is within a specification. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: MSPD
A technique for the preparation and extraction of solid and viscous samples. The sample is blended with a bonded-phase solid support (such as silica) using a glass pestle to obtain a semi-dry material. The blended sample is then packed into a cartridge and eluted. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MALDESI
An ionization method where neutral molecules are desorbed from the sample (usually biological and held in an organic acid matrix) using a nitrogen laser and then ionized by collision with charged solvent droplets which are formed by forcing the solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min-1) into an electric field. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MALDI, matrix assisted laser desorption ionization
A matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization is a laser desorption ionization using a laser energy absorbing matrix compound mixed with the sample. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: MALDI-IMS, MALDI-MS imaging, matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation imaging mass spectroscopy, matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization imaging mass spectroscopy
The collection of spatially resolved mass spectra of a sample during microscopy where a pulse laser is used to produce both ionization and vapourization and the sample is held in a matrix (such as dihydrobenzoic acid) to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. The spectra are used to visualise the spatial distribution of (typically) biomolecules by their molecular masses. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MALDI MS, MALDI-MS, MALDIMS, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation (MALDI) MS, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) MS, matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectroscopy, matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectroscopy
Any type of mass spectrometry where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporized and ionized using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is held in a matrix (such as crystallised dihydrobenzoic acid) to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. [CHMO]
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synonyms: matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionisation, matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization, MALDI, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation
Formation of gas-phase ions from molecules present in a solid or liquid matrix that is irradiated with a laser. The matrix is a material that absorbs the laser energy and promotes ionization. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionisation, matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization, MALDI, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation
Formation of gas-phase ions from molecules present in a solid or liquid matrix that is irradiated with a laser. The matrix is a material that absorbs the laser energy and promotes ionization. [IUPAC]
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Spectra is combined by calculating the mean of the spectra. [PSI-MS]
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synonyms: measurement
Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: measurement
Measuring is observing a property of an entity called a quantity, that has a magnitude that can be expressed as a number and a reference to another entity, and obtaining one or more quantity values for it. The observed entity is a quality or a disposition for a continuant, for a process it is a process property such as duration. [Allotrope]
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A synthesis method in which the reaction outcome is determined by the use of mechanical constraints to direct reactive molecules to specific molecular sites. [CHMO]
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Spectra is combined by calculating the median of the spectra. [PSI-MS]
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synonyms: melt-cooling
The process of allowing a sample (a glass or polymer) at its melting point to cool at a controlled rate in order to cause changes in morphology or properties. [CHMO]
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synonyms: melt curve, melt curve experiment
A melt curve qPCR experiment is an experiment using qPCR that identifies non-specific PCR amplification by evaluating the melting temperature of the DNA target. [Allotrope]
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A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a molten polymer through a die. [CHMO]
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synonyms: melt-spinning
A process used to create polymer fibers. Molten polymer is forced through a spinneret (a multi-pored device similar to a shower head) and cooled to form multiple continuous filaments. [CHMO]
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The state of material becoming liquid from a solid. [Allotrope]
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The process of heating a substance to cause the solid-liquid phase change. [CHMO]
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A chromatography method where the separation is based on the adsorption to membranes. [Allotrope]
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The transfer of a solute from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a nonporous membrane. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MESI, membrane extraction sorbent interface, membrane extraction with sorbent interface, membrane extraction with trapping on a sorbent interface
The transfer of a solute from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a non-porous non-polar polymer membrane. The membrane first extracts the analytes from their matrix, and these are subsequently trapped on a polymeric trap with a porous sorbent using a carrier gas stream. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MESI-GC, membrane extraction with sorbent interface gas chromatography, membrane extraction with sorbent interface-gas chromatography
A separation method where the sample is first transferred from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a non-porous non-polar polymer membrane. The membrane extracts the analytes from their matrix, and these are subsequently trapped on a polymeric trap with a porous sorbent using a carrier gas stream. In the second step, the mixture in the carrier gas stream is further separated by gas chromatography. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MIMS, membrane inlet mass spectrometry , membrane-inlet MS, membrane-inlet mass spectrometry, membrane-introduction MS, membrane-introduction mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry measurement that uses a semi-permeable membrane separator that permits the passage of analytes directly from solutions or ambient air to the mass spectrometer ion source. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: MIMS, membrane inlet mass spectrometry , membrane-inlet MS, membrane-inlet mass spectrometry, membrane-introduction MS, membrane-introduction mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry measurement that uses a semi-permeable membrane separator that permits the passage of analytes directly from solutions or ambient air to the mass spectrometer ion source. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: cognitive process
A physical process that occurs in the mind of a sentient being and is processing information. [Allotrope]
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A process that affects the topological connectedness or parthood of two or more flows. [Allotrope]
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A process that affects the topological connectedness or parthood of two or more flows. [Allotrope]
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A mereotopological state is a state that is expressed by the mereotopological connectedness or parthood of participants in the state. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: ME, MET, metal evaporation technique, metal shadowing
A synthesis technique where the substrate is placed in a vacuum (<10^{-4} Pa) and a metal electrode (e.g. Au, Cr, Zn or Pt) is melted and evaporated by passing a current through it. When the metal atoms hit the (much cooler) substrate they condense into nanoscale particles, forming a thin deposit on the surface. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MOAC, MOC, metal oxide chromatography, metal oxides chromatography, metal-oxide chromatography
A chromatography method where the separation is caused by differing analyte-ligand interactions. Phosphorylated proteins and peptides are retained by metal oxide particles because of their affinity for the phosphate group. [CHMO]
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synonyms: metal ion deposition
The process of the settling of metal ions from a solution or suspension onto a pre-existing surface. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MOCVD, OMCVD, metalorganic CVD, metalorganic chemical vapor deposition, metalorganic chemical vapour deposition, organometallic chemical vapor deposition, organometallic chemical vapour deposition
A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to volatile precursors (one of which is an organometallic compound) which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. [CHMO]
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synonyms: metal-organic molecular beam epitaxy, MOMBE, metal-organic MBE
A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from a molecular beam of organometallic precursors) on a monocrystalline substrate under high vacuum (<10^{-8} Pa). Molecular beam epitaxy is very slow, with a deposition rate of <1000 nm per hour. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MOVPE, OMVPE, metal organic vapor phase epitaxy, metal organic vapour phase epitaxy, metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy, metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy, organometallic vapor phase epitaxy, organometallic vapour phase epitaxy
A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film, from organometallic vapour-phase precursors, on a monocrystalline substrate. [CHMO]
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synonyms: metal deposition, metalisation, metalization
The deposition of a layer of metal on a substrate (usually to provide electrical contacts in devices). A number of techniques may be used for metallization including evaporation and sputter coating. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MDS, metastable de-excitation spectrometry, metastable deexcitation spectrometry, metastable deexcitation spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where energy transfer from a metastable atom in close proximity to (~5 ) the sample gives rise to a characteristic ejected electron energy spectrum. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MTES, metastable transfer emission spectroscopy
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where atoms are excited by energy transfer from metastable N2 species in a nitrogen plasma. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MQES, metastable-quenched electron spectrometry
Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with metastable atoms resulting in the emission of two or more particles (electrons, photons or ions) which are detected as a function of energy. [CHMO]
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Derivatization of a metabolite by addition of pyridinic methoxyamine to stabilise carbonyl moieties. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MECC, MEKC, micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography
Micellar electrokinetic chromatography is a 2D separation process consisting of electrophoresis and chromatography, in which the separation of net neutrally charged molecules is achieved by the use of surfactants. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: MECC, MEKC, micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography
Micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) is a hybrid of electrophoresis and chromatography. The separation of neutral species by MEKC is accomplished by the use of surfactants in the running buffer. [HPCE]
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synonyms: infrared microanalysis, micro infra-red spectrometry, micro-infrared spectrometry, micro-infrared spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from a finely focused beam (<10 µm diameter) of infrared light (0.78-1000 µm). [CHMO]
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synonyms: LIBS, micro LIBS
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a finely focused (<10 m diameter) high energy laser pulse is used to generate a plasma which acts as the excitation source. [CHMO]
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synonyms: microdialysis
The separation of molecules in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion across a semipermeable membrane. The membrane is attached to a small probe (<10 µm diameter) which is inserted into the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: microdissection
The disassembly of a small part of an object (<10 µm diameter) to determine its internal structure. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MEPS, micro extraction by packed sorbent, micro-extraction in packed syringe, microextraction in a packed syringe, microextraction in packed syringe, packed syringe micro-extraction, packed syringe microextraction, packed-syringe micro-extraction, packed-syringe microextraction
The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the liquid sample through a stationary phase (1 mg) packed into a microlitre syringe. [CHMO]
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synonyms: microfiltration
A pressure-driven membrane-based separation process in which particles and dissolved macromolecules larger than 0.1 micrometre are rejected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PIXE, PIXE microanalysis, microbeam PIXE
Any type of X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding the sample with a finely focused (<10 m diameter) beam of high-energy particles. [CHMO]
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synonyms: mCP, micro CP, micro contact printing, micro-contact printing
A synthesis method for transferring a pattern to a gold surface. A PDMS stamp is coated in an alkanethiol and then brought into contact with a gold surface. Thiol from the wet region generates patterned features of SAMs on the gold surface. [CHMO]
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Electrospray ionization at a low solvent flow rate, typically several microliters per minute or lower, where a pump is used to provide the sample flow. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Electrospray ionization at a low solvent flow rate, typically several microliters per minute or lower, where a pump is used to provide the sample flow. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: micro-ESI-MS, microESI-MS, microelectrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy, microelectrospray ionization mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MEECC, MEEKC
Electrokinetic chromatography where the secondary phase is a microemulsion. [CHMO]
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synonyms: microemulsion methods, microemulsion technique
A method for dispersing two or more immiscible liquids as µm-sized droplets by shaking, stirring or homogenising the mixture. [CHMO]
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synonyms: micro-emulsion polymerisation, micro-emulsion polymerization
A polymer preparation technique in which monomer (usually acrylic) <100 nm droplets are dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase and are kept colloidally stable through the use of a surfactant and a cosurfactant e.g. hexanol. [CHMO]
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Microgravimetry is a type of gravimetry that analyzes very small differences of masses. [Allotrope]
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Any synthesis technique involving the transfer of a microsized pattern to a material (a 'resist') by selective exposure to a radiation source (e.g. light or X-rays) or to a beam of charged particles. Upon irradiation, the material experiences a change in its physical properties which changes its response to a developer solution (making it either soluble or insoluble). The desired pattern is then obtained by removing any excess resist with the developer. [CHMO]
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A process for shaping pliable polymer material using a microsized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The polymer material (in liquid form) is injected into a mould using a small diameter piston and then allowed to harden or set inside the mould, adopting its shape. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MIMIC
A process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a microsized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The mould is brought into contact with a rigid substrate, forming microchannels. The polymer material (in fluid form) fills these microchannels by capillary action. The polymer material is then cooled or cross-linked. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MPL, micro-pen lithography
A synthesis method where a pattern or ink layer is dpolymern on a substrate using a liquid dispensed through a microsized conical nozzle. The movement of the 'micropen' is controlled by a computer program. [CHMO]
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synonyms: micro-PL spectroscopy, micro-photoluminescence spectroscopy, µ-PL spectroscopy, µPL spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the luminesence (the emission of visible light) from a small area (<10 microns diameter) of a sample which has been illuminated with light, is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: microporous membrane liquid-liquid extraction, MMLLE, microporous membrane solvent extraction
The transfer of a solute from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (organic) phase (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a porous hydrophobic membrane the pores of which are filled with the same acceptor phase. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MPP, MPPL, microscope-projection photolithography
A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90-100 deg. C. A reduced image of the desired pattern is then projected on the photoresist using a microscope and the substrate is exposed to intense (typically UV) light. A post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120-180 deg. C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. [CHMO]
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synonyms: microscopy kinetics
Microscopic kinetics assay is a kinetics assay in which the emphasis is on the interpretation of the behaviour in terms of elementary reactions. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: microPIV, microscopic particle image velocimetry , microscopic particle imaging velocimetry , microscopic particle-imaging velocimetry , µPIV
A method for determining the velocity of fluids by pulsing a planar laser light sheet twice, and recording images of microscopic particles lying in the light sheet using a video camera or a photograph. [CHMO]
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Microscopy is a imaging assay where a microscope is used to view a small object (or specimen) by producing a magnified image. [CHMO]
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Any technique where a microscope is used to view a small object (or specimen) by producing a magnified image. [CHMO]
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synonyms: fluorescence imaging
A type of chemical imaging where an optical microscope is used to image the sample and locate a small area for fluorescence spectroscopy. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MSP
A type of spectroscopy where an optical microscope is used to image the sample and locate a small area for spectral analysis with radiation in the ultraviolet to near infrared range. [CHMO]
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synonyms: microspectrometry
Any type of chemical imaging spectroscopy where an optical microscope is used to image the sample and locate a small area for spectral analysis. [CHMO]
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synonyms: micro TM, micro-transfer molding, micro-transfer moulding
A process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a microsized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The mould is filled with a prepolymer then the whole assembly is transferred to a flat substrate where the prepolymer is cross-linked and the mould removed. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MAD, MOD, microwave oven digestion, microwave-assisted digestion
The assisted solubilization of a sample by the application of radiation in the 1-1000 mm region. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MIP-AED, MIP/AED, microwave-induced plasma atomic emission detection
A detection method that is sensitive to individual elements. The sample is both atomised and excited by a microwave-induced plasma (a partially ionized gas containing free electrons and radicals). The characteristic radiation emitted by the atoms in the sample is then detected using a photodiode array. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MIP AES, MIP-AES, microwave-induced plasma atomic emission spectroscopy
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a plasma generated by microwave bombardment is used as the excitation source. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MPCVD, microwave plasma assisted CVD, microwave plasma enhanced CVD, microwave plasma-assisted CVD, microwave plasma-enhanced CVD
A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, in the presence of a microwave-induced plasma (a partially ionized gas containing free electrons), which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. The plasma enhances the rate of reaction on the substrate surface. [CHMO]
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synonyms: NSMM, SNMM, microwave near-field scanning microscopy, near-field scanning microwave microscopy
A type of microscopy where a probe consisting of a microwave radiation source transmitted through a tapered optical fibre is positioned very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen. The tip is coated with metal (to prevent light from escaping from the sides) and near-field (or evanescent field) microwave radiation is emitted through a small opening or 'aperture' (50-100 nm in diameter) at the apex of the probe. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the disturbance of the microwave near-field as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. [CHMO]
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synonyms: microwave spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with radiation in the microwave region (1-1000 mm). [CHMO]
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synonyms: microwave Doppler velocimetry
A method for determining the velocity of a sample by measuring the Doppler shift experienced by microwave radiation. This is the method used by police to measure the speed of a vehicle using a radar gun. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MAE, microwave extraction
The process of transferring the organic components of a solid to an organic liquid phase. The process is accelerated by directing radiation in the microwave region (1-1000 mm) at the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MD-PICTS, microwave detected PICTS, microwave detected photoinduced current transient spectroscopy, microwave-detected PICTS, microwave-detected photo-induced current transient spectroscopy
A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the current produced by applying a microwave pulse to the semiconductor junction at different temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit peaks, the height of which are proportional to the defect density, and the emission rate and temperature dependence are characteristic for each type of defect. [CHMO]
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synonyms: microwave-polyol method, MW-polyol method, microwave-assisted polyol method
The synthesis of metal-containing compounds in poly(ethylene glycol)s heated by microwave irradiation. The ethylene glycols act as both the solvent and reducing agent. [CHMO]
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synonyms: medium feedback, mid FB, mid feedback
The code of feedback mode of DSC measurements that have medium active compensation of differences of cell temperatures. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: mid-infrared emission spectroscopy, MIRES, mid-infra-red emission spectrometry, mid-infrared emission spectrometry
A type of vibrational spectroscopy where the sample is heated and the mid infrared radiation (0.78-1000 µm) emitted during cooling is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: mid infra red chemical imaging spectrometry, mid infra red chemical imaging spectroscopy, mid infra-red chemical imaging spectrometry, mid infra-red chemical imaging spectroscopy, mid infra-red microscopy, mid infrared microscopy spectroscopy, mid infrared optical microscopy, mid-IR microscopy, mid-IR spectromicroscopy, mid-infra-red microscopy, mid-infrared spectromicroscopy
The collection of spatially resolved mid-infrared spectra (3-8 µm) of a sample during microscopy. [CHMO]
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synonyms: mid infrared spectroscopy, mid-IR, mid-IR spectroscopy, mid-infra-red spectrometry, mid-infrared spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation in the mid infrared region (3-8 µm). [CHMO]
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synonyms: mini-emulsion polymerisation, mini-emulsion polymerization
A polymer preparation technique in which monomer (usually acrylic) 50-500 nm droplets are dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase and are kept colloidally stable through the use of a surfactant and are stablised against Ostwald ripening using a costabiliser such as hexadecane. [CHMO]
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synonyms: multimodal chromatography
Mixed-mode chromatography (MMC), or multimodal chromatography, refers to chromatographic methods that utilize more than one form of interaction between the stationary phase and analytes in order to achieve separation. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: mixing material
The combining of components, particles or layers into a more homogeneous state. The mixing may be achieved manually or mechanically by shifting the material with stirrers or pumps or by revolving or shaking the container. The process must not permit segregation of particles of different size or properties. Homogeneity may be considered to have been achieved in a practical sense when the sampling error of the processed portion is negligible compared to the total error of the measurement system. [CHMO]
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Mixing material is a type of connecting that mixes materials with the goal to create a new combined material where all component materials are evenly distributed. [Allotrope]
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A quality process profile that tracks the composition of some material that plays the role of a mobile phase in chromatography. [Allotrope]
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Mobile phase delivery is a process performed by a liquid chromatography system in which the solvent of the liquid phase are mixed and transported through the instrument for separation and detection. [Allotrope]
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Mobile phase delivery is a process performed by a chromatography system in which the mobile phase is mixed and transported through the instrument for separation and detection. [Allotrope]
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Mobilization is the last step of IEF that makes the focused compounds migrate to one of the electrodes. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: MDSC
The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction of both a sample and a reference, by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of temperature whilst a second variable is kept constant. The power input is in the form of a sine wave. [CHMO]
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A data transformation that varies one or more properties of a waveform with a modulating signal. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: MASSEY, MASSEY NMR
An NMR experiment used to measure self-diffusion coefficients via signal attenuation which occurs due to diffusion during the application of pulsed field gradients. This experiment also corrects for the effects of imperfect pulsed field gradients. [CHMO]
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Any process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The polymer material (in liquid form) hardens or sets inside the mould, adopting its shape. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MB-FTMW spectrometry, MB-FTMW spectroscopy, molecular beam Fourier transform microwave spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample (in the form of a molecular beam) is irradiated with a single pulse of radiation in the microwave region (1-1000 mm) and the spectrum is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MBE, molecular-beam epitaxy
A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from a molecular beam) on a monocrystalline substrate under high vacuum (<10^{-8} Pa). Molecular beam epitaxy is very slow, with a deposition rate of <1000 nm per hour. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MBMS
Mass spectrometry measurement in which the sample is introduced into the ion source of the mass spectrometer as a collimated beam of molecules with a narrow velocity distribution. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: MBMS
Mass spectrometry measurement in which the sample is introduced into the ion source of the mass spectrometer as a collimated beam of molecules with a narrow velocity distribution. [IUPAC]
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A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a high-boiling-point sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat at low pressure (< 0.01 Torr) and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. [CHMO]
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synonyms: molecular kinetics
A molecular kinetics assay is a kinetics assay in which there is emphasis on the behaviour of the system at the molecular level. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: MONES, molecular non-thermal excitation spectrometry, molecular non-thermal excitation spectroscopy, molecular nonthermal excitation spectrometry
A type of molecular spectroscopy where the sample is placed in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it, then excited using a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas). [CHMO]
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synonyms: molecular self-assembly
A process where molecules spontaneously adopt a defined arrangement. [CHMO]
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synonyms: BS, momentum-resolved bremsstrahlung spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation which is detected as a function of photon momentum. [CHMO]
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Monitoring is an observing of a quality important for the successful and/or safe operation of a controlled process. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: flowing
A state when material is changing its position in space. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: box smoothing, boxcar smoothing, sliding average smoothing
Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: box smoothing, boxcar smoothing, sliding average smoothing
Moving average smoothing is a smoothing that uses moving averages to smooth data. [Allotrope]
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A multi analyte profiling is a biological measurement method to quantify multiple analytes from a sample using beads coated with antibodies or primers targeted at specific analytes. After conjugation of the captured analyte to the bead, the beads are differentiated by their size and their spectral signature, allowing quantitation of analyte concentration in the sample. [Allotrope, NCI]
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synonyms: MALS, MALLS, multi angle light scattering, multi-angle laser light scattering, multi-angle light scattering spectrometry, multi-angle light scattering spectroscopy, multiangle light scattering, multiple angle laser light scattering, multiple angle laser light scattering spectrometry, multiple angle laser light scattering spectroscopy, multiple angle light scattering, multiple angle light scattering spectroscopy, multiple light scattering spectrometry
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered visible light at a number of different angles, none of which are close to the angle of incidence of the light. [CHMO]
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A multi-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are all chromatography. [CHMO]
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A multi-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are all electrophoresis. [CHMO]
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synonyms: multi-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography, multi-dimensional HPLC, multidimensional HPLC, multidimensional high-pressure liquid chromatography
A type of column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles and the inlet pressure is relatively high. An initial separation proceeds in a primary column and parts of the eluent from this column are directed into one or more secondary columns. [CHMO]
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A method that results in the separation of two or more components along two physical axes. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MMM, multi layer micromolding, multi layer micromoulding, multi-layer micromoulding
A process for shaping pliable polymer material using multiple microsized rigid frames or models called 'moulds'. The polymer material (in liquid form) is injected into a mould using a small diameter piston and then allowed to harden or set inside the mould, adopting its shape. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MSL, multi layer soft lithography
Any synthesis technique which uses elastomeric stamps, molds, and conformable photomasks prepared from multiple liquid polymer precursors. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MMD, multi-metal-deposition, multimetal deposition
A development method where the substrate is first immersed in a colloidal gold solution (containing negatively charged gold particles) at low pH. Gold subsequently deposits on any organic molecules containing postively charged groups at this pH. In the second step, the surface is treated with a solution containing silver acetate and hydroquinone which causes the reduction of silver ions, producing a silver deposit on the exisiting gold layer. Multi-metal deposition is used to enhance latent fingermarks. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MPLSM, multi photon laser scanning microscopy, multiphoton laser scanning fluorescence microscopy , multiphoton laser scanning microscopy
A type of microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by scanning a solid-state (Ti sapphire) laser spot of specific wavelength over its surface to produce multi-photon fluorescence (i.e. the fluorophore simultaneously absorbs multiple photons of typically one half to one third of the energy required for single-photon excitation). [CHMO]
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A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser and molecules in the sample dissociate following the absorption of two or more high-energy photons. [CHMO]
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synonyms: multiphoton fluorescence microscopy, multi-photon excitation microscopy , multi-photon fluorescence imaging, multi-photon fluorescence microscopy, multiphoton excitation microscopy , multiphoton fluorescence imaging
A type of microscopy where fluorophores in the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by absorption of two or more photons. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MPI
Photoionization of an atom or molecule in which two or more photons are absorbed. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: MPI
Photoionization of an atom or molecule in which two or more photons are absorbed. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: MPI-MS, MPIMS, MUPI-MS, multi photon ionisation mass spectroscopy, multi photon ionization mass spectroscopy, multiphoton ionisation mass spectroscopy, multiphoton ionization mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is irradiated with an ultraviolet laser. The sample absorbs two or more photons resulting in ionization. [CHMO]
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The process of transferring a substance from a solid or liquid matrix to the vapour phase by heating. Once the concentration of the analyte in the headspace is in equilibrium with the concentration in the sample matrix, the headspace is removed. The process is repeated multiple times, allowing the new equilibrium to form at each stage. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MIR, multiple isomorphous replacement (MIR) phasing
A method for providing phasing necessary for X-ray crystallography information by growing a number of crystals of the sample substituted with different heavy metal atoms and analysing the X-ray data for each crystal. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MIRAS
A method for providing phasing necessary for X-ray crystallography information by growing a number of crystals of the sample substituted with different heavy metal atoms and analysing the X-ray data for each crystal. When the absorption edge of an atom in the crystals is close to the wavelength of the incident radiation the atom becomes an anomalous scatterer. Anomalous scattering can be used for phase determination and also for determining the absolute configuration. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MQF
An NMR technique used to edit the NMR response from a sample by selecting particular spin systems of interest according to the number of nuclei present within them. Usually achieved by appropriate cycling of the phase (direction of application) of the pulses in an experiment and of the receiver. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MRM
Multiple reaction monitoring is a selected reaction monitoring applied to multiple product ions from one or more precursor ions. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: MRM
Application of selected reaction monitoring to multiple product ions from one or more precursor ions. [IUPAC MS REC]
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A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90-100 deg. C. The photoresist is then exposed to a pattern of intense UV light generated by the interference of multiple coherent lasers. A post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120-180 deg. C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MMMEV, multiple modulation multiple echo velocimetry
A method for determining the velocity of fluids by encoding it into an NMR signal. The NMR signal is produced using multiple spin echoes from several radio frequency pulses in the presence of a constant magnetic field gradient. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MQMAS, MQMAS NMR, multiple-quantum MAS, multiple-quantum excitation in combination with magic-angle spinning
An NMR experiment used for half-integer quadrupolar nuclei, involving transitions between non-consecutive energy levels during the excitation of the spin system by multiple-quantum excitation pulses. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MSn, MSn spectrometry, MSn spectroscopy, multiple-stage mass spectroscopy
Multiple-stage mass spectrometry is a mass spectrometry where multiple stages of precursor ion m/z selection are followed by product ion detection for successive nth-generation product ions. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: MSn, MSn spectrometry, MSn spectroscopy, multiple-stage mass spectroscopy
Multiple stages of precursor ion m/z selection followed by product ion detection for successive nth-generation product ions. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: nESI-GEMMA, nanoESI-GEMMA
A separation method where singly-charged complexes move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in air under the influence of an electric field. The sample is ionized by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of nL min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. [CHMO]
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synonyms: NF, nanofiltration
A pressure-driven membrane-based separation process in which particles and dissolved macromolecules larger 200 Da are rejected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: NanoESI, nanospray
Electrospray ionization at a very low solvent flow rate, typically hundreds of nanoliters per minute of sample solution or lower, often without the use of an external solvent delivery system. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: NanoESI, nanospray
Electrospray ionization at a very low solvent flow rate, typically hundreds of nanoliters per minute of sample solution or lower, often without the use of an external solvent delivery system. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: nano-ESI-MS, nano-electrospray mass spectrometry, nanoESI-MS, nanoelectrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy, nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of nL min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. [CHMO]
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synonyms: nHPLC, nano HPLC, nano flow HPLC, nano high performance liquid chromatography, nano high pressure liquid chromatography, nano high-performance liquid chromatography, nano high-pressure liquid chromatography, nano-HPLC, nanoHPLC, nanoflow HPLC, nanoflow high performance liquid chromatography, nanoflow high pressure liquid chromatography, nanoflow high-pressure liquid chromatography, nanoflow-HPLC, nanoflowHPLC
Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles, the inlet pressure is relatively high and the flow rate is nL min-1. [CHMO]
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synonyms: NIL, nano-imprinting lithography, nanoimprinting lithography
A synthesis technique that uses mechanical deformation to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of resist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. A mould containing the desired (nanosized) pattern on its surface is then pressed into the resist and any residual resist in the cast area is removed by an anisotropic etching process such as reactive ion etching. [CHMO]
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Any synthesis technique involving the transfer of a nanosized pattern to a material. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ns laser flash photolysis
A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong nanosecond pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The absorption of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse. [CHMO]
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synonyms: nanosecond LIBS, nanosecond laser induced breakdown spectrometry, ns-LIBS
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a high energy nanosecond laser pulse is used to generate a plasma which acts as the excitation source. [CHMO]
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synonyms: NSL
A patterning technique that involves the self-assembly of nanospheres into a two-dimensional mask (by e.g. spin coating or drop coating). Following self-assembly, a metal is then deposited (e.g. by thermal evaporation, electron beam deposition or pulsed laser deposition) and the nanosphere mask is removed by sonicating the entire sample in a solvent, leaving behind the pattern. [CHMO]
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synonyms: nTM, nano TM, nano-transfer molding, nano-transfer moulding, nanotransfer moulding
A process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a nanosized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The mould is filled with a prepolymer then the whole assembly is transferred to a flat substrate where the prepolymer is cross-linked and the mould removed. [CHMO]
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synonyms: NESS, nanowire electron scattering spectrometry, nanowire electron scattering spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, extended range of kinetic energies is scattered by a sample supported on a nano-sized wire (such as a carbon nanotube) and the energy loss the electrons suffer upon scattering is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: N-PAGE, NPAGE, native PAGE
A separation method where protein molecules move at different speeds, in non-denaturing conditions, according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of polyacrylamide gel, across which an electric field is applied. [CHMO]
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synonyms: native-native 2D PAGE
A two-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are both native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis protein molecules move at different speeds, in non-denaturing conditions, according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of polyacrylamide gel, across which an electric field is applied. [CHMO]
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synonyms: near-infrared absorption spectroscopy, near infrared absorption spectroscopy, NIR absorbance spectrometry, NIR absorbance spectroscopy, NIRS, near infra-red absorbance spectrometry, near infra-red absorbance spectroscopy, near infra-red absorption spectrometry, near infra-red spectrometry, near infrared absorbance spectrometry, near infrared absorbance spectroscopy, near infrared absorption spectrometry, near infrared spectrometry, near infrared spectroscopy
Near infrared absorption spectroscopy is a type of vibrational spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the near infrared region (0.8-2 µm). [CHMO]
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synonyms: near infra-red spectrometry, near infrared spectrometry, near infrared spectroscopy, NIR, NIR spectrometry, NIR spectrophotometry, NIR spectroscopy, NIR transmission spectrometry, NIR transmission spectroscopy, near infra-red spectrophotometry, near infra-red transmission spectrometry, near infra-red transmission spectroscopy, near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, near infrared spectrophotometry, near infrared transmission spectrometry
Near infrared transmission spectroscopy is a type of vibrational spectroscopy where the transmission of near infrared radiation (0.8-2 µm) through a sample is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: NEXAFS microscopy, near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) microscopy, near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) microscopy
An imaging technique where soft X-rays (100-1000 eV) are directed at the specimen, and the difference in the X-ray absorption coefficient measured within 40 eV of the absorption edge by different elements (mainly O and C) produces an image. [CHMO]
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synonyms: NEXAF spectroscopy, NEXAFS, NEXAFS spectrometry, NEXAFSS, X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy, X-ray absorption near edge structure spectrometry, X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy, X-ray absorption near-edge structure, XANES, XANES spectrometry, XANES spectroscopy, near edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy, near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry
A type of X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient measured within 40 eV of the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are determined as a function of incident X-ray energy. [CHMO]
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synonyms: NFPSL, near field optical lithography, near field phase shift lithography, near field photolithography, near-field conformational photolithography, near-field optical lithography, near-field phase-shift lithography, near-field photolithography
A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. A transparent PDMS mask with the desired pattern (in relief) on its surface is placed in contact with the photoresist layer. UV light (300-460 nm) is then used to cross-link the polymer. Light passing through the stamp is modulated in the near-field by the relief of the mask such that the edges of the relief structures correspond to nulls in the intensity of the light. The polymer is cross-linked in the remaining areas. [CHMO]
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synonyms: NIR Raman, near-infrared Raman
A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of near-infrared radiation (radiation in the range 0.8-2 µm) is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: near-infrared absorption spectroscopy, near infrared absorption spectroscopy, NIR absorbance spectrometry, NIR absorbance spectroscopy, NIRS, near infra-red absorbance spectrometry, near infra-red absorbance spectroscopy, near infra-red absorption spectrometry, near infra-red spectrometry, near infrared absorbance spectrometry, near infrared absorbance spectroscopy, near infrared absorption spectrometry, near infrared spectrometry, near infrared spectroscopy
A type of vibrational spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the near infrared region (0.8-2 µm). [CHMO]
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synonyms: near-infrared fluorescence microscopy, NIRF microscopy, NIRFM, near infra-red fluorescence microscopy
A type of microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with radiation in the near infra-red region (0.8-2.5 μm). [CHMO]
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synonyms: NIR-MCD, NIR-MCD spectrometry, NIR-MCD spectroscopy, NIRMCD, near-infrared magnetic circular dichroism spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarized near-infrared radiation in the presence of a magnetic field. [CHMO]
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synonyms: near-infrared microscopy, NIR chemical imaging spectrometry, NIR chemical imaging spectroscopy, NOIM, near infra red chemical imaging spectrometry, near infra red chemical imaging spectroscopy, near infra-red chemical imaging spectrometry, near infra-red chemical imaging spectroscopy, near infra-red microscopy, near infrared microscopy spectroscopy, near infrared optical microscopy, near-IR spectromicroscopy, near-infra-red microscopy, near-infrared spectromicroscopy
The collection of spatially resolved near-infrared spectra (0.8-2 µm) of a sample during microscopy. [CHMO]
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synonyms: NIRS, NIR reflectance spectrometry, NIR reflectance spectroscopy, near infra-red reflectance spectrometry, near infrared reflectance spectroscopy
A type of vibrational spectroscopy where the reflection or scattering of near infrared radiation (0.8-2 µm) by a sample is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: NIR SPR, near-infrared SPR
A type of spectroscopy where the resonant excitation of surface plasmons (usually on a noble metal e.g. Au or Ag surface) by radiation from the near infrared region (0.8-2 µm) is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: NRRLS, NRRS, near-Rayleigh resonance scattering, near-Rayleigh resonant scattering, near-resonance Rayleigh light scattering, near-resonance Rayleigh scattering, near-resonance Rayleigh scattering spectrometry, near-resonant Rayleigh light scattering, near-resonant Rayleigh scattering
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light, where the wavelength of the incident light corresponds to an energy which is near to an absorption band in the scattering molecules. [CHMO]
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synonyms: nebulisation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, nebulization inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample mixture is first passed through a nebulizer to form a mist of finely dispersed droplets (using compressed air) and then excited using a plasma generated by electromagnetic inductance. [CHMO]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebulizer
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Nebulizing is converting by of breaking up solutions and suspensions into small aerosol droplets. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: needle washing
Needle washing is the washing of the injection needle. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: NICI
Chemical ionization that results in the formation of negative ions. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: NICI
Chemical ionization that results in the formation of negative ions. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: negative stain EM, negative stain electron microscopy, negative-stain EM
A type of microscopy where the specimen is stained with heavy metals salts (to improve contrast) before being bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: negative staining TEM, negative staining transmission electron microscopy, negative-staining TEM
A type of microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen, that has been stained with heavy metals salts (e.g. uranyl acetate), is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. [CHMO]
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Nephelometry is a measuring of suspended particulates in a liquid or gas colloid usually by employing a light beam (source beam) and a light detector set to one side (often 90°) of the source beam [Allotrope]
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Nephelometry is a measuring of suspended particulates in a liquid or gas colloid usually by employing a light beam (source beam) and a light detector set to one side (often 90°) of the source beam. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: neutral buoyancy densiometry, neutral-buoyancy densiometry, neutral-buoyancy densitometry
The measurement of the density of a solution by determining the neutral buoyancy of an object (the point at which it maintains a constant depth) in the solution. [CHMO]
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Loss of an uncharged species from an ion during dissociation. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Loss of an uncharged species from an ion during dissociation. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: NL
Scan used to generate a constant neutral loss spectrum. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: NL
Scan used to generate a constant neutral loss spectrum. [IUPAC]
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Procedure by which neutral species are formed from m/z selected ions by charge transfer to a collision gas or by dissociation. The neutral species are separated from the remaining ions and ionized through collisions with a second gas. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Procedure by which neutral species are formed from m/z selected ions by charge transfer to a collision gas or by dissociation. The neutral species are separated from the remaining ions and ionized through collisions with a second gas. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: NAA
A type of activation analysis where a sample is bombarded with neutrons, the capture of which results in the generation of radioactive nuclei for most elements in the sample. These activated nuclei then decay according to their characteristic half-lives. [CHMO]
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synonyms: neutron backscattering, neutron backscattering spectrometry, neutron backscattering spectroscopy
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of backscattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, and suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions. [CHMO]
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synonyms: neutron crystallography, neutron diffraction analysis, neutron diffractometry
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of cold or thermal neutrons at a sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. [CHMO]
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synonyms: NPD, powder neutron diffraction
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of cold or thermal neutrons at a powdered solid sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted neutrons. [CHMO]
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synonyms: neutron reflection, neutron reflectivity, specular neutron reflectivity, specular neutron reflectrometry
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of neutrons onto an extremely flat surface and measuring the intensity of the reflected neutrons as a function of angle and neutron wavelength. [CHMO]
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synonyms: neutron scattering spectrometry, neutron scattering spectroscopy
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample and the intensity of the scattering is given by the scattering vector Q = (4/)sin(pi/2). [CHMO]
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synonyms: inelastic neutron scattering, neutron absorption spectrometry, neutron absorption spectroscopy, neutron spectrometry, slow neutron spectrometry, slow neutron spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where a beam of neutrons is used to probe atomic and magnetic dynamics. [CHMO]
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A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons and the time since the indicent pulse ('time-of-flight') for each neutron. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, and suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions. [CHMO]
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synonyms: NCD, nitrogen chemiluminescence measurement, nitrogen chemiluminescence process
The detection of luminescence emitted from nitrogen in a sample as a result of a chemical reaction. [CHMO]
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synonyms: N2 adsorption measurements, N2 sorption, nitrogen adsorption measurements, nitrogen sorptions
A method for determining surface area by measuring the amount of N2 that adsorbs onto the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'). Regression analysis is then applied to the data, resulting in an isotherm. [CHMO]
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synonyms: N2 sorption-desorption experiments, N2 sorption-desorption measurements
A method for determining surface area by measuring the amount of an N2 which adsorbs onto the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'), and the subsequent amount that desorbs at a constant temperature. Regression analysis is then applied to the data, resulting in an isotherm. [CHMO]
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synonyms: NPD, nitrogen phosphorus detection, nitrogen phosphorus measurement, nitrogen phosphorus process, nitrogen-phosphorus measurement, nitrogen-phosphorus process
A detection method that is sensitive to compounds containing N and P. A flow of carrier gas containing the sample is mixed with H2 and air in the presence of a small, heated bead of an alkali salt such as Rb2SO4. Any positively-charged radicals resulting from this process are collected at a cathode allowing the current to be measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: NPD, nitrogen-phosphorus detection
A detection method that is sensitive to compounds containing N and P. A flow of carrier gas containing the sample is mixed with H2 and air in the presence of a small, heated bead of an alkali salt such as Rb2SO4. Any positively-charged radicals resulting from this process are collected at a cathode allowing the current to be measured. [CHMO]
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Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: DFM-AR, DFMAR, DSFM-AR, DSFMA, DSFMAR, NC-AFM, NC-SFM, attractive dynamic scanning force microscopy, dynamic AFM, dynamic force microscopy in attractive regime, dynamic mode AFM, dynamic scanning force microscopy in attractive regime, dynamic-mode AFM, non-contact mode AFM, noncontact atomic force microscopy, noncontact mode AFM, noncontact mode scanning force microscopy, noncontact scanning force microscopy
A type of microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. The tip oscillates in the 'attractive' force region, i.e. avoiding sample contact. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. [CHMO]
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synonyms: NDIR, NDIR spectrometry, NDIR spectroscopy, non-dispersive infra-red spectrometry, non-dispersive infra-red spectroscopy, non-dispersive infrared spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the difference in infrared radiation (0.78-1000 µm) absorption of a sample cell against a reference cell is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: non resonance Raman spectroscopy, non resonant Raman spectroscopy, non-resonance Raman, non-resonant Raman, non-resonant Raman spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, usually from a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range by a sample is detected. The energy of the incoming laser is adjusted such that it or the scattered light does not coincide with an electronic transition in the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: non-resonance Rayleigh scattering, non-resonance Rayleigh scattering spectrometry, non-resonant Rayleigh scattering, off-resonance Rayleigh scattering
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light, where the wavelength of the incident light does not correspond to any absorption bands in the scattering molecules. [CHMO]
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synonyms: NRIXS, NRXES, NXES, non-resonant X-ray emission spectrometry
A type of X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with incident X-rays of a wavelength which does not correspond to a specific electronic transition within the atoms of the sample, and the energies and intensities of the emitted X-rays are measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: no feedback, passive, passive feedback
The code of feedback mode of DSC measurements that have no active compensation of differences of cell temperatures. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: NPD, NPED, normal-photoelectron diffraction
A method for determining structure during photoelectron spectroscopy. Photons are directed at a sample and diffraction patterns resulting from the emission of electrons at 90 deg. from the surface are recorded. [CHMO]
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An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. The potential is varied using pulses of linearly increasing amplitude (one pulse during each drop lifetime) and the current is sampled after each voltage pulse. [CHMO]
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synonyms: NPV, normal-pulse voltammetry
An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied using pulses of increasing amplitude and the current is sampled after each voltage pulse. [CHMO]
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synonyms: NPC, normal phase chromatography
A separation method where the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary and polar, while the other is non-polar and moves in a definite direction. [CHMO]
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synonyms: NP-HPLC, normal phase HPLC, normal-phase HPLC
Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles, and the inlet pressure is relatively high. In normal-phase HPLC, the stationary phase is more polar than the mobile phase. [CHMO]
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Liquid chromatography where the stationary phase is more polar than the mobile phase. This is the default for liquid chromatography. [CHMO]
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synonyms: normal phase SPE, normal phase solid-phase extraction, normal-phase SPE
The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the (polar) liquid sample through a (non-polar) stationary phase. [CHMO]
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synonyms: N-ICTS, NICTS, normalised ICTS, normalised-ICTS, normalized ICTS, normalized-ICTS
A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the normalised capacitance produced by applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at constant different temperatures, spectra are generated that exhibit peaks, the height of which are proportional to time constant for the emission rate. [CHMO]
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synonyms: in-source collision-induced dissociation, in-source collisionally activated dissociation
Collisionally activated dissociation that is caused by collisions in the region between the nozzle and skimmer of an atmospheric pressure ionization source such as electrospray or atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: in-source collision-induced dissociation, in-source collisionally activated dissociation
Collisionally activated dissociation that is caused by collisions in the region between the nozzle and skimmer of an atmospheric pressure ionization source such as electrospray or atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: 1D NOE Difference, 1D NOE difference spectroscopy, NOE DIFF, NOE Difference, NOE-DIFF, NOE-Difference, NOE-difference, NOEd
A 1D NMR experiment in which a 1D spectrum is subtracted from a spectrum acquired under steady-state NOE conditions. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 2D EXSY, 2D exchange spectroscopy, EXSY, NOE experiments, NOESY, NOESY NMR, NOEsy, exchange spectrometry, exchange spectroscopy, nOesy, nuclear Overhauser effect spectrometry, nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy, nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectrometry
A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (<= 6 Angstrom apart). [CHMO]
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synonyms: EXSY, exchange spectroscopy, nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectrometry including chemical and conformational change
A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which through space spin-lattice correlations are made between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (<= 6 Angstrom apart) but not directly bonded. The technique differs from the traditional NoE experiment in that it is also used to detect chemical and conformational change within the chemical moiety being examined. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: PASE NOESY, PASE-NOE, PASE-NOESY
A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (<= 6 Angstrom apart). Spectra recorded with suppression of the diamagnetic window by the PASE pulse sequence. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 3D NOESY-COSY, 3D-NOESY-COSY, NOESY-COSY
A type of homonuclear three-dimensional NMR experiment in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (<= 6 Angstrom apart). These signals are then correlated with those protons to which they are J-coupled (usually <= 3 bonds apart). [CHMO]
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synonyms: 3D NOESY-TOCSY, 3D-NOESY-TOCSY, NOESY-TOCSY
A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy which reveal correlations between all nuclei of a spin-system. These signals are then correlated to nuclei that are spatially proximate within the molecule (<= 6 Angstrom apart). [CHMO]
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synonyms: NAA
A type of activation analysis where atomic nuclei are excited (by a heavy ion beam or by collision with another nucleus) and their decaying gamma-ray emissions are measured and compared to reference spectra. [CHMO]
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synonyms: nuclear magnetic resonance method
A nuclear magnetic resonance assay is magnetic resonance assay that applies a technique which detects the response of nuclear spins to a perturbing magnetic field. [Allotrope]
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A set of finely tuned RF pulses that achieve the same result with greater precision and fewer imperfections as a result of field inhomogeneity and off-resonance effects than a single RF pulse. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: NMR decoupling
Nuclear magnetic resonance decoupling (NMR decoupling for short) is a special method used in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy where a sample to be analyzed is irradiated at a certain frequency or frequency range to eliminate fully or partially the effect of coupling between certain nuclei. NMR coupling refers to the effect of nuclei on each other in atoms within a couple of bonds distance of each other in molecules. This effect causes NMR signals in a spectrum to be split into multiple peaks which are up to several hertz (or tens or hundreds of hertz) frequency from each other. Decoupling fully or partially eliminates splitting of the signal between the nuclei irradiated and other nuclei such as the nuclei being analyzed in a certain spectrum. NMR spectroscopy and sometimes decoupling can help determine structures of chemical compounds. [nmrML]
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synonyms: NMR decoupling
Nuclear magnetic resonance decoupling (NMR decoupling for short) is a special method used in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy where a sample to be analyzed is irradiated at a certain frequency or frequency range to eliminate fully or partially the effect of coupling between certain nuclei. NMR coupling refers to the effect of nuclei on each other in atoms within a couple of bonds distance of each other in molecules. This effect causes NMR signals in a spectrum to be split into multiple peaks which are up to several hertz (or tens or hundreds of hertz) frequency from each other. Decoupling fully or partially eliminates splitting of the signal between the nuclei irradiated and other nuclei such as the nuclei being analyzed in a certain spectrum. NMR spectroscopy and sometimes decoupling can help determine structures of chemical compounds. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: NMR diffusometry
Any type of NMR spectroscopy used to measure diffusion coefficients. [CHMO]
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synonyms: nuclear magnetic resonance method
A technique or procedure applied in nuclear magnetic resonance experiments. [CHMO]
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synonyms: pulse sequence, NMR pulse sequence
A series of short (microsecond) bursts (pulses) of RF radiation separated by delays (of defined duration) designed to interact with, and manipulate the magnetic moments of spin-active nuclei during NMR spectroscopy. [CHMO]
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synonyms: NMR, NMR spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. [CHMO]
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Data processing on nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy spectra or nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy FID. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: NMR titration
The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point is reached. The titration is monitored by observing the changes in sucessive NMR spectra, taken after each addition of titrant. [CHMO]
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synonyms: NMR velocimetry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) velocimetry
The measurement of the velocity of a moving object or medium using an NMR signal. [CHMO]
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synonyms: nuclear spectrometry
A type of gamma-ray emission spectroscopy where atomic nuclei are excited (by a heavy ion beam or by collision with another nucleus) and their decaying gamma-ray emissions are measured. [CHMO]
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A method for determining structure where the sample is illuminated with light and the ellipsometric angles of the reflected light are measured from the configuration of the analyzer and the compensator for which no reflected light is detected. [CHMO]
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A measuring that targets the number density. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: observation, sensing
Observation is the active acquisition of information from a primary source. In living beings, observation employs the senses. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: offline pyrolysis
The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy in which the products of a reaction are trapped before analysis. [CHMO]
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Selected nuclei of a specified isotope are unselectively irradiated with a soft RF pulse. The frequency range for the nuclei being irradiated typically differs from the frequency range for the nuclei relaxing back to their bulk magnetisation relaxation state. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: 1D 1H NMR, 1D proton NMR
A type of spectroscopy where the energy states of 1H nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them, and the spectrum is obtained by plotting chemical shift vs. frequency. 1D 1H NMR usually uses one pulse (90 or 30 degree pulse) for excitation. [CHMO, AMGEN]
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synonyms: 1D 1H NMR, 1D proton NMR
A type of spectroscopy where the energy states of 1H nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them, and the spectrum is obtained by plotting chemical shift vs. frequency. 1D 1H NMR usually uses one pulse (90 or 30 degree pulse) for excitation. [CHMO]
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synonyms: NOESY NMR, 1D NOESY, 1D nOesy, 1D nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy, 1D-NOESY, 1D-nOesy
A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where only one frequency dimension is employed, based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (<=6 Angstrom apart). [CHMO]
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synonyms: one-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, 1-D NMR, 1D NMR, 1D NMR spectrometry, 1D NMR spectroscopy, 1D nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, 1D nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, one-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them, and the spectrum is obtained by plotting intensity vs. chemical shift or frequency. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 1D TOCSY, 1D-TOCSY, one-dimensional TOCSY
A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy which reveal correlations between all nuclei of a spin-system. An individual 1H resonance is selected and inverted to yield a spectrum of all hydrogens directly or indirectly scalar coupled to it. [CHMO]
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synonyms: OPSY, OPSY NMR
An NMR experiment where pulsed field gradients are used to filter thermal signals from NMR spectra whilst leaving those derived from para-hydrogen-derived protons intact. [CHMO]
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synonyms: OPSY-COSY
A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between nuclei which are J-coupled (usually <= 3 bonds apart). Thermal signals in the resulting spectra are then removed, whilst keeping the signals from para-hydrogen-derived protons intact. [CHMO]
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synonyms: open loop
The open loop uses predefined tabulated values based on solvent and temperature for the regulation of the vapour generation. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: OCDR, OLCR, optical coherence-domain reflectivity, optical low-coherence domain reflectivity, optical low-coherence domain reflectometry
A method for determining structure by illuminating an extremely flat surface with visible light and interfering the light reflected from the sample at the Brewster angle with light reflected from a reference mirror. Intereference only occurs when the difference in the optical path lengths between the two mirrors is within the coherence length of the optical source. [CHMO]
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synonyms: O.D. measurement, OD measurement, optical densiometry, optical densitometry
The measurement of the light transmitted through a sample for a given wavelength. [CHMO]
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synonyms: extinction spectroscopy, optical transmission spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the amount of light transmitted through a sample is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: OF-CEAS, optical feedback cavity enhanced absorption spectrometry
A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside a v-shaped optical cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. The laser light is allowed to feed back to the laser diode. [CHMO]
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synonyms: OFDR, optical frequency domain reflectivity, optical frequency domain reflectometry, optical frequency-domain reflectivity
A method for determining structure by illuminating an extremely flat surface with light from a pulsed laser and interfering the light reflected from the sample at the Brewster angle with light reflected from a reference mirror. Intereference only occurs when the difference in the optical path lengths between the two mirrors is within the coherence length of the optical source. The frequency of the laser pulse is proportional to the time delay between each of the signals returning. [CHMO]
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The measurement of the intensity of the light resulting from the interference of two lasers of different wavelength at the beat frequency. [CHMO]
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synonyms: IOM, OIM, interference optical microscopy
A type of microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with visible light split into two beams, which then interfere to produce fringes whose spacing is proportional to the height of the specimen. [CHMO]
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synonyms: OM, light microscopy
A type of microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with visible light and a system of lenses is used to produce an image. [CHMO]
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synonyms: non-contact profilometry
A method where the profile of a surface is determined by illuminating the sample with a beam of light which has been split into two paths, one of which is directed at the sample and the other at a reference mirror. When the reflections are recombined any interference contains information about the contours of the surface. [CHMO]
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synonyms: OR, light laser reflectivity, light laser reflectometry, light reflectivity, light reflectometry, optical laser reflectivity, optical reflectivity
A method for determining structure by illuminating an extremely flat surface with visible light and measuring the intensity of the reflected light as a function of angle. The reflected light has two polarised components, s (perpendicular) and p (parallel). The reflectivity of s-polarized light depends on the angle of incidence, but the reflectivity of p-polarized light vanishes at the Brewster angle. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ORD
The measurement of light rotation as a function of wavelength. [CHMO]
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synonyms: optical time-domain reflectometry, OTDR, optical time domain reflectivity, optical time domain reflectometry, optical time-domain reflectivity
A method for determining structure by directing an optical pulse through an optical fibre and measuring the intensity of light reflected at the Brewster angle as a function of time. [CHMO]
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synonyms: OTRS, Raman tweezers
A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, usually from a laser, by a sample (e.g. a biological cell) constrained using optical tweezers is detected. [CHMO]
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The measurement of the velocity of a moving object or medium using light. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ODMR
A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels are detected by optical means (i.e. the polarization or the intensity of light emitted or absorbed by the sample depends on the population distribution in the spin levels). Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves. [CHMO]
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synonyms: optically-induced electrokinetic patterning, opto-electrokinetic patterning, optoelectrokinetic patterning
Any technique that utlilises the movement of particles under the influence of an electric field (e.g. electroosmosis or electrophoresis) in conjunction with illumination of a photosensitive substrate to form a pattern. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HOKE spectroscopy, HOKES, OHD-OKE, heterodyne optical Kerr effect (HOKE) spectroscopy, heterodyne optical Kerr effect spectroscopy, heterodyne-detected optical Kerr effect spectroscopy, optically heterodyne detected optical Kerr effect spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the refractive index change of the sample induced by two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) under the influence of an electric field (the 'optical Kerr effect') is measured. The polarizing filters are rotated slightly, giving rise to a heterodyne at the detector, improving the signal-to-noise ratio compared to optical Kerr effect spectroscopy. [CHMO]
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synonyms: OHD-RIKES, OHRIKE spectroscopy, OHRIKES, optical heterodyne-detected Raman-induced Kerr-effect spectroscopy, optically heterodyned Raman induced Kerr effect spectroscopy, optically heterodyned Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy, optically heterodyned Raman-induced Kerr-effect spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) with a frequency difference close to a Raman-mode frequency in the sample induce a refractive index change in the sample. By scanning the frequency difference of the two beams and recording simultaneously the polarization change of the probe beam, the Raman spectral structure of the sample can be obtained. The polarizing filters are rotated slightly, giving rise to a heterodyne at the detector, improving the signal-to-noise ratio compared to Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy. [CHMO]
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The alignment of optics is a process of preparing the correct setup of the optical parts of a device. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: optogalvanic spectrometry
Any type of spectroscopy where the current passing through a gas discharge is monitored as a laser light source is tuned through the frequencies of allowed transitions for excited atoms in the discharge. [CHMO]
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Ordering data is the process of arranging data items systematically. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: oa-MS, orthogonal accelerator mass spectrometry
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized and the ions are accelerated to very high kinetic energies by an ion source that works by sampling an ion beam travelling in a direction orthogonal to the axis of the flight path in the mass-to-charge analyser. [CHMO]
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Electrospray ionization in which the axis of the spray is at a right angle to the axis of the sampling cone. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Electrospray ionization in which the axis of the spray is at a right angle to the axis of the sampling cone. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: orthogonal acceleration
Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: orthogonal acceleration
Pulsed acceleration of ions perpendicular to their original direction of travel into a mass spectrometer, typically time-of-flight. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: oscillo-polography, oscillopolography
An *obsolete* electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes using an oscillograph. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. [CHMO]
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synonyms: oscillo potentiometry
An *obsolete* electrochemical technique where the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured using an oscillograph under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. [CHMO]
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synonyms: osometry
The measurement of the osmotic strength of a substance which often used to determine its molecular weight. [CHMO]
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synonyms: osmotic process
Osmosis is the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a semi-permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides. [Wikipedia]
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The removal of solvent from a sample by heating in an oven. [CHMO]
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Overhead stirring is stirring that is achieved by rotating a stirring rod with a paddle, anchor or propellor end by an overhead motor in a solution. [Allotrope]
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Overhead stirring is stirring that is achieved by rotating a stirring rod with a paddle, anchor or propeller end by an overhead motor in a solution. [Allotrope]
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Spectra are overlayed on plot. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: oxidation-reduction titration, redox titration, oxidation/reduction titration
Oxidation-reduction titration is the process of determining the quantity of a sample by monitoring a redox process until the endpoint, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. [CHMO]
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synonyms: oxidation-reduction titration, redox titration, oxidation/reduction titration
The process of determining the quantity of a sample by monitoring a redox process until the endpoint, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. [CHMO]
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The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy in the presence of an oxidative atmosphere. [CHMO]
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Any technique used to measure the levels of oxygen in a sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: O2 plasma etching
The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface using short pulses of an oxygen plasma (a partially ionized gas containing free electrons and radicals e.g. O, O+ and O2+). [CHMO]
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synonyms: measurement of pH, pH sensing, sensing of pH
The measurement of pH is the negative logarithm to base ten of the hydrogen ion activity in a solution, this measures the degree of acidity or alkalinity. Operationally the pH of a solution X, pH(X), is measured relative to that of a standard reference solution, pH(S), and defined as pH(X) = pH(S) - (E(X) - E(S))/(RT/F)ln 10, where E(X) and E(S) are the electromotive forces measured in cells containing the solution X and the reference solution respectively. [CHMO]
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Calibration of a pH meter using special data point positions. [Allotrope]
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A calibration point in a pH meter calibration. [Allotrope]
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A calibration point in a pH meter calibration. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: pH profile
A pH process profile is a quality process profile that tracks some pH. [Allotrope]
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The formation of a gel from a solution by altering the pH of the solution. [CHMO]
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Packed injection is a GC injection type whereby all of the volatilized sample is swept onto the GC column. [Allotrope]
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Packing is the process of transferring an object into a container as a densely packed phase. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: paired emitter-detector diode detection, PEDD
A detection method that is based on light emitting diodes (LEDs). One LED functions as a light source and the other LED is reverse biased to function as a light detector. Light from the source LED is passed through the sample and the intensity received by the detector LED is measured. [CHMO]
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A chromatography method where the stationary phase is or is impregnated in a sheet of paper. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PS-MS, PS/MS, paper-spray MS, paper-spray mass spectrometry, paper-spray mass spectroscopy
A type of spectrometry where the sample spotted onto paper then solvent is applied and an electrically charged solvent is generated upon application of a high voltage. The ions are then characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PHIP NMR, PHIP-NMR, PHIP-enhanced NMR, para-hydrogen induced polarisation enhanced NMR spectroscopy, para-hydrogen induced polarization enhanced NMR spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the energy states of protons derived from para-hydrogen (dihydrogen with an antisymmetric nuclear spin arrangement) placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. The non-Boltzmann spin population generated by para-hydrogen-derived protons gives rise to signal enhancement in the spectra, facilitating the detection of species present at low concentration. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PRE, paramagnetic relaxation enhancements
An NMR technique whereby paramagnetic ions are introduced to a sample which cause enhanced relaxation of the spins in proximity of the paramagnetic spin label, giving long-range (up to 24 Angstrom) structural information. Also used in binding studies, allowing identification of the atoms involved in binding. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PASE, PASE NMR, PAramagneticSignalsEnhancement, paramagnetic signals enhancement NMR , paramagneticsignalsenhancement
A method for NMR spectra acquisition of paramagnetic proteins, based on the use of homonuclear broadband decoupling of the diamagnetic region. [CHMO]
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synonyms: partial charge exchange reaction
Reaction of an ion with a neutral species in which some but not all of the ion charge is transferred to the neutral. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: partial charge exchange reaction
Reaction of an ion with a neutral species in which some but not all of the ion charge is transferred to the neutral. [IUPAC]
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Partial random mixing of isotopes among specified atom positions in an ion or neutral species. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Partial random mixing of isotopes among specified atom positions in an ion or neutral species. [IUPAC]
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A process that regulates the partial pressure of a solvent. [Allotrope]
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The decomposition of only part of a sample by the addition of liquid reagents to solubilise it. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PYS, partial photoyield spectroscopy, partial yield spectrometry, partial yield spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray-ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons. All of the photoelectrons emitted within a certain energy interval are detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PB
A technique where analyte molecules are desolvated before they enter an EI or CI source. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: PB MS, PB-MS, particle beam mass spectroscopy, particle-beam mass spectrometry, particle-beam mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where a liquid sample passes through a desolvation chamber producing a beam of microscopic solid particles. [CHMO]
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synonyms: sample dispersion
The distribution of particles of one phase in a continuous phase of a different nature. [CHMO]
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synonyms: analysis model
The particle model is the mathematical model for the calculation of particle sizes. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: particle size analysis, particle size measurement
Particle sizing is an experimental method for the investigation of particle sizes in a sample. [Allotrope]
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Image analysis is a process of particle size measurement by analysis of images of particles. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: laser diffraction
Laser diffraction is a process of particle size measurement by observation of the angular variation in intensity of scattered laser light. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: MALS
Multiangle light scattering (MALS) is a technique for determining, independently, the absolute molar mass and the average size of particles in solution, by detecting how they scatter light. [Wikipedia]
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A type of lithography where electrons or ions are used to generate pattern, which is transferred to a resist. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PB/HC-AES, PB/HC-OES, PC-HC-AES, PC-HC-OES, particle beam/hollow cathode atomic emission spectroscopy, particle beam/hollow cathode optical emission spectroscopy, particle beam/hollow-cathode atomic emission spectroscopy, particle beam/hollow-cathode optical emission spectroscopy, particle-beam/hollow-cathode optical emission spectroscopy
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas) is used to excite the sample. A nebuliser is used to generate a finely dispersed aerosol containing the sample, which is desolvated, and a momentum separator is used to inject dry particles of the analyte (the 'particle beam') into the plasma source (which consists of a hollow cylindrical metal cathode containing the metal for excitation, and an anode). [CHMO]
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synonyms: PIV, particle image velocimetry, particle imaging velocimetry, particle-imaging velocimetry
A method for determining the velocity of fluids by pulsing a planar laser light sheet twice, and recording images of fine particles lying in the light sheet using a video camera or a photograph. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PIXE, PIXES, particle-induced X-ray emission spectrometry
Any type of X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding the sample with a focused beam of high-energy particles. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PIGE, PIGE spectrometry, PIGE spectroscopy, particle induced gamma-ray emission spectroscopy, particle-induced prompt-photon spectrometry, particle-induced prompt-photon spectroscopy
A type of gamma-ray emission spectroscopy where the gamma-rays are produced by bombarding the sample with a focused beam of ions. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PTV, particle tracking velocimetry
A method for determining the velocity of fluids by tracking the diffracted or fluorescent light emitted from individual particles in successive digital camera images. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PGSS, expansion from gas saturated solutions, particles from gas saturated solutions
A solid sample is heated above its melting point and combining the molten material with a supercritical fluid. The solution is then expanded through a nozzle, causing the precipitation of the solid as a fine powder. [CHMO]
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Chromatography in which separation is based mainly on differences between the solubility of the sample components in the stationary phase (gas chromatography), or on differences between the solubilities of the components in the mobile and stationary phases (liquid chromatography). [CHMO]
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synonyms: distribution, distributing
A processing that causes a flow to break up into disconnected partitions. The individual bits are similar to each other and the undistributed material. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: distribution, distributing
A processing that causes a flow to break up into disconnected partitions. The individual bits are similar to each other and the undistributed material. [OSTHUS, NIST]
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synonyms: subculturing
In biology, a subculture is a new cell or microbiological culture made by transferring some or all cells from a previous culture to fresh growth medium. This action is called subculturing or passaging the cells. Subculture is used to prolong the life and/or expand the number of cells or microorganisms in the culture. [Wikipedia]
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Any process that makes one sample unreactive to another, prior to using the samples together. [CHMO]
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Any synthesis technique involving the transfer of a pattern to a sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PENs
A process for shaping pliable polymer material using a microsized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. A PDMS mould is etched with a fluoride-containing substance (breaking Si-O bonds at the surface). The fresh PDMS surface then reacts with a prepolymer. [CHMO]
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synonyms: wait
Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: wait
Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: is paused, paused
A paused state is a state during which a device or service waits for being resumed to continue a planned process. [Allotrope]
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A peak analysis is a data transformation on a peak that analyzes peak facets. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: peak integration
An operation applied to a spectra to determine the area under a peak or set of peaks. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: peak assignment, peak assigning
Peak assignment is the assigning of a peak to a related material that the peak depends on. [Allotrope]
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Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: peak assignment, peak assigning
Peak assignment is the assertion of a dependency relation between a peak and a material or a chemical moiety. [Allotrope]
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Peak detection is a data transformation that finds peaks in a data distribution function. [Allotrope]
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Definition pending. [0]
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A peak analysis that determines the peak height following a specified algorithm. [Allotrope]
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A condition that is valid if a peak has a peak height within a range. The threshold value is either the maximum or the minimum of the range. [Allotrope]
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A condition that is valid if a peak has a peak height within a range. The threshold value is either the maximum or the minimum of the range. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: peak assignment, peak assigning
Peak identification is an assigning of a peak to an analyte or portion of an analyte of interest. [Allotrope]
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Definition pending. [0]
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Peak matching is a mass analysis measuring the accurate mass of an ion using scanning mass spectrometers, in which the peak corresponding to the unknown ion and that for a reference ion of known m/z are displayed alternately and caused to overlap by adjusting appropriate electric fields. [IUPAC]
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Method used to extend the amount of time available for mass spectrometric analysis of the components in a narrow chromatographic peak. The eluent flow rate is reduced to an ultra-low level at the leading edge of the peak and held at this low flow rate for the duration of compound elution, thus enabling collection of sufficient data for reliable statistical analysis. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Method used to extend the amount of time available for mass spectrometric analysis of the components in a narrow chromatographic peak. The eluent flow rate is reduced to an ultra-low level at the leading edge of the peak and held at this low flow rate for the duration of compound elution, thus enabling collection of sufficient data for reliable statistical analysis. [IUPAC]
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Definition pending. [0]
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Peak picking is a data transformation to convert profile spectral data into centroided spectral data. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: peak resolution method, peak separation method, resolution measurement method
Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: peak resolution method, peak separation method, resolution measurement method
Peak separation is a data transformation that allows to distinguish between two peaks. [Allotrope]
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A condition that is valid if a peak has a slope within a range. The threshold value is either the maximum or the minimum of the range. [Allotrope]
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A condition that is valid if a peak has a slope within a range. The threshold value is either the maximum or the minimum of the range. [Allotrope]
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Data analysis technique used in elemental mass spectrometry to correct the intensity of an unresolved multiplet peak monitored for a specific element for contributions from a multi-isotopic contaminant.The correction is calculated from the measured intensity of a different isotopic peak of the contaminant and the known natural isotopic abundance ratio. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Data analysis technique used in elemental mass spectrometry to correct the intensity of an unresolved multiplet peak monitored for a specific element for contributions from a multi-isotopic contaminant.The correction is calculated from the measured intensity of a different isotopic peak of the contaminant and the known natural isotopic abundance ratio. [IUPAC]
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A peak analysis that determines the peak width following a specified algorithm. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: pendant drop dynamic tensiometry, pendant drop tensiometry, pendant tensiometry, pending drop tensiometry
The measurement of surface tension by determining the distortion of drop by gravity, which elongates or flattens otherwise spherical drops. [CHMO]
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Ionization via electron removal that occurs through the energy transfer from a neutral species (N) internally excited to a metastable state (such as a high Rydberg state) to a neutral species (M) with lower ionization energy, as represented by the following reaction: N* + M → N + M+• + e–. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Ionization via electron removal that occurs through the energy transfer from a neutral species (N) internally excited to a metastable state (such as a high Rydberg state) to a neutral species (M) with lower ionization energy, as represented by the following reaction: N* + M → N + M+• + e–. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: deflocculation
Reversal of coagulation or flocculation, i.e., the dispersion of aggregates to form a colloidally stable suspension or emulsion. [CHMO]
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A method for the separation of liquid mixtures based on diffusion rate and membrane affinity. The sample mixture is placed in contact with one side of a non-porous polymeric membrane while a vacuum is applied to the other side. The components in the liquid stream permeate through the membrane, evaporate, and are then condensed. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PAR, PAR pulse sequence, PAR sequence, phase-alternated rotation of magnetisation, phase-alternated rotation of magnetization
A sequence of composite pulses designed to remove signal splitting due to heteronuclear J-couplings in multinuclear liquid NMR experiments. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PCM, phase-contrast microscopy
A type of microscopy where a transparent specimen is illuminated with visible light and small phase shifts in the light passing through the specimen are used to produce an image. [CHMO]
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Application of a trigonometric mathematical operation to both the real and imaginary parts of the complex numbers represented by the FID recorded as the sample magnetization vector relaxes from its excited state vector back to its equilibrium bulk magnetization population. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: phase sequence
A technique used in FT NMR experiments whereby the sense of application (or phase) of the RF pulses is altered on repeating the experiment such that addition of the resulting signals results in increased intensity for the signals of interest, elimination of artefacts and more effective noise reduction. [CHMO]
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synonyms: phase inversion method, phase inversion precipitation technique, phase-inversion method, phase-inversion technique
Any method for the synthesis of polymer membranes that involves the polymer transforming from the liquid phase of the cast solution to the solid phase. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PP
A method where the profile of a surface is determined by illuminating the sample with a beam of light which has been split into two paths, one of which is directed at the sample and the other at a reference mirror. When the reflections are recombined any distortions of periodic shadows due to interference contain information about the contours of the surface. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PC velocimetry, phase contrast velocimetry, phase-contrast NMR velocimetry, phase-contrast nuclear magnetic resonance velocimetry
A method for determining the velocity of fluids by using magnetic field gradients to encode velocity information into the phase of an NMR signal. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PDMR
A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels are detected by phosphorescence. Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves. [CHMO]
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The detection of luminescence emitted over a long timescale from a sample, as a result of irradiation with light. [CHMO]
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The detection of luminescence emitted over a long timescale from a sample, as a result of irradiation with light, as a function of wavelength or time. [CHMO]
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synonyms: phosphorescence labeling, phosphorescence labelling
The process of covalently attaching a phosphorescent molecule to another molecule, such as a protein or nucleic acid. [CHMO]
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synonyms: photoanalysis
Photo analysis refers to the study of pictures to compile various types of data, for example, to measure the size distribution of virtually anything that can be captured by photo. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: PCM, photo-etching, photochemical etching, photochemical machining, photochemical milling, photoetching
The process of generating a pattern in a photosensitive sample by irradiating it with UV light. After exposure, the plate is 'developed' by washing away the unexposed resist. [CHMO]
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synonyms: P-NIL
A synthesis technique that uses mechanical deformation and cross-linking to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photosensitive resist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. A transparent stamp (e.g. fused silica) containing the desired (nanosized) pattern on its surface is then pressed into the resist, which is exposed to UV light. Any unexposed areas of polymer are removed by reactive ion etching. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PARS
A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light by a sample is detected. Two lasers ('pump and 'probe') are mixed and focused on the sample cell. When the frequency difference between the lasers corresponds to a Raman transition, an acoustic signal (a sound wave produced by an increase in pressure) is generated and detected by a sensitive microphone. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LIOAS, OAS, PAS, laser-induced optoacoustic spectrometry, laser-induced optoacoustic spectroscopy, optoacoustic spectrometry, optoacoustic spectroscopy, photoacoustic spectrometry, pulsed laser OAS, pulsed laser PAS, pulsed laser optoacoustic spectrometry, pulsed laser optoacoustic spectroscopy, pulsed laser photoacoustic spectrometry, pulsed laser photoacoustic spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sound emitted when a gaseous sample is exposed to an intense laser beam, which is rapidly interrupted by a rotating slotted disk, is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: photocuring
A chemical process in which a prepolymer is converted into a polymer and then into a network, upon irradiation with light. [CHMO]
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synonyms: photo-current spectrometry, photo-current spectroscopy, photocurrent spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where light energy absorbed by the sample results in the production of a current (the 'photocurrent') which is measured at different spectral intervals. [CHMO]
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synonyms: photo-degradation
The photochemical transformation of a molecule into lower molecular weight fragments, usually in an oxidation process. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PD
A synthesis technique where a monomer is irradiated with UV light, causing cross-linking and the deposition of a polymer film on a substrate. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PD-PES, PD/PES, photo-detachment photoelectron spectroscopy, photodetachment PES, photodetachment-photoelectron spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a fixed-energy light source resulting in the detachment of electrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DAD, PDA, photodiode array detection
Photodiode array detection is a type of detection that uses an array of photodiodes to detect changes of the incoming light. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: DAD, PDA, photodiode array detection
Photodiode array detection is a type of detection that uses an array of photodiodes to detect changes of the incoming light. [OSTHUS]
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synonyms: DAD, PDA, photodiode array detection
Photodiode array detection is a type of detection that uses an array of photodiodes to detect changes of the incoming light. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: multiphoton dissociation
A process wherein the reactant ion is dissociated as a result of absorption of one or more photons. [PSI-MS]
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A synthesis method in which a film of solid metal is deposited from a solution of ions onto an electrically conducting surface (an electrode). Three electrodes are required (working, counter and reference) and when sufficient current is passed through the solution, accompanied by irradiation with UV light, metal ions are reduced at the working electrode. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PD, PED, PhD
A method for determining structure during photoelectron spectroscopy. Photons are directed at the sample and diffraction patterns resulting from the emission of electrons are recorded. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PEFS, PEFS spectrometry, PEFS spectroscopy, PEFSS
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected as a function of energy. The spectrum is recorded over an extended energy range, from the photon absorption edge onset to several hundred eV above it. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PEMS, PESM, photoelectron micro-spectrometry, photoelectron micro-spectroscopy, photoelectron microspectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a finely focused (<10 m) photon beam causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PES, PS, photo emission spectrometry, photo emission spectroscopy, photoelectron emission spectroscopy, photoelectron spectrometry, photoemission spectrometry, photoemission spectroscopy
Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. The energy of the incident photons is usually greater than the ionization energy of the sample and the photoelectrons are emitted with the excess in the form of kinetic energy. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PAX, photoelectron spectrometry of adsorbed xenon, photoemission spectrometry of adsorbed xenon, photoemission spectroscopy of adsorbed xenon
A type of spectroscopy where Xe atoms adsorbed on the surface of a sample are illuminated with photons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected. The binding energy of the core or valence levels of Xe weakly bound to the surface, relative to the Fermi level of the substrate, depends on the local work function of its adsorption site. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PEYS, photoelectron yield spectrometry, total yield spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray-ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons. All photoelectrons emitted at a particular photon energy are detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PEEM, PEM, photo-electron microscopy, photo-emission microscopy, photoelectron microscopy
A type of electron microscopy where the distribution of electrons emitted by a specimen sample following excitation by UV light, synchrotron radiation or X-ray sources is used to produce an image. [CHMO]
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Recording of ion currents by allowing them to strike a photographic plate, which is subsequently developed. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Recording of ion currents by allowing them to strike a photographic plate, which is subsequently developed. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: snapping, taking photo, taking picture
Photographing is the process of creating a recorded image. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: photo-CELIV, photoinduced CELIV, photoinduced charge-carrier extraction in a linearly increasing voltage
A method for measuring charge carrier mobilities and conductivities by applying a short (ns) laser pulse to generate charge carriers. These charge carriers are then detected by applying a linearly increasing voltage and measuring the resulting current. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PICTS, photo induced current transient spectroscopy, photo-induced current transient spectroscopy
A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the current produced by applying an optical pulse to the semiconductor junction at different temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit peaks, the height of which are proportional to the defect density, and the emission rate and temperature dependence are characteristic for each type of defect. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PIPECO, photoion photoelectron coincidence spectrometry, photoion photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy, photoion-photoelectron coincidence spectrometry, photoionphotoelectron coincidence spectrometry, photoionphotoelectron coincidence spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of a photoelectron and its corresponding ion which are detected as a function of energy. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PI, photon impact
Ionization of an atom or molecule by a photon, written M + hν → M+• + e–. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: PI, photon impact
Ionization of an atom or molecule by a photon, written M + hν → M+• + e–. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: PI, photon impact
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synonyms: PID
A detection method that is sensitive to volatile organic compounds. A carrier gas (e.g. methane) containing the sample is bombarded with high-energy (UV) photons, resulting in ionization. The current generated by these gaseous ions is then measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PI-MS, PI/MS, PIMS, photoionisation mass spectroscopy, photoionization mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is irradiated with an ultraviolet laser. The sample absorbs one or more photons resulting in ionization. [CHMO]
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synonyms: optical lithography
A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90-100 deg. C. The photoresist is then exposed to a pattern of intense (typically UV) light and a post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120-180 deg. C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PL detection
The detection of luminescence emitted from a sample as a result of irradiation with light. Photoluminescence includes both fluorescence and phosphorescence. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PL spectrometry, PL spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectrometry
Any type of spectroscopy where luminesence (the emission of visible light) from molecules irradiated with light, is detected as a function of wavelength. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PCCS
A method for determining the size distribution of a sample of small particles in concentrated or opaque solutions by illuminating the sample with two laser beams and cross-correlating the time-dependent fluctuations in the intensity of the scattered light caused by Brownian motion. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PSTM, photon scanning tunneling microscopy, photon-scanning tunneling microscopy, photon-scanning tunnelling microscopy
A type of microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with a near-field of photons. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving an optical fibre probe in a raster scan over the specimen, line by line, and detecting any photons which tunnel from the specimen to the probe as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the optical fibre probe and surface during scanning. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PFM, photonic-force microscopy
A type of microscopy where optical tweezers are used to trap a small fluorescent latex bead which is then scanned across biological specimens in aqueous solution. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the bead in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the fluorescence intensity as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the bead and surface during scanning. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PTMS, photothermal IR micro-spectroscopy, photothermal IR microscopy, photothermal IR microspectroscopy, photothermal infrared microspectroscopy
The measurement of the photothermal response (temperature fluctuations) of a specimen exposed to the beam of a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, using an atomic force microscope tip as the thermal probe. [CHMO]
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synonyms: photothermal spectrometry
Any type of spectroscopy where light energy absorbed by the sample results in heating and the subsequent change in temperature, pressure or density is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: photo-voltage spectrometry, photo-voltage spectroscopy, photovoltage spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where light energy absorbed by the sample results in the production of a potential difference (the 'photovoltage') which is measured at different spectral intervals. [CHMO]
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The process of making a polymer blend by mechanically mixing different polymers together in the melt. [CHMO]
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An assay that examines physical qualities of material. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: PVD
A synthesis technique where vaporized molecules or atoms condense on a surface, forming a thin layer. The process is purely physical; no chemical reaction occurs at the surface. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ps laser flash photolysis
A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong picosecond pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The absorption of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse. [CHMO]
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Piece counting is determining the number of objects in an object aggregate. [Allotrope]
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Definition pending. [0]
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Piece counting by weighing is piece counting by weighing an uniform aggregate and an indivual of the aggregate. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: PFM, piezo-force microscopy
A type of microscopy where an electric field is applied to a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') which is mounted on the end of a cantilever. The tip scans the surface of a piezoelectric specimen and the distortion of the electric field by the specimen is measured as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. [CHMO]
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Pipeting transfers a given amount of liquid solution using a pipette, dropper or pipettor. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: plan, recipe
A directive information entity with action specifications and objective specifications as parts that, when concretized, is realized in a process in which the bearer tries to achieve the objectives by taking the actions specified. [IAO]
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synonyms: plan, recipe
A directive information entity with action specifications and objective specifications as parts that, when concretized, is realized in a process in which the bearer tries to achieve the objectives by taking the actions specified. [IAO]
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synonyms: planar array infrared emission spectroscopy, PA IR, PA IRES, PA-IR, PA-IRES, planar array IR emission spectrometry, planar array IR emission spectroscopy, planar array IRES, planar array infra-red emission spectrometry, planar array infrared emission spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is heated and the infrared radiation (0.78-1000 µm) emitted during cooling is detected with a two-dimensional focal plane array infrared camera. [CHMO]
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synonyms: open bed chromatography, open-bed chromatography
A chromatography method where the stationary phase is present as or on a plane. [CHMO]
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A process of creating or modifying a plan specification. [OBI]
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synonyms: plasma functionalisation, plasma functionalization
A process that involves improving the adhesion properties of a sample using short pulses of a plasma (a partially ionized gas containing free electrons and radicals). [CHMO]
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synonyms: plasma AES
Any type of atomic emission spectrometry where a plasma is used as the excitation source. [CHMO]
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synonyms: plasma AFS, plasma atomic fluorescence spectrometry
A type of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy where a plasma is used to excite the atoms in the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PD, fission fragment ionization
The ionization of material in a solid sample by bombarding it with ionic or neutral atoms formed as a result of the fission of a suitable nuclide, typically 252Cf. [PSI-MS]
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synonyms: fission fragment ionisation, fission fragment ionization
The ionization of material in a solid sample by bombarding it with ionic or neutral atoms formed as a result of the fission of a suitable nuclide, typically 252Cf. [PSI-MS]
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synonyms: RIE, reactive ion etching, reactive-ion etching
The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface using short pulses of a plasma (a partially ionized gas containing free electrons and radicals). [CHMO]
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Any ionization method when the sample is ionized in a plasma - a partially ionized gas (such as Ar) containing free electrons. [CHMO]
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synonyms: plasma JD
A synthesis method where a plasma (a partially ionized gas containing free electrons) containing precursors is projected onto a surface, resulting in a deposit. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PS-MS, plasma source mass spectroscopy
Any type of mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized in a plasma (a partially ionized gas - such as Ar - containing free electrons). [CHMO]
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synonyms: plasma-protein fractionation
A method for separating proteins from plasma by changing the conditions (e.g. temperature or acidity) of the plasma, causing precipitation of the proteins, which can then be removed by centrifugation. [CHMO]
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synonyms: plasma sputter coating, plasma sputtering
A synthesis technique where a solid target is bombarded with energetic ions (e.g. Ar+) causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate. Ionization of the neutral gas atoms requires a plasma (a partially ionized gas containing free electrons) source to be generated by passing an electrical discharge through the chamber, with the target acting as the cathode. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PACVD, PECVD, plasma assisted CVD, plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition, plasma assisted chemical vapour deposition, plasma enhanced CVD, plasma-assisted CVD, plasma-enhanced CVD, plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition
A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, in the presence of a plasma (a partially ionized gas, containing free electrons), which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. The plasma enhances the rate of reaction on the substrate surface. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PADI
An ionization method where a plasma (a partially ionized gas - such as Ar - containing free electrons) is directed onto the sample surface causing desorption of sample molecules from the surface and subsequent ionization. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PRET, plasmonic resonance energy transfer
A type of spectroscopy where by intentionally matching the plasmon resonance frequency of a gold nanoparticle with the frequency of the electronic transition energy of a biomolecule, energy transfer occurs which gives rise to resonant quenching dips in the Rayleigh scattering spectrum of the particle. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Pt sputtering, platinum sputtering
A synthesis technique where a Pt metal target is bombarded with energetic ions (e.g. Ar+) causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin film of Pt, on a substrate. [CHMO]
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Spray ionization process in which either cations or anions in solution are transferred to the gas phase via formation and desolvation at atmospheric pressure of a stream of highly charged droplets that result from applying a potential difference between the tip of the electrospray needle containing the solution and a counter electrode. When a pressurized gas is used to aid in the formation of a stable spray, the term pneumatically assisted electrospray ionization is used. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Spray ionization process in which either cations or anions in solution are transferred to the gas phase via formation and desolvation at atmospheric pressure of a stream of highly charged droplets that result from applying a potential difference between the tip of the electrospray needle containing the solution and a counter electrode. When a pressurized gas is used to aid in the formation of a stable spray, the term pneumatically assisted electrospray ionization is used. [IUPAC]
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Definition pending. [0]
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Point assigning is the assigning of a geometrical point to something. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: optical rotation measurement
The measurement of the extent to which a sample interacts with polarized electromagnetic radiation by transmission, reflection, refraction, or diffraction. [CHMO]
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synonyms: optical rotation measurement
Polarimetry is a measurement of the extent to which a sample interacts with polarized electromagnetic radiation by transmission, reflection, refraction, or diffraction. [CHMO]
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synonyms: polarity adjustment, polarity adjustment process
Polarity control is a changing process that changes the polarity of some material. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: PISEMA, dipolar recoupling distance experiment, dipolar recoupling experiment
Magic angle spinning NMR experiments in which dipolar coupling is reintroduced to obtain information on the proximity of nuclei within the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PM-IRRAS, polarisation modulation infrared reflection adsorption spectroscopy, polarisation modulation-infrared reflection-adsorption spectroscopy, polarization modulation infrared reflection adsorption spectroscopy, polarization modulation-infrared reflection-adsorption spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the differential absorption and reflection of low incident angle p- and s-polarized infrared light by the surface molecules of a highly reflective or polished sample is measured. The ultra-thin layers on metal surfaces interact with the p-polarized component of light, but not with the s-polarized component. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PODTR, polarisation OTDR, polarisation optical time domain reflectivity, polarisation optical time-domain reflectivity, polarisation optical time-domain reflectometry, polarization OTDR, polarization optical time domain reflectivity, polarization optical time-domain reflectivity, polarization optical time-domain reflectometry
A method for determining structure by directing an optical pulse through an optical fibre and measuring the polarization state of light reflected at the Brewster angle as a function of time. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PS
Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is irradiated with an initial pulse of polarized laser light (the 'pump') and the change in polarization of a second laser pulse (the 'probe') is determined. [CHMO]
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synonyms: polarised Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, polarised FTIR, polarised Fourier transform infra-red absorption spectroscopy, polarised Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry, polarised Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, polarised Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, polarized FTIR, polarized Fourier transform infra-red absorption spectroscopy, polarized Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry, polarized Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, polarized Fourier transform infrared spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample absorbs a single pulse of polarized radiation from the infrared region (0.78-1000 µm) and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]
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synonyms: polarised Raman spectrometry, polarized Raman spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the polarization of light which has been subjected to Raman scattering by a sample is determined. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PNR, polarised neutron reflection, polarised neutron reflectivity, polarized neutron reflection, polarized neutron reflectivity, spin polarised neutron reflectivity , spin polarized neutron reflectivity , spin-polarised reflection measurements, spin-polarized reflection measurements
A method for determining structure by directing polarized neutrons onto an extremely flat surface and measuring the intensity of the reflected neutrons as a function of angle and neutron wavelength. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PLM, POM, optical polarisation microscopy, optical polarising microscopy, optical polarization microscopy, polarised light microscopy, polarised optical microscopy, polarized light microscopy, polarized light optical microscopy, polarized optical microscopy, polarizing optical microscopy
A type of microscopy where the specimen placed between two orthogonal polarizing filters and illuminated with visible light. [CHMO]
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An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. [CHMO]
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A method for determining crystal orientation, using X-ray diffraction, which involves systematically rotating the sample about well defined angles until all possible lattice planes are reflected, and measuring the reflection intensity as a function of angle. The results are plotted as a pole figure. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PAGE
A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of polyacrylamide gel, across which an electric field is applied. [CHMO]
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The simultaneous precipitation of a normally soluble component with a polymer component from the same solution by the formation of a composite by adsorption, occlusion or mechanical entrapment. [CHMO]
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A technique used to isolate and purify polymers. The polymer sample is dissolved in a 'good' organic solvent, and this solution is then poured into a 'poor' solvent . Introduction of the polymer to the poor solvent causes the polymer chains to collapse, aggregate and come out of solution. [CHMO]
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Any experimental method used to prepare polymer samples. [CHMO]
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synonyms: polymer synthesis method
Any method used to prepare a polymer. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PCR
Polymerase chain reaction is a synthesis to rapidly amplify pre-determined regions of double-stranded DNA. Generally involves the use of a heat-stable DNA polymerase. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: PME
The transfer of a solute from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a nonporous sillicon rubber membrane. [CHMO]
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A polynomial calibration is an analyte calibration that applies curve fitting of the calibration curve to a polynomial function. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: polyol process
The synthesis of metal-containing compounds in poly(ethylene glycol)s. The ethylene glycol acts as both the solvent and reducing agent. [CHMO]
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The measurement of the pore diameter, pore-size distribution and total pore volume of a sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: orienting, spatial alignment
An achievenent that aims for a specific the spatial location and orientation of a material entity. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: orienting, spatial alignment
An achievement that aims for a specific the spatial location and orientation of a material entity. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: orienting, spatial alignment
Positioning is a localization that changes a specific spatial location and orientation of an object relative to another. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: PALS, positron lifetime spectroscopy
A method for probing the free volume between polymer chains in which the anti-particle of an electron (a positron) is injected, from a radioactive source into the sample. When the positron is annihilated a characteristic energy is emitted, and the time from injection to energy emission is measured. [CHMO]
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Post injection needle washing is a needle washing that is done after using the needle for an injection. [Allotrope]
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Post injection needle washing is an injection needle washing that is done after using the needle for an injection. [Allotrope]
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A data processing technique used to suppress the water peak in a spectrum in order to get clearer results. [nmrML]
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Post-acquisition water suppression is a data processing used to suppress the signal from the water solvent after data acquisition. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: post column derivatisation, post column derivatization
The transformation of a chemical compound (the 'educt') following column chromatography into another similar compound (the 'derivative') by altering one or more of its functional groups. Derviatization is generally perfomed to alter reactivity or change a physical property such as solubility, boiling point, melting point, thermal stability etc. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PSD
A technique specific to reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometers where product ions of metastable transitions or collision-induced dissociations generated in the drift tube prior to entering the reflectron are m/z separated to yield product ion spectra. [PSI-MS]
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The subsequent precipitation of a chemically different species upon the surface of an initial precipitate usually, but not necessarily, including a common ion. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PBGFFF, potential barrier GFFF, potential barrier GrFFF
A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel, such that the Earth's gravitational field is perpendicular to the channel, and varying the ionic strength of the solution or Hamaker constant/surface potential of the particles. [CHMO]
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synonyms: potential sputtering
The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface by bombarding it with high-energy or highly charged heavy ions. When the multiply charged ions recombine on the sample surface their potential energy is liberated, accelerating the process. [CHMO]
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synonyms: potential step chronoamperometry
An electrochemical technique where the time dependence of the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is varied as a step function. [CHMO]
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The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the potential difference between indicator and reference electrodes under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. [CHMO]
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synonyms: potentiometric method
An electrochemical technique where the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. [CHMO]
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synonyms: bulk electrolysis, controlled potential coulometry, controlled-potential coulometry
An electrochemical technique where the total Coulombs of electricity required to complete (fully oxidise or fully reduce the sample in) an electrochemical reaction is measured whilst the potential of the working electrode is held at a constant value. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PXD, PXRD, X-ray powder diffraction, XRPD, powder XRD
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at a powdered solid sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. [CHMO]
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A bulk density for untapped powder sample. [Allotrope]
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A bulk density obtained by mechanically tapping a cylinder containing the powder sample until no more change in volume occurs. [NCI]
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Powdering is a process of transformation of a solid substance into the form of tiny loose particles. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: power-compensation DSC
The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction of both a sample and a reference, by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of one variable, whilst a second is kept constant using a power compensation differential scanning calorimeter. [CHMO]
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Post injection needle washing is a needle washing that is done before using the needle for an injection. [Allotrope]
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Post injection needle washing is an injection needle washing that is done before using the needle for an injection. [Allotrope]
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The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') from a liquid solution in which the material is present in amounts greater than its solubility in the liquid. [CHMO]
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A precipitation titration is a titration in which the analyte is precipitated by the titrant. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: PCA, precipitation using compressed anti-solvent, precipitation using compressed antisolvent, precipitation with compressed anti-solvent
A technique where a solid sample is dissolved in a common (organic or inorganic) solvent then sprayed into a vessel pressurised with a dense gas (e.g. supercritical CO2) This results in a large decrease in solution density and precipitation. [CHMO]
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synonyms: activation
Activation of the precursor ion in mass spectrometry. [Allotrope]
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Given a process that needs some requirements (a realized situation) to properly work towards an object the preparation process procedes this process to achieve the requirements. [Allotrope]
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Given a process that needs some requirements (a realized situation) to properly work towards an objective, the preparation process procedes this process to achieve the requirements. [Allotrope]
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A method where a sample is purified by removing impurities on the basis of their density in a centrifuge. [CHMO]
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synonyms: preparative-column chromatography
A chromatography method where the stationary bed is within a tube (of standard length 25 cm). Preparative column chromatography involves the collection of eluted pure samples (following synthesis or for subsequent biological testing). [CHMO]
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An NMR technique whereby particular resonances are saturated (their spin-state populations are equalised). Commonly used to suppress solvent signals. [CHMO]
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synonyms: presence/absence, presence/absence experiment
A presence/absence qPCR experiment is an experiment using qPCR that identifies if DNA targets are present in samples. [Allotrope]
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A pressure control is a controlling process that controls pressure of some material. [Allotrope]
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A process that regulates pressure. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: pump injection
The introduction of a sample or reagent into a continuous stream by use of a rapid delivery device. [IUPAC]
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A measurement that targets the pressure of some material entity. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: PPC, pressure-perturbation calorimetry
The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of the temperature, whilst the pressure (10-100 atm) is kept constant. [CHMO]
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synonyms: pressure profile
A pressure process profile is a quality process profile that tracks some pressure. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: pressure profile
A quality process profile that tracks some pressure. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: PCSC
The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of the pressure, whilst the temperature is kept constant. [CHMO]
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synonyms: pressure monitored pyrolysis
The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy during which the pressure of the volatile pyrolysates is recorded. [CHMO]
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synonyms: P-CVI, pressure pulsed CVI, pressure-pulsed CVI, pressure-pulsed chemical vapour infiltration
The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from, a vapour which is applied as a series of high pressure pulses. This results in a multilayer structure. [CHMO]
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The fusing together of small particles by heating the powder sample below its melting point (without applied pressure) until its particles adhere to each other. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PFE, PLE, PSE, accelerated solvent extraction, accelerated-solvent extraction, pressurised liquid extraction, pressurised solvent extraction, pressurised-fluid extraction, pressurised-liquid extraction, pressurised-solvent extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, pressurized solvent extraction, pressurized-fluid extraction, pressurized-liquid extraction, pressurized-solvent extraction
The process of transferring a dissolved substance from one liquid phase to another (immiscible or partially miscible) liquid phase in contact with it using solvents at elevated temperature (50-200 deg. C) and pressure (7-20 MPa). [CHMO]
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synonyms: PFE, PLE, PSE, accelerated solvent extraction, accelerated-solvent extraction, pressurised liquid extraction, pressurised solvent extraction, pressurised-fluid extraction, pressurised-liquid extraction, pressurised-solvent extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, pressurized solvent extraction, pressurized-fluid extraction, pressurized-liquid extraction, pressurized-solvent extraction
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Preventative maintenance is a proactive maintenance of a device involving inspection, testing and preemptive replacement of parts likely to fail before the preventative maintenance activity. [Allotrope]
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Keeping a flow from happening. [NIST]
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Primer extension is a method to synthesize cDNA for determining the 5'-untranslated region of a specific mRNA molecule through reverse transcription reaction using complementary oligonucleotides as primers. [NCI]
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Priming is a type of cleaning that happens at the beginning of a period of time and results in the device being filled with the appropriate reagents. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: matching
Probe matching is a process of adjustment of an NMR probe that makes sure that only a minimal part of the power at the probe is wasted. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: tuning
Probe tuning is the process of adjustment of an NMR probe in order to use the probe at its most sensitive frequency. [Allotrope]
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Definition pending. [0]
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Process controlling is a process that directly influences the behavior of another process, that is being controlled. [Allotrope]
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The code of a process dependency that encodes the dependency of after end. [Allotrope]
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The code of a process dependency that encodes the dependency of after end. [Allotrope]
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The code of a process dependency that encodes the dependency of after start. [Allotrope]
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The code of a process dependency that encodes the dependency of after start. [Allotrope]
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The code of a process dependency that encodes the dependency of at start. [Allotrope]
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The code of a process dependency that encodes the dependency of at start. [Allotrope]
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Definition pending. [0]
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The code of a process dependency that encodes the dependency of no earlier after end. [Allotrope]
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The code of a process dependency that encodes the dependency of no earlier after end. [Allotrope]
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The code of a process dependency that encodes the dependency of no earlier after start. [Allotrope]
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The code of a process dependency that encodes the dependency of no earlier after start. [Allotrope]
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The code of a process dependency that encodes the dependency of no later after end. [Allotrope]
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The code of a process dependency that encodes the dependency of no later after end. [Allotrope]
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The code of a process dependency that encodes the dependency of no later after start. [Allotrope]
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The code of a process dependency that encodes the dependency of no later after start. [Allotrope]
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The code of a process dependency that encodes the dependency of no follow. [Allotrope]
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The code of a process dependency that encodes the dependency of no follow. [Allotrope]
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The code of a process dependency that encodes the dependency of not in parallel. [Allotrope]
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The code of a process dependency that encodes the dependency of not in parallel. [Allotrope]
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The code of a process dependency that encodes the dependency of possible parallel. [Allotrope]
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The code of a process dependency that encodes the dependency of possible parallel. [Allotrope]
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Process Raman spectroscopy is a type of Raman spectroscopy that applies the technique to monitoring processes. [Allotrope]
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A process state is a state where a device or service is executing a planned process or is in a specific configuration. [Allotrope]
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The code of a process state that encodes the state of aborted. [Allotrope]
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The code of a process state that encodes the state of aborted. [Allotrope]
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The code of a process state that encodes the state of aborting. [Allotrope]
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The code of a process state that encodes the state of aborting. [Allotrope]
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Code denoting a process state. [Allotrope]
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Definition pending. [0]
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The code of a process state that encodes the state of completed. [Allotrope]
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The code of a process state that encodes the state of completed. [Allotrope]
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The code of a process state that encodes the state of held. [Allotrope]
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The code of a process state that encodes the state of held. [Allotrope]
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The code of a process state that encodes the state of holding. [Allotrope]
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The code of a process state that encodes the state of holding. [Allotrope]
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The code of a process state that encodes the state of idle. [Allotrope]
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The code of a process state that encodes the state of idle. [Allotrope]
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The code of a process state that encodes the state of paused. [Allotrope]
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The code of a process state that encodes the state of paused. [Allotrope]
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The code of a process state that encodes the state of pausing. [Allotrope]
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The code of a process state that encodes the state of pausing. [Allotrope]
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The code of a process state that encodes the state of restarting. [Allotrope]
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The code of a process state that encodes the state of restarting. [Allotrope]
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The code of a process state that encodes the state of running. [Allotrope]
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The code of a process state that encodes the state of running. [Allotrope]
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The code of a process state that encodes the state of stopped. [Allotrope]
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The code of a process state that encodes the state of stopped. [Allotrope]
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The code of a process state that encodes the state of stopping. [Allotrope]
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The code of a process state that encodes the state of stopping. [Allotrope]
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A process state trigger condition is a condition that triggers a state. [Allotrope]
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Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: creating, creation, production
A process where some new material entity or information content entity does not exists at the start of the process but is existing at the end by way of the process. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: energy production
Producing energy is the producing of energy (from an unspecified energy source). [Allotrope]
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synonyms: material creation, material production
Producing material is the producing of new material (from other material). [Allotrope]
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Process whereby a precursor ion of a particular m/z is selected by m/z, fragmentation is induced, and the mass spectrum of the resulting product ions is recorded. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Process whereby a precursor ion of a particular m/z is selected by m/z, fragmentation is induced, and the mass spectrum of the resulting product ions is recorded. [IUPAC]
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Production mode of compaction. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: SP, surface profilometry
The measurement of the profile of a surface in order to quantify its roughness. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PTV, programmed-temperature vaporisation, programmed-temperature vaporization
A sample preparation method for gas chromatography in which the sample is deposited into the inlet of the chromatograph at a low temperature, then the inlet temperature is rapidly raised to vaporise the desired components and cause their transfer onto the column. [CHMO]
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A project is a planned process that is undertaken or attempted to meet some requirement. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: PREVAIL
A synthesis technique that uses electrons to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a beam of electrons (100 keV) is scanned across a patterned mask. The electrons induce chemical reactions in the resist and the desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). The lens system used to focus the electron beam has a 4-times magnification and a 250 µm2 exposure field, and was developed by IBM and Nikon. [CHMO]
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A proper changing quality process profile is a changing process profile where the tracked quality at the start of the process is different from the tracked quality at the end of the process. [Allotrope]
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The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') consisting of a protein-specific antibody complex (where the protein is attached to a arger protein complex) from solution. [CHMO]
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The sedimentation of a solid protein (a 'precipitate') from an aqueous solution caused by the addition of an organic solvent (e.g. methanol), a polyelectrolyte (e.g. alginate) or a salt (e.g. ammonium sulfate) in a process known as 'salting out'. [CHMO]
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Protein purification is a series of processes intended to isolate one or a few proteins from a complex mixture, usually cells, tissues or whole organisms. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: PDLF, proton detected local field spectroscopy, proton-detected SLF, proton-detected separated local field spectroscopy
An NMR experiment for the measurement of heteronuclear dipolar couplings. 1H-1H interactions are decoupled and proton magnetization is passed through 13C nuclei present at natural abundance to simplify a dipolarly coupled spectrum. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PTR-MS, PTR/MS, PTRMS, proton transfer reaction mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by introducing it into a tube containing fast flowing He gas and H3O+ ions. [CHMO]
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synonyms: proton-decoupled NMR, proton-decoupled NMR spectroscopy
A type of NMR spectroscopy where (J/scalar) couplings to 1H nuclei are cancelled by applying radio frequency radiation to saturate or otherwise manipulate the 1H spins such that no evolution of the coupling occurs. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PAES, proton-induced Auger electron spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the bombardment of a sample with protons results in the ionization of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected as a function of incident proton energy. [CHMO]
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synonyms: proton-induced X-ray emission spectrometry, proton-induced XES
Any type of X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding the sample with a focused beam of high-energy protons. [CHMO]
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synonyms: providing
Providing is the state of accumulating or supplying a material or energy flow. [NIST]
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synonyms: pseudo-polarography, pseudopolarography
An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by applying an oxidising potential. During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. A plot of stripping peak current versus deposition potential resembles a polarogram. [CHMO]
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A short burst of electical or magnetic energy. [Allotrope]
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A technique used to determine the extent of oxygenation of haemoglobin based on the red (600-750 nm) and infrared (800-1000 nm) light absorption characteristics of the oxygenated and deoxygenated forms. [CHMO]
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A pulse program is a programmatic plan that defines the pulse sequence that is applied to the excitation of a sample. [Allotrope]
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The cleavage of one or more bonds resulting from exposure to a beam of highly accelerated (10 MeV) electrons. Pulse radiolysis is a method of initiating reactions which occur on a timescale faster than 100 µs. [CHMO]
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synonyms: pulse radiolysis TRMC, pulse radiolysis time resolved microwave conductivity, pulse-radiolysis TRMC, pulse-radiolysis time-resolved microwave conductivity
A technique allowing the quantitative and qualitative detection of radiation-induced charge separation by time-resolved measurement of the changes in microwave absorption resulting from the production and decay of charged and dipolar molecular entities. In a typical pulse-radiolysis TRMC experiment, separated charge carriers, which are generated by a nanosecond pulse of 3-MeV electrons, lead to a perturbation of the initial microwave absorbance. The temporal decay of the conductivity signal (i.e. microwave absorbance) reflects the lifetime of the electrogenerated carriers. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 2016-03-21 subclass under list [OSTHUS], 2016-03-21 subclass under list [Allotrope]
A sequence of one or more pulses with defined powers, timings, and phases for excitation and detection of nuclear spins. [Allotrope]
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An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied using pulses of increasing amplitude. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PDD, pulse discharge detection, pulsed discharge detection, pulsed-discharge detection
A detection method where a DC voltage pulse is passed through a carrier gas (e.g. helium) and the current generated by this ionization is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PDPID, pulse discharge photoionisation detection, pulse discharge photoionization detection, pulsed discharge photoionisation detection, pulsed discharge photoionization detection, pulsed-discharge photoionisation detection, pulses-discharge photoionization detection
A detection method where a DC voltage pulse is passed through a carrier gas generating high-energy (13.5-17.5 eV) photons which photoionize the elements in the sample mixture, and the current generated by this ionization is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PDHID, pulse-discharge helium ionisation detection, pulse-discharge helium ionization detection
A detection method that is sensitive to small gas molecules (e.g. O2, N2, CO2). A low-power, pulsed DC discharge is used to ionize the sample (which is held in He carrier gas). The resulting electrons are focused toward a collector electrode and the current is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PED
A detection method that is sensitive to compounds which can be either reduced or oxidised. A liquid containing the sample passes directly over the working electrode, which is subject to a periodic potential. The current produced is then measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: pulse ENDOR, pulse ENDOR spectroscopy, pulsed ENDOR, pulsed ENDOR spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where a microwave frequency pulse is used to saturate the electron resonance transitions in a sample, and a radio frequency pulse is used excite a nuclear transition. [CHMO]
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synonyms: pulsed electron spin resonance spectroscopy, pulse EPR, pulse ESR, pulse electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, pulse electron spin resonance spectrometry, pulsed EPR, pulsed ESR
A type of spectroscopy where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to short (ns) pulses of microwave radiation in a magnetic field is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: pulsed electron-electron double resonance spectroscopy, PELDOR, PELDOR spectroscopy, pulse ELDOR, pulsed ELDOR, pulsed electron double resonance, pulsed electron double resonance spectroscopy, pulsed electron-electron double resonance
A type of spectroscopy where two microwave frequency pulse sequences are used to excite two electron resonance transitions and the effect of the first transition on the second is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PFG, ge-NMR, gradient NMR, gradient-enhanced NMR, gradient-selected NMR, gs-NMR, pulsed-field gradient
A tool employed in NMR experiments; spatially inhomogeneous magnetic fields applied with a defined gradient. Used to either select a particular signal or to render unwanted signals undetectable. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PFG-SE NMR, PFGSE, PFGSE-NMR, PGSE, pulsed field gradient (PFG) spin echo, pulsed field gradient spin-echo, pulsed field gradient-spin echo, pulsed field-gradient spin echo, pulsed-field-gradient spin-echo NMR spectroscopy
An NMR experiment in which pulsed field gradients are applied to a spin echo sequence to cleanly and precisely excite particular resonances. Additionally, attenuation of signals occurs related to molecular diffusion allowing this technique to be used to determine self-diffusion coefficients. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PGNE, PGNE NMR, PGNE-NMR, pulsed gradient non-linear echo, pulsed gradient nonlinear echo, pulsed gradient nonlinear spin echo
An NMR experiment used to measure small diffusion coefficients via the attenuation of signals occurring due to molecular diffusion during the application of pulsed field gradients. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PLA deposition, PLD, laser ablation growth, pulsed laser ablation deposition, pulsed-laser ablation deposition, pulsed-laser deposition
A synthesis technique where a high-power pulsed laser beam is focused (inside a vacuum chamber) onto a target of the desired composition. Material is then vaporized from the target ('ablation') and deposited as a thin film on a substrate facing the target. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PLP, pulsed-laser polymerisation, pulsed-laser polymerization
A polymerization which is initiated by laser pulses at a constant repetition rate. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PLP-SEC, PLP/SEC, pulsed laser polymerisation size exclusion chromatography, pulsed laser polymerisation-size exclusion chromatography, pulsed laser polymerization size exclusion chromatography, pulsed laser polymerization-size exclusion chromatography, pulsed-laser polymerisation-size-exclusion chromatography, pulsed-laser polymerization-size-exclusion chromatography
A technique for measuring the propagation rate coefficient during polymerization reactions. The polymerization is initiated by laser irradiation and the chain length distribution is subsequently determined by size-exclusion chromatography. [CHMO]
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synonyms: pulsed-laser polymerisation-size-exclusion chromatography, pulsed-laser polymerization-size-exclusion chromatography, PLP-SEC-NMR, PLP/SEC/NMR, pulsed laser polymerisation size exclusion chromatography nuclear magnetic resonance, pulsed laser polymerisation-size exclusion chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance, pulsed laser polymerization size exclusion chromatography nuclear magnetic resonance
A technique for measuring the propagation rate coefficient during polymerization reactions. The polymerization is initiated by laser irradiation and the chain length distribution is subsequently determined by size-exclusion chromatography and the composition of the copolymer products is determined by NMR. [CHMO]
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synonyms: nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, NMR, NMR spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PQD
A process that involves precursor ion activation at high Q, a time delay to allow the precursor to fragment, then a rapid pulse to low Q where all fragment ions are trapped. The product ions can then be scanned out of the ion trap and detected. [PSI-MS]
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A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium, across which a pulsed electric field is applied (a field in which the voltage changes direction). [CHMO]
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synonyms: PFGE, pulsed field gel electrophoresis
A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium consisting of gel, across which a pulsed electric field is applied (one in which the voltage direction is periodically switched among three directions; one that runs through the central axis of the gel and two that run at an angle of 120 deg. either side). [CHMO]
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synonyms: PFG-NMR
A type of NMR spectroscopy where a spatially inhomogeneous magnetic field with a defined gradient is used, either to select a particular signal or to render unwanted signals undetectable. [CHMO]
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synonyms: pulsed gradient spin echo NMR velocimetry, pulsed gradient spin echo nuclear magnetic resonance velocimetry, pulsed gradient spin echo velocimetry
A method for determining the velocity of fluids by using a pulsed-field gradient spin echo sequence to encode the velocity into an NMR signal. Both flow and Brownian motion components of the velocity are measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: pumping system process
A process executed by a pump system. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: PDP spectroscopy, pump-dump-probe (PDP) spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with an initial laser pulse (the 'pump') which causes excitations within the sample. This is followed by a second laser pulse which is tuned to the correct frequency to excite transitions resonantly back down to the lower electronic state (the 'dump'). After a short delay a third laser pulse (the 'probe') is used to sense changes in the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PP spectroscopy, pump probe spectroscopy, pump-probe (PP) spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with an initial laser pulse (the 'pump') followed by a second laser pulse (the 'probe') after a short delay. The pump pulse creates excitations in the sample, which are sensed by the probe pulse. [CHMO]
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synonyms: pump-repump-probe spectroscopy, PREP spectroscopy, PrPP spectroscopy, double-pump pump-probe spectroscopy, pump re-pump probe spectroscopy, pump repump probe spectroscopy, pump-pump-probe spectroscopy, pump-repump-probe (PREP) spectroscopy, pump-repump-probe (PrPP) spectroscopy, two pump and probe spectroscopy, two pump-probe spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with an initial laser pulse (the 'pump') followed by a second pump laser pulse, and finally a third laser pulse (the 'probe') after a short delay. The two pump pulses create excitations in the sample, which are sensed by the probe pulse. [CHMO]
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Pumping is a material transport of fluids by suction or pressure or both. [Allotrope]
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A purification is a removing process that is used to physically separate an analyte from byproducts, reagents or contaminating substances. [Allotrope, CHMO]
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Any technique used to physically separate an analyte from byproducts, reagents or contaminating substances. [CHMO]
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synonyms: destructive distillation, dry distillation
The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy. The term pyrolysis generally refers to heating in an inert environment. [CHMO]
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synonyms: P-FTIR, P/FTIR, PFTIR, Py-FTIR, Py/FTIR, py-FTIR, pyrolysis FTIR, pyrolysis-FTIR
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is first chemically degraded by heating then its absorption of radiation from the infrared region (0.78-1000 µm) is measured and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Py-FDMS, PyFDMS, py-FDMS, pyFDMS, pyrolysis field desorption mass spectroscopy, pyrolysis-field desorption mass spectrometry, pyrolysis-field desorption mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is pyrolysed then deposited on a solid surface known as an 'emitter' and ionized by interaction with a high electric field. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Py-FIMS, PyFIMS, py-FIMS, pyFIMS, pyrolysis field ionisation mass spectroscopy, pyrolysis field ionization mass spectroscopy, pyrolysis-field ionisation mass spectrometry, pyrolysis-field ionisation mass spectroscopy, pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectrometry, pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is pyrolyzed then ionized by interaction with a high electric field. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Py-GC, py-GC, pyrolysis GC, pyrolysis-GC, pyrolysis-gas chromatography
The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy where the volatile pyrolysates are then separated by column chromatography where the mobile phase is a gas. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Py-IR, Py/IR, py-IR, pyrolysis IR, pyrolysis-IR
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is first chemically degraded by heating then its absorption of radiation from the infrared region (0.78-1000 µm) is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Py-MS, Py/MS, PyMS, py-MS, py/MS, pyrolysis mass spectroscopy, pyrolysis-mass spectrometry, pyrolysis-mass spectroscopy
Mass spectrometry technique in which the sample is heated to the point of decomposition and the gasphase decomposition products are characterized by mass spectrometry. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: Py-MS, Py/MS, PyMS, py-MS, py/MS, pyrolysis mass spectroscopy, pyrolysis-mass spectrometry, pyrolysis-mass spectroscopy
Mass spectrometry technique in which the sample is heated to the point of decomposition and the gasphase decomposition products are characterized by mass spectrometry. [IUPAC]
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A qPCR experiment is an experiment that uses qPCR to achieve its goals. [Allotrope]
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A qPCR experiment is a PCR experiment that uses qPCR to achieve its goals. [Allotrope]
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Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: QCPMG, QCPMG NMR, QCPMG pulse sequence, QCPMG sequence, quadrupolar Carr, Purcell,Meiboom, Gill pulse sequence, quadrupolar Carr-Purcell Meiboom-Gill pulse sequence
A pulse sequence which is applied during nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of quadrupolar nuclei, to measure spin-spin (T2) relaxation times. In the solid state, the sequence is used to achieve sensitivity enhancement for nuclei with low gyromagnetic ratios. For the pulse sequence see J. Phys. Chem. A, (1997), 101, pg 8597. [CHMO]
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Technique for axialization in Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometers in which magnetron motion is converted into cyclotron motion by subjecting the trapped ions to a quadrupolar excitation field while they undergo collisions. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Technique for axialization in Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometers in which magnetron motion is converted into cyclotron motion by subjecting the trapped ions to a quadrupolar excitation field while they undergo collisions. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: QCPMG experiment
An NMR experiment used to measure spin-spin (T2) relaxation times of quadropolar nucei by acquiring multiple spin echos with the intensity decay of the echos proportional to T2. In the solid state, this is also used to enhance sensitivity of low gyromagnetic ratio nuclei by collapsing the intensity of the 'full' spectrum into discrete 'spikelets'/peaks. The intensities of the peaks vary according to T2 and the envelope described by these peaks represents the full, static spectrum. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MAS QCPMG, MAS-QCPMG, QCPMG MAS, QCPMG-MAS
An NMR experiment used to enhance the sensitivity of low gyromagnetic ratio nuclei by collapsing the intensity of the 'full' spectrum into discrete 'spikelets'/peaks. The intensities of the peaks vary according to the spin-spin relaxation rate (T2) and the envelope described by these peaks represents the full, static spectrum. The solid sample is spun rapidly at the magic angle (54.74 deg. with respect to the direction of the magnetic field) to reduce line broadening. [CHMO]
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synonyms: QMS, quadrupole ion trap mass spectroscopy, quadrupole ion-trap mass spectrometry, quadrupole ion-trap mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is measured whilst the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric field generated by four parallel electrodes. The voltage is a combination of Radio Frequency (RF) and Direct Current (DC). [BI, CHMO]
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synonyms: QMS, quadrupole ion trap mass spectroscopy, quadrupole ion-trap mass spectrometry, quadrupole ion-trap mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is measured whilst the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric field generated by four parallel electrodes. The voltage is a combination of Radio Frequency (RF) and Direct Current (DC). [CHMO]
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synonyms: QMS, quadrapole mass spectrometry, quadrupolar mass spectrometry, quadrupolar mass spectroscopy, quadrupole mass spectroscopy
Quadrapole mass spectrometry is a type of mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is measured using an electric field generated by four parallel electrodes. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: QMS, quadrapole mass spectrometry, quadrupolar mass spectrometry, quadrupolar mass spectroscopy, quadrupole mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is measured using an electric field generated by four parallel electrodes. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: IMS-Q-TOF, Q-TOF IMS
Ion mobility spectroscopy using a Q-TOF analyzer. [OSTHUS]
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synonyms: IMS-Q-TOF, Q-TOF IMS
Ion mobility spectroscopy using a Q-TOF analyzer. [Allotrope]
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Definition pending. [0]
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Quality controlling is controlling the differential change or keeping of a determinate quality of something. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: quality profile
A quality process profile is a process profile that covers the change of a quality of an independent continuant that is participant of the profiles process. [Allotrope]
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Definition pending. [0]
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Quality profile controlling is controlling the change of a determinate quality of time. [Allotrope]
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A quality state is a state that is expressed by a quality of some material participating in the state. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: quantitation
In mathematics and empirical science, quantification (or quantitation) is the act of counting and measuring that maps human sense observations and experiences into members of some set of numbers. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: quantitative analysis, quantitative determination method
A measurement method which obtains the concentration or quantity of a specified substance in an analyte. [CHMO]
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synonyms: qNMR
Quantitative NMR spectroscopy is an analytic assay that applies nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for quantity analysis. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: qPCR, real-time PCR, real-time polymerase chain reaction
Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is a quantitative analytical assay based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). It monitors the amplification of a targeted DNA molecule during the PCR. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: CN-PAGE, clear native PAGE, clear-native PAGE, colorless native PAGE , colorless-native PAGE
A separation method where metalloprotein molecules move at different speeds, in a buffer with pH 10, according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of polyacrylamide gel, across which an electric field is applied. This method does not use a dye to transfer charge to the protein molecules and the concentration of metal atoms from the metallproteins is determined by ICP-MS. [CHMO]
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synonyms: quarter-log dilution
Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: quarter-log dilution
A half-logarithmic dilution is a serial dilution with a 1.78-fold (10^0.25) dilution for each step. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: QCM measurements, QCM technique
A method used to measure the mass (micrograms) per unit area of a sample using a quartz crystal microbalance (a piece of apparatus that measures the change in frequency of a quartz crystal sandwiched between a pair of electrodes as a function of the mass of the sample). [CHMO]
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synonyms: QT-AAS, QTAAS, quartz tube atomic absorption spectrometry
A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where a solid sample is atomised by placing it in a small quartz tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. [CHMO]
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synonyms: QENS, QINS, quasi elastic neutron scattering, quasi elastic neutron scattering spectrometry, quasi elastic neutron scattering spectroscopy, quasi-elastic neutron scattering spectrometry, quasi-elastic neutron scattering spectroscopy
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in a liquid sample which is in thermal motion. Phase is not conserved and although the neutrons retain all of their kinetic energy during collisions, the thermal motion of the sample causes a broadening of the energy range of the scattered neutrons. [CHMO]
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synonyms: QEXAFS spectrometry, QEXAFS spectroscopy, QEXAFSS, quick extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry, quick-scanning EXAFS, quick-scanning EXAFSS, quick-scanning extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry, quick-scanning extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy
A type of X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient measured 500-1000 eV below the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are determined as a function of incident X-ray energy. A monochromator is scanned continuously and rapidly around the absorption edge resulting in measurement times of seconds (normal EXAFS measurements take minutes). [CHMO]
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Ejection of an ion from an ion trap in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the trap. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Ejection of an ion from an ion trap in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the trap. [IUPAC]
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A short (microsecond to second) period of radio frequency wavelength radiation. [CHMO]
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synonyms: RF spectroscopy, radio frequency (RF) spectroscopy, radiofrequency (RF) spectroscopy, radiofrequency spectroscopy, rf spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy using short pulses of radiation from the radio frequency (MHz) range. Radio frequency spectroscopy is used to probe cold gas atoms and single ions. [CHMO]
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synonyms: RF sputter deposition, RF sputtering
A synthesis technique where a solid target is bombarded with energetic ions (e.g. Ar+) generated in a magnetron (a device that uses electrical and magnetic fields to generate heat) causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate. The sign of the anode-cathode bias is varied at a high rate to avoid charge build-up on insulating targets. [CHMO]
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synonyms: radio isotopic labeling, radio isotopic labelling, radio labeling, radio labelling, radioisotopic labeling, radioisotopic labelling
The substitution of an atom or an ion (present in the form of its stable isotope) by a radioactive isotope of the same element. [CHMO]
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synonyms: radio isotopic labeling, radio isotopic labelling, radio labeling, radio labelling, radioisotopic labeling, radioisotopic labelling
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The cleavage of one or more bonds resulting from exposure to high-energy radiation. [CHMO]
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Definition pending. [0]
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Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: REP
A technique that utlilises the movement of particles under the influence of an electric field (e.g. electroosmosis or electrophoresis) in conjunction with illumination of a photosensitive substrate to form a pattern. Particles suspended in DI water are placed between two parallel ITO electrodes biased with an AC signal. Light of wavelength 1064 nm is used to heat the fluid sample and induce an electrohydrodynamic microvortex, bringing the particles towards its centre, forming a pattern. [CHMO]
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synonyms: RESS
A technique where a solid sample is dissolved in a supercritical fluid and this mixture is then expanded using a restrictor, causing the solid to precipitate. [CHMO]
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synonyms: RTCVD, rapid thermal CVD
A synthesis method where a rapidly heated substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. [CHMO]
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synonyms: rapid scan IR, rapid scan IR spectroscopy, rapid scan infrared absorption spectroscopy, rapid scan infrared spectroscopy, rapid-scan IR, rapid-scan IR spectroscopy, rapid-scan infrared spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the infrared region (0.78-1000 µm). Spectra are collected at a rate of approx. 0.05 s per spectrum. [CHMO]
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synonyms: RICS, raster-scanning image correlation spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample are measured and correlated within a very small detection volume which is moving with respect to the sample. The temporal and spatial correlation between adjacent pixels, lines and frames is calculated allowing for the mapping of local translational diffusion coefficients. [CHMO]
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synonyms: rate profile
A rate profile is a process profile, which are changes to ratios of determinate quality magnitudes over time. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: rate profile
A rate profile is a process profile, which are the targets ratios of determinate quality magnitudes plotted over time. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: rate profile
Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: rate zonal centrifugation
A method where the components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density, in a density gradient of e.g. CsCl in a centrifuge, according to mass. The species in the sample move through the gradient until they reach a point where their density and that of the gradient are identical. [CHMO]
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A ratio calculation is the process of performing the mathematical exercise of dividing a quotient of one quantity by another quotient to demonstrate the quantitative relation between two amounts showing the number of times one value contains or is contained within the other. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: RVAPAS, VAPRAS, ratio variable angle polarised absorption spectroscopy, ratio variable-angle polarized absorption spectroscopy, variable angle polarised-referenced absorption spectroscopy, variable angle polarization referenced absorbtion spectroscopy, variable angle polarized-referenced absorption spectroscopy, variable-angle polarised-referenced absorption spectroscopy, variable-angle polarized-referenced absorption spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the absorption of linearly (p-) polarized UV-vis light by the sample, as it is rotated about the vertical axis, is recorded at incremental angles of incidence. The angle-independent s-polarization of the light is also measured as a reference. [CHMO]
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synonyms: RYDMR
A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels are detected by means of reaction yield. Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves. [CHMO]
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A method of separating a lower-boiling-point product from its reactants in a reaction mixture. The product is vaporised by the application of heat and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. [CHMO]
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synonyms: RSD, flame-assisted deposition
A synthesis technique where a metal-containing precursor, dissolved in a solvent, is atomised and ignited. During combustion the flame is directed at the substrate resulting in the deposition of a thin layer of metal. [CHMO]
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synonyms: reactive sputtering
A synthesis technique where a solid target is bombarded with energetic ions (e.g. Ar+) causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then react with a gas that is introduced into the chamber and the products deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate. [CHMO]
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A read is a process boundary within a measuring where a data about the measured object is captured. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: importing signal
A process that transports a signal across a system boundary into the system. [Allotrope]
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The accomplishment that a transferred signal reaches at its designated target. [Allotrope]
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Any detection or measurement method for a set of points in reciprocal space. [CHMO]
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The process of copying the information in a signal into a persistent information bearer. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: re-crystallisation, re-crystallization
A technique for purifying a crystalline sample where the impure sample is dissolved in a small volume of solvent, forming a supersaturated solution. As the temperature of the solution drops, pure crystals form, the impurities remaining dissolved in the solvent. [CHMO]
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The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy in the presence of an reductive atmosphere. [CHMO]
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Referencing is the process of mentioning or referring to an entity by using a denotation of the entity. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: RCD, reflectance CD, reflectance circular dichroism, reflection CD, reflection circular dichroism, reflection circular dichroism spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy based on the differential reflectance of left- and right-handed circularly polarized light by a sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: reflectance spectrometry, reflection spectrometry, reflection spectroscopy
The study of radiation as a function of wavelength that has been reflected from or scattered by a sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: reflectance UV-VIS spectrometry, reflectance UV-VIS spectroscopy, reflectance UV/VIS spectrometry, reflectance UV/VIS spectroscopy, reflectance ultra-violet-visible spectrometry, reflectance ultra-violet-visible spectrophotometry, reflectance ultra-violet-visible spectroscopy, reflectance ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, reflection UV-VIS spectrometry, reflection UV-VIS spectroscopy, reflection UV/VIS spectrometry, reflection UV/VIS spectroscopy, reflection ultra-violet-visible spectrometry, reflection ultra-violet-visible spectroscopy, reflection ultraviolet-visible spectrometry, reflection ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy where the reflection or scattering of radiation from the sample surface is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: reflecting
Reflection is the change in direction of a wavefront at an interface between two different media so that the wavefront returns into the medium from which it originated. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: REM, reflection EM
A type of microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The electrons elastically scattered by the specimen are detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: REFLEXAFS, REFLEXAFS spectrometry, REFLEXAFS spectroscopy, reflEXAFS, reflEXAFSS, reflection extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry
A type of X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient measured 500-1000 eV below the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are determined as a function of incident X-ray energy. Measurements are taken under total reflection conditions. [CHMO]
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synonyms: RHEED, reflection high-energy electron diffraction
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of high energy (10-200 keV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any reflected or elastically scattered electrons. [CHMO]
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synonyms: RIC microscopy, RICM, reflection interference contrast (RIC) microscopy, reflection interference contrast (RIC-) microscopy
A type of microscopy that determines the specimen's shape and distance awaynfrom a nearby, usually flat, reflective surface from the interference pattern produced by light reflecting from both the object and the surface. A microscope objective focusses a laser on the fluorescent specimen, and the same objective collects fluorescence. The interference between the fluorescence directly emitted by the specimen and the fluorescence reflected by the surface is observed by measuring the intensity of fluorescence passing through a confocal pinhole. [CHMO]
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synonyms: reflection-absorption Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy, FT-IRAS, FT-IRRAS, Fourier transform infrared reflection absorption spectrometry, RA FT-IR, RA FTIR, RA-FTIR, reflection absorption (RA) FT-IR, reflection absorption Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry, reflection absorption Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, reflection absorption Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the absorption and reflection of low-incident-angle infrared light by the surface molecules of a highly reflective or polished sample is measured. The sample absorbs a single pulse of radiation and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]
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synonyms: reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy, IRAS, IRRAS, RA-IR, RAIRS, infrared reflection absorption spectrometry, infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy, reflection absorption (RA) IR, reflection absorption infra-red spectrometry, reflection absorption infrared spectrometry, reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the absorption and reflection of low incident angle infrared light by the surface molecules of a highly reflective or polished sample is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: reflectivity measurement
Any method for determining structure by directing a beam of particles or X-rays onto an extremely flat surface and measuring the intensity of the reflected radiation as a function of angle. [CHMO]
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Any process in which the molecular structure of a hydrocarbon is rearranged to alter its properties (e.g. its combustion characteristics). [CHMO]
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synonyms: refractive index detection, RI detection, RID, refractive index measuring
A detection method based on the change in refractive index of a solution. Light is passed through a hollow prism and focused on a photocell. When a liquid containing the sample is allowed to flow through the prism, the light diverges from its original path and the change in intensity and angle of the transmitted light is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: refractive index detection, RI detection, RID, refractive index measuring
A measuring based on the change in refractive index of a solution. Light is passed through a hollow prism and focused on a photocell. When a liquid containing the sample is allowed to flow through the prism, the light diverges from its original path and the change in intensity and angle of the transmitted light is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: refractive index detection, RI detection, RID, refractive index measuring
A refractive index measurement is a measuring based on the change in refractive index of a solution. Light is passed through a hollow prism and focused on a photocell. When a liquid containing the sample is allowed to flow through the prism, the light diverges from its original path and the change in intensity and angle of the transmitted light is measured. [CHMO]
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Regulating is the adjusting of a flow in response to a control signal. [NIST]
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Regulating is the adjusting of the flow of energy in response to a control signal, such as a characteristic of a flow. [NIST]
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Regulating material is adjusting a quality of material in response to a control signal. [Allotrope]
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Regulating is the adjusting a quality of material in response to a control signal. [OSTHUS, NIST]
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synonyms: RXR, RXRR, relative X-ray reflectivity
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at an extremely flat surface (at a grazing angle) and measuring the intensity of the reflected X-rays as a function of angle. [CHMO]
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The relative retention calculation is a process of performing the mathematical ratio quantification of the time a substance and a standard that remain in the stationary phase of a chromatography process. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: relative standard curve, relative standard curve experiment
A relative standard curve qPCR experiment is an experiment using qPCR that measures relative quantity by comparison of diluted samples and known target DNA. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: relaxometric analysis
The measurement of relaxation variables in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. [CHMO]
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synonyms: RPECVD, remote plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition, remote plasma assisted chemical vapour deposition, remote plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition, remote plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition, remote plasma-assisted CVD, remote plasma-enhanced CVD
A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors which react or decompose in a plasma (a partially ionized gas, containing free electrons) and are then transferred to the surface to produce a deposit. The plasma enhances the rate of reaction. [CHMO]
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synonyms: removal
Taking away a part of a flow from its prefixed place. [NIST]
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Removing data is a data transformation that removes parts from an aggregate of data. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: extracting material
A spatial process of removing a material from a site. [Allotrope]
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A spatial process of removing a material from a site. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: repetition
A repeated process is a composite process that has occurrent parts of subprocesses following the same plan. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: keeping separated
A spatial change processing the increases the spatial distance from the start. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: REM
A process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a microsized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. A mould is cast from the object to be replicated. This mould is then filled with a prepolymer, which is cross-linked and the resulting polymer is peeled off the mould. Using a mould, rather than the object itself, allows multiple copies to be made without damaging the original. [CHMO]
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Reporting is an information process that produces a report. [Allotrope]
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The planned repetition of a precipitation to remove impurities from a precipitate or improve its stoichiometry. [CHMO]
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synonyms: RRS, RR spectrometry, RR spectroscopy, resonance Raman spectrometry, resonant Raman spectrometry, resonant Raman spectroscopy
Raman spectroscopy where the energy of the incoming laser is adjusted such that it or the scattered light coincides with an electronic transition in the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: RRLS, RRS, RRS detection, RRSD, resonance Rayleigh light scattering, resonance Rayleigh scattering, resonance Rayleigh scattering spectrometry
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light, where the wavelength of the incident light corresponds to an absorption band in the scattering molecules. [CHMO]
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synonyms: RET
Any method where a biological sample is illuminated with a light source and the energy transfer between molecules can be used for imaging and to measure inter-molecular distances. [CHMO]
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synonyms: REMPD spectrometry, REMPD spectroscopy, resonance enhanced multiphoton dissociation spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a resonant laser (a laser which is tuned to match a transition within the sample) and molecules in the sample dissociate following the absorption of two or more high-energy photons. [CHMO]
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synonyms: REMPI, RI, resonance ionization
Multiphoton ionization in which the ionization cross section is significantly enhanced because theenergy of the incident photons is resonant with an intermediate excited state of the neutral. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: REMPI, RI, resonance ionization
Multiphoton ionization in which the ionization cross section is significantly enhanced because theenergy of the incident photons is resonant with an intermediate excited state of the neutral. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: REMPI, REMPI spectrometry, REMPI spectroscopy, resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionisation spectrometry, resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionisation spectroscopy, resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization spectrometry, resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization spectroscopy
Any type of spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with resonant laser light (using a laser which is tuned to match an electronic transitions within the sample) and photoexcitation (by the absorption of two or more photons) is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionization potential to create an ion. [CHMO]
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synonyms: RID spectrometry, RID spectroscopy, resonance ion dissociation spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where a sample in the form of ions is illuminated with a resonant laser (a laser which is tuned to match a transition within the sample) and molecules in the sample dissociate following the absorption of one or more high-energy photons. [CHMO]
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Mode of ion ejection in an ion trap that relies on an auxiliary radio frequency potential that is applied to the end-cap or trapping electrodes. The potential is tuned to the classical oscillation frequency of a particular ion to eject it. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Mode of ion ejection in an ion trap that relies on an auxiliary radio frequency potential that is applied to the end-cap or trapping electrodes. The potential is tuned to the classical oscillation frequency of a particular ion to eject it. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: RIMS, resonance ionisation mass spectroscopy, resonance ionization mass spectroscopy, resonance-ionisation mass spectrometry, resonance-ionisation mass spectroscopy, resonance-ionization mass spectrometry, resonance-ionization mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is irradiated with a resonant laser (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample). The sample absorbs two or more photons resulting in ionization. [CHMO]
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synonyms: RIS, resonance enhanced ionisation spectrometry, resonance enhanced ionisation spectroscopy, resonance enhanced ionization spectrometry, resonance enhanced ionization spectroscopy, resonance ionisation spectrometry, resonance ionization spectrometry, resonance-ionisation spectrometry, resonance-ionisation spectroscopy, resonance-ionization spectrometry, resonance-ionization spectroscopy
Any type of spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with resonant laser light (using a laser which is tuned to match an electronic transition within the sample) and photoexcitation is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionization potential to create an ion. [CHMO]
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synonyms: resonant light scattering
Resonance light scattering is a measurement method of light scattering that exploits submicroscopical particles that scatter incident light to produce monochromatic light that appears as highly intense fluorescence. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: resonance-enhanced laser microprobe spectroscopy, resonance enhanced laser microanalysis, resonance-enchanced laser micro-probe spectrometry, resonance-enhanced laser microprobe spectrometry
Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more finely focused (<10 m diameter) resonant laser beams (lasers which have been tuned to match an electronic transition within the sample) and the absorption or emission of light by the sample is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: REMPI MS, resonance-enhanced mass spectrometry
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is irradiated with a resonant laser (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample). The sample absorbs one or more photons resulting in ionization. [CHMO]
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synonyms: REPS, resonance-enhanced photoelectron spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray-ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons. The energy of the incoming photons is adjusted such that it coincides with an electronic transition of the molecule. [CHMO]
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synonyms: RAES, resonance AES, resonance Auger electron spectrometry, resonance Auger electron spectroscopy, resonance Auger spectrometry, resonance Auger spectroscopy, resonant AES, resonant Auger electron spectrometry, resonant Auger spectrometry, resonant Auger spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionization of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The wavelength of the incident photons is scanned over an absorption edge in the sample and the Auger electrons emitted are detected as a function of energy. [CHMO]
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synonyms: RIXES, RIXS, resonant inelastic X-ray emission spectrometry, resonant inelastic X-ray emission spectroscopy, resonant inelastic X-ray scattering spectrometry, resonant inelastic X-ray scattering spectroscopy
A method for determining structure by measuring the energy loss of X-rays scattered by a sample where the incident X-ray energy is chosen to coincide with an electronic transition in the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: IR REMPD, IR REMPD spectrometry, IR REMPD spectroscopy, IR-REMPD, resonance-enhanced infrared multiphoton dissociation spectrometry, resonance-enhanced infrared multiphoton dissociation spectroscopy, resonant infra-red multiphoton dissociation spectrometry, resonant infra-red multiphoton dissociation spectroscopy, resonant infrared multiphoton dissociation spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample absorbs resonant radiation from the infrared region (0.78-1000 µm) with sufficient energy to cause photodissociation by the absorption of two or more photons. [CHMO]
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synonyms: RSoXR, resonant soft X-ray reflectivity
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at a surface (e.g. a thin film) and measuring the complex index of refraction as a function of incident X-ray energy, near the absorption edge. [CHMO]
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synonyms: staying in place
A state when material object keeps its spatial location and orientation. [Allotrope]
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Retention time alignment is a chromatography data processing in which retention time of chromatograms is aligned to compare samples. [Allotrope]
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Ion fragmentation mechanism in which the molecular ion M+• of a cyclic alkene fragments to form a neutral diene and an alkene radical cation or a diene radical cation and an alkene. The reaction is the reverse of the Diels–Alder reaction of organic synthesis. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Ion fragmentation mechanism in which the molecular ion M+• of a cyclic alkene fragments to form a neutral diene and an alkene radical cation or a diene radical cation and an alkene. The reaction is the reverse of the Diels–Alder reaction of organic synthesis. [IUPAC]
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A polymerization process where the hydrophilic monomer is solubilised inside surfactant reverse micelle structures. [CHMO]
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synonyms: RO
A separation process which involves using pressure to force a solution through a membrane, retaining the solute on one side and allowing the pure solvent to pass to the other side. (This is the reverse of the normal osmosis process, which is the natural movement of solvent from an area of low solute concentration, through a membrane, to an area of high solute concentration.). [CHMO]
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synonyms: RPC, reverse phase chromatography, reverse-phase chromatography, reversed phase chromatography
A separation method where the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary and non-polar, while the other is polar and moves in a definite direction. [CHMO]
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synonyms: RHPLC, RP-HPLC, gradient reverse HPLC, gradient reverse high-performance liquid chromatography, reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography, reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography, reversed-phase HPLC, reversed-phase high pressure liquid chromatography, reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography
Liquid chromatography where the inlet pressure is relatively high and the mobile phase is significantly more polar than the stationary phase (which consists of very small particles), for example a microporous silica-based material with chemically bonded alkyl chains. [CHMO]
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synonyms: RPLC, reversed phase liquid chromatography
Liquid chromatography where the mobile phase is significantly more polar than the stationary phase, for example a microporous silica-based material with chemically bonded alkyl chains. [CHMO]
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synonyms: reversed phase nano high performance liquid chromatography, reversed phase nano high pressure liquid chromatography, reversed phase nanoflow high performance liquid chromatography, reversed phase nanoflow high pressure liquid chromatography, reversed-phase nHPLC, reversed-phase nano HPLC, reversed-phase nano flow HPLC, reversed-phase nano high-performance liquid chromatography, reversed-phase nano high-pressure liquid chromatography, reversed-phase nano-HPLC, reversed-phase nanoHPLC, reversed-phase nanoflow HPLC, reversed-phase nanoflow high-pressure liquid chromatography, reversed-phase nanoflow-HPLC, reversed-phase nanoflowHPLC
Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid and is significantly more polar than the stationary phase, which consists of very small particles, the inlet pressure is relatively high and the flow rate is nL min-1. [CHMO]
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synonyms: reverse phase SPE, reverse phase solid-phase extraction, reverse-phase SPE, reverse-phase solid-phase extraction, reversed phase SPE, reversed-phase SPE
The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the (non-polar) liquid sample through a (polar) stationary phase. [CHMO]
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synonyms: rheological measurements, rheology
The study of the flow of fluids which cannot be defined by a single value of viscosity. Rheometry is the measurement of the relationship between deformation and stress for these liquids. [CHMO]
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synonyms: RIP, RNA immunoprecipitation
The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') consisting of a protein-specific antibody complex (where the protein is part of a protein-RNA complex) from solution. This method is used to determine the location of RNA binding sites for particular proteins of interest. [CHMO]
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synonyms: flushing, purging
Rinsing is the process of washing quickly a device with a solution. [Allotrope]
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Roller compaction is a process where a formed solid or powder solid is compressed between two rolls expressed in kN/cm where the cm value is the measurement of the roll diameter. [Allotrope]
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A synthesis technique that uses mechanical deformation to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of resist (a thermoplastic polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. A stamp containing the desired (nanosized) pattern on its surface is placed on the substrate. A roller, heated to the glass transition temperature of the resist, is then used to press the stamp into the resist. The resist is cooled and any residual resist in the cast area is removed by an anisotropic etching process such as reactive ion etching. [CHMO]
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The compaction mode code encodes different modes of a roller press. [Allotrope]
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The removal of solvent from a sample by applying heat and lowering the pressure above the sample whilst rotating it at 10-300 rpm. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CAMELPSIN, ROESY, ROESY NMR, cross-relaxation appropriate for minimolecules emulated by locked spins, rOesy, rotating frame Overhauser effect spectrometry, rotating frame Overhauser enhancement spectrometry, rotating frame Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy, rotational Overhauser effect spectroscopy
A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed, based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE) effect in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (<= 6 Angstrom apart). Spin-locking is employed to ensure that correlation between spins, which are close in space but have zero NOE, are seen. This technique is used for molecules whose tumbling regime lies at the border of positive and negative NOE responses. [CHMO]
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synonyms: rotating disk voltammetry, voltammetry with a rotating disk electrode, voltammetry with a rotating-disk electrode
An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The indicator electrode (e.g. a Pt disc of 1.0 mm diameter sealed in a Teflon carrier ) spins at high speed during the experiment, and the rotational motion sets up a well-defined flow of analyte towards its surface. [CHMO]
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synonyms: RFMS, rotating field MS, rotating field mass spectrometry
A type of mass spectrometry that uses sinusoidal radio frequency fields (in the x- and y- direction, differing in phase by 90 deg.) during ion detection. The ions of a particular mass travel in a helix and impact an ion detector, generating a pattern consisting of a set of concentric circles. [CHMO]
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synonyms: RFMS, rotating field MS, rotating field mass spectrometry
A type of mass spectrometry that uses sinusoidal radio frequency fields (in the x- and y- direction, differing in phase by 90 deg.) during ion detection. The ions of a particular mass travel in a helix and impact an ion detector, generating a pattern consisting of a set of concentric circles. [CHMO]
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synonyms: rotomolding, rotomoulding
A process for shaping pliable thermoplastic or thermosetting plastics using a rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The plastic is placed in a heated mould, which is slowly rotated causing the melted plastic to flow into to the mould and stick to its walls. [CHMO]
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A type of spectroscopy which probes the rotational degrees of freedom of a molecule. [CHMO]
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synonyms: REDOR, rotational echo double resonance spectroscopy, rotational echo double-resonance (REDOR) spectroscopy
A magic angle spinning NMR experiment in which the evolution of dipolar couplings between nuclei is controlled by applying pulses at appropriate points in the rotational period, allowing the determination of the size of the coupling and, thus, yielding distance information. [CHMO]
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synonyms: executing, executing state, is executing, is running, running
A running state is a state during which a device or service performs its specified function in normal operation. [Allotrope]
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The decomposition of a sample into liquid form by treatment with enzymes or strong acids or alkalis. [CHMO]
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A sample introduction is a loading of some sample into a system. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: sample processing, preparative method, sample preparation step, sample preparative method, sample transformation method
Sample preparation is a planned preparation process that synthesizes, converts or changes a sample. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: sample processing, preparative method, sample preparation step, sample preparative method, sample transformation method
A sample processing method is any technique used to synthesize or change a sample. [Allotrope]
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Sampling is the process of taking parts or partitions of an object aggregate or data set for the interest for studying it. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: sampling, sample taking
Sampling is the process of taking parts or units of a population or material of interest for studying. [Allotrope]
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Sampling data is sampling on a set of data items. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: sampling, sample taking
Sampling material is sampling of a material of interest for studying. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: SSM, close space sublimation, close-space sublimation, sandwich sublimation method, sandwich sublimation technique, sandwich-sublimation method, sublimation sandwich method, sublimation-sandwich method
A technique for growing thick (µm) epitaxial layers of SiC by heating a source (polycrystalline SiC or powder) at high temperature (1800-2600 deg. C) and low pressure in an Ar atmosphere causing it to sublime. The vapours then condense on a single crystal of SiC (the 'seed') placed a few mm away. [CHMO]
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synonyms: STMAS, satellite-transition MAS, satellite-transition magic angle spinning, satellite-transition magic-angle spinning
An NMR experiment where the selective excitation of central and satellite transitions during magic angle spinning is used for recording high-resolution NMR spectra of quadrupolar nuclei in solids. Central transitions are detected first, followed by satellite transitions. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SCAM-STMAS
An NMR experiment where the selective excitation of satellite transitions during magic angle spinning is used for recording high-resolution NMR spectra of quadrupolar nuclei in solids. In conventional magic angle spinning the spinning angle must be very accurate, but this technique can self-compensate magic-angle errors of up to (+/- 1.0 deg.). [CHMO]
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A saturation recovery experiment is used to measure T1, especially if the line has a very broad shape or if inversion is impossible. A pulse sequence is applied that keeps the magnetization in the x-y plane until saturation is reached and then magnetization recovers during T1. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: STD, STD-NMR , STD-NMR spectroscopy , nuclear magnetic resonance saturation transfer difference (STD) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance saturation transfer difference spectroscopy, saturation transfer difference (STD) nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
A type of NMR spectroscopy where radio frequency pulses are used to induce an equal population of upper and lower spin states in ('saturate') certain selected protons, removing their signal from the NMR spectrum. The resulting spectrum is then subtracted from a reference spectrum obtained without saturation. Saturation-transfer NMR is used to detect the transient binding of small molecule ligands to macromolecular receptors. [CHMO]
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synonyms: STDD-NMR, saturation-transfer double-difference nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
A type of NMR spectroscopy where radio frequency pulses are used to induce an equal population of upper and lower spin states in ('saturate') certain selected protons, removing their signal from the NMR spectrum. The signal from two different samples is obtained simultaneously and common signals are cancelled automatically. Saturation-transfer double-difference NMR is used to detect the transient binding of small molecule ligands to macromolecular receptors. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ST-EPR, ST-ESR, saturation transfer electron spin resonance spectroscopy, saturation transfer spectroscopy, saturation-transfer EPR, saturation-transfer ESR, saturation-transfer spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy used to measure very slow rotational motions where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to short (ns) pulses of microwave radiation in a magnetic field is measured. The microwave energy absorbed by the spins is such that there is an equal population of upper and lower spin states (described as 'saturated'). [CHMO]
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synonyms: scan
Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: scan
Scanning is measuring repeatedly or sweepingly. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: SAES, scanning Auger electron spectrometry, scanning Auger spectrometry, scanning Auger spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where a high-energy photon beam is scanned over the surface of a sample resulting in the ionization of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of incident photon energy. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SAM, scanning Auger electron microscopy
A type of microscopy where a focused electron beam of small diameter is used to produce Auger electrons which are detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SXM, SXRM, scanning XM, scanning XRM
An imaging technique where soft X-rays (100-1000 eV) are scanned across a specimen, and the difference in absorption of the X-rays by different elements (mainly O and C) produces an image. [CHMO]
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synonyms: scanning angle reflectivity, scanning-angle reflectivity, scanning-angle reflectometry
A method for determining structure by illuminating an extremely flat surface with visible light and measuring the intensity of light reflected at different angles around the Brewster angle. [CHMO]
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The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of one variable, whilst a second is kept constant. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SCAM, scanning-capacitance microscopy
A type of microscopy which uses a small electrode to scan the surface of the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the electrostatic capacitance of the surface as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the electrode and surface during scanning. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SECM, scanning-electrochemical microscopy
A type of microscopy where an electrode probe is positioned very close to the surface of the specimen (in the near-field). The surface is mechanically scanned by the electrode in a raster scan and the height required by a feedback loop in order to maintain a constant electrical conductance between the electrode and the specimen is recorded as a function of position. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SEAM
A type of microscopy where a pulsed electron beam is scanned over the surface of the specimen in order to generate elastic waves which are reflected and detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SEM, scanning electronic microscopy
A type of microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across the specimen under vacuum and the interaction of the electrons with the specimen is determined. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SEM EDX, SEM-EDX, SEM-EDXA, SEM/EDX, SEM/EDXA, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray analysis, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
A type of microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across the specimen under vacuum. The interaction of electrons with the specimen produces X-rays (with energies characteristic of atomic number) which are detected as a function of wavelength. [CHMO]
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synonyms: scanning FCS
A type of spectroscopy where the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample are measured and correlated within a very small detection volume which is moving with respect to the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SICM, scanning-ion conductance microscopy
A type of microscopy where a probe consisting of a glass nano- or micro- pipette filled with electrolyte is positioned very close to (in the near-field of) a specimen which is held in an oppositely charge electrolyte. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the pipette in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the ion conductance as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SIM
A type of microscopy where an ion beam is scanned over the specimen surface and the secondary electrons emitted are detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: NSAM, SNAM, near-field scanning acoustic microscopy
A type of microscopy where a probe vibrating at its resonant frequency is positioned very close to the surface of the specimen (in the near-field). An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the resonant frequency (or amplitude of vibration) of the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SNEM
A type of microscopy where a metal-coated AFM tip is positioned very close to the surface of the specimen (in the near-field) and an image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the tip in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the change in the polarization of incident light when it is reflected from a surface as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. [CHMO]
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synonyms: near-field scanning microscopy
Any type of microscopy where a probe is positioned very close to the surface of the specimen (in the near-field). An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the probe-surface interaction as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. [CHMO]
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synonyms: NSOM, SNOM, aperture NSOM, aperture SNOM, aperture scanning near-field optical microscopy, aperture-NSOM, aperture-SNOM, near-field scanning optical microscopy
A type of microscopy where a probe consisting of a laser transmitted through a tapered optical fibre is positioned very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen. The tip is coated with metal (to prevent light from escaping from the sides) and near-field (or evanescent field) light is emitted through a small opening or 'aperture' (50-100 nm in diameter) at the apex of the probe. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the disturbance of the near-field as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SNP
A synthesis method which uses light and a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of an alkanethiol is deposited on the substrate, forming a SAM. UV light (244 nm) from a scanning near-field optical microscope (aperture size = 50 nm) is then used to oxidise the SAM in certain areas. Either the oxidised areas of the SAM, or the gold corresponding to those areas, is then removed by etching. [CHMO]
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synonyms: NSThM, SNThM, near-field scanning thermal microscopy
A type of microscopy where a thermocouple probe is positioned very close to the surface of the specimen (in the near-field). An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the thermocouple probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the surface-probe heat transfer as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SPCM
A type of microscopy where a laser is scanned over the surface of the specimen and the photocurrent is recorded as a function of position. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SPNM, scanning-plasmon near-field microscopy
A type of microscopy where a laser spot is focused on a solid sharp noble metal probe very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen. The laser spot excites plasmons at the probe-surface interface and an image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the electromagnetic field as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. [CHMO]
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A method for determining structure by scanning a finely focused (<10 µm2) beam of X-rays over the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SAM, SPAM, scanning acoustic microscopy
A type of microscopy where a probe vibrating at its resonant frequency is scanned over the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the resonant frequency (or the amplitude of vibration) of the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SPL
Any synthesis technique where a scanning probe microscope is used to pattern surfaces either constructively (by depositing a substance) or destructively (by etching a pattern in a surface). [CHMO]
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synonyms: SPM, scanning-probe microscopy
A type of microscopy which uses a probe to scan the surface of the specimen and measure some form of interaction between surface and probe. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the probe-surface interaction as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SSRM
A type of microscopy which uses a sharp conductive spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. A two-dimensional map of the carrier concentration profile (resistance) of the semiconducting specimen is obtained by applying a DC bias between the probe and specimen and mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan line-by-line, and recording the current as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SThM, scanning-thermal microscopy
A type of microscopy where an Wollaston wire probe is scanned over the surface of the specimen and the height required by a feedback loop in order to maintain a constant temperature between the probe and the specimen is recorded as a function of position. [CHMO]
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synonyms: STXM, STXRM, scanning TXM, scanning transmission XM
An imaging technique where a finely focused (20-50 nm) beam of X-rays is scanned over the surface of the specimen, and the energies and intensities of the transmitted X-rays are measured as a function of position. [CHMO]
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synonyms: STEM, scanning TEM
A type of microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: STM, scanning tunneling electron microscopy, scanning tunnelling electron microscopy, scanning-tunneling electron microscopy, scanning-tunnelling microscopy
A type of microscopy which uses a sharp conducting probe (or 'tip') held very close (1 nm) to the surface of the specimen. A bias voltage is applied between the tip and specimen which causes a tunnelling current to flow. An image is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the tunnelling current as a function of position. [CHMO]
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synonyms: STS, scanning tunneling spectrometry, scanning tunneling spectroscopy, scanning tunnelling spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where a scanning tunnelling microscope is used to measure the I-V characteristics of the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CDP technique, SVET, SVP technique, current density probe technique, scanning vibrating probe technique
A technique that operates by mechanically vibrating a probe at a fixed amplitude, frequency and height over an electrochemically active sample in solution measuring and mapping the electric field generated by the sample. This technique is used to probe the nature of corrosion processes. [CHMO]
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Scattering is a general physical process where some forms of radiation, such as light, sound, or moving particles, are forced to deviate from a straight trajectory by one or more paths due to localized non-uniformities in the medium through which they pass. [Wikipedia]
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Any detection or measurement method where reciprocal space structure can be determined by measuring the change in direction or energy of incident particles or radiation scattered by a sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SNIM, s-SNOM, sSNOM, scattering SNOM, scattering near-field microscopy, scattering-type SNOM, scattering-type near-field microscopy, scattering-type near-field optical microscopy
A type of microscopy where a probe consisting of a laser transmitted through a tapered optical fibre is positioned very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen and focused to a diffraction-limited spot size. A vibrating metallic AFM cantilever tip periodically and locally modifies the electromagnetic field distribution of the excitation laser. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the scattered light from the tip as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. [CHMO]
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Any method that measures the amount of light that a substance scatters at certain wavelengths, incident angles, and polarization angles. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SCALPEL
A synthesis technique that uses electrons to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a beam of electrons (100 keV) is scanned across an ultrathin (<150 nm thickness) low-atomic-number patterned mask. Many of the electrons are scattered by the mask, so the image is formed only by those electrons that pass through the membrane without scattering. The electrons induce chemical reactions in the resist and the desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). [CHMO]
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synonyms: second harmonic generation circular dichroism spectroscopy, SHG-CD, second harmonic generation-circular dichroism, second-harmonic generation-circular dichroism
A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarized light by a sample. Laser light of frequency f is converted to light of frequency 2f by a non-linear interaction with the sample, and the polarization of this light (the 'second harmonic') is determined. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SEEM-MS, SEEM/MS, secondary electron emission mass spectroscopy
Any type of mass spectrometry where a surface is bombarded with sample ions and the secondary electrons emitted are detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SES
Any type of spectroscopy where primary electrons interact with a sample and the electrons emitted as a result of the interaction (secondary electrons) are detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SESI, secondary electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy, secondary electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample ionized by spraying it with a very fine mist of charged droplets which was produced by forcing a solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min-1) into an electric field. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SIMS, secondary ion mass spectroscopy
Technique in which a focused beam of primary ions produces secondary ions by sputtering from a solid surface. The secondary ions are analyzed by mass spectrometry. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: SIMS, secondary ion mass spectroscopy
Technique in which a focused beam of primary ions produces secondary ions by sputtering from a solid surface. The secondary ions are analyzed by mass spectrometry. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: SIMS imaging, SIMS microscopy, secondary ion mass spectroscopy imaging
The collection of spatially resolved mass spectra of a sample during microscopy where the sample is bombarded with a stream of primary mass-selected particles and the secondary ions ejected from the sample are detected. The spectra are used to visualise the spatial distribution of compounds by their molecular masses. [CHMO]
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Process in which ions are ejected from a sample surface as a result of bombardment by a primary beam of atoms or ions. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Process in which ions are ejected from a sample surface as a result of bombardment by a primary beam of atoms or ions. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: SNMS, dynamic neutral atom mass spectrometry, dynamic neutral atom mass spectroscopy, dynamic neutral particle mass spectrometry, dynamic neutral particle mass spectroscopy, secondary neutral atom mass spectroscopy, secondary neutral particle mass spectrometry, secondary neutral particle mass spectroscopy, sputtered neutral atom mass spectrometry, sputtered neutral atom mass spectroscopy, sputtered neutral particle mass spectroscopy
Mass spectrometry technique in which neutral species ejected from a sample surface as a result of bombardment by a primary beam of atoms or ions are ionized, most often by photoionization, prior to analysis. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: SNMS, dynamic neutral atom mass spectrometry, dynamic neutral atom mass spectroscopy, dynamic neutral particle mass spectrometry, dynamic neutral particle mass spectroscopy, secondary neutral atom mass spectroscopy, secondary neutral particle mass spectrometry, secondary neutral particle mass spectroscopy, sputtered neutral atom mass spectrometry, sputtered neutral atom mass spectroscopy, sputtered neutral particle mass spectroscopy
Mass spectrometry technique in which neutral species ejected from a sample surface as a result of bombardment by a primary beam of atoms or ions are ionized, most often by photoionization, prior to analysis. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: SF-MS, SFMS, magnetic sector mass spectrometry, sector field mass spectroscopy, sector-field mass spectrometry, sector-field mass spectroscopy
Any type of mass spectrometry where the sample ions are directed into magnetic field, the orientation of which is perpendicular to the beam. The magnetic field forces the charged particles into different circular trajectories, the radii of which depend on the strength of the magnetic field, the accelerating voltage, and the mass of the ion. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SdFFF, sedimentation FFF, sedimentation field flow fractionation
A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel within a centrifuge such that the centripetal force is applied perpendicular to the flow stream (driving the particles towards the walls of the channel). A carrier liquid is then passed through the channel removing the smallest particles first. [CHMO]
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synonyms: modified Lely method, seed sublimation, seeded sublimation method, seeded sublimation technique, seeded-sublimation growth technique, seeded-sublimation method, seeded-sublimation technique
A technique for growing crystals of SiC by heating a source (polycrystalline SiC or powder) at high temperature (1800-2600 deg. C) and low pressure in an Ar atmosphere causing it to sublime. The vapours then condense on a single crystal of SiC (the 'seed'). [CHMO]
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Definition pending. [0]
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Seeing is sensing with the visual sense. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: SIFT-MS, selected ion flow tube mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by introducing it into a tube containing fast flowing He gas and ions such as H3O+, NO+ and O2+. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SIM, SIR, selected ion recording
Selected ion monitoring is mass spectrometry where the abundances of ions of one or more specific m/z values are recorded rather than the entire mass spectrum. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: SIM, SIR, selected ion recording
Operation of a mass spectrometer in which the abundances of ions of one or more specific m/z values are recorded rather than the entire mass spectrum. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: SRM
Selected reaction monitoring is a multiple-stage mass spectrometry where data acquired from one or more specific product ions corresponding to m/z selected precursor ions are recorded via two or more stages of mass spectrometry. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: SRM
Data acquired from one or more specific product ions corresponding to m/z selected precursor ions recorded via two or more stages of mass spectrometry. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: material selection
The partitioning of some object aggregate. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: material selection
The partioning of some object aggregate. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: selective INEPT
A heteronuclear NMR experiment in which magnetization arising from 1H nuclei is transferred to covalently bound heteronuclei, thereby enhancing the NMR signal of the heteronuclei. Selective pulses, that only excite or 'select' some of the signals in the spectrum are used in this experiment. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SLS
The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample below its melting point, using a high-energy laser, until its particles adhere to each other. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SA
A process where the components of a sample spontaneously (and reversibly) associate by non-covalent interactions, forming an organised structure or pattern. Individual building blocks associate into more complex (higher-order) structures during self-assembly. [CHMO]
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synonyms: self-CI
Chemical ionization of an analyte where the reagent ion is an ionized form of the analyte or one of its product ions. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: self-CI
Chemical ionization of an analyte where the reagent ion is an ionized form of the analyte or one of its product ions. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: exporting signal
A process that transports a signal across a system boundary out of the system. [Allotrope]
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The state of perceiving or becoming aware of a signal. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: 2D SLF, 2D SLF NMR, 2D separated local field NMR, 2D-SLF, 2D-SLF NMR, SLF NMR, SLF spectroscopy, separate local field NMR, separate-local-field NMR, separated local field (SLF) NMR, separated local field NMR, separated local field spectroscopy, separated-local field (SLF) NMR, separated-local field NMR, separated-local-field spectroscopy
A two-dimensional NMR experiment which exploits the differential dipolar couplings which nuclei exhibit to their neighboring protons within local magnetic fields. The experiment consist of two time intervals: during the first time period the dipolar couplings are encoded in the NMR signal, while in the detection period the signals of different nuclei are separated on the basis of their differences in chemical shift. [CHMO]
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synonyms: separation
A branching process that isolates flows into distinct component flows. The separated components are distinct from the flow before separation, as well as each other. [NIST]
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A separating of materials. [Allotrope]
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An experiment in which a separation method is coupled to a detection method in order to detect one or more different components of a sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: analysis sequence
A sequential analysis process is a planned sequential process that has analytical subprocesses as sequential occurrent parts. [Allotrope]
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A separation method where the components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density in a centrifuge according to the centrifugal force they experience. The sample is centrifuged in a number of separate, sequential steps. [CHMO]
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synonyms: sequential chemical extraction
An analytical process that sequentially chemically leaches metals from soils, sludges or sediments. [CHMO]
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synonyms: sequence
A sequential process is a composite process that has sequential subprocesses as occurrent parts. The starts of all subprocesses occur in sequential order. The ends of all subprocesses occur at the end of the sequential process at the latest. [Allotrope]
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The repeated chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy under the same conditions of time, temperature etc. [CHMO]
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A serial dilution is the stepwise dilution of a substance in solution. Usually the dilution factor at each step is constant, resulting in a geometric progression of the concentration in a logarithmic fashion. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: sessile-drop tensiometry
The measurement of surface tension by determining the shape of a droplet of liquid (with known surface energy) and the contact angle it makes with the surface of interest. [CHMO]
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synonyms: shake flask extraction
The process of transferring a substance from any matrix to an appropriate liquid phase, during which the sample and solvent are kept in contact in a mechanical shaker. [CHMO]
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Shaking is a mixing process involving short rapid motions of the material inside a container. [Allotrope]
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A process of repeating a movement of a part of an object with higher frequency than the repeating movement of the total object. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: soft pulse
A selective or shaped pulse, which is designed to excite only a specific region of a spectrum. [CHMO]
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synonyms: forming, molding
Shaping is changing the material in regard to spatial form. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: forming, molding
Shaping is changing the material in regard to spatial form. [OSTHUS, NIST]
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synonyms: SMFM, ShFM, dynamic shear force microscopy, shear force AFM, shear force atomic force microscopy, shear force modulation microscopy , shear force modulation mode AFM, shear force modulation mode atomic force microscopy, shear-force AFM, shear-force atomic force microscopy, shear-force controlled AFM, shear-force microscopy
A type of microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. The tip oscillates parallel to the surface. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. [CHMO]
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synonyms: shear rheology
The characterization of flow or deformation of a liquid, which cannot be defined by a single value of viscosity, as a result of shear stress. [CHMO]
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Shimming is the process of adjusting the signal of an NMR spectrometer by changing the uniformity of the magnetic field. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: short column chromatography
A chromatography method where the stationary bed is within a tube (of less than the standard length of 25 cm). The particles of the solid stationary phase or support coated with a liquid stationary phase may fill the whole inside volume of the tube (packed column) or be concentrated on or along the inside tube wall leaving an open, unrestricted path for the mobile phase in the middle part of the tube (open-tubular column). [CHMO]
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synonyms: short path distillation
A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture under reduced pressure. As the sample mixture to be purified is heated, its vapours rise a short distance into a vertical condenser where they are cooled by water. This technique is used for compounds which are unstable at high temperatures because it allows a lower boiling temperature to be used. [CHMO]
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Sieve analysis is a process of particle sizing by filtering particles according to their size through sieves with decreasing pore size. [Allotrope]
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An electrophoresis method where the separation medium contains a reticulated system, for example an entangled polymer network, that further separates the analytes according to their size and shape. [CHMO]
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Signal averaging is a process of combining spectra of repeated measurements in order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. [Allotrope]
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A processing that involves a signal. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: producing signal
Signaling is the process of providing information on a material, energy or signal flow as an output signal. [NIST]
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synonyms: A signing is attaching a signature to an information content entity. The signature is an identifier for the agent doing the signing. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: A signing is attaching a signature to an information content entity. The signature is an identifier for the agent doing the signing. [Allotrope]
A signing is attaching a signature to an information content entity. The signature is an identifier for the agent doing the signing. [Allotrope]
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The deposition of a layer of silane-like molecules on a surface (e.g. glass or mica) through self-assembly. [CHMO]
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A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat and then immediately cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. This method can only be used to separate mixtures where the components differ widely in boiling point (by approx. 25 deg.). [CHMO]
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synonyms: single crystal X-ray crystallography, single-crystal X-ray diffraction
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at a single crystal sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. Single crystal X-ray diffraction is used for protein crystallography. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SIR
A method for providing phasing necessary for X-ray crystallography information by growing a crystal of the sample substituted with heavy metal atoms and analysing the X-ray data for both the original crystal and the isomorph. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SIRAS
A method for providing phasing necessary for X-ray crystallography information by growing a crystal of the sample substituted with heavy metal atoms and analysing the X-ray data for both the original crystal and the isomorph. When the absorption edge of an atom in the crystals is close to the wavelength of the incident radiation the atom becomes an anomalous scatterer. Anomalous scattering can be used for phase determination and also for determining the absolute configuration. [CHMO]
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synonyms: single molecule surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, SM SERS, SM-SERRS, SM-SERS, SM-SERS spectroscopy , SMSERS, single molecule surface enhanced Raman scattering, single molecule surface enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy, single molecule surface-enhanced Raman scattering, single molecule surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a visible laser, by a single molecule sample adsorbed onto a metal (Au, Ag or Cu) surface is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SP-PLP-EPR, SP-PLP-ESR, single pulse-pulsed laser polymerization-electron paramagnetic resonance , single pulse-pulsed laser polymerization-electron spin resonance
A technique for measuring the time-resolved concentration of radicals during polymerization reactions. The polymerization is initiated by a single pulse of laser radiation and the radical concentration is monitored by measuring response of the unpaired electrons to short (ns) pulses of microwave radiation in a magnetic field. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SP-PLP-NIR, single pulse-pulsed laser polymerisation-near-infrared, single pulse-pulsed laser polymerization-near-infrared
A technique for measuring the time-resolved concentration of monomer during polymerization reactions. The polymerization is initiated by a single pulse of laser radiation and the monomer concentration is monitored by measuring absorbance in the near-infrared (0.8-2 µm) region. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SQDMS
Single quadrupole mass spectrometry is a quadrupole mass spectrometry using a single quadrupole mass analyzer. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: SQF
An NMR technique used to edit the NMR response from a sample by selecting only uncoupled spins (singlets), usually achieved by appropriate cycling of the phase (direction of application) of the pulses in an experiment and of the receiver. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SDME, single drop microextraction, single-drop microextraction
The process of transferring a dissolved substance from one liquid phase to another (immiscible or partially miscible) liquid phase in contact with it. A microdrop of organic solvent (8 µL), is suspended from the end of Teflon rod immersed in a stirred aqueous solution of the sample. The sample solution is stirred until equilibrium is reached, after which, the drop is retracted into the Teflon rod. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SMD
A development method where the substrate is first immersed in a colloidal gold solution (containing negatively charged gold particles) at low pH. Gold subsequently deposits on any organic molecules containing postively charged groups at this pH. In the second step, the surface is treated with another solution containing gold chloride and hydroxylamine which causes the reduction of gold ion, producing a further gold deposit on the exisiting gold layer. Single-metal deposition is used to enhance latent fingermarks. [CHMO]
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synonyms: single molecule fluorescence spectrometry, single molecule fluorimetry, single molecule fluorometry, single molecule spectrofluorometry, single-molecule fluorescence spectrometry, single-molecule fluorimetry, single-molecule fluorometry, single-molecule spectrofluorometry
A type of spectroscopy where the fluorescence of a single molecule excited by ultraviolet light is detected as a function of wavelength. [CHMO]
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synonyms: single particle EDS, single particle EDX, single particle X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy, single particle energy dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy, single-particle EDS, single-particle EDS analysis, single-particle EDX, single-particle EDX analysis, single-particle X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy, single-particle X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy, single-particle energy dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy, single-particle energy-dispersive X-ray emission analysis
A type of X-ray emission spectroscopy where the energy spectrum of the X-rays emitted, by a single particle, due to core-to-core transitions is measured using a semiconductor detector. [CHMO]
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synonyms: single-photon infrared emission spectroscopy, SPIRES, single photon infra-red emission spectrometry, single photon infra-red emission spectroscopy, single-photon infra-red emission spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is heated using ultraviolet excitation (single photon) and the infrared radiation (0.78-1000 µm) emitted during cooling is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: single photon LSM, single photon laser scanning microscopy, single-photon LSM
A type of microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by scanning a solid-state (Ti sapphire) laser spot of specific wavelength over its surface to produce single-photon fluorescence. [CHMO]
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A method for determining structure by illuminating a sample with a monochromatic light source and measuring the intensity and change in polarization of the reflected light. [CHMO]
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The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample below its melting point until its particles adhere to each other. [CHMO]
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A type spectroscopy where a sub-ensemble of molecules within an inhomogeneously broadened absorption band is selectively excited by means of a narrow-band laser and the fluorescence and phosphorescence signal is detected with a monochromator or interferometer. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SSID, site specific infrared dichroism, site-specific ID, site-specific infrared dichroism
A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of polarized infrared light by a set of isotopically labelled sites in a sample. The introduction of a labelled atom e.g. 13C=16O, results in a shift of the corresponding absorption frequency. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SEC, size exclusion chromatography
Column chromatography where the separation is achieved based on differences in molecular size. [CHMO]
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synonyms: skull melting process, skull melting technique
The melting of a material within a frozen shell of the same substance. This technique is used for materials which are very corrosive when molten e.g. cubic zirconia. [CHMO]
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Slugging is a process where a formed solid or powder solid is compressed in a tablet press as opposed to a roller compactor. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: slurry sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy
A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where a solid sample is ground into a fine powder and suspensed in a diluent such as 0.1% HNO3 to form a 'slurry'. The sample is then atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SAXD, SAXRD, X-ray SAD, X-ray small angle diffraction, small angle X-ray diffraction, small angle XRD, small-angle XRD
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. The incident X-ray beam strikes the sample at a small angle (0-10 deg.). [CHMO]
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synonyms: SAXS, small angle X-ray scattering
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample at low angles (0-10 deg.). [CHMO]
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synonyms: LALLS, LALLSS, LALS, LALSS, SALS, SALSS, low angle laser light scattering, low angle laser light scattering spectroscopy, low angle light scattering, low angle light scattering spectrometry, low angle light scattering spectroscopy, small angle light scattering
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of visible light scattered at a small angle (0.1-10 deg.) to the incident light. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SANS, low-Q neutron scattering, small angle neutron scattering
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons at small angles (corresponding to a scattering vector Q = (4/)sin(π/2) = 0.005-0.2 inverse degrees). [CHMO]
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Definition pending. [0]
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Smooting is a data apodization in statistics and image processing to create an approximating function that attempts to capture important patterns in the data, while leaving out noise or other fine-scale structures/rapid phenomena. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: SDS PAGE, SDS-PAGE
A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of polyacrylamide gel, across which an electric field is applied, and the electrophoretic mobility of the analytes, usually proteins is altered by their binding to sodium dodecyl sulfate. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SXES, VBXES, soft X-ray emission spectrometry, soft X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, soft X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, valence band X-ray emission spectrometry, valence band X-ray emission spectroscopy, valence band X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, valence band X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, valence to core X-ray emission spectrometry, valence to core X-ray emission spectroscopy, valence to core X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, valence to core X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, valence to core XES, valence to core XFS, valence-to-core X-ray emission spectrometry, valence-to-core X-ray emission spectroscopy, valence-to-core X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, valence-to-core X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, valence-to-core XES, valence-to-core XFS
A type of X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with low energy X-rays and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to valence-to-core transitions are detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SXPS, soft X-ray photoelectron spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with 'soft' (<300 eV) X-rays causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]
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The formation of gas-phase ions without extensive fragmentation. [PSI-MS, IUPAC MS REC]
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The formation of gas-phase ions without extensive fragmentation. [IUPAC]
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Any synthesis technique which uses elastomeric stamps, moulds, and conformable photomasks prepared from liquid polymer precursors. [CHMO]
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Software is a plan specification composed of a series of instructions that can be interpreted by or directly executed by a processing unit. [IAO]
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Software is a plan specification composed of a series of instructions that can be interpreted by or directly executed by a processing unit. [IAO]
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synonyms: sol-gel capillary micro-extraction, sgCME, sol-gel CME, sol-gel capillary microextraction, solgel CME, solgel capillary microextraction
The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the liquid sample through a small sol-gel-coated fused-silica capillary. [CHMO]
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synonyms: sol-gel method, colloid process, colloidal processing, sol-gel process, sol-gel processing, solgel method, solgel process, solgel processing
The process of the settling of (nm sized) particles from a colloidal suspension onto a pre-existing surface, resulting in ceramic materials. The desired solid particles (e.g. metal alkoxides) are suspended in a liquid, forming the 'sol', which is deposited on a substrate by spinning, dipping or coating, or transferred to a mould. The particles in the sol are polymerised by partial evaporation of the solvent, or addition of an initiator, forming the 'gel', which is then heated at high temperature to give the final solid product. [CHMO]
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synonyms: sol-gel template synthesis, sol-gel template synthesis method, sol-gel templating
The process of the settling of (nm sized) particles from a colloidal suspension onto a pre-existing surface, resulting in a ceramic thin film. The desired solid particles (e.g. metal alkoxides) are suspended in a liquid, forming the 'sol', which is deposited on a membrane template or mould by spinning, dipping or coating, The particles in the sol are polymerised by partial evaporation of the solvent, or addition of an initiator, forming the 'gel', which is then heated at high temperature to give the final solid product. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SGALDI MS, SGALDI-MS
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporized and ionized using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is held in a sol-gel matrix to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SPE-ICP-AES
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample mixture is first separated by solid phase extraction and then excited using a plasma generated by electromagnetic inductance. [CHMO]
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synonyms: solid sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, SS-GF-AAS, SS-GFAAS, direct solid samples graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, direct solid samples graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy, direct solid sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, direct solid sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy, solid samples graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, solid samples graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy
A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where a solid sample is atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. [CHMO]
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synonyms: solid-liquid extraction dry extraction
The process of transferring the soluble components of a solid to the liquid phase using a solvent. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SPE, solid phase epitaxy
A synthesis method which consists of depositing an amorphous film on a monocrystalline substrate, then heating the substrate to crystallise the film. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SPME, solid phase microextraction, solid-phase microextraction
The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the liquid sample through a small fibre containing a stationary phase bonded to a silica needle (<10 µm diameter). [CHMO]
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synonyms: solid-source molecular beam epitaxy, solid source MBE, solid-source MBE, solid-source molecular-beam epitaxy
A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from a beam of evapourated metal particles) on a monocrystalline substrate under high vacuum (<10^{-8} Pa). Molecular beam epitaxy is very slow, with a deposition rate of <1000 nm per hour. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SS-NMR, SSNMR, solid state NMR, solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, solid-state NMR
A type of spectroscopy where the response of nuclei with non-zero spin, in a solid sample, to a perturbing magnetic field is detected. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. [CHMO]
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synonyms: solid state sintering
The fusing together of small particles by heating a powder sample below its melting point until its particles adhere to each other. [CHMO]
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The state of material becoming solid from liquid. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: SXD, SXRD, solution state X-ray diffraction, solution-state X-ray diffraction
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at a sample solution and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SEDS, solution enhanced dispersion by supercritical fluids, solution-enhanced dispersion of solids
A solid sample is dissolved in a common (organic or inorganic) solvent mixed with a supercritical fluid and sprayed into an autoclave (using a nozzle with two or three coaxial channels) resulting in precipitation. [CHMO]
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synonyms: solution-state NMR, solution-state NMR spectroscopy
A solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy where the response of nuclei with non-zero spin, in a sample dissolved in a deuterated solvent, to a perturbing magnetic field is detected. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. [CHMO]
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synonyms: solution NMR, solution-state NMR
A type of spectroscopy where the response of nuclei with non-zero spin, in a sample dissolved in a deuterated solvent, to a perturbing magnetic field is detected. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. [CHMO]
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A process for forming thermoplastic polymer samples by dipping a mould into a solution of the polymer and drawing off the solvent to leave a polymer film adhering to the mould. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SCPL
A process for forming thermoplastic polymer samples by dipping a mould into a solution of the polymer and particles of known dimension, and drawing off the solvent to leave a composite polymer-particle film adhering to the mould. [CHMO]
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synonyms: drying
The removal of solvent from a sample, usually by the application of heat. [CHMO]
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The process of transferring a substance from any matrix to an appropriate liquid phase. [CHMO]
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The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') from a liquid solution caused by the addition of an additional different solvent. [CHMO]
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An NMR pulse sequence that is used to suppress or remove the solvent signal. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SVA
A method applied to polymer films to increase polymer chain mobility. The film is exposed to a solvent atmosphere at room-temperature causing it to swell. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SAMIM
A process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a microsized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The mould is wetted with a thin layer of solvent. When the polymer is brought into contact with the mould, the top layer of polymer dissolves and expands, filling the mould. The solvent is then allowed to evaporate. [CHMO]
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synonyms: solvothermal method, solvothermal process, solvothermal reaction, solvothermal treatment
A synthesis method for growing single crystals from a non-aqueous solution in an autoclave (a thick-walled steel vessel) at high temperature (400 deg. C) and pressure. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SSI
Process in which both anions and cations are produced at atmospheric pressure from an ionic solution due to a statistically unbalanced charge distribution in the minute droplets formed by the action of a sonic atomizer. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: SSI
Process in which both anions and cations are produced at atmospheric pressure from an ionic solution due to a statistically unbalanced charge distribution in the minute droplets formed by the action of a sonic atomizer. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: SSI-MS, SSI/MS, sonic spray ionisation mass spectrometry, sonic spray ionization mass spectrometry, sonic spray mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where ionization is achieved using a pneumatic nebuliser which turns the sample solution into a supersonic spray of small droplets. Ions are formed when the solvent evaporates and the statistically unbalanced charge distribution on the droplets leads to a net charge. [CHMO]
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The irradiation of a liquid sample with sound (20-20 000 Hz) waves resulting in agitation. Sound waves propagate into the liquid media result in alternating high-pressure (compression) and low-pressure (rarefaction) cycles. During rarefaction, high-intensity sonic waves create small vacuum bubbles or voids in the liquid, which then collapse violently (cavitation) during compression, creating very high local temperatures. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SCL detection, sono chemiluminescence detection, sono-chemiluminescence detection, sonodynamic chemiluminescence detection
The detection of chemiluminescence caused the emission of light by tiny bubbles in a liquid excited by sound. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SL detection
The detection of short bursts of light emitted from a liquid sample excited by sound. [CHMO]
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Sorption is a phenomenon whereby a substance is attached to or through a surface of a sample. This occurs in a system being in the state of sorption equilibrium between bulk phase (fluid, i.e. gas or liquid solution) and an adsorbing surface (solid or boundary separating two fluids). When the concentration (or pressure) of substance in the bulk phase is increased, some of the substance moves to the adsorbing surface. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: adsorption measurements, adsorptions, sorptions
A method for determining surface area by measuring the amount of an inert gaseous or liquid substance (the 'sorbent', usually H2 or N2) which adsorbs onto the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'). Regression analysis is then applied to the data, resulting in an isotherm. [CHMO]
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synonyms: adsorption-desorption, adsorption/desorption, sorption-desorption, sorption/desorption
A method for determining surface area by measuring the amount of an inert gaseous or liquid substance (the 'sorbent', usually H2 or N2) which adsorbs onto the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'), and the subsequent amount that desorbs at a constant temperature. Regression analysis is then applied to the data, resulting in an isotherm. [CHMO]
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Sorting is distributing flows based on some associated physical quality or entity into distinct fractions according to a defined order. [Allotrope]
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Sorting is the dividing of material by an ordering criteria. [Allotrope]
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The formation of a gel from a solution by the application of ultrasound (sound waves >20 kHz frequency). [CHMO]
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synonyms: SCLC method, SCLC technique, space charge limited current, space-charge-limited current
A method for measuring density-of-state (DOS) distributions by injecting a nonequilibrium density of charges and measuring the resulting current. [CHMO]
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In chemistry, sparging, also known as gas flushing in metallurgy, is a technique which involves bubbling a chemically inert gas, such as nitrogen, argon, or helium, through a liquid. This can be used to remove dissolved gases (e.g. oxygen) from the liquid. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: spark AES, spark OES, spark atomic emission spectroscopy, spark optical emission spectrometry, spark optical emission spectroscopy, spark-AES, spark-OES, spark-atomic emission spectrometry, spark-excitation atomic emission spectrometry, spark-excitation atomic emission spectroscopy, spark-optical emission spectrometry, spark-optical emission spectroscopy
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is excited by an arc or spark between two electrodes. [CHMO]
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Formation of ions from a solid material by an intermittent electric discharge. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Formation of ions from a solid material by an intermittent electric discharge. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: FAST, PECS, SPS, field assisted sintering technique, field-assisted sintering technique, pulsed electric current sintering
The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample below its melting point, using a direct current, until its particles adhere to each other. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SSMS, spark ionisation mass spectrometry, spark ionization mass spectrometry, spark source mass spectroscopy, spark-source mass spectrometry, spark-source mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by a vacuum spark discharge, which is generated by a pulsed high (25-100 kV) potential difference between two electrodes. [CHMO]
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A spatial state is a state that is expressed by a spatial location or orientation of some material participating in the state. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: SORS, SORSS, spatially offset Raman scattering spectrometry, spatially offset Raman scattering spectroscopy , spatially offset Raman spectrometry, spatially offset Raman spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a laser, by a sample is detected. Scattered light is collected from regions laterally offset from the excitation laser spot. [CHMO]
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synonyms: specific heat capacity profile
Definition pending. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: specific heat capacity profile
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synonyms: band selective decoupling, narrow band decoupling, specific band decoupling, specific decoupling
A specified narrow frequency band associated with a specific nuclei of a specified isotope is selectively irradiated with a weak RF pulse. [Allotrope]
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Specifying is a process that produces an information object which describes constraints or objectives on characteristics like qualities, functions, dispositions, facets of continuants or processes. [Allotrope]
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Definition pending. [0]
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Spectra combination is a data transformation that combines multiple spectra. [Allotrope]
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Method used to combine the mass spectra. [PSI-MS]
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Standardizing an NMR spectra setting the reference point to a known value. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: spectrometry, spectroscopy
The study of the interaction of a sample with radiation or particles for measurement or detection. [CHMO]
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synonyms: spectrometry, spectroscopy
Spectrometry is the measurement of such radiations as a means of obtaining information about the systems and their components. [IUPAC]
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The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the absorbance of radiation in the range ultraviolet to near-infrared (0.1-2.5 µm) by the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MAS, molecular absorption spectrophotometry, molecular electronic absorption spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation in the range ultraviolet to near-infrared (0.1-2.5 µm) resulting in electronic transitions within the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SE, spectral ellipsometry
A method for determining structure by illuminating a sample with a continuous-wavelength light source and measuring the intensity and change in polarization of the reflected light as a function of wavelength. [CHMO]
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synonyms: spectrometry, spectroscopy
The study of the interaction of a sample with radiation or particles for measurement or detection. [CHMO]
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synonyms: specular X-ray reflectivity, specular XRR
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at an extremely flat surface (at angle theta to the surface) and measuring the intensity of the X-rays which undergo specular reflection (and are emitted at angle theta from the surface). [CHMO]
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synonyms: regular reflection
Specular reflection is the mirror-like reflection of waves, such as light, from a surface. In this process, each incident ray is reflected, with the reflected ray having the same angle to the surface normal as the incident ray. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: spin casting, spin-casting, spin-coating
A process for applying a thin (<1 µm thickness) cover to flat substrates. An excess amount of coating solution (in a volatile solvent) is placed on the substrate, which is then rotated at high speed (8000 rpm) for approximately 30 s in order to spread the solution by centripetal force. The solvent then evaporates, leaving a thin film. [CHMO]
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An NMR experiment which measures the variation in amplitude of signals from dipolar-coupled nuclei over time, yielding information about the number of coupled nuclei in the system. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SUSAN, SUSAN pulse sequence, SUSAN sequence
A sequence of composite pulses designed to remove signal splitting due to heteronuclear J-couplings in multinuclear liquid NMR experiments. For the pulse sequence see J. Magn. Reson. A, (1994), 106, pg 241. [CHMO]
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An NMR experiment which exploits the increased efficiency of energy (magnetization) transfer between nuclei via dipolar coupling in rigid or semi-rigid samples. The rate at which polarization is transferred between spins is measured giving information on the proximity and orientation of the interacting spins within the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: spin echo sequence, spin-echo pulse sequence, spin-echo sequence
A pulse cluster used in NMR experiments which manipulates signals such that, at the end of the sequence, the effects of chemical shift differences have been compensated/removed. Used most simply to compensate for inhomogeneities in the magnetic field but delays in the sequence also permit various possible manipulations of the magnetization. For the pulse sequence see Phys. Rev., (1950), 80, pg 580. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ST, spin tagging, spin tagging NMR velocimetry, spin tagging nuclear magnetic resonance velocimetry
A method for determining the velocity of a fluid by tagging (presaturating the magnetization in) a particular group of spins and tracking them in a fluid flow using NMR spectroscopy. [CHMO]
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synonyms: neutron spin echo spectrometry, neutron spin echo spectroscopy, neutron spin-echo spectrometry, neutron spin-echo spectroscopy, spin-echo neutrons scattering
A method for determining structure by measuring the velocity of neutrons in known magnetic fields before and after scattering by the sample. The neutrons are scattered by the interaction of neutron spin with spins in the sample ('spin echo'). [CHMO]
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synonyms: spin-echo small angle neutron scattering, SEANS, non-magnetic SEANS, non-magnetic spin-echo SANS, non-magnetic spin-echo small angle neutron scattering, spin-echo SANS
A method for determining structure by measuring the velocity of neutrons in known magnetic fields before and after scattering at small angles by the sample. The neutrons are scattered by the interaction of neutron spin with spins in the sample ('spin echo'). [CHMO]
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A method for determining structure by measuring the velocity of neutrons in known magnetic fields before and after scattering at wide angles by the sample. The neutrons are scattered by the interaction of neutron spin with spins in the sample ('spin echo'). [CHMO]
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synonyms: spin-polarized metastable de-excitation spectroscopy, SP-MDS, SPMDS, spin-polarised metastable deexcitation spectrometry, spin-polarised metastable deexcitation spectroscopy, spin-polarized metastable de-excitation spectrometry, spin-polarized metastable de-excitation spectrometry, spin-polarized metastable deexcitation spectrometry, spin-polarized metastable deexcitation spectroscopy, spin-polarised metastable de-excitation spectrometry
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synonyms: SPAES
A type of spectroscopy where the bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionization of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of incident photon energy and a magnet is used to align all electron spins parallel to the emitting surface. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SPARPES
A type of spectroscopy where the bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionization of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of emission angle and a magnet is used to align all electron spins parallel to the emitting surface. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SPIPES
A type of spectroscopy where a magnetised ferromagnetic sample is bombarded with electrons of a specific spin polarization which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SPLEEM, spin polarised LEEM, spin polarised low energy electron microscopy, spin polarized LEEM, spin-polarised LEEM, spin-polarised low-energy electron microscopy, spin-polarized LEEM
A type of microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) low energy (1-100 eV) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. A magnet is used to align all electron spins parallel to the sample surface. [CHMO]
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synonyms: spin-polarized metastable de-excitation spectroscopy, SP-MDS, SPMDS, spin-polarised metastable deexcitation spectrometry, spin-polarised metastable deexcitation spectroscopy, spin-polarized metastable de-excitation spectrometry, spin-polarized metastable de-excitation spectrometry, spin-polarized metastable deexcitation spectrometry, spin-polarized metastable deexcitation spectroscopy, spin-polarised metastable de-excitation spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where energy transfer from a metastable atom in close proximity to (~5 ) the sample gives rise to a characteristic ejected electron energy spectrum. A magnet is used to align all the electron spins parallel to the surface. [CHMO]
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synonyms: spin-polarised secondary electron spectroscopy, polarised secondary electron spectrometry, polarized secondary electron spectrometry, polarized secondary electron spectroscopy, spin-polarised secondary electron spectrometry, spin-polarized secondary electron spectrometry, spin-resolved secondary electron spectrometry, spin-resolved secondary electron spectroscopy
Any type of spectroscopy where primary electrons interact with a sample and the electrons emitted as a result of the interaction (secondary electrons) are detected. A manget is used to align all electron spins parallel to the surface of the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: spin trap EPR, spin trap ESR, spin-trap EPR, spin-trap ESR, spin-trap electron spin resonance spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the response of an unstable free radical to short (ns) pulses of microwave radiation in a magnetic field is measured by first forming a more stable radical adduct (e.g. a nitroxide radical) with a nitrone or nitroso compound (the 'spin trap'). [CHMO]
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A process used to create polymer fibers using a spinneret (a multi-pored device similar to a shower head) to form multiple continuous filaments. [CHMO]
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A clustering reaction in a homogeneous, supersaturated solution (solid or liquid) which is unstable against infinitesimal fluctuations in density or composition. The solution therefore separates spontaneously into two phases, starting with small fluctuations and proceeding with a decrease in the Gibbs energy without a nucleation barrier. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SPLITT fractionation, split flow thin (SPLITT) fractionation
A technique for separating magnetic and nonmagentic particles by placing the sample in a narrow channel and applying a magnetic field. Magnetic particles are dragged away from their stream into a separate buffer stream, leaving the nonmagnetic particles behind. [CHMO]
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Split injection is a GC injection whereby a fraction of the volatilized sample is swept onto the GC column with the remaining split/swept to waste. [Allotrope]
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Splitless injection is a GC injection whereby the carrier gas sweeps the volatilized sample onto the GC column for a specified period of time before diverting the remaining sample to waste. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: spray-coating
The application of a thin cover to sample by converting the coating solution to an aerosol then allowing the droplets to settle on the sample surface under the influence of gravity or using an electrostatic field. [CHMO]
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synonyms: spray-drying
The removal of water from a liquid sample by pumping it through an atomiser (to produce a spray of fine droplets) then passing a hot gas (e.g. air or N2) through it. [CHMO]
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Spray ionization is a ionization that involve dispersing the liquid into fine droplets as a component step. [IUPAC]
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General term used to describe a range of ionization techniques for analytes in solution that involve dispersing the liquid into fine droplets as a component step. [IUPAC MS REC]
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The chemical degradation of a sample caused by spraying it, as a liquid mixture, onto a heated substrate. [CHMO]
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synonyms: sputtering, sputter coating
A synthesis technique where a solid target is bombarded with electrons or energetic ions (e.g. Ar+) causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ion etching, ion milling, sputtering
The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface by bombarding it with energetic ions. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SWASV, square wave anodic stripping voltammetry, square-wave ASV
An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by applying an oxidising potential. During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied as a square wave superimposed on a linear sweep. [CHMO]
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synonyms: square wave polarography
An electrochemical technique where the ac component of the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the ac potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. The cell current is sampled (only once per drop lifetime) on alternate half cycles and the potential is applied as a large amplitude square wave superimposed on a linear sweep. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SWV, square wave voltammetry
An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied as a square wave and the current is measured at the end of each half-wave, just prior to potential change. [CHMO]
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synonyms: S-IRMS, SIRMS, stable isotope ratio mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where the relative abundance of non-radioactive isotopes in a sample is determined. [CHMO]
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A stacking injection introduces the sample in a stacked way. Sample stacking in the capillary is caused by injection from a solution that has a lower ionic strength than the buffer inside the capillary. [Allotrope]
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A stacking injection introduces the sample in a stacked way. Sample stacking in the capillary is caused by injection from a solution that has a lower ionic strength than the buffer inside the capillary. [OSTHUS]
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synonyms: SPAR, stagnation point adsorption reflectivity
A method for determining structure by illuminating an extremely flat surface with visible light and monitoring the intensity of light reflected at the Brewster angle during the adsorption of particles on the surface. [CHMO]
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synonyms: standard AFMIR, standard atomic force microscopy infrared microscopy
The simultaneous collection of AFM topography data and spatially-resolved infrared spectra by measuring the infrared absorption via transient deformation of the AFM cantilever induced by an infrared pulsed laser (tuned to a wavelength that corresponds to a vibrational absorbing wavelength in the specimen) as a function of AFM tip position. The specimen is deposited on an ATR-compatible ZnSe prism and infrared light is introduced into the prism at an angle exceeding the critical angle for internal reflection. This produces an evanescent wave at the reflecting surface. [CHMO]
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synonyms: standard curve, standard curve experiment
A standard curve qPCR experiment is an experiment using qPCR that measures prepared samples and standards to determine absolute DNA target quantity in samples. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: standard processing
A sample preparation process is a planned process that prepares a portion of material for being used in a calibration standard role. [Allotrope]
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The process boundary when the process starts. [Allotrope]
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Definition pending. [0]
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Definition pending. [0]
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A state is a homeomeric, cumulative process in which all the temporal parts are described by the same expression used for the whole. [Allotrope]
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A state is a homomeric, cumulative process in which all the temporal parts are described by the same expression used for the whole. [Allotrope]
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A changing state of matter is a quality state that is expressed by the state of matter of some material participating in the state. [Allotrope]
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A technique used in multidimensional NMR experiments to achieve frequency discrimination of the signals in the additional dimensions. [CHMO]
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synonyms: states-TPPI, states-TPPI acquisition
A technique used in multidimensional NMR experiments to achieve frequency discrimination of the signals in the additional dimensions. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SHE, equilibrium headspace extraction
The process of transferring a substance from a solid or liquid matrix to the vapour phase by heating. Once the concentration of the analyte in the headspace is in equilibrium with the concentration in the sample matrix, the headspace is removed. [CHMO]
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synonyms: static light scattering, DLSS, SLS, TILS, classical light scattering, differential light scattering, differential light-scattering spectroscopy, differential static light scattering, integrated light scattering, static light scattering spectrometry, static light scattering spectroscopy, total intensity light scattering, traditional light scattering
A method for determining structure by measuring the total or time-averaged scattering intensity of scattered visible light as a function of angle. [CHMO]
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synonyms: static LPME, static liquid-phase microextraction
The process of transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase (or vice versa) by suspending a microlitre-sized drop of the organic phase in a large volume of the aqueous phase. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SSIMS
Method of secondary ion mass spectrometry using low current densities for analysis of sample surface components, in contrast with dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry. which is used for analysis of components in the depth direction. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: SSIMS
Method of secondary ion mass spectrometry using low current densities for analysis of sample surface components, in contrast with dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry. which is used for analysis of components in the depth direction. [IUPAC]
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Statistical inference is the process of using data analysis to deduce properties of an underlying probability distribution. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: STOCSY, STOCSY NMR, statistical COSY
A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy which reveal correlations between all nuclei of a spin-system. This technique exploits the correlations seen between the intensities of spectral features of multiple spectra so as to obtain a statistically derived spectrum. This technique is of particular value for metabolic profiling. [CHMO]
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synonyms: steady state fluorescence spectroscopy, steady state fluorimetry, steady state fluorometry, steady state spectrofluorometry, steady-state fluorimetry, steady-state fluorometry, steady-state spectrofluorometry
A type of spectroscopy where the intensity of the fluorescence emitted by molecules excited by constant illumination of ultraviolet light is detected as a function of wavelength. [CHMO]
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synonyms: steady state NOESY, steady state nOesy, steady-state NOESY, steady-state nOesy, steady-state nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectrometry
A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed, based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (<= 6 Angstrom apart). In this technique, the saturation of a particular proton resonance (signal) perturbs the intensities of signals from spatially proximate nuclei. [CHMO, AMGEN]
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synonyms: steady state NOESY, steady state nOesy, steady-state NOESY, steady-state nOesy, steady-state nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectrometry
A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed, based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (<= 6 Angstrom apart). In this technique, the saturation of a particular proton resonance (signal) perturbs the intensities of signals from spatially proximate nuclei. [CHMO]
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A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a sample mixture are vaporised by bubbling steam through it and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SMR
The reaction of natural gas with steam at high temperature (700-1000 deg. C) in the presence of a nickel catalyst, in order to produce hydrogen. [CHMO]
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The chemical degradation of a sample caused by heating it, as a vapour, with steam. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SR, hydrogen reforming
The reaction of hydrocarbons with steam at high temperature (700-1000 deg. C) in order to produce hydrogen. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SFIL, step and flash imprint lithography
A synthesis technique that uses mechanical deformation and cross-linking to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photosensitive organosilicon resist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. A transparent stamp (e.g. quartz) containing the desired (nanosized) pattern on its surface is then pressed into the resist, which is exposed to UV light. Any unexposed areas of polymer are removed by reactive ion etching. [CHMO]
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synonyms: stepwise elution chromatography, stepwise-elution chromatography
A separation method where the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary, while the other moves in a definite direction (the 'mobile' phase). In stepwise elution chromatography the elution solvent strength of the mobile phase is increased during the separation as a series of discrete steps. [CHMO]
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The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy where the temperature is raised in a stepwise manner and the pyrolysates are recorded between each step. [CHMO]
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synonyms: StFFF, steric FFF, steric field flow fractionation
A technique for separating large (= channel width) particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel. Normally particles migrate towards the walls of the channel but large particles are unable to approach the walls and when a carrier liquid is passed through the channel, these particles are removed first. [CHMO]
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Sterilization is a term referring to any process that eliminates (removes) or kills (deactivates) all forms of life and other biological agents (such as prions, as well as viruses which some do not consider to be alive but are biological pathogens nonetheless), including transmissible agents (such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, prions, spore forms, unicellular eukaryotic organisms such as Plasmodium, etc.) present in a specified region, such as a surface, a volume of fluid, medication, or in a compound such as biological culture media. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: Raman gain spectroscopy, SRGS
A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light from two lasers ('pump' and 'probe') by a sample is detected. In stimulated Raman gain spectroscopy the probe laser has a lower frequency than the pump laser. [CHMO]
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synonyms: IRS, IRGS, Raman loss spectroscopy, SRLS, inverse Raman gain spectroscopy, inverse Raman spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light from two lasers ('pump' and 'probe') by a sample is detected. In stimulated Raman gain spectroscopy the pump laser has a lower frequency than the probe laser. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SRS, stimulated Raman scattering spectroscopy, stimulated Raman spectrometry, stimulated scattering spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from two lasers ('pump' and 'probe') by a sample is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SBSE, solid phase stir bar extraction, solid phase stir-bar extraction, solid-phase stir bar extraction, solid-phase stir-bar extraction, stir bar extraction, stir bar solid phase extraction, stir bar solid-phase extraction, stir bar sorptive extraction, stir-bar solid phase extraction, stir-bar sorptive extraction
The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by attaching a stationary phase to a stir bar which moves throughout the liquid sample. [CHMO]
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A preparative step involving the agitation of a solution through circular motion. [CHMO]
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Stirring is a mixing involving the agitation of a solution through circular motion. [Allotrope]
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A stirring rate process profile is a cyclic rate process profile of the changing rotation speed of the stirrer in the liquid. [Allotrope]
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Definition pending. [0]
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Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: SFL, stop flow lithography
A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. Shuttered pulses (30-100 ms) of mask-defined UV (365 nm) light are flashed into a stationery layer of monomer, which is sandwiched inside a microchannel before being flushed out. The process is then repeated in a cyclic manner. [CHMO]
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synonyms: is stopped, stopped
A completed state is a state during which a planned process has run to an end and the device or service is waiting for a reset that cause the state to change to an idle state. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: deactivating, impeding, turning off
Stopping it the process of ceasing or preventing the transfer of a flow. [NIST]
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Stopping material is controlling a flow of material such that it ceases, or prevents, the transfer of a flow. [NIST]
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synonyms: SWIFT
Technique to create excitation waveforms for ions in Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometers or Paul ion traps. An excitation waveform in the time-domain is generated by taking the inverse Fourier transform of an appropriate frequency-domain programmed excitation spectrum, in which the resonance frequencies of ions to be excited are included. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: SWIFT
Technique to create excitation waveforms for ions in Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometers or Paul ion traps. An excitation waveform in the time-domain is generated by taking the inverse Fourier transform of an appropriate frequency-domain programmed excitation spectrum, in which the resonance frequencies of ions to be excited are included. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: conserving energy
Storing energy is the storing of energy. [Allotrope]
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Storing material is the storing of material. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: storing
Storing is containing or collecting flows to accumulate. [NIST]
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synonyms: storing
Storing is containing or collecting flows to accumulate. [NIST, OSTHUS]
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synonyms: SP, chronopotentiometric stripping
An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped'. During removal the time-dependence of the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SV
An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first deposited (usually by electroplating) onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped'. During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SAX chromatography
Column chromatography where anions are retained by positively charged functional groups that have a permanent positive charge in aqueous solution, such as quaternary ammonium groups, in the stationary phase. [CHMO]
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Column chromatography where cations are retained by functional groups that are permanently negatively charged in aqueous conditions, for example aliphatic sulfonic acid groups, in the stationary phase. [CHMO]
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A chemical structure determination includes a chemist's specifying the molecular geometry and, when feasible and necessary, the electronic structure of the target molecule or other solid. [Wikipedia]
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Any technique used to purify samples by forcing it to pass from the solid to gas phase without passing through an intermediate liquid phase. [CHMO]
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synonyms: submission
Submitting is the transfering of a material or information from a sender (the submitter) to a receiver with the intent that the receiver acts on the transferred entity towards an objective stated by the submitter.
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synonyms: submission
Submitting is the transferring of a material or information from a sender (the submitter) to a receiver with the intent that the receiver acts on the transferred entity towards an objective stated by the submitter. [Allotrope]
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The process of transferring a substance from any matrix to another where the amount of reagent used is lower than that dictated by stoichiometry. [CHMO]
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synonyms: vacuum filtration
The separation of a solid phase from a liquid phase by passing the sample through a porous medium under pressure. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SCD, sulfur chemiluminescence measurement, sulfur chemiluminescence process
The detection of luminescence emitted from sulfur in a sample as a result of a chemical reaction. [Allotrope]
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Spectra Sum. [PSI-MS]
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synonyms: SFG, SFG spectroscopy, SFG vibrational spectroscopy, VSFG spectroscopy, sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy, sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy, sum frequency generation spectroscopy, vibrational sum-frequency generation (VSFG) spectroscopy, vibrational sum-frequency generation spectroscopy
A method for generating surface-specific vibrational spectra by mixing two light beams at a surface and detecting the output beam, which has frequency equal to the sum of the two input frequencies. [CHMO]
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Shortening a passage or a write-up without changing its meaning but by using different words and sentences. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: SC-CEAS, super continuum cavity enhanced absorption spectrometry
A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside a highly reflective laser cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of a supercontinuum light source is detected. The light source is tuned to match the frequency of the cavity bandwidth. [CHMO]
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synonyms: super resolution bright field microscopy, super resolution bright field optical microscopy, super-resolution bright-field optical microscopy
A type of microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with light transmitted from a source on the opposite side of the specimen from the objective, and image resolution (which is normally limited by diffraction) is enhanced by processing the images with image restoration algorithms. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SQUID magnetometry, SQUID measurements
The measurement of very small magnetic fields (5 x 10-18 T) using a superconducting quantum interference device. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SA-FCS, supercritical angle FCS
A type of spectroscopy where the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample emitted at supercritical angles are measured and correlated within a very small detection volume. Ultra-violet light is used to stimulate fluorescence. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SAS-EM, SAS/EM, SASEM, supercritical anti-solvent precipitation with enhanced mass transfer, supercritical anti-solvent with enhanced mass transfer, supercritical antisolvent with enhanced mass transfer
A solid sample is dissolved in a common (organic or inorganic) solvent then sprayed into a supercritical fluid (held under pressure) resulting in a large decrease in solution density. This effect leads to the reduction in solubility of the solid and precipitation. A surface vibrating at an ultrasonic frequency is used to atomise the solution jet into microdroplets during spraying, increasing turbulence and mixing (resulting in higher mass transfer and smaller particles). [CHMO]
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synonyms: SAS, SF antisolvent process, supercritical anti-solvent fractionation, supercritical anti-solvent precipitation, supercritical anti-solvent process, supercritical antisolvent fractionation, supercritical antisolvent precipitation, supercritical fluid antisolvent process
A solid sample is dissolved in a common (organic or inorganic) solvent then injected into a supercritical fluid (held under pressure) resulting in a large decrease in solution density. This effect leads to the reduction in solubility of the solid and precipitation. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CO2 critical point drying, CO2 critical-point drying, CO2 super-critical point drying, supercritical CO2 drying
The removal of solvent from a sample without passing through the liquid-gas boundary, by immersion in supercritical CO2 and de-pressurization. [CHMO]
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synonyms: critical point drying, critical-point drying, super-critical point drying
The removal of solvent from a sample without passing through the liquid-gas boundary, by immersion in a supercritical fluid and de-pressurization. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SFE-FTIR, supercritical fluid extraction-Fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy
A method in which the sample is transferred from any matrix to a liquid phase using a supercritical fluid. The sample is then subject to a type of spectroscopy where a single pulse of radiation, from the infrared region, is absorbed, and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]
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Any material processing that uses a supercritical fluid. [OSTHUS,CHMO]
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Any material processing that uses a supercritical fluid. [CHMO]
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synonyms: supercritical fluid molecular spray film deposition
A synthesis method where a solid material is dissolved in a supercritical fluid (at elevated pressure) which is forced through a small orifice into a region of relatively low pressure. This produces a molecular spray which is directed against a substrate where it deposits as a thin film. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SFC
Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a fluid above and relatively close to its critical temperature and pressure. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SCFE, SFE, supercritical extraction, supercritical fluid extraction
The process of transferring a substance from any matrix to a liquid phase using a supercritical fluid. [CHMO]
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synonyms: supplying
A state that makes energy or material available for processing or consumption. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: supplying
A supplying state is a providing state that makes energy or material available for processing or consumption. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: SLM extraction, SLME, supported liquid membrane (SLM) extraction
The transfer of a solute from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a non-porous liquid membrane. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SPIES, surface Penning-ionisation electron spectrometry, surface Penning-ionization electron spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with metastable atoms resulting in the emission of an electron (by Penning ionization) and an Auger electron. [CHMO]
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synonyms: s-AFMIR, surface AFMIR, surface atomic force microscopy infrared microscopy
The simultaneous collection of AFM topography data and spatially-resolved infrared spectra by measuring the infrared absorption via transient deformation of the AFM cantilever induced by an infrared pulsed laser (tuned to a wavelength that corresponds to a vibrational absorbing wavelength in the specimen) as a function of AFM tip position. Mid-IR radiation, generated using a periodically poled LiNbO3 crystal emitting tuneable laser is focussed directly on the specimen surface. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SEIRA, SEIRA spectrometry, SEIRA spectroscopy, surface enhanced infra-red absorption spectrometry, surface enhanced infra-red absorption spectroscopy, surface enhanced infrared absorption spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the rough metal surface of a sample absorbs radiation in the infrared region (0.78-1000 µm). [CHMO]
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synonyms: SEXAFS, SEXAFS spectrometry, SEXAFS spectroscopy, SEXAFSS
A type of X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient and the Auger emission of the sample are measured 500-1000 eV below the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) as a function of incident X-ray energy. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EXFAS, SEELFS, extended fine Auger structures
A type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, extended range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the Auger emission is measured. Measurements are taken from the absorption edge onset to several hundred eV above it. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SI
Ionization of a neutral when it interacts with a solid surface with an appropriate work function and temperature. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: SI
Ionization of a neutral when it interacts with a solid surface with an appropriate work function and temperature. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: SPRI, SPRi
A type of spectroscopy where the resonant excitation of surface plasmons (usually on a Au or Ag surface) by ultraviolet or visible light is measured, during which the reflectivity of the sample is measured at a fixed angle or wavelength. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SPR, SPR spectrometry, SPR spectroscopy, SPRS, surface plasmon resonance, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy, surface plasmon resonance spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the resonant excitation of surface plasmons (usually on a noble metal e.g. Au or Ag surface) by ultraviolet or visible light is measured. The light source is incident on the noble metal surface through a prism, at a range of angles that are above the critical angle where total internal reflection occurs. At a certain angle excitation of the surface plasmons occurs, leading to a minimum in the reflected light. The resonance angle shifts whenever the optical density of the sample in contact with the noble metal undergoes a change, and thus it allows detection of the adsorption or desorption of molecules. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SA-CVT, SACVT, surface assisted CVT, surface assisted chemical vapor transport, surface assisted chemical vapour transport, surface-assisted CVT, surface-assisted chemical-vapor-transport, surface-assisted chemical-vapour-transport
A crystal growth method for metal dichalcogenides in which the starting materials (high-purity metal and chalcogen powders) are placed in one half of a quartz ampoule together with a transport agent (e.g. iodine) and heated in a furnace under a temperature gradient. The product crystals are grown on the surface of a sheet of high-purity metal in the other half of the ampoule. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SALDI
Class of matrix-free laser desorption ionization techniques for biological macromolecules. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: SALDI
Class of matrix-free laser desorption ionization techniques for biological macromolecules. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, SERS, SERS spectroscopy, surface enhanced Raman scattering, surface enhanced Raman spectrometry, surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy, surface-enhanced Raman spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a visible laser, by a sample adsorbed onto a metal (Au, Ag or Cu) surface is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SEROA, surface enhanced Raman optical activity, surface enhanced chiral Raman spectroscopy, surface-enhanced Raman optical activity
A type of spectroscopy where vibrational optical activity from a sample absorbed onto a metal (Au, Ag or Cu) surface is measured by means of a small difference in the intensity of Raman scattering from chiral molecules of right- and left-circularly polarized incident light. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SALDI MS, SELDI MS, SELDI-MS, surface-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry, surface-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporized and ionized using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is mixed with a matrix compound (such as crystallised dihydrobenzoic acid) and deposited on a surface, with some chemical functionality, to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SEAC, SELDI, surface enhanced laser desorption ionization, surface-enhanced affinity capture, surface-enhanced laser desorption-ionisation, surface enhanced laser desorption ionisation
Variant of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) in which the matrix is replaced by a surface coating of a chromatographic stationary phase designed to selectively retain different subsets of proteins or peptides from a mixture depending on their physico-chemical properties or biochemical affinity characteristics. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: SEAC, SELDI, surface enhanced laser desorption ionization, surface-enhanced affinity capture, surface-enhanced laser desorption-ionisation, surface enhanced laser desorption ionisation
Variant of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) in which the matrix is replaced by a surface coating of a chromatographic stationary phase designed to selectively retain different subsets of proteins or peptides from a mixture depending on their physico-chemical properties or biochemical affinity characteristics. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: SEND
Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization in which the matrix is covalently linked to the target surface. [PSI-MS]
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A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a visible laser, by a sample adsorbed onto a metal (Au, Ag or Cu) surface is detected. The energy of the incoming laser is adjusted such that it or the scattered light does not coincide with an electronic transition within the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SERRS, surface enhanced resonance Raman scattering spectrometry, surface enhanced resonance Raman scattering spectroscopy, surface enhanced resonance Raman spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a visible laser, by a sample adsorbed onto a metal (Au, Ag or Cu) surface is detected. The energy of the incoming laser is adjusted such that it or the scattered light coincides with an electronic transition within the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SID
Fragmentation that results from the collision of an ion with a surface. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: SID
Fragmentation that results from the collision of an ion with a surface. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: SIR
Process wherein a reactant ion interacts with a surface to produce either chemically different species or a change in the internal energy of the reactant ion. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: SIR
Process wherein a reactant ion interacts with a surface to produce either chemically different species or a change in the internal energy of the reactant ion. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: SIP, surface initiated polymerisation, surface initiated polymerization
An experimental method used to prepare polymer samples (e.g. polymer brushes) using a surface-imobilised monomer. [CHMO]
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Any experimental method used to prepare polymer samples where the monomer is suspended as liquid droplets in a continuous water phase by means of strong agitation and the presence of a suspending agent. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SORI
Procedure associated with Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometers to facilitate ion/neutral reactions such as low-energy collision-induced dissociation in which a radio-frequency electric field, slightly off-resonance with respect to the cyclotron frequency of the reactant ion, cyclically accelerates and decelerates the reactant ion that is confined in the Penning ion trap. As a consequence, the orbit does not exceed the dimensions of the ion trap but maintains a high average translational energy for an extended time that activates an ion/neutral process. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: SORI
Procedure associated with Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometers to facilitate ion/neutral reactions such as low-energy collision-induced dissociation in which a radio-frequency electric field, slightly off-resonance with respect to the cyclotron frequency of the reactant ion, cyclically accelerates and decelerates the reactant ion that is confined in the Penning ion trap. As a consequence, the orbit does not exceed the dimensions of the ion trap but maintains a high average translational energy for an extended time that activates an ion/neutral process. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: synchrotron Fourier transform infrared microscopy, S-FTIR imaging, S-FTIR mapping, S-FTIR microscopy, S-FTIR microspectroscopy, SFT-IR imaging, SFT-IR microscopy, SFTIR-MSP, synchrotron FTIR microspectroscopy, synchrotron Fourier transform infra-red microscopy, synchrotron Fourier transform infra-red microspectrometry, synchrotron Fourier transform infra-red microspectroscopy, synchrotron Fourier transform infrared microspectrometry, synchrotron Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy, synchrotron-based FTIR microscopy, synchrotron-based Fourier transform infrared microscopy
The collection of spatially resolved infrared spectra of a sample during optical microscopy. The infrared spectra are obtained by single pulse of infrared radiation, produced in a synchrotron, and are subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]
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synonyms: synchrotron Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, S-FTIR, S-FTIR spectrometry, S-FTIR spectroscopy, SFT-IR, SFTIR, synchrotron Fourier transform infra-red absorption spectroscopy, synchrotron Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry, synchrotron Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, synchrotron Fourier transform infrared (S-FTIR), synchrotron Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, synchrotron-based FTIR
A type of spectroscopy where the sample absorbs a single pulse of radiation from the infrared region (0.78-1000 µm), produced in a synchrotron, and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SR-PXD, SR-XRPD
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at a powder sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. The X-rays are generated by the acceleration of charged particles through magnetic fields. [CHMO]
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synonyms: synchrotron XRS
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample. X-Rays are generated in a synchrotron. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SRCD, SRCD spectrometry, SRCD spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarized synchrotron radiation (radiation produced by the movement of charged particles in a magnetic field). [CHMO]
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synonyms: S-IR imaging, S-IR microscopy, S-IR spectromicroscopy, SIR imaging, SIR microscopy, SIR microspectroscopy, SIR-MSP, SIRM, synchrotron infra-red microspectrometry, synchrotron infra-red microspectroscopy, synchrotron infrared microspectrometry, synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy, synchrotron infrared spectromicroscopy
The collection of spatially resolved infrared spectra of a sample during optical microscopy. The infrared spectra are obtained by single pulse of infrared radiation, produced in a synchrotron, and are subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SR-XRD, synchrotron X-ray diffraction, synchrotron XRD
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. The X-rays are generated by the acceleration of charged particles through magnetic fields. [CHMO]
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synonyms: synchrotron radiation X-ray emission spectroscopy, SR-XES, SR-XRF , SXRF, synchrotron X-ray fluorescence, synchrotron-based X-ray radiation fluorescence
A type of X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with synchrotron radiation (radiation produced by the movement of charged particles in a magnetic field) and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions (known as 'X-ray fluorescence') are detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: synchrotron radiation excited X-ray spectrometry
Any type of X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with radiation is generated in a synchrotron and the energies and intensities of the emitted X-rays are detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SRPES, SRPS, synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray-ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: synchrotron SAXS, synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS)
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays (generated in a synchrotron) scattered by a sample at low angles (0-10 deg.). [CHMO]
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synonyms: combining material, material combination, synthesis method
Synthesis is a planned material process that combines, changes or converts material to produce a new material. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: combining material, material combination, synthesis method
Material combination is a material processing that combines two or more material entities as input into a single material entity as output. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: T-test
The t-test is a process of quantifying the closeness of two sets of data points. It is defined as the ratio of the difference between the means of the two sets divided by the standard error of the difference. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: tablet pressing
Tablet compression is a process of compression of powders using a tablet press. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: exporting material, taking material
Taking material is the exporting of material from a location or site. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: MS/MS, MS2, MS-MS, double mass spectrometry, mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry, tandem MS, tandem mass spectroscopy, tandem-MS
Acquisition and study of the spectra of the product ions or precursor ions of m/z selected ions, or of precursor ions of a selected neutral mass loss. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: MS/MS, MS2, MS-MS, double mass spectrometry, mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry, tandem MS, tandem mass spectroscopy, tandem-MS
Acquisition and study of the spectra of the product ions or precursor ions of m/z selected ions, or of precursor ions of a selected neutral mass loss. [IUPAC]
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Tandem mass spectrometry procedure in which product ion spectra are recorded for ion beams in m/z analyzers separated in space. Specific m/z separation functions are designed so that in one section of the instrument ions are selected, dissociated in an intermediate region, and the product ions are then transmitted to another analyzer for m/z separation and data acquisition. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Tandem mass spectrometry procedure in which product ion spectra are recorded for ion beams in m/z analyzers separated in space. Specific m/z separation functions are designed so that in one section of the instrument ions are selected, dissociated in an intermediate region, and the product ions are then transmitted to another analyzer for m/z separation and data acquisition. [IUPAC]
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Tandem mass spectrometry procedure in which product ion spectra are recorded in a single m/z analyzer (such as a Paul ion trap, linear ion trap, or Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometer) in discrete steps over time. Ions in a specific m/z range are selected, dissociated, and the product ions analyzed sequentially in time. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Tandem mass spectrometry procedure in which product ion spectra are recorded in a single m/z analyzer (such as a Paul ion trap, linear ion trap, or Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometer) in discrete steps over time. Ions in a specific m/z range are selected, dissociated, and the product ions analyzed sequentially in time. [IUPAC]
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Taring is the process of removing a defined weight usually the weighing container in order to zero a scale. This allows one to see the pure weight of the material without additional weight of a container. [Allotrope]
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Taring is the process of removing a defined weight usually the weighing container in order to zero a scale. This allows one to see the pure weight of the material without additional weight of a container. [OSTHUS]
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Taring is a step of weighing that sets the value of measured weight to zero. [Allotrope]
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An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. The current is sampled only during a specific time interval of the life of each drop of the droppping mercury electrode. [CHMO]
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A temperature control is a controlling process that controls the temperature of some material. [Allotrope]
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A process that regulates a temperature. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: TGGE
A separation method where colloidal particles consisting of polynucleotides move at different speeds according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of a gel, across which an electric field is applied and across which there is a gradient of temperatures that cause double-stranded DNA to unzip. [CHMO]
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A measurement that targets the temperature of some material entity. [Allotrope]
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A temperature measurement is a measurement that targets the temperature of some material entity. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: temperature profile
Temperature profile is a quality process profile that tracks temperature. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: temperature profile
Temperature profile is a quality process profile that tracks temperature. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: TCSC
The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of the temperature, whilst the pressure is kept constant. [CHMO]
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synonyms: temperature dependent rheology, temperature dependent rheometry, temperature-dependent rheological measurements, temperature-dependent rheology
The study of the temperature dependence of the relationship between deformation and stress for fluids which cannot be defined by a single value of viscosity. [CHMO]
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synonyms: TG-CVI, temperature gradient CVI, temperature gradient chemical vapor infiltration, temperature gradient chemical vapour infiltration, temperature-gradient CVI
The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from a vapour, accelerated by a temperature gradient. [CHMO]
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synonyms: TMDSC
The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction of both a sample and a reference, by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of temperature whilst a second variable is kept constant. [CHMO]
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synonyms: VT-XRD, X-ray thermodiffractometry, temperature-resolved XRD, variable-temperature X-ray diffraction
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate as a function of temperature. [CHMO]
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synonyms: supramolecular assistance to covalent synthesis, template-directed covalent synthesis
A synthesis method which relies on the use of reversible noncovalent bonding interactions between molecular building blocks in order to preorganise them into a certain relative geometry as a prelude to covalent bond formation. [CHMO]
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synonyms: TSA, templated self assembly
A synthesis method in which the components of the sample spontaneously (and reversibly) associate by non-covalent interactions, forming a organised structure or pattern on a physical template. Individual building blocks associate into more complex (higher-order) structures during self-assembly. [CHMO]
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synonyms: surface tensiometry
The measurement of the surface tension of a liquid. [CHMO]
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A type of spectroscopy where three incident terahertz laser beams are mixed. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Thz-TDS, terahertz time-domain spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy using short pulses of radiation from the teraherz range (1 mm-100 µ m). [CHMO]
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A test can be considered a technical operation or procedure that consists of determination of one or more characteristics of a given product, process or service according to a specified procedure. Often a test is part of an experiment. The test result can be qualitative (yes/no), categorical, or quantitative (a measured value). It can be a personal observation or the output of a precision measuring instrument. [Wikipedia]
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A test can be considered a technical operation or procedure that consists of determination of one or more characteristics of a given product, process or service according to a specified procedure. Often a test is part of an experiment.The test result can be qualitative (yes/no), categorical, or quantitative (a measured value). It can be a personal observation or the output of a precision measuring instrument. [Wikipedia]
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Testing mode of compaction. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: thermal analysis method
Thermal analysis is any measurement technique in which a physical property of the sample is measured as a function of temperature. [CHMO]
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synonyms: thermal analysis method
Any measurement technique in which a physical property of the sample is measured as a function of temperature. [CHMO]
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synonyms: TCVD, thermal CVD
A synthesis method where a substrate is placed in a heated atmosphere (600-800 deg. C) and exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. [CHMO]
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synonyms: TCD, thermal conductivity detection, thermal conductivity measuring
A detection method that is sensitive to inorganic gases. A hot (450 deg. C) filament is used to heat a carrier gas containing the sample and the difference in thermal conductivity caused by the presence of the sample is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: TCD, thermal conductivity detection, thermal conductivity measuring
A measuring that is sensitive to inorganic gases. A hot (450 deg. C) filament is used to heat a carrier gas containing the sample and the difference in thermal conductivity caused by the presence of the sample is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: thermocuring
A chemical process in which a prepolymer is converted into a polymer and then into a network, upon application of heat. [CHMO]
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The separation of a chemical compound into elements or smaller compounds by heating it to a high temperature (approx. 1000 deg. C). [CHMO]
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synonyms: TDS, TPD, temperature programmed desorption, temperature-programmed desorption
A method of observing desorbed molecules from a surface when the surface temperature is increased. The sample is heated slowly in a vacuum and residual gas in the vacuum is detected as a change in pressure. [CHMO]
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synonyms: thermal diffusion forced Rayleigh scattering, S-FRS, S-FRSM, SFRS, SFRSM, Soret forced Rayleigh scattering method, TDFRS, TDFRS analysis, TDFRS method, thermal-diffusion forced Rayleigh scattering
A method for determining structure where a grating created by the interference of two laser beams is written into a sample which contains a small amount of dye. The intensity grating is converted into a temperature grating which, in turn, causes a concentration grating by thermal diffusion. A further laser beam is Rayleigh scattered by the grating and the change in direction or energy of the light and the temporal evolution of the scattered beam are measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: TEA, thermal energy analyser detection
A detection method that is sensitive to molecules containing NO and NO2 groups. The sample is pyrolysed (at 275 deg. C) producing radicals, which react with ozone under low pressure to produce chemiluminescence. [CHMO]
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synonyms: TE, evaporative deposition), filament evaporation, thermal deposition, vacuum condensation, vacuum thermal evporation
A synthesis technique where the material to be deposited is heated until evaporation in a vacuum (<10^{-4} Pa) and eventually deposits as a thin film by condensing on a (cold) substrate. [CHMO]
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A thermal event is an event where a significant change of some material quality occurs at a temperature of that material or that of its environment. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: ThFFF, thermal FFF, thermal field flow fractionation
A technique for separating polymer particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel and heating one end, whilst cooling the other. The polymer particles migrate towards the cooler plate and are then removed with a carrier liquid. [CHMO]
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synonyms: heat-induced gelation
The formation of a gel from a solution by heating. [CHMO]
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synonyms: TI
Ionization of a neutral through contact with a high-temperature surface. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: TI
Ionization of a neutral through contact with a high-temperature surface. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: TIMS, surface ionisation mass spectrometry, surface ionisation mass spectroscopy, surface ionization mass spectrometry, surface ionization mass spectroscopy, thermal ionisation mass spectrometry, thermal ionization mass spectroscopy, thermal-ionisation mass spectrometry, thermal-ionisation mass spectroscopy, thermal-ionization mass spectrometry, thermal-ionization mass spectroscopy, surface ionization mass spectrometry
A type of mass spectrometry where ionization is achieved by loading the sample onto a heated filament. [CHMO]
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synonyms: TLM, thermal-lens microscopy
A type of microscopy where and excitation laser and probe a laser are focused onto a specimen forming a refractive index distribution which results in a concave excitation beam. The strength of this lens is proportional to the sample concentration and is detected by a change in transmittance in the probe beam. [CHMO]
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synonyms: TLS, thermal lens spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the energy generated by nonradiative thermal relaxation after laser light absorption is measured. [CHMO]
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Any process in which the molecular structure of a hydrocarbon is rearranged to alter its properties (e.g. its combustion characteristics) by exposing the hydrocarbons to high pressures and temperatures. [CHMO]
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synonyms: TIPS, thermally-induced phase separation
A method for preparing a polymer membrane by mixing the polymer with a substance that acts as a solvent a high temperature and casting the solution into a film. When the solution is cooled, solidification occurs. [CHMO]
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Thermal analysis where the characteristics of imposed acoustic wave passing through the sample are measured. [CHMO]
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The measurement of a dimension of the sample under negligible load as a function of temperature. [CHMO]
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synonyms: thermo-electric cooled angle coating, thermo-electrically cooled angle coating
A process for applying a thin cover to flat substrates by placing a drop of the coating solution on the substrate and then placing it inside a cooled box (to control the speed of evaporation) at an angle of 9 deg. (to initiate evaporation evaporation from the top of the substrate). [CHMO]
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synonyms: IR imaging, IR thermography, infrared imaging, infrared thermography, thermal imaging, thermographic imaging
An imaging method that uses infrared (900-14 000 nm) radiation and allows variation in temperature to be observed (typically brighter areas in the image represent higher temperatures). [CHMO]
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synonyms: TG, TGA, TG analysis, TG measurements, thermal gravimetric analysis, thermo-gravimetric analysis, thermogravimetric (TG) analyses, thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis, thermogravimetric analysis
The measurement of the mass of a sample as a function of temperature. [CHMO]
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synonyms: TG/GC, TGA-GC, TGA/GC, thermogravimetric analysis gas chromatography, thermogravimetry coupled to gas chromatography
Thermogravimetry coupled with a gas chromatography. When the sample is heated on the TGA it causes gases to be released. These gases are then transferred to the GC where the components can be collected. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: TG-FT-IR, TG-FTIR, TG/FTIR, TGA-FT-IR, TGA-FTIR, thermogravimetry coupled to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry-FTIR
The FTIR analysis of volatile compounds released during the measurement of the mass of a sample as a function of temperature. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DTA-TG, DTA-TGA, DTA/TG, DTA/TGA, TG-DTA, TGA-DTA, TGDTA, differential thermal analysis and thermal gravimetry analysis, differential thermalgravimetric analysis, thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis, thermogravimetry coupled to differential thermal analysis
The measurement of the temperature difference between the sample and a reference material during the measurement of the mass of the sample as a function of temperature. [CHMO]
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synonyms: TG-MS, TG/MS, TGA-MS, TGA/MS, thermogravimetry coupled to mass spectrometry
The MS analysis of volatile compounds released during the measurement of the mass of a sample as a function of temperature. [CHMO]
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The measurement of the luminescence of a sample as a function of temperature. [CHMO]
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synonyms: TL detection
The detection of luminescence exhibited by certain crystalline materials, such as some minerals, when previously absorbed energy from electromagnetic radiation or other ionizing radiation is re-emitted as light upon heating of the material. [CHMO]
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synonyms: TL spectrometry, TL spectroscopy, thermoluminescence (TL) spectroscopy, thermoluminescence spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where thermoluminescence (visible light emitted by certain crystalline materials when previously absorbed energy from electromagnetic radiation or other ionizing radiation is re-emitted as light upon heating of the material) is detected as a function of wavelength. [CHMO]
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The uncatalysed cleavage of one or more covalent bonds resulting from exposure of a compound to a raised temperature, or a process in which such cleavage is an essential part. [CHMO]
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The measurement of the magnetic susceptibility of a sample as a function of temperature. [CHMO]
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synonyms: thermophoretic analysis
A separation method where particles move at different speeds according to their thermal conductivity in a separation medium, across which a thermal gradient is applied. [CHMO]
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The measurement of the total light, or the light of a specific wavelength emitted by a sample as a function of temperature. [CHMO]
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synonyms: T-NIL
A synthesis technique that uses mechanical deformation to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of resist (a thermoplastic polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. A mould containing the desired (nanosized) pattern on its surface is then pressed into the resist, whilst both the substrate and mould are heated to the glass transition temperature of the polymer. The resist is then cooled and any residual resist in the cast area is removed by an anisotropic etching process such as reactive ion etching. [CHMO]
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The measurement of an optical characteristic of a sample as a function of temperature. [CHMO]
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The measurement of the refractive index of a sample as a function of temperature. [CHMO]
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The measurement of the sound emitted by a sample as a function of temperature. [CHMO]
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synonyms: (TS-FF)-AAS, TS-FF-AAS, thermospray flame furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy
A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where sample is forced through a heated metal capillary tip before atomization in a flame. [CHMO]
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Spray ionization in which a liquid is flowed through a heated capillary to produce a spray of droplets and solvent vapor. Ions are formed due to the statistical imbalance of charges in the droplets or by a heated filament. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Spray ionization in which a liquid is flowed through a heated capillary to produce a spray of droplets and solvent vapor. Ions are formed due to the statistical imbalance of charges in the droplets or by a heated filament. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: TMS, TSP MS, TSP-MS, thermospray mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where a pressurised solution of the sample is forced through a heated metal capillary tip. Ions are formed when the solvent evaporates and the statistically unbalanced charge distribution on the droplets leads to a net charge. [CHMO]
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A thickness test is a process in order to check the thickness of an object. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: thin film X-ray diffraction, thin film XRD, thin-film XRD
A range of techniques used to determine the structure of thin films by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. Techniques include glancing-incidence X-ray reflectivity and pole figure measurements. [CHMO]
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synonyms: thin film deposition
Any technique for depositing a thin film of material onto a substrate or onto previously deposited layers. [CHMO]
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synonyms: TLC
A chromatography method where the stationary phase is a thin (0.10 to 0.25 mm) layer of sorbent applied to a firm backing such as glass, aluminium or plastic sheet. An eluent ( single solvent or solvent mixture) is allowed to flow by capillary action through the sorbent starting at a point just below the applied samples. As the eluent front migrates through the sorbent the components of the sample also migrate, but at different rates resulting in separation. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 3D DOSY, 3D DOSY NMR, 3D-DOSY
A type of three-dimensional NMR experiment in which the signals of a 2D NMR experiment are dispersed along a third frequency axis according to diffusion coefficient. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 3D NOESY-HSQC
A 3D NMR experiment in which the chemical shifts of protons are correlated with the chemical shifts of spatially proximate protons (<6 Angstrom) and with the shifts of the heteronuclei bound to these proximate protons. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 3D NMR, 3D NMR spectroscopy, 3D-NMR, 3D-NMR spectroscopy, three-dimensional (3D) NMR, three-dimensional NMR, three-dimensional NMR spectroscopy
Any type of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in which three independent frequency dimensions are employed for the correlation and dispersal of signals (by employing two magnetization transfer steps). Each signal is described by three frequencies, thus effecting the distribution of signals within a cube. [CHMO]
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synonyms: three pulse ESEEM, three pulse electron spin echo envelope modulation, three-pulse ESEEM
A type of pulsed EPR spectroscopy which is used to observe the electron spin echo in a paramagnetic system as a function of the time that separates the three pulses causing the echo. This technique is a powerful probe of the radial distribution of magnetic nuclear spins in the environment of the electron spins producing the echo. [CHMO]
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synonyms: TDF
Mass spectrometry in which the product ions are collected after a time delay, which allows the observation of lower energy fragmentation processes after precursor ion activation. [PSI-MS]
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synonyms: time domain zero filling, zero filling, zero padding
Time domain zero padding is a data transformation used in fourier transformation by padding the time domain with zero values. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: time domain zero filling, zero filling, zero padding
Time domain zero padding is a data transformation used in Fourier transformation by padding the time domain with zero values. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: TLF
Energy focusing of ions formed in the gas phase in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer that is accomplished by introducing a time delay between the formation of the ions and the application of the accelerating potential pulse. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: TLF
Energy focusing of ions formed in the gas phase in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer that is accomplished by introducing a time delay between the formation of the ions and the application of the accelerating potential pulse. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: duration measurement, duration measuring, time measuring
A time measurement is a measurement of the duration of some process which is a quantification of the magnitude of the time region between the start and the end of the process in relation to some recurring process involving a clock. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: TPPI
A technique used in multidimensional NMR experiments to achieve frequency discrimination of the signals in the additional dimensions. [CHMO]
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synonyms: TC-SPC, TCSPC, time correlated single photon counting
A method that is used to measure the relaxation rate of molecules in fluorescent samples. A laser pulse excites the molecule, and the time taken for it to emit a single photon is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: time-lapse fluorescence imaging
A type of microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) and the specimen is imaged at regular time intervals over several hours. [CHMO]
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Microscopy in which the same object (e.g., a cell) is imaged at regular time intervals over several hours. [CHMO]
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synonyms: IMS-TOF, TOFIMS
Ion mobility spectroscopy using a TOF analyzer. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: IMS-TOF, TOFIMS
Ion mobility spectroscopy using a TOF analyzer. [OSTHUS]
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synonyms: TOF-MS, TOFMS, ToF-MS, time-of-flight mass spectroscopy
Any type of mass spectrometry where sample ions with different masses are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. [CHMO]
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synonyms: TOF, TOF method, TOF technique, time-of-flight technique
A method for measuring charge transport by sandwhiching the sample between two parallel electrodes, one of which has to be semitransparent. A short light pulse is applied to the sample giving rise to charge carriers, which traverse through the sample generating a current which is then measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: TR-XRD, TRXRD, time resolved X-ray diffraction
A method for determining structure by directing a short (ns or ps) pulse beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate as a function of time. [CHMO]
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synonyms: TRFA, time resolved FA, time resolved fluorescence anisotropy, time-resolved FA, time-resolved fluorescence polarisation spectroscopy, time-resolved fluorescence polarization spectroscopy
A method for measuring the binding interaction between two labelled molecules. The sample is excited with vertically polarized light and the decay time and polarization of the fluorescence is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: TRFQ, TRFQ analysis, TRFQ measurements, TRFQ spectrometry, TRFQ spectroscopy, time resolved fluorescence quenching, time resolved fluorescence quenching spectrometry, time-resolved fluorescence quenching spectrometry, time-resolved fluorescence quenching spectroscopy
The measurement of the fluorescence decay time of probes solubilised in micellar surfactant solutions in the presence of quenchers. [CHMO]
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synonyms: time resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, time resolved fluorimetry, time resolved fluorometry, time resolved spectrofluorometry, time-resolved fluorimetry, time-resolved fluorometry, time-resolved spectrofluorometry
A type of spectroscopy where the time decay of the fluorescence of molecules excited using ultraviolet light is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: TRMC, time resolved microwave conductivity
A technique allowing the quantitative and qualitative detection of radiation-induced charge separation by time-resolved measurement of the changes in microwave absorption resulting from the production and decay of charged and dipolar molecular entities. In a typical TRMC experiment, separated charge carriers, which are generated by a laser pulse, lead to a perturbation of the initial microwave absorbance. The temporal decay of the conductivity signal (i.e. microwave absorbance) reflects the lifetime of the photogenerated carriers. [CHMO]
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synonyms: TR-OKE spectroscopy, TROKE spectroscopy, TROKES, time resolved optical Kerr effect spectroscopy, time-resolved OKE spectroscopy, time-resolved OKES
A type of spectroscopy where time response of a transient birefringence induced in the sample by two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) under the influence of an electric field (the 'optical Kerr effect') is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: time-resolved polarised Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, time-resolved polarised FTIR, time-resolved polarised Fourier transform infra-red absorption spectroscopy, time-resolved polarised Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry, time-resolved polarised Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, time-resolved polarised Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, time-resolved polarized FTIR, time-resolved polarized Fourier transform infra-red absorption spectroscopy, time-resolved polarized Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry, time-resolved polarized Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, time-resolved polarized Fourier transform infrared spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample absorbs a single pulse of polarized radiation from the infrared region (0.78-1000 µm) and the spectrum obtained, recorded as a function of time, is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]
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synonyms: time resolved resonance Rayleigh scattering spectrometry, time resolved resonance Rayleigh spectroscopy, time resolved resonant Rayleigh scattering spectrometry, time resolved resonant Rayleigh spectroscopy, time-resolved resonant Rayleigh scattering, time-resolved resonant Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light, as a function of time, where the wavelength of the incident light corresponds to an absorption band in the scattering molecules. [CHMO]
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synonyms: USV, ultrasonic speckle velocity measurement
A method for measuring the velocity of a sample by detecting and analysing successive ultrasonic speckle signals that result from the interference of backscattered echoes of successive incident pulses of ultrasonic radiation (36 MHz) as a function of time. [CHMO]
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synonyms: TERS, tip-enhanced Raman scattering spectrometry, tip-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a visible laser (500-650 nm), by metal surfaces, where scattering is enhanced by the optical near-field of a metal-coated scanning probe microscopy tip, is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: standard solution testing, titre testing
A titer (or titre) is a way of expressing concentration. Titer testing employs serial dilution to obtain approximate quantitative information from an analytical procedure that inherently only evaluates as positive or negative. The titer corresponds to the highest dilution factor that still yields a positive reading. [Wikipedia]
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Titrant standardization is the accurate and precise determination of the concentration of a titrant. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: titrimetic analysis, titrimetry
Titration is the process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. [CHMO]
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synonyms: titrimetic analysis, titrimetry
The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HOHAHA spectrometry, HOHAHA spectroscopy, TOCSY, homonuclear Hartmann Hahn spectroscopy, homonuclear Hartmann,Hahn spectroscopy, homonuclear Hartmann-Hahn spectroscopy, total correlated spectroscopy, total correlation spectrometry
A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy which reveal correlations between all nuclei of a spin-system. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 3D TOCSY-NOESY, 3D-TOCSY-NOESY, TOCSY-NOESY
A type of homonuclear three-dimensional NMR experiment spectroscopy which reveals correlations between all nuclei of a spin-system. These signals are then correlated to nuclei that are spatially proximate within the molecule (<= 6 Angstrom apart). [CHMO]
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synonyms: TCS, target current spectrometry, target current spectroscopy, total current spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is determined by measuring the total electron current incident on the sample target. [CHMO]
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synonyms: TIR-FCS, total internal reflection FCS
A type of spectroscopy where ultraviolet light is used to stimulate fluorescence in a sample, and the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations are measured and correlated within a very small detection volume. To generate total internal reflection the UV light is either passed through a prism to generate high enough incident angles, or the UV light is focused through the periphery of a high numerical aperture objective which is directly coupled to the sample surface. [CHMO]
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synonyms: TIRF microscopy, TIRFM
A type of microscopy where the specimen (a fluorophore) can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with light of specific wavelength. The light is totally internally reflected to generate an evanescent wave at the glass microscope slide-water interface. The evanescent wave selectively illuminates and excites fluorophores in a restricted region of the specimen allowing fluorophores on the surface to be imaged (normally the fluorescence of surface fluorophores is overwhelmed by background fluorescence). [CHMO]
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synonyms: TIRM
A type of optical microscopy which is used to monitor Brownian fluctuations in the separation between a single microscopic sphere and a flat plate in aqueous media. The sphere is levitated above the plate by colloidal forces such as double-layer or steric repulsion. Changes in elevation as small as 1 nm can be detected by measuring the light scattered by a single sphere when illuminated by an evanescent wave. [CHMO]
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synonyms: TXRF, total reflection X-ray fluorescence analysis, total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry
Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays and the energies of totally reflected X-rays are measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: TOSS, TOSS pulse sequence, TOSS sequence
A pulse sequence used in magic angle spinning NMR experiments to remove additional signals resulting from spinning the sample too slowly to obtain a response composed solely of isotropic chemical shifts. [CHMO]
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synonyms: TR-XAFS, TR-XAFSS, TRXAFS, TRXAFSS, total-reflection X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry
A type of X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient around the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are measured as a function of incident X-ray energy. Measurements are taken under total reflection conditions. [CHMO]
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synonyms: adding, summing
Totaling is the calculation of a sum or an integral. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: signal acquisition
The process of sensing signals and recording the information in the signals. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: TM
A process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The mould is filled with a prepolymer then the whole assembly is transferred to a flat substrate where the prepolymer is cross-linked and the mould removed. [CHMO]
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synonyms: deliver, transmitting
Transferring is channeling a flow (material, energy, signal) from one place to another. [NIST]
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synonyms: transient infrared spectroscopy, IR laser transient absorption spectroscopy, IR transient absorption spectroscopy, TIRS, infrared laser transient absorption spectroscopy, infrared transient absorption spectroscopy, transient infrared spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where transient species such as radicals, ions or reactive intermediates are studied using pulses from an infrared laser. The infrared absorbance of the sample before and after an excitation laser pulse is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: TRS, transmission Raman, transmission Raman scattering spectroscopy, transmission Raman spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, usually from a laser, by a sample is detected. The light is collected from the non-illuminated side of the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: TXM, transmission XM
An imaging technique where a finely focused beam of X-rays is directed at the specimen and the energies and intensities of the transmitted X-rays are measured as a function of position. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ETS, TEELS, electron transmission spectrometry, electron transmission spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies is transmitted through a sample and the energy distribution of the transmitted electrons is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: TEM
A type of microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: TEM-EDS, TEM-EDX, TEM/EDS, TEM/EDX analysis
A type of microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The interaction of electrons with the specimen produces X-rays (with energies characteristic of atomic number) which are detected as a function of wavelength. [CHMO]
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synonyms: TEM SAD, TEM SAED, TEM-SAD, TEM-SAED
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of high energy (10-200 keV) electrons at the sample within a transmission electron microscope and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any electrons transmitted through the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SADP, SAED, THEED, selected area electron diffraction, selected-area electron diffraction, transmission high-energy electron diffraction
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of high energy (10-200 keV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any electrons transmitted through the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: TLEED, transmission low-energy electron diffraction
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of high energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any electrons transmitted through the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: transmission spectrometry, transmittance spectrometry, transmittance spectroscopy
The study of radiation as a function of wavelength that has been transmitted through a sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: TPLM, TPOM, transmitted optical polarising microscopy, transmitted polarised light microscopy, transmitted polarised optical microscopy, transmitted polarized light microscopy, transmitted polarized light optical microscopy, transmitted polarized optical microscopy, transmitted polarized-light optical microscopy, transmitted polarizing optical microscopy
A type of microscopy where the specimen placed between two orthogonal polarising filters and illuminated with visible light transmitted from a source on the opposite side of the specimen from the objective. [CHMO]
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synonyms: channeling energy, conducting energy, energy transmission
Transmitting energy is transferring an energy from one place to another. [OSTHUS, NIST]
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synonyms: channeling energy, conducting energy, energy transmission
Transmitting energy is transferring an energy from one place to another. [Allotrope, NIST]
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synonyms: conveying, material transportation, shifting, transferring material
Transporting is channeling by shifting, or conveying, a material from one place to another. [NIST]
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synonyms: TROSY, TROSY NMR, transverse relaxation optimized spectroscopy
A type of NMR experiment employed for protein samples in which relaxation mechanisms are optimised in order to suppress transverse relaxation times (T2) and deliver only the sharpest signal present in a multiplet. [CHMO]
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synonyms: trapping method
Any method used to trap a sample for further analysis. [CHMO]
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synonyms: monitor, trend analysis
Trending is a process of monitoring that consists of collecting information and identifying underlying patterns. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: TMS derivatisation, TMS derivatization
Derivatization of a metabolite by addition of a trimethylsilyl reagent to protect functional groups such as hydroxy, carboxylic acid, thio and amine groups. [CHMO]
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synonyms: TQMS
A triple quadrupole mass spectrometry is tandam mass spectrometry using two quadropole mass analyzers in series with a (non-mass-resolving) radio frequency (RF)–only quadrupole between them to act as a cell for collision-induced dissociation. This configuration is often abbreviated QqQ. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: TQMS
A triple quadrupole mass spectrometry is tandem mass spectrometry using two quadropole mass analyzers in series with a (non-mass-resolving) radio frequency (RF)–only quadrupole between them to act as a cell for collision-induced dissociation. This configuration is often abbreviated QqQ. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: TQF
An NMR technique used to edit the NMR response from a sample by selecting only three-spin coupled systems, usually achieved by appropriate cycling of the phase (direction of application) of the pulses in an experiment and of the receiver. [CHMO]
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synonyms: triple-axis neutron scattering, TAS, triple-axis neutron scattering spectrometry, triple-axis neutron spectrometry, triple-axis neutron spectroscopy
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction, energy and momentum of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, and suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 3QMAS, 3QMAS NMR, TQMAS, TQMAS-NMR, triple-quantum MAS, triple-quantum excitation in combination with magic-angle spinning
An NMR experiment used for 3/2-spin quadrupolar nuclei, involving transitions between non-consecutive energy levels during the excitation of the spin system by triple-quantum excitation pulses. [CHMO]
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synonyms: triple-resonance spectroscopy, backbone assignment experiment, triple resonance NMR, triple resonance NMR spectroscopy, triple resonance nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, triple resonance nuclear magnetic spectroscopy, triple resonance spectroscopy, triple-resonance NMR
A type of NMR experiment in which excitation of the spin states of three different types of nuclei (1H, 13C and 15N) is employed. [CHMO]
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A process used to purify crude chemical compounds containing solid impurities. A solvent is chosen in which the desired product is insoluble and the undesired by-products are very soluble (or vice versa). The crude material is washed with the solvent and filtered away, leaving the purified product in solid form and any impurities in solution. [CHMO]
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Tube breeding is a process of cleaning vacuum tubes in order to remove any impurities. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: TDLAS, tunable diode laser absorbance spectrometry, tunable diode laser absorbance spectroscopy, tunable diode laser absorption spectrometry
A type of laser spectroscopy where a diode laser is tuned to a specific absorption line of interest in the sample and the intensity of the transmitted radiation is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 2-DGE, 2D gel electrophoresis, 2DGE
A two-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are both gel electrophoresis. [CHMO]
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synonyms: two photon excitation microscopy, two photon fluorescence imaging, two-photon excitation imaging, two-photon fluorescence imaging, two-photon fluorescence microscopy
A type of microscopy where fluorophores in the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by the near-simultaneous absorption of two photons. [CHMO]
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synonyms: TPPM, TPPM pulse sequence, TPPM sequence, two pulse phase modulation, two-pulse phase modulation
A continuous sequence of pulses used in magic angle spinning NMR to remove the effects of heteronuclear dipolar coupling. For the pulse sequence see J. Chem. Phys., (1996), 103, pg 6951. [CHMO]
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synonyms: TC-FWM spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where three incident laser beams are mixed, two 'pump' beams of the same frequency and one 'probe' beam of a different frequency. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 2DJ-DOSY, 3D 2DJ-DOSY, 3D DOSY-2DJ, DOSY-2DJ, diffusion-ordered spectroscopy-two-dimensional J-spectroscopy
A type of three-dimensional NMR experiment in which the signals of a 2D J-spectrum are dispersed along a third frequency axis according to diffusion coefficient. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 2D CE, 2D-CE, CE-CE, CE/CE
A two-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are both capillary electrophoresis. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 2D chromatography
A two-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are both chromatography. initial separation proceeds in a primary column and 'cuts' of the eluent from this column are directed into one or more secondary columns. [CHMO]
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A type of chromatography where an initial separation proceeds in a primary column and parts of the eluent from this column are directed into a secondary column. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 2-DE, 2D electrophoresis, 2DE
A two-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are both electrophoresis. Separation occurs in one plane, that plane is rotated by 90 deg. and the next separation step is carried out. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 2D GC, GCxGC, 2D gas chromatography
In GC × GC two columns are connected sequentially, typically the first dimension is a conventional column and the second dimension is a short fast GC type, with a modulator positioned between them. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: 2D HSQC-NOESY, 2D NOESY-HSQC, two-dimensional heteronuclear single quantum coherence nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy
A 2D NMR experiment which correlates the chemical shifts of spatially proximate protons with the chemical shifts of all (of one type of) their covalently bound heteronuclei. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 2D HSQC-TOCSY, two-dimensional heteronuclear single quantum coherence spectroscopy
A 2D NMR experiment that correlates chemical shifts of a heteronucleus and proton via 1J(X-H) heteronuclear coupling showing two different spectra cross-peaks, one for direct 1H-heteronuclear connectivity (HSQC cross-peak) and the second relayed 1H-heteronucleus connectivities due to cumulative transfer. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: 2D IR, 2D-IR, 2DIR, two dimensional infrared spectroscopy, two-dimensional IR spectroscopy , two-dimensional infrared (2D-IR) spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the infrared region (0.78-1000 µm) over two frequency axes. Cross peaks in the spectrum encode the couplings and orientation between vibrations. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 2D NOESY, 2D NOESY NMR, 2D homonuclear NOESY , 2D nOesy, 2D nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy, 2D-NOESY, 2D-nOesy
A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed, based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (<=6 Angstrom apart). [CHMO]
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synonyms: two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, 2-D NMR, 2D NMR, 2D NMR spectrometry, 2D NMR spectroscopy, 2D nuclear magnetic resonance, 2D nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, two-dimensional NMR, two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
An NMR experiment in which a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between interacting nuclei. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 2D PAGE, two dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
A two-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are both polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. [CHMO]
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A method that results in the separation of two components along two physical axes. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 2-D SAXS, 2-dimensional SAXS, 2-dimensional small-angle X-ray scattering, 2D SAXS, 2D-SAXS, SAXS with 2D detection, two-dimensional SAXS
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of two separate beams of X-rays scattered by a sample at low angles (0-10 deg.). [CHMO]
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synonyms: 2D TOCSY, 2D-TOCSY, two-dimensional TOCSY
A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and which reveal correlations between all nuclei of a spin-system. [CHMO]
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synonyms: two photon LSM, two photon laser scanning microscopy, two-photon LSM
A type of microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by scanning a solid-state (Ti sapphire) laser spot of specific wavelength over its surface to produce multi-photon fluorescence (i.e. the fluorophore simultaneously absorbs two photons, each one half of the energy required for single-photon excitation). [CHMO]
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synonyms: two pulse ESEEM, two pulse electron spin echo envelope modulation, two-pulse ESEEM
A type of pulsed EPR spectroscopy which is used to observe the electron spin echo in a paramagnetic system as a function of the time that separates the two pulses causing the echo. This technique is a powerful probe of the radial distribution of magnetic nuclear spins in the environment of the electron spins producing the echo. [CHMO]
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synonyms: two-step UV-assisted capillary force lithography, two-step UV-assisted CFL, two-step UV-assisted capillary force lithography (CFL)
A process for shaping pliable thermoplastic polymers. An elastomeric (polyurethane acrylate) mould is placed on a UV-curable polymer that has been spin- or drop-coated onto a substrate and partially cured using UV light (200-400 nm). Capillary force allows the polymer melt to fill up the void space between the polymer and the mould, generating a negative replica of the mould pattern. The process is repeated with a second mould and exposure to UV light. Two-step UV-assisted capillary force lithography is used to generate micro/nanoscale combined hierarchical structures. [CHMO]
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synonyms: RRLC, RSLC, UFLC, UHPLC, UPLC, rapid resolution liquid chromatography, rapid separation liquid chromatography, ultra fast liquid chromatography, ultra performance liquid chromatography
Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small (< 2 µm) particles and the inlet pressure is relatively high. [CHMO]
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synonyms: USANS, ultra-high resolution small-angle neutron scattering
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons at ultra-small angles (corresponding to Q = 0.000003-0.01 inverse degrees). [CHMO]
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synonyms: USX, USX spectrometry, USX spectroscopy, USXES, USXS, ultra soft X-ray emission spectrometry, ultra soft X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, ultra soft X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, ultra-soft X-ray emission spectrometry, ultra-soft X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, ultra-soft X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy
A type of X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with ultra-low energy (<1 keV) X-rays and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to valence-to-core transitions are detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ultrafast laser spectroscopy
Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more laser beams and the absorption or emission of light by the sample is measured in the following fs-ns timescale is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: UF, ultrafiltration
A separation process whereby a solution containing a solute of molecular size significantly greater than that of the solvent molecule is removed from the solvent by the application of hydraulic pressure which forces only the solvent to flow through a suitable membrane, usually having a pore size in the range 0.001-0.1 µm. [CHMO]
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synonyms: UHV-TERS
A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of visible laser light, by metal surfaces, where scattering is enhanced by the optical near field of a scanning tunnelling tip, under ultra-high vacuum is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ultra high field NMR, ultra high-field NMR, ultrahigh-field NMR
A type of spectroscopy where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static (>900 MHz) magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ultra rapid scan IR, ultra rapid scan IR spectroscopy, ultra rapid scan infrared absorption spectroscopy, ultra rapid scan infrared spectroscopy, ultra-rapid-scan IR, ultra-rapid-scan IR spectroscopy, ultra-rapid-scan infrared spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the infrared region (0.78-1000 µm). Spectra are collected at a rate of approx. 0.001 s per spectrum. [CHMO]
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synonyms: USAXS, ultra small angle X-ray scattering, ultra small-angle X-ray scattering, ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample at ultra-low angles (corresponding to Q = 0.00005-0.005 inverse deg.). [CHMO]
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synonyms: UV-TLM, ultra-violet thermal-lens microscopy, ultraviolet thermal lens microscopy, ultraviolet thermal-lens microscopy
A type of microscopy where a probe laser and a pulsed ultra-violet excitation laser and are focused onto a specimen forming a refractive index distribution resulting in a concave excitation beam. The strength of this lens is proportional to the sample concentration and is detected by a change in transmittance in the probe beam. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ultra-centrifugation
A method where components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density in an ultracentrifuge according to the centrifugal force they experience. Samples are spun at speeds of up to 150,000 rpm. [CHMO]
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The distribution of particles of one phase in a continuous phase of a different nature, assisted by sound waves (>20 KHz in frequency). [CHMO]
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synonyms: ultrasonic GJD, ultrasonic JVD, ultrasonic VJD, ultrasonic jet vapor deposition, ultrasonic jet vapour deposition, ultrasonic vapor jet deposition, ultrasonic vapour jet deposition
A synthesis method where a flow of carrier gas (moving faster than the speed of sound) containing vaporised precursors is projected onto a surface, resulting in a deposit. [CHMO]
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synonyms: USN-ICP-AES, USN-ICP-OES, ultrasonic nebulisation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, ultrasonic nebulisation inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, ultrasonic nebulisation inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, ultrasonic nebulization inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, ultrasonic nebulization inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, ultrasonic nebulization inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample mixture is first passed through a nebulizer to form a mist of finely dispersed droplets (using high frequency vibrations) and then excited using a plasma generated by electromagnetic inductance. [CHMO]
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synonyms: USV, ultrasonic speckle velocity measurement
A method for measuring the velocity of a sample by detecting and analysing successive ultrasonic speckle signals that result from the interference of backscattered echoes of successive incident pulses of ultrasonic radiation (36 MHz). [CHMO]
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synonyms: ADV, UDV, acoustic Doppler velocimetry, acoustic velocimetry, sonic velocimetry, ultrasound Doppler velocimetry , ultrasound-Doppler velocimetry , velocity measurement using ultrasound
A method for determining the velocity of a sample by measuring the Doppler shift experienced by ultrasound radiation. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ultra-sonication
The irradiation of a liquid sample with ultrasonic (>20 kHz) waves resulting in agitation. Sound waves propagate into the liquid media result in alternating high-pressure (compression) and low-pressure (rarefaction) cycles. During rarefaction, high-intensity sonic waves create small vacuum bubbles or voids in the liquid, which then collapse violently (cavitation) during compression, creating very high local temperatures. [CHMO]
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synonyms: UE, ultrasonic accelerated extraction, ultrasonic assisted extraction, ultrasonic extraction, ultrasonic-accelerated extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction
The process of transferring a substance from any matrix to an appropriate liquid phase, assisted by sound waves (>20 KHz in frequency) that propagate through the liquid media. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ultrasonically-assisted polyol method
The synthesis of metal-containing compounds in poly(ethylene glycol) which is irradiated with ultrasonic (>20 kHz) waves. The ethylene glycols act as both the solvent and reducing agent. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ultraviolet Raman spectroscopy, UVR, ultra-violet Raman spectrometry, ultra-violet Raman spectroscopy, ultraviolet Raman spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from an ultraviolet laser, by a sample is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ultraviolet detection, UV detection, ultra-violet detection, UV measurement, ultra-violet measurement, ultraviolet measurement
Ultraviolet absorbance measurement is electronic absorbance measurement of light in the wavelength region of 190-350 nm. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: ultraviolet bremsstrahlung spectrometry, ultraviolet bremsstrahlung spectroscopy, ultraviolet bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy, UVBIS, ultra-violet bremsstrahlung isochromat spectrometry, ultra-violet bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy, ultra-violet bremsstrahlung spectrometry, ultraviolet bremsstrahlung isochromat spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation in the ultraviolet region. [CHMO]
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synonyms: UV curing, UV irradiation curing, UV-assisted curing
A chemical process in which a prepolymer is converted into a polymer and then into a network, upon irradiation with light in the range 190-400 nm. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ultraviolet detection, UV detection, ultra-violet detection, UV measurement, ultra-violet measurement, ultraviolet measurement
A detection method which is sensitive to unsaturated organic compounds. As the sample passes through a cell it is illuminated with light in the region 190-350nm and any absorption is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ultraviolet detection, UV detection, ultra-violet detection, UV measurement, ultra-violet measurement, ultraviolet measurement
A detection method which is sensitive to unsaturated organic compounds. As the sample passes through a cell it is illuminated with light in the region 190-350 nm and any absorption is detected. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ultraviolet fluorescence microscopy, UV fluorescence microscopy, UVF microscopy, UVFM, ultra-violet fluorescence microscopy
A type of microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with radiation in the ultra-violet region (4-380 nm). [CHMO]
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A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90-100 deg. C. The photoresist is then exposed to a pattern of intense UV light and a post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120-180 deg. C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. [CHMO]
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synonyms: UV melting, ultra-violet melting
The process of heating a substance by irradiation with ultraviolet light (190-400 nm) to cause the solid-liquid phase change. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, UPES, UPS, UVPES, UVPS, ultra-violet photoelectron spectrometry, ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy, ultra-violet photoemission spectroscopy ultra-violet photoemission spectrometry, ultraviolet photoelectron spectrometry, ultraviolet photoemission spectrometry, ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with ultraviolet (10-400 nm) photons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: UV photolysis digestion, UVPD, ultra-vioelt photolysis digestion
The decomposition of a sample by placing it in an organic matrix and irradiating the matrix with radiation in the range 200-435 nm (indirectly, using a mirror). OH radicals generated from the matrix react with the sample, degrading it. [CHMO]
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synonyms: UVRR, UVRRS, ultra-violet resonance Raman spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from an ultraviolet laser, by a sample is detected. The energy of the incoming laser is adjusted such that it or the scattered light coincides with an electronic transition within the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ultraviolet spectrometry, UV spectrophotometry, UV spectroscopic measurements, UV spectroscopy, ultra-violet spectrometry, ultra-violet spectrophotometry, ultra-violet spectroscopy, ultraviolet spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the ultraviolet region (190-400 nm) resulting in electronic transitions within the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ultraviolet thermal lens spectroscopy, UV TLS, UV-TLS, ultra-violet thermal lens spectrometry, ultra-violet thermal lens spectroscopy, ultraviolet thermal lens spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the energy generated by nonradiative thermal relaxation after ultraviolet laser light absorption is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: UV titration, ultra-violet titration
The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the absorbance of radiation in the ultraviolet range (190-400 nm) by the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: molecular electronic absorption spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, UV spectrometry, UV-VIS, UV-VIS absorption spectrophotometry, UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy, UV-VIS spectrophotometry, UV-VIS spectroscopy, UV-Vis molecular absorption spectrometry, UV-Vis molecular absorption spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, UV-vis, UV-vis absorption spectrometry, UV-vis absorption spectrophotometry, UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, UV-vis spectrometry, UV-vis spectrophotometry, UV-vis spectroscopy, UV-visible, UV-visible spectroscopy, UV/VIS, UV/VIS absorption spectrophotometry, UV/VIS spectrometry, UV/VIS spectrophotometry, UV/VIS spectroscopy, UV/Vis absorption spectrophotometry, UV/Vis spectrometry, UV/Vis spectrophotometry, UV/Vis spectroscopy, UV/vis, absorption spectrophotometry, electronic absorption spectroscopy, ultra-violet-visible spectrometry, ultra-violet-visible spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible, ultraviolet-visible spectrometry, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, UV–VIS absorption spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation in the range ultraviolet to visible (190-800 nm) resulting in electronic transitions within the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ultraviolet-visible-near infrared spectrophotometry, UV-VIS-NIR, UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometry, UV-Vis-NIR, UV-Vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy, UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy, UV-vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy, UV-visible-near IR absorption spectroscopy, UV-visible-near IR spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible-near infrared absorption spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible-near infrared spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation in the range ultraviolet to near-infrared (190-2000 nm) resulting in electronic transitions within the sample. [CHMO]
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Fragmentation reaction in which the molecularity of the reaction system is unity. The dissociation may arise from the extra energy acquired by a metastable ion produced in the ion source or that provided by collisional excitation of a stable ion. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Fragmentation reaction in which the molecularity of the reaction system is unity. The dissociation may arise from the extra energy acquired by a metastable ion produced in the ion source or that provided by collisional excitation of a stable ion. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: UMR
The reaction of natural gas or syngas with steam at high temperature (700-1000 deg. C) in the presence of a nickel catalyst, in order to produce hydrogen. The nickel catalyst is then oxidised with air and finally reduced back to the metal using more hydrocarbon gas. [CHMO]
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Upscan mode is a scan mode of differential scanning calorimetry that proceeds with increasing temperature. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: upstream, upstream bioprocessing, upstream processing
The upstream process is defined as the entire process from early cell isolation and cultivation, to cell banking and culture expansion of the cells until final harvest (termination of the culture and collection of the live cell batch). [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: vacuum coating, vacuum-coating, vacuum-deposition
The process of the settling of particles (atoms or molecules) from a vapour, at sub-atmospheric pressure, onto a pre-existing surface, resulting in the growth of a new phase. [CHMO]
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synonyms: low temperature distillation, low-temperature distillation
A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a high-boiling-point sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat at low pressure and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. [CHMO]
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The removal of water from a sample by placing it under reduced pressure. This allows water to evaporate from (heat-sensitive) samples at a lower temperature. [CHMO]
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synonyms: VMD, vacuum-metal deposition
A development technique where the substrate is placed in a vacuum (10^{-4} Pa) and two metal electrodes are melted and evaporated (sequentionally) by passing a current through them. When the metal atoms hit the (much cooler) substrate they condense into nanoscale particles, forming a thin deposit on the surface. When vacuum metal deposition is used to enhance latent fingermarks on polymer surfaces, a Au layer is applied first, followed by a much thicker Zn layer (which does not deposit on the fingermark ridges). [CHMO]
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The chemical degradation of a sample (usually an organic material) by heating it in a vacuum in order to decrease its boiling point and avoid adverse chemical reactions. [CHMO]
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synonyms: vacuum-sublimation method
A technique for purifying solid samples by heating the sample under vacuum. The sample sublimes and the vapours condense as a purified compound on a cooled surface, leaving the non-volatile residue impurities behind. [CHMO]
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synonyms: vacuum ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, VUVPES, VUVPS, vacuum ultra-violet photoelectron spectrometry, vacuum ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy, vacuum ultra-violet photoemission spectrometry, vacuum ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with vacuum ultraviolet (10-20 nm) photons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: vacuum ultraviolet spectrophotometry, VUV spectrometry, VUV spectrophotometry, VUV spectroscopy, vacuum ultra-violet absorption spectrometry, vacuum ultra-violet absorption spectroscopy, vacuum ultra-violet spectrophotometry, vacuum ultraviolet absorption spectrometry, vacuum ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation in the vacuum ultraviolet region (0.1-200 nm) resulting in electronic transitions within the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: valence-shell photoionisation spectrometry, valence-shell photoionization spectrometry
Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionization of the valence shell and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]
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The producing of vapor. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: VPO, vapor-pressure osmometry, vapour-pressure osmometry
A technique used to determine the concentration of osmotically active particles that reduce the vapor pressure of a solution. Vapour pressure osmometry is used to measure the average molecular weight of polymers. [CHMO]
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synonyms: VPE, vapor phase epitaxy, vapor-phase epitaxial growth, vapour phase epitaxy, vapour-phase epitaxial growth
A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from vapour-phase precursors) on a monocrystalline substrate. [CHMO]
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synonyms: vapor phase extraction, vapour phase extraction
The process of transferring a substance from a vapour to a solid phase by passing the vapour sample through a stationary phase (e.g. silica particles) and then desorbing it using a desorbent or carrier gas. [CHMO]
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synonyms: VPG, vapor phase deposition, vapor phase deposition, vapor phase growth, vapor-phase decomposition, vapor-phase deposition, vapour phase growth, vapour-phase decomposition, vapour-phase deposition
A synthesis method for carbon nanotubes where an organometallic precursor (typically tungsten-based) is vaporised then heated in an Ar and C2H2 atmosphere to 950 deg. C. [CHMO]
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synonyms: 2D VACSY, 2D VACSY NMR, VACSY, VACSY NMR, variable-angle correlation spectroscopy
A two-dimensional solid-state NMR experiment which correlates the chemical shift anisotropy of a nucleus with its isotropic chemical shift by performing a series of experiments each at a different spinning angle relative to the magnetic field. [CHMO]
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synonyms: VAS, variable-angle spinning
A technique used in solid-state NMR experiments to achieve the controlled reintroduction of dipolar couplings by varying the angle at which the sample is spun relative to the applied magnetic field. [CHMO]
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synonyms: VH-XRPD
Variable humidity x-ray powder diffraction is an XRPD measurement with change of humidity. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: VT-XRPD
Variable temperature X-ray powder diffraction is an XRPD measurement with change of temperature. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: VAPAS, variable angle polarised absorption spectroscopy, variable angle polarized absorption spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the absorption of linearly (p-) polarized UV-vis light by a poled thin film sample, as it is rotated about the vertical axis, is recorded at incremental angles of incidence. [CHMO]
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synonyms: VT NMR, VT-NMR, variable temperature NMR, variable temperature nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, variable-temperature NMR
A type of spectroscopy where the response of a nucleus with non-zero spin to a perturbing magnetic field is detected at temperatures above or below the ambient probe temperature. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. [CHMO]
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synonyms: VPFM, vector PFM
A type of microscopy where an electric field is applied to a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') which is mounted on the end of a cantilever. The tip scans the surface of a piezoelectric specimen and the distortion of the electric field by the specimen is measured as components from three directions (one vertical and two lateral). A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. [CHMO]
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The measurement of the velocity of a moving object or medium. [CHMO]
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synonyms: performance check
A verification is a test of an equipment under regular interval to confirm the performance of the instrument. [Allotrope]
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Process in which one or more electrons are removed from or added to a molecule without a change in the positions of the atoms. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Process in which one or more electrons are removed from or added to a molecule without a change in the positions of the atoms. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: VSM, vibrating sample magnetometry
The measurement of the change in magnetic field caused by the vibration of a sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: vibrating tube densiometry, vibrating tube densitometry, vibrating-tube densiometry
The measurement of the density of a solution by determining the resonant frequency of a quartz U-tube which holds about 1 mL of sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: VCD, VCD spectrometry, VCD spectroscopy, vibrating circular dichroism spectrometry, vibrational CD, vibrational circular dichroism
A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarized infrared radiation during a vibrational transition. [CHMO]
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synonyms: VEELS, vibrational electron energy loss spectrometry.
A type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and energy loss the electrons suffer (corresponding to vibrational modes in the sample) is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: vibrational microspectroscopy, vibrational spectroscopic imaging
A type of chemical imaging spectroscopy where an optical microscope is used to image the sample and locate a small area for spectral analysis that probes the vibrational degrees of freedom of a molecule. [CHMO]
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synonyms: vibrational spectroscopic analysis
Vibrational spectroscopy is a spectroscopy which probes the vibrational degrees of freedom of a molecule. [CHMO]
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synonyms: vibrational spectroscopic analysis
Spectroscopy which probes the vibrational degrees of freedom of a molecule. [CHMO]
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The measurement of the viscosity of fluids by observing the relative motion of the fluid and an object. Viscometry is used to measure the molecular weight of polymers. [CHMO]
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A type of microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with radiation in the visible region (380-750 nm). [CHMO]
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synonyms: optical absorption spectroscopy, visible spectrometry, visible spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the visible region (380-800 nm) resulting in electronic transitions within the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: visible TLS, visible-TLS
A type of spectroscopy where the energy generated by nonradiative thermal relaxation after visible laser light absorption is measured. [CHMO]
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Introduction of sample into the instrument system via application of voltage. [Allotrope]
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Introduction of sample into the instrument system via application of voltage. [OSTHUS]
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synonyms: voltammetric method
An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. [CHMO]
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synonyms: volume perturbation calorimetry, VPC, volume-controlled scanning calorimetry, volume-perturbation calorimetry
The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction. The temperature and pressure is measured whilst the sample volume is slightly perturbed by the extension of piezoelectric crystals. [CHMO]
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synonyms: A volume process profile is a quality process profile that tracks some volume. [Allotrope], volume profile
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synonyms: A volume process profile is a quality process profile that tracks some volume. [Allotrope], volume profile
A volume process profile is a quality process profile that tracks some volume. [Allotrope]
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A volumetric analysis is a type of quantitative analysis that measures the amount of a substance by quantifying its volume. [Allotrope]
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Volumetric titration is the process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured volumes of a titrant (normally via a burette) until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. [CHMO]
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The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured volumes of a titrant (normally via a burette) until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. [CHMO]
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Volumetry is a type of quantitative analysis that measures the quantity of a compound by quantifying its volume. [Allotrope]
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Vortexing is a process of mixing that creates a vortex in the solution usually using a vortexer. [Allotrope]
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A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a material through a die at a temperature that is above room temperature, but below the recrystallization temperature of the material (400-900 deg. C). [CHMO]
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Washing is a process by which a material entity acting as contaminant (e.g. excess staining reagent) is removed by application of one or more cycles of solution in flow. [CHMO]
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A water purification that uses deionization. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: WEFT, WEFT pulse sequence, WEFT sequence, water-elimination Fourier transform
A pulse cluster used to suppress solvent (water) signals exploiting the differing relaxation properties of solvent and sample. Resonances are inverted and the subsequent recovery period is chosen such that the solvent signal is at a null point when the signal is detected. For the pulse sequence see J. Chem. Phys., (1972), 56, pg 3182. [CHMO]
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The purification of water. [Allotrope]
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A technique used to suppress the water resonance peak in a spectrum. Suppression of the strong solvent signal is necessary in order to obtain high signal to noise for the peaks of the sample under investigation. [nmrML]
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Water suppression is a nuclear magnetic resonance assay used to suppress the signal from water. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: WATERGATE, WATERGATE pulse sequence, WATERGATE sequence
A pulse cluster used for solvent (water) suppression. The solvent resonances are selectively excited and pulsed field gradients used to destroy the signal. For the pulse sequence see J. Biomol. NMR, (1992), 2, pg 661. [CHMO]
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Extraction of plant metabolites using a 2:1 v/v mixture of water and chloroform. [CHMO]
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Extraction of plant metabolites using a 1:3:1 v/v mixture of water, methanol and chloroform. [CHMO]
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Wavelength calibration is the process of calibrating the wavelength of a device. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, WD-XRF, WDS, WDX, WDXRF, wavelength dispersive X-ray emission spectrometry, wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, wavelength dispersive X-ray spectrometry
A type of X-ray emission spectroscopy where the energy spectrum of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions is measured using a diffraction grating or crystal. [CHMO]
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synonyms: WAX chromatography
Column chromatography where anions are retained by positively charged functional groups that have a positive charge only at high pH, such as amine groups, in the stationary phase. [CHMO]
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synonyms: WBDF electron microscopy, weak beam dark field electron microscopy, weak-beam dark-field (WBDF) electron microscopy
A type of microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. A diffracted beam harmonic (a 'weak beam') is used rather than the diffracted beam itself, allowing much higher resolution to be obtained. [CHMO]
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synonyms: WBDF TEM, WBDF transmission electron microscopy, weak beam dark field transmission electron microscopy, weak-beam dark-field (WBDF) transmission electron microscopy
A type of microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. A diffracted beam harmonic (a 'weak beam') is used rather than the diffracted beam itself, allowing much higher resolution to be obtained. [CHMO]
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Column chromatography where cations are retained by functional groups that are negatively charged at low pH, for example aliphatic carboxylic acid groups, in the stationary phase. [CHMO]
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synonyms: weighment, weight check
Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: weighment, weight check
Weighing is the measuring of weight of an object. Weight related to the amount of force acting on the object, either due to gravity or to a reaction force that holds it in place. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: WD
The decomposition of a sample by the addition of liquid reagents in order to solubilise it. [CHMO]
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The process of using strong acids/alkalis to cut into the unprotected parts of a surface (e.g. metal or silicon) to create a pattern. [CHMO]
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The mechanical reduction of the particle size of a solid sample by attribution (friction), impact or cutting in the presence of a small amount of liquid (which is not a solvent for the solid). [CHMO]
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synonyms: wet-spinning
A process used to create polymer fibers. Polymer dissolved in a solvent is forced through a spinneret (a multi-pored device similar to a shower head) into a chemical bath which causes the polymer to precipitate as it emerges. [CHMO]
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synonyms: wide angle neutron scattering, WANS
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons at wide angles (corresponding to Q >1 inverse degrees). [CHMO]
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synonyms: WAXRD
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. The incident X-ray beam strikes the sample at a wide angle (>10 deg.). [CHMO]
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synonyms: WAXS, wide angle X-ray scattering
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample at wide angles (>10 deg.). Wide-angle X-ray scattering is used for determining the structure of polymers. [CHMO]
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synonyms: WAPXRD, wide-angle X-ray powder diffraction
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the powdered sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. The incident X-ray beam strikes the sample at a wide angle (>10 deg.). [CHMO]
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synonyms: WALTZ, WALTZ pulse sequence, WALTZ sequence
A sequence of composite pulses designed to remove signal splitting due to heteronuclear J-couplings in multinuclear liquid NMR experiments. Also used to allow transfer of magnetization between nuclei (by making the spins precess with at the same chemical shift and thus enjoy strong coupling - isotropic mixing). J. Magn. Reson., (1983), 52, pg 335. [CHMO]
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synonyms: WURST, WURST pulse, wideband, uniform rate and smooth truncation
An adiabatic shaped pulse incorporating a linear sweep through a frequency range used for selective inversion of spin state populations over wide ranges. For the pulse see J. Magn. Reson., Ser. A, (1995), 115, pg 273. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EEW, EEW method, WEE, WEE method, electrical explosion of wire, electrical explosion of wire method
A synthesis method for metal nanopowders that consists of passing a pulse of a high-density current (104-n106 A/mm2) through a wire causing the explosive disintegration of the metal (accompanied by a bright flash of light, a shock wave, the dispersion of the metal, and the fast expansion of a mixture of boiling metal droplets and vapour to the surrounding medium) and the production of metal , particles with characteristic sizes of tens of µm to a few nm. [CHMO]
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synonyms: XRPD mode code
The differential scanning calorimetry scan mode code encodes the mode of measurement of DSC. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: ZEKE spectrometry, zero kinetic energy electron spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. The energy of the incident photons matches the ionization energy of the sample so emitted electrons have zero kinetic energy. [CHMO]
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The application of a phase correction algorithm to a Fourier transform NMR spectra such that it is optimised to give maximum values for the frequency dependent real part of the frequency signal (and minimum values for the imaginary part) of the FID Fourier transform complex number set. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: ZF-ODMR, ZFODMR, Zf-ODMR, zero-field (zf) ODMR, zero-field ODMR, zf-ODMR
A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels at zero applied magnetic field are detected by optical means (i.e. the polarization or the intensity of light emitted or absorbed by the sample depends on the population distribution in the spin levels). Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves. [CHMO]
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synonyms: baseline, baseline measurement
Zeroing is a process of measurement in order to determine the zero value of a measurement instrument. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: zeta potential analysis, zeta potential measurement, zeta-potential analysis, zeta-potential measurements, zeta-potential studies, ζ-potential analysis, ζ-potential measurement
The measurement of the overall charge a particle acquires in a specific medium. A number of different experimental methods can be used including electrophoretic light scattering and laser Doppler velocimetry. [CHMO]
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synonyms: enhanced resolution scan
Zoom scan is a type of scan mode, where data with improved resolution is acquired. This is typically achieved by scanning a more narrow scan window or scanning with a lower scan rate. [PSI-MS]
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synonyms: alpha cleavage, alpha-cleavage, alpha-cleavage
The fission of a bond originating at an atom which is adjacent to one assumed to bear the charge; the definition of β-, γ-, cleavage then follows automatically. The process would thus be described as α-fission of a ketone with expulsion of a radical R1. The carbon atoms of the radical R1. are called the α-, β-, γ-carbons, starting with the atom nearest the functional group. [IUPAC Gold Book]
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synonyms: alpha cleavage, alpha-cleavage, alpha-cleavage
The fission of a bond originating at an atom which is adjacent to one assumed to bear the charge; the definition of β-, γ-, cleavage then follows automatically. The process would thus be described as α-fission of a ketone with expulsion of a radical R1. The carbon atoms of the radical R1. are called the α-, β-, γ-carbons, starting with the atom nearest the functional group. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: beta cleavage, beta-cleavage
Fission next but one to a heteroatom or functional group producing a radical and an ion. [IUPAC Orange Book]
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synonyms: beta cleavage, beta-cleavage
Fission next but one to a heteroatom or functional group producing a radical and an ion. [IUPAC]
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synonyms: DNA metalization
The deposition of a layer of metal on DNA by chemically reducing DNA-complexed metal salts (e.g., Ag, Pd, Pt, and Cu). [CHMO]
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Removal of an electron from an atom, radical, or molecule in its lowest energy state, thus producing an ion in its lowest energy state. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: AACVD, aerosol assisted CVD, aerosol-assisted CVD, aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition, aerosol-assisted chemical vapour deposition
A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more involatile precursors, suspended in a liquid-gas aerosol (generated ultrasonically), which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. [CHMO]
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synonyms: age hardening, dispersion hardening, precipitate ageing, precipitation hardening
Any time-dependent change of the properties of a precipitate e.g. loss of water or growth of crystals as a result of prolonged heat treatment. [CHMO]
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synonyms: age hardening, dispersion hardening, precipitate ageing, precipitation hardening
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synonyms: Al metalization, Al metallisation, Al metallization, aluminium metallization, aluminum metalization
The deposition of a layer of aluminium on a substrate (usually to provide electrical contacts in devices). A number of techniques may be used for metallization including evaporation and sputter coating. [CHMO]
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Desorption of molecules and formation of ions outside the mass spectrometer directly from samples in their native environment with no or minimal sample preparation. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: ambient mass spectrometry
Any mass spectrometry technique where the sample is ionized at low or ambient temperature. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ambient mass spectrometry
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An eletrochemical process that increases the thickness of the oxide layer on the surface of a metal sample in order to make it less reactive. Anodization proceeds by passing a direct current through an electrolytic solution, with the sample serving as the anode. [CHMO]
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synonyms: AID
A detection method where metastable Ar atoms are used to ionize the sample, which is held in a carrier gas. The resulting electrons are focused toward a collector electrode and the current is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Ar-PDPID, Ar/PDPID, argon pulse discharge photoionisation detection, argon pulse discharge photoionization detection, argon pulsed discharge photoionisation detection, argon pulsed discharge photoionization detection, argon pulsed-discharge photoionisation detection, argon pulsed-discharge photoionization detection
A detection method where a DC voltage pulse is passed through argon gas generating high-energy (13.5-17.5 eV) photons which photoionize the elements in the sample mixture, and the current generated by this ionization is measured. [CHMO]
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Ionization process in which two atoms or molecules, one or both of which is in an excited state, react to form a single positive ion and an electron. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: APCI
Chemical ionization that takes place at atmospheric pressure as opposed to the reduced pressure is normally used for chemical ionization. [PSI-MS]
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synonyms: APCI
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synonyms: APGD, APGDI
An ionization method when the sample is ionized, at atmospheric pressure, in a plasma (a partially ionized gas - such as Ar - containing free electrons) which has been generated by passing an electrical discharge between two electrodes. [CHMO]
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synonyms: APGD, APGDI
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synonyms: API
Any ionization process in which ions are formed in the gas phase at atmospheric pressure. [PSI-MS]
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synonyms: API
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synonyms: AP MALDI
Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization in which the sample target is at atmospheric pressure and the ions formed by the pulsed laser are sampled through a small aperture into the mass spectrometer. [PSI-MS]
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synonyms: AP MALDI
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synonyms: APPI
Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization in which the reactant ions are generated by photo-ionization. [PSI-MS]
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synonyms: APPI
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synonyms: APPI MS, APPI-MS, APPIMS, atmospheric pressure photoionisation mass spectroscopy, atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is irradiated with an ultraviolet laser at atmospheric pressure. The sample absorbs one or more photons resulting in ionization. [CHMO]
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synonyms: APPI MS, APPI-MS, APPIMS, atmospheric pressure photoionisation mass spectroscopy, atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectroscopy
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synonyms: APCVD, atmospheric pressure CVD, atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition, atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition, atmospheric-pressure CVD
A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, at atmospheric pressure, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. [CHMO]
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synonyms: APLI
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synonyms: APLI-MS, APLI/MS, atmospheric-pressure laser induced mass spectrometry, atmospheric-pressure laser ionisation mass spectroscopy, atmospheric-pressure laser ionization mass spectroscopy
Mass spectrometry using atmospheric-pressure laser ionization. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: APLI-MS, APLI/MS, atmospheric-pressure laser induced mass spectrometry, atmospheric-pressure laser ionisation mass spectroscopy, atmospheric-pressure laser ionization mass spectroscopy
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synonyms: ALCVD, atomic layer CVD, atomic-layer CVD, atomic-layer chemical vapor deposition, atomic-layer chemical vapour deposition
A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a monolayer deposit. The surface reaction is self-limiting resulting in a nanometre thickness of film. [CHMO]
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The formation of an ion when an atom or molecule in a discrete state with an energy greater than the ionization threshold loses an electron spontaneously without further interaction with an energy source. [PSI-MS]
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Technique used in Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometers to limit the translational motion of the trapped ions so that they occupy a small volume near the trap center, thus optimizing performance criteria including resolving power. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: blow forming
A process for shaping pliable thermoplastic or thermosetting plastics using a rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The plastic is heated and shaped into a tube then a pressurized gas, usually air, is used to expand the plastic and press it against the mould. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CDI, capacitive desalination, electrochemical demineralization, electrosorb process for desalination of water, electrosorption of salt ions
Capacitive deionization is a technology to deionize water by applying an electrical potential difference over two porous carbon electrodes. Anions, ions with a negative charge, are removed from the water and are stored in the positively polarized electrode. Likewise, cations (positive charge) are stored in the cathode, which is the negatively polarized electrode. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: CDI, capacitive desalination, electrochemical demineralization, electrosorb process for desalination of water, electrosorption of salt ions
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A process in which a ceramic precursor is converted into a ceramic. [CHMO]
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Definition pending. [0]
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Ionization of an atom or molecule by interaction with another internally excited atom or molecule. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: CI
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synonyms: CI
Formation of a new ion in the gas phase by the reaction of a neutral with an ion. The process may involve transfer of an electron, a proton, or other charged species between the reactants. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: CI-MS, LCPIMS, LP-CI-MS, LPCI-MS, chemical ionisation mass spectroscopy, chemical ionization mass spectroscopy, low pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry, low pressure chemical ionisation mass spectroscopy, low pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry, low pressure chemical ionization mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by interaction (electron or proton transfer) with reagent (N2, O2, H2O) gaseous ions at low pressure. Reagent ions are produced by electron ionization. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CI-MS, LCPIMS, LP-CI-MS, LPCI-MS, chemical ionisation mass spectroscopy, chemical ionization mass spectroscopy, low pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry, low pressure chemical ionisation mass spectroscopy, low pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry, low pressure chemical ionization mass spectroscopy
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synonyms: CVD, CVD (chemical vapor deposition) synthesis, CVD (chemical vapour deposition) synthesis, chemical-vapor deposition, chemical-vapour deposition
A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CVI
The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from, a vapour. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CVT
A crystal growth method for metal dichalcogenides in which the starting materials (high purity metal and chalcogen) are placed in a quartz ampoule together with a transport agent (e.g. iodine) and heated in a furnace under a temperature gradient. [CHMO]
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synonyms: co crystallisation, co crystallization, co-crystallisation, co-crystallization
The simultaneous crystallization of two different substances or two different structural elements of the same substance. [CHMO]
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synonyms: co crystallisation, co crystallization, co-crystallisation, co-crystallization
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synonyms: CV-AAS, CVAAS, cold vapor AAS, cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry, cold vapour AAS
A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where no vaporization step is required because the sample is a volatile heavy metal such as mercury, which is a vapour at room temperature. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CV-AFS, CVAFS, cold vapor AFS, cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry, cold vapour AFS, cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectrometry
A type of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy where no vaporization step is required because the sample is a volatile heavy metal such as mercury, which is a vapour at room temperature. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CSI-MS, cold-spray ionisation mass spectroscopy, cold-spray ionization mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small cold (10-80 °C) capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CSI-MS, cold-spray ionisation mass spectroscopy, cold-spray ionization mass spectroscopy
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A process for shaping pliable polymer material using a rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The pre-heated material is first placed in an open, heated mould which is then closed before pressure is applied to it. The applied pressure forces the softened polymer to adopt the shape of the mould. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CF-MALDI
Variant of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization in which the analyte is dissolved in a liquid matrix that is continuously supplied to the sample probe tip. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: CF-MALDI
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Formation of ions in a corona discharge. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: CP-MAS, CP-MAS NMR, CP/MAS, CP/MAS NMR, CPMAS, CPMAS NMR, cross polarisation magic angle spinning, cross polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, cross polarization magic angle spinning, cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, cross-polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
A type of NMR spectroscopy using a solid sample. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid state NMR, but can be reduced to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74 deg. with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). Cross polarization is used to enhance the signal from weakly coupled nuclei. [CHMO]
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synonyms: CP-MAS, CP-MAS NMR, CP/MAS, CP/MAS NMR, CPMAS, CPMAS NMR, cross polarisation magic angle spinning, cross polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, cross polarization magic angle spinning, cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, cross-polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
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The formation of a crystalline solid from a solution, melt vapour, or a different solid phase, generally by lowering the temperature or by evaporation of a solvent. [CHMO]
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synonyms: data massaging
A term used meaning the processing and manipulation of the spectral data produced for the purposes of improving spectral appearance, change the signal to noise ratio (S/N), or resolution. The term is often collectively used in conjunction with line broadening, sharpening, averaging, smoothing. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: data massaging
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synonyms: DUMBO, DUMBO pulse sequence, DUMBO sequence, decoupling using mind boggling optimisation, decoupling using mind boggling optimization, decoupling using mind-boggling optimisation, decoupling using mind-boggling optimization
A sequence of pulses used in magic angle spinning NMR to remove the effect of homonuclear dipolar couplings. For the pulse sequence see Chem. Phys. Lett., (2004), 398, pg 532. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DUMBO, DUMBO pulse sequence, DUMBO sequence, decoupling using mind boggling optimisation, decoupling using mind boggling optimization, decoupling using mind-boggling optimisation, decoupling using mind-boggling optimization
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synonyms: deionisation, deionisation method, deionization method
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synonyms: deionisation, deionisation method, deionization method
The removal of ions from a solution using an ion-exchange method. [CHMO]
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The transformation of a chemical compound (the 'educt') into another similar compound (the 'derivative') by altering one or more of its functional groups. Derviatisation is generally perfomed to alter reactivity or change a physical property such as solubility, boiling point, melting point, thermal stability etc. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DAPCI
An ionization method in which a corona discharge is used to direct a liquid spray (composed of an inert, high velocity gas and solvent ions) onto the sample surface. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DAPCI
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synonyms: DCI
Formation of gas-phase ions by chemical ionization of gaseous molecules produced by the rapid heating and desorption of a solid or low vapour pressure liquid. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: DCI
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synonyms: DESI
An ionization method where charged solvent droplets which are formed by forcing the solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min-1) into an electric field are directed at the sample surface. The droplets form a thin film on the sample surface, dissolving the analyte of interest. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DESI
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synonyms: DESI MS, DESI-MS, DESIMS, desorption electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy, desorption electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by directing charged solvent droplets (which are formed by forcing the solvent through a small heated capillary into an electric field) at the sample surface. The droplets form a thin film on the sample surface, dissolving the analyte of interest. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DESI MS, DESI-MS, DESIMS, desorption electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy, desorption electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy
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synonyms: DI
Formation of gas phase ions from a solid or liquid sample surface upon activation by heat, strong electric field, particles, droplets, or photon bombardment. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: DI
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synonyms: DIOS
Soft ionization alternative to matrix-assisted desorption/ionization involving laser desorption ionization of a sample deposited on a porous silicon surface. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: DIOS
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The substitution of one or more hydrogen atoms in a molecule with deuterium atoms. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DBDI
Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization in which the low-temperature plasma is not generated by a corona discharge but by a device consisting of two electrodes with at least one dielectric layer that separates the electrode from the plasma. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: DBDI
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synonyms: DLICVD, direct liquid injection CVD, direct-liquid-injection CVD, direct-liquid-injection chemical vapor deposition, direct-liquid-injection chemical vapour deposition
A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more liquid precursors, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. [CHMO]
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A polymer preparation technique in which an insoluble polymer is dispersed in a continuous organic phase. [CHMO]
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The reaction of a gas-phase molecule that results in its decomposition to form products, one of which is an ion. [PSI-MS]
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synonyms: distillation precipitation copolymerisation, distillation precipitation copolymerization
A polymer preparation technique in which two different types of monomer are dissolved in an organic solvent and distilled until a precipitate of the corresponding copolymer is formed. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DEPT, DEPT NMR, distortionless enhancement by polarisation transfer, distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer
A type of spectroscopy where the energy states of 13C nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.The 13C NMR signals are enhanced by transferring 1H magnetization to 13C nuclei and the phase of the signals reflects the multiplicity i.e. CH, CH2 or CH3). Separate methyl, methylene and methine spectra may be obtained. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DEPT, DEPT NMR, distortionless enhancement by polarisation transfer, distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer
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synonyms: DEPTQ, DEPTQ NMR
A type of spectroscopy where the energy states of 13C nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.The 13C NMR signals are enhanced by transferring 1H magnetization to 13C nuclei and the phase of the signals reflects the multiplicity i.e. CH, CH2 or CH3). Separate methyl, methylene and methine spectra may be obtained. The quaternary carbon centres are also represented in the spectra, albeit with reduced intensities, and are rendered with similar 'signs' to methylene groups. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: DEPTQ, DEPTQ NMR
A type of spectroscopy where the energy states of 13C nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.The 13C NMR signals are enhanced by transferring 1H magnetization to 13C nuclei and the phase of the signals reflects the multiplicity i.e. CH, CH2 or CH3). Separate methyl, methylene and methine spectra may be obtained. The quaternary carbon centres are also represented in the spectra, albeit with reduced intensities, and are rendered with similar 'signs' to methylene groups. [OSTHUS]
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synonyms: DNP oximetry
A technique for measuring the amount of oxygen in a sample by collecting proton nuclear magnetic resonance data whilst irradiating the electron paramagnetic resonance signal from O2. A transfer of polarization from the electrons to the protons occurs, resulting in an enhancement of the observed NMR signal. [CHMO]
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synonyms: DNP oximetry
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Ionization process that produces charged droplets and gas-phase ions from a liquid under vacuum with the application of an electric field. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: ECNI, ECI, electron capture negative ionisation, electron capture negative ionization
Ionization of a gas-phase atom or molecule by attachment of a free electron to form molecular ions of the M–• type. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: ECNI, ECI, electron capture negative ionisation, electron capture negative ionization
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synonyms: ECNI, electron capture negative ionisation mass spectrometry, electron capture negative ionization mass spectroscopy, resonant electron capture negative ionisation mass spectrometry, resonant electron capture negative ionisation mass spectroscopy, resonant electron capture negative ionization mass spectrometry, resonant electron capture negative ionization mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by interaction with thermal electrons (electrons with energy 0.1 eV or less). [CHMO]
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synonyms: ECNI, electron capture negative ionisation mass spectrometry, electron capture negative ionization mass spectroscopy, resonant electron capture negative ionisation mass spectrometry, resonant electron capture negative ionisation mass spectroscopy, resonant electron capture negative ionization mass spectrometry, resonant electron capture negative ionization mass spectroscopy
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synonyms: electron ionisation, electron impact ionisation, EI, electron impact, electron impact ionization
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synonyms: EI-MS, electron ionisation mass spectroscopy, electron ionization mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by electrons (energy 70 eV) which have been emitted from a glowing filament and accelerated through an electric field. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EI-MS, electron ionisation mass spectroscopy, electron ionization mass spectroscopy
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synonyms: ESI, ionspray
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synonyms: ESI, ionspray
Spray ionization process in which either cations or anions in solution are transferred to the gas phase via formation and desolvation at atmospheric pressure of a stream of highly charged droplets that result from applying a potential difference between the tip of the electrospray needle containing the solution and a counter electrode. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: ESI-GEMMA
A separation method where singly-charged complexes move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in air under the influence of an electric field. The sample is ionized by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ESI MS, ES-MS, ESI-MS, ESI-mass spectrometry, ESIMS, ESMS, MS (EI), electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy
Any type of spectrometry where the sample is ionized by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. The ions are then characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ESI MS, ES-MS, ESI-MS, ESI-mass spectrometry, ESIMS, ESMS, MS (EI), electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy
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synonyms: ELDI-MS, ELDI/MS, ESI-LD-MS, electrospray ionisation laser desorption mass spectrometry, electrospray ionization laser desorption mass spectrometry
A type of mass spectrometry where neutral molecules are desorbed from the sample (usually biological) using a nitrogen laser and then ionized by collision with charged solvent droplets which are formed by forcing the solvent through a small heated capillary into an electric field. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ELDI-MS, ELDI/MS, ESI-LD-MS, electrospray ionisation laser desorption mass spectrometry, electrospray ionization laser desorption mass spectrometry
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synonyms: conventional emulsion polymerisation, conventional emulsion polymerization
A polymer preparation technique in which monomer (usually acrylic) droplets are dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase and are kept colloidally stable through the use of a surfactant. [CHMO]
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synonyms: energizing, providing energy, supplying energy
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synonyms: EESI
An ionization method where a neutral sample, in the form of a gas or aerosol flow, is ionized by directing it into a plume of charged droplets, generated by forcing a solution of pure solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 µL min-1) into an electric field. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EESI
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synonyms: EESI-MS, EESI/MS, extractive electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy, extractive electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where a neutral sample, in the form of a gas or aerosol flow, is ionized by directing it into a plume of charged droplets, generated by forcing a solution of pure solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 µL min-1) into an electric field. [CHMO]
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synonyms: EESI-MS, EESI/MS, extractive electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy, extractive electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy
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synonyms: FAB
Ionization of molecules initiated by a beam of neutral atoms with translational energies in the keV range. Labile molecules susceptible to dissociation are dissolved in an involatile liquid matrix that absorbs the energy of the bombarding atoms to form a selvedge region above the liquid surface in which ionization of the molecules occurs. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: FAB
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synonyms: FIB, fast ion bombardment
Ionization of any species by the interaction of a focused beam of ions, with a translational energy of several thousand eV, with a solid or liquid sample. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: FIB, fast ion bombardment
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synonyms: FEESP, field-emission electron spin-polarisation spectroscopy, field-emission electron spin-polarization spectroscopy, field-emitted electron spin-polarization spectrometry, field-emitted electron spin-polarization spectrometry, field-emitted electron spin-polarisation spectrometry
Any type of electron spectroscopy where electrons are emitted from a cathode by application of an intense electric field and a magnet is used to align all electron spins parallel to the sample surface. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FEESP, field-emission electron spin-polarisation spectroscopy, field-emission electron spin-polarization spectroscopy, field-emitted electron spin-polarization spectrometry, field-emitted electron spin-polarization spectrometry, field-emitted electron spin-polarisation spectrometry
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synonyms: FI
The removal of electrons from any species by interaction with a high electric field. [PSI-MS]
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synonyms: FI
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synonyms: FI-MS, FI/MS, FIMS, field ionisation mass spectroscopy, field ionization mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by interaction with a high electric field. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FI-MS, FI/MS, FIMS, field ionisation mass spectroscopy, field ionization mass spectroscopy
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synonyms: FID, flame ionization detection, flame ionisation detection, flame ionization process, flame ionisation process
A detection method which is sensitive to compounds containing C-H bonds. A flow of carrier gas containing the sample is mixed with H2 and air and ignited. Any positively-charged radicals resulting from this process are collected at a cathode, allowing the current to be measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FID, flame ionization detection, flame ionisation detection, flame ionization process, flame ionisation process
A flame ionisation measurement is a measurement which is sensitive to compounds containing C-H bonds. A flow of carrier gas containing the sample is mixed with H2 and air and ignited. Any positively-charged radicals resulting from this process are collected at a cathode, allowing the current to be measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: forced-flow CVI
The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from a vapour held at high pressure. [CHMO]
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The stepwise crystallisation of two or more different substances induced by changes in concentration or temperature. The sample is mixed with a solvent, heated, and then gradually cooled so that, as each of its constituent components crystallises, it can be removed in its pure form from the solution. [CHMO]
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synonyms: frequency switched Lee-Goldberg cross polarisation, FSLG-CP, frequency switched Lee-Goldberg cross polarization, frequency-switched Lee-Goldberg cross polarisation
A magic angle spinning NMR dipolar recoupling technique used to determine dipolar couplings between 1H and 13C nuclei. A FSLG sequence is used to remove homonuclear couplings (by spin-locking the 1H nuclei) and polarization transfer from the protons to the 13C via dipolar coupling manifests as a splitting of the detected 13C signal. [CHMO]
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synonyms: frequency switched Lee-Goldberg cross polarisation, FSLG-CP, frequency switched Lee-Goldberg cross polarization, frequency-switched Lee-Goldberg cross polarisation
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synonyms: furnace atomization plasma emission spectrometry, FAPES, furnace atomisation plasma emission spectrometry
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a furnace is used to atomize the sample and a plasma is used as the excitation source. [CHMO]
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synonyms: FINES, furnace ionisation non-thermal excitation spectrometry, furnace ionization non-thermal excitation spectrometry
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it, then ionized and excited using a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas). [CHMO]
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synonyms: GP spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where a spectral shift, in fluorescence spectrum, which depends on the phase of lipid membranes is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: GDI, glow-discharge ionisation, glow-discharge ionization, glow-discharge ionisation
Formation of ions from gaseous atoms or molecules or from the vapor of a solid sample at the cathode by applying a potential difference between two electrodes immersed in a low-pressure inert gas environment. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: GDI, glow-discharge ionisation, glow-discharge ionization, glow-discharge ionisation
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The conversion of an organic material in an inert atmosphere at temperatures in excess of 1800 °C to produce a graphite crystal structure. [CHMO]
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Formation of gas-phase ions accompanied by extensive fragmentation. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: HDID
A detection method where metastable helium ions (generated by an electric arc) ionize the molecules in the sample (held in He carrier gas). The resulting electrons are focused toward a collector electrode and the current is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HID
A detection method where metastable helium ions (generated by irradiation with beta-particles from a radioactive source) ionize the molecules in the sample (held in He carrier gas). The resulting electrons are focused toward a collector electrode and the current is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: He-PDPID, He/PDPID, helium pulse discharge photoionisation detection, helium pulse discharge photoionization detection, helium pulsed discharge photoionisation detection, helium pulsed discharge photoionization detection, helium pulsed-discharge photoionisation detection, helium pulsed-discharge photoionization detection
A detection method where a DC voltage pulse is passed through helium gas generating high-energy (13.5-17.5 eV) photons which photoionize the elements in the sample mixture, and the current generated by this ionization is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: high-target-utilisation sputtering, high-target-utilization sputtering
A synthesis technique where a solid target is bombarded with energetic ions (e.g. Ar+) causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate. Ionization of the neutral gas atoms requires an external plasma (a partially ionized gas containing free electrons) source, which generates an ion beam. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HF-LPME, HFLPME, hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction, hollow fiber-based liquid phase microextraction, hollow fibre liquid-phase microextraction, hollow fibre-based liquid phase microextraction, hollow-fiber LPME, hollow-fiber based LPME, hollow-fiber liquid-phase micro-extraction, hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction, hollow-fiber-based LPME, hollow-fibre LPME, hollow-fibre based LPME, hollow-fibre liquid-phase micro-extraction, hollow-fibre liquid-phase microextraction, hollow-fibre-based LPME
The process of transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase immobilised within the pores of the wall of a porous hollow fibre (<10 µm diameter). [CHMO]
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The intensive mixing of mutually insoluble phases (sometimes with addition of surfactants) to obtain a soluble suspension or emulsion. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HPCVD
A synthesis method that involves both the chemical decomposition of a precursor gas and the vaporization of a solid source e.g. the growth of MgB2 involves both diborane gas and solid Mg. [CHMO]
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synonyms: HVPE, hydride vapor phase epitaxy, hydride vapour phase epitaxy
A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film, from vapour-phase precursors (in hydrogen or ammonia carrier gases), on a monocrystalline substrate. [CHMO]
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synonyms: IPG based-IEF, IPG-IEF, immobilised pH gradient-IEF, immobilized pH gradient-IEF
An electrophoresis method for the separation of amphoteric analytes according to their isoelectric points by the application of an electric field along a pH gradient. The pH gradient is formed during casting of the gels therefore cannot be altered during the experiment. [CHMO]
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synonyms: IETS, inelastic electron tunneling spectrometry, inelastic electron tunnelling spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where a metal-molecule-metal sandwich is formed and electrons tunnel from metal to metal through the molecules. Any additional molecules adsorbed onto the inner layer of the sandwhich can affect the tunneling via the excitation of vibrational states. [CHMO]
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synonyms: IETS, inelastic electron tunneling spectrometry, inelastic electron tunnelling spectrometry
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A process for shaping pliable thermoplastic or thermosetting plastics using a rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The plastic is fed into a heated barrel, mixed, and forced into a mould where it cools and hardens to the configuration of the mould. [CHMO]
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synonyms: INEPT, INEPT NMR
A heteronuclear NMR experiment in which magnetization arising from 1H nuclei is transferred to covalently bound heteronuclei, thereby enhancing the NMR signal of the heteronuclei. [CHMO]
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synonyms: INEPT, INEPT NMR
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Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: ionization method, ionisation method
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synonyms: ionization method, ionisation method
Definition pending. [0]
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synonyms: IS, CLS, ILS, core level characteristic loss spectroscopy, core-level characteristic loss spectroscopy, ionisation loss spectrometry, ionisation loss spectroscopy, ionisation spectrometry, ionization loss spectrometry, ionization loss spectroscopy, ionization spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the loss in energy of electrons produced by ionization is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: IDSRS
A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from two lasers ('pump' and 'probe') by a sample is detected. The molecules in the sample are ionized using an ultraviolet laser in order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the spectrum. [CHMO]
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Reaction of an ion with a neutral in which one or more electrons are removed from either the ion or neutral to form free electrons. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: isotope labeling, isotope labelling
The substitution of an atom or an ion (present in the form of its stable isotope) by an isotope of the same element. [CHMO]
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synonyms: isotope labeling, isotope labelling
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synonyms: Kr-PDPID, Kr/PDPID, krypton pulse discharge photoionisation detection, krypton pulse discharge photoionization detection, krypton pulsed discharge photoionisation detection, krypton pulsed discharge photoionization detection, krypton pulsed-discharge photoionisation detection, krypton pulsed-discharge photoionization detection
A detection method where a DC voltage pulse is passed through krypton gas generating high-energy (13.5-17.5 eV) photons which photoionize the elements in the sample mixture, and the current generated by this ionization is measured. [CHMO]
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The process of attaching a label onto a substance. Labels are molecular entities that facilitate the detection (through fluorescence, radioactivity, etc.) of the species to which they are attached. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LAESI
An ionization method where the sample is vaporised using a high-energy pulsed laser and then ionized by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of it through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LAESI
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synonyms: LCVD, laser CVD, laser assisted CVD, laser assisted chemical vapor deposition, laser assisted chemical vapour deposition, laser induced CVD, laser-assisted CVD, laser-assisted chemical vapor deposition, laser-assisted chemical vapour deposition, laser-induced CVD, laser-induced chemical vapor deposition, laser-induced chemical vapour deposition
A synthesis method where a laser-heated substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ELDI, electrospray-assisted laser desorption-ionisation, electrospray-assisted laser desorption-ionization, electrospray-assisted laser desorption-ionisation
An ionization method where neutral molecules are desorbed from the sample (usually biological) using a nitrogen laser and then ionized by collision with charged solvent droplets which are formed by forcing the solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min-1) into an electric field. [CHMO]
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synonyms: ELDI, electrospray-assisted laser desorption-ionisation, electrospray-assisted laser desorption-ionization, electrospray-assisted laser desorption-ionisation
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synonyms: LDI
Formation of gas-phase ions by the interaction of a laser with a solid or liquid material. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: LDI
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synonyms: LIMS, LDI MS, LDI mass spectrometry, LDI-MS, LDIMS, LDMS, LIMA, laser desorption mass spectrometry, laser desorption mass spectroscopy, laser desorption-ionisation mass spectroscopy, laser desorption-ionization mass spectroscopy, laser ionisation MS, laser ionisation mass analysis, laser ionisation mass spectrometry, laser ionisation mass spectroscopy, laser ionization MS, laser ionization mass analysis, laser ionization mass spectrometry, laser ionization mass spectroscopy, laser-ionisation mass analysis, laser-ionization mass analysis
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is vaporised and ionized using a high-energy pulsed laser. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LIMS, LDI MS, LDI mass spectrometry, LDI-MS, LDIMS, LDMS, LIMA, laser desorption mass spectrometry, laser desorption mass spectroscopy, laser desorption-ionisation mass spectroscopy, laser desorption-ionization mass spectroscopy, laser ionisation MS, laser ionisation mass analysis, laser ionisation mass spectrometry, laser ionisation mass spectroscopy, laser ionization MS, laser ionization mass analysis, laser ionization mass spectrometry, laser ionization mass spectroscopy, laser-ionisation mass analysis, laser-ionization mass analysis
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synonyms: LI
Formation of ions through the interaction of photons from a laser with solid or liquid materials or with gas-phase atoms or molecules. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: LI
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synonyms: LIS, laser ionisation spectrometry, laser ionization spectrometry
Any type of spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with a laser and photoexcitation is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionization potential to create an ion. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LIS, laser ionisation spectrometry, laser ionization spectrometry
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synonyms: laser multiphoton ionisation spectrometry, laser multiphoton ionization spectrometry
Any type of spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with a laser and photoexcitation (by the absorption of two or more photons) is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionization potential to create an ion. [CHMO]
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synonyms: laser multiphoton ionisation spectrometry, laser multiphoton ionization spectrometry
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synonyms: laser furnace method
A method for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes where a laser beam (typically a YAG laser) is focused onto a graphite-metal target located in a quartz tube surrounded by a furnace. The target is vaporised in high temperature Ar gas producing single-walled and double-walled carbon nanotubes which are collected at a trap. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LEI spectrometry, LEI spectroscopy, LEIS, laser enhanced ionisation mass spectrometry, laser enhanced ionisation spectroscopy, laser enhanced ionization mass spectrometry, laser enhanced ionization spectroscopy, laser-enhanced ionisation spectrometry, laser-enhanced ionization spectrometry, resonance-enhanced ionisation spectrometry, resonance-enhanced ionization spectrometry, resonance-enhanced laser ionisation spectroscopy, resonance-enhanced laser ionization spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where resonant laser illumination (using a laser which is tuned to match an electronic transition within the sample) is used to ehanced the collisional ionization of atoms (or molecules) occurring in a flame. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LEI spectrometry, LEI spectroscopy, LEIS, laser enhanced ionisation mass spectrometry, laser enhanced ionisation spectroscopy, laser enhanced ionization mass spectrometry, laser enhanced ionization spectroscopy, laser-enhanced ionisation spectrometry, laser-enhanced ionization spectrometry, resonance-enhanced ionisation spectrometry, resonance-enhanced ionization spectrometry, resonance-enhanced laser ionisation spectroscopy, resonance-enhanced laser ionization spectroscopy
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synonyms: Laurdan generalized polarisation spectroscopy, Laurdan generalized polarization spectroscopy, generalized polarisation of Laurdan fluorescence, generalized polarization of Laurdan fluorescence, laurdan fluorescence spectroscopy, laurdan generalized polarisation (GP) measurements, laurdan generalized polarization (GP) measurements
A type of spectroscopy where the difference between the red and blue fluorescence emission of the fluorescent probe laurdan (6-dodecanoyl-2- dimethylaminonaphthalene), which depends on the phase of lipid membranes, is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LSI
Ionization of any species by the interaction of a focused beam of ions or atoms with a sample that is dissolved in a solvent matrix. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: LSI
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synonyms: LSPR spectroscopy, localised SPR spectroscopy, localized SPR spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the resonant excitation of surface plasmons (usually on a Au or Ag nanosized surface) by ultraviolet or visible light is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: LSPR spectroscopy, localised SPR spectroscopy, localized SPR spectroscopy
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synonyms: MOGE
A method for determining structure by illuminating an anisotropic sample with a continous infrared wavelength light source in a magnetic field and measuring the intensity and change in polarization of the reflected light as a function of wavelength. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MALDESI
An ionization method where neutral molecules are desorbed from the sample (usually biological and held in an organic acid matrix) using a nitrogen laser and then ionized by collision with charged solvent droplets which are formed by forcing the solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min-1) into an electric field. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MALDESI
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synonyms: MALDI-IMS, MALDI-MS imaging, matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation imaging mass spectroscopy, matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization imaging mass spectroscopy
The collection of spatially resolved mass spectra of a sample during microscopy where a pulse laser is used to produce both ionization and vapourization and the sample is held in a matrix (such as dihydrobenzoic acid) to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. The spectra are used to visualise the spatial distribution of (typically) biomolecules by their molecular masses. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MALDI-IMS, MALDI-MS imaging, matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation imaging mass spectroscopy, matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization imaging mass spectroscopy
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synonyms: MALDI MS, MALDI-MS, MALDIMS, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation (MALDI) MS, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) MS, matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectroscopy, matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectroscopy
Any type of mass spectrometry where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporized and ionized using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is held in a matrix (such as crystallised dihydrobenzoic acid) to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MALDI MS, MALDI-MS, MALDIMS, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation (MALDI) MS, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) MS, matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectroscopy, matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectroscopy
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synonyms: matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionisation, matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization, MALDI, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation
Formation of gas-phase ions from molecules present in a solid or liquid matrix that is irradiated with a laser. The matrix is a material that absorbs the laser energy and promotes ionization. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionisation, matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization, MALDI, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation
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synonyms: MOCVD, OMCVD, metalorganic CVD, metalorganic chemical vapor deposition, metalorganic chemical vapour deposition, organometallic chemical vapor deposition, organometallic chemical vapour deposition
A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to volatile precursors (one of which is an organometallic compound) which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MOVPE, OMVPE, metal organic vapor phase epitaxy, metal organic vapour phase epitaxy, metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy, metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy, organometallic vapor phase epitaxy, organometallic vapour phase epitaxy
A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film, from organometallic vapour-phase precursors, on a monocrystalline substrate. [CHMO]
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synonyms: metal deposition, metalisation, metalization
The deposition of a layer of metal on a substrate (usually to provide electrical contacts in devices). A number of techniques may be used for metallization including evaporation and sputter coating. [CHMO]
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Derivatization of a metabolite by addition of pyridinic methoxyamine to stabilise carbonyl moieties. [CHMO]
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synonyms: micro-ESI-MS, microESI-MS, microelectrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy, microelectrospray ionization mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. [CHMO]
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synonyms: micro-ESI-MS, microESI-MS, microelectrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy, microelectrospray ionization mass spectroscopy
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synonyms: micro-emulsion polymerisation, micro-emulsion polymerization
A polymer preparation technique in which monomer (usually acrylic) <100 nm droplets are dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase and are kept colloidally stable through the use of a surfactant and a cosurfactant e.g. hexanol. [CHMO]
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A process for shaping pliable polymer material using a microsized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The polymer material (in liquid form) is injected into a mould using a small diameter piston and then allowed to harden or set inside the mould, adopting its shape. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MIMIC
A process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a microsized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The mould is brought into contact with a rigid substrate, forming microchannels. The polymer material (in fluid form) fills these microchannels by capillary action. The polymer material is then cooled or cross-linked. [CHMO]
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synonyms: micro TM, micro-transfer molding, micro-transfer moulding
A process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a microsized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The mould is filled with a prepolymer then the whole assembly is transferred to a flat substrate where the prepolymer is cross-linked and the mould removed. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MPCVD, microwave plasma assisted CVD, microwave plasma enhanced CVD, microwave plasma-assisted CVD, microwave plasma-enhanced CVD
A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, in the presence of a microwave-induced plasma (a partially ionized gas containing free electrons), which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. The plasma enhances the rate of reaction on the substrate surface. [CHMO]
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synonyms: mini-emulsion polymerisation, mini-emulsion polymerization
A polymer preparation technique in which monomer (usually acrylic) 50-500 nm droplets are dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase and are kept colloidally stable through the use of a surfactant and are stablised against Ostwald ripening using a costabiliser such as hexadecane. [CHMO]
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Mobilization is the last step of IEF that makes the focused compounds migrate to one of the electrodes. [Allotrope]
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Any process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The polymer material (in liquid form) hardens or sets inside the mould, adopting its shape. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MPI
Photoionization of an atom or molecule in which two or more photons are absorbed. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: MPI
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synonyms: MPI-MS, MPIMS, MUPI-MS, multi photon ionisation mass spectroscopy, multi photon ionization mass spectroscopy, multiphoton ionisation mass spectroscopy, multiphoton ionization mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is irradiated with an ultraviolet laser. The sample absorbs two or more photons resulting in ionization. [CHMO]
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synonyms: MPI-MS, MPIMS, MUPI-MS, multi photon ionisation mass spectroscopy, multi photon ionization mass spectroscopy, multiphoton ionisation mass spectroscopy, multiphoton ionization mass spectroscopy
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synonyms: nESI-GEMMA, nanoESI-GEMMA
A separation method where singly-charged complexes move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in air under the influence of an electric field. The sample is ionized by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of nL min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. [CHMO]
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synonyms: nano-ESI-MS, nano-electrospray mass spectrometry, nanoESI-MS, nanoelectrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy, nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of nL min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. [CHMO]
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synonyms: nano-ESI-MS, nano-electrospray mass spectrometry, nanoESI-MS, nanoelectrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy, nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectroscopy
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synonyms: nebulisation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, nebulization inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample mixture is first passed through a nebulizer to form a mist of finely dispersed droplets (using compressed air) and then excited using a plasma generated by electromagnetic inductance. [CHMO]
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Procedure by which neutral species are formed from m/z selected ions by charge transfer to a collision gas or by dissociation. The neutral species are separated from the remaining ions and ionized through collisions with a second gas. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: N-ICTS, NICTS, normalised ICTS, normalised-ICTS, normalized ICTS, normalized-ICTS
A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the normalised capacitance produced by applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at constant different temperatures, spectra are generated that exhibit peaks, the height of which are proportional to time constant for the emission rate. [CHMO]
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synonyms: N-ICTS, NICTS, normalised ICTS, normalised-ICTS, normalized ICTS, normalized-ICTS
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Electrospray ionization in which the axis of the spray is at a right angle to the axis of the sampling cone. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: PHIP NMR, PHIP-NMR, PHIP-enhanced NMR, para-hydrogen induced polarisation enhanced NMR spectroscopy, para-hydrogen induced polarization enhanced NMR spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the energy states of protons derived from para-hydrogen (dihydrogen with an antisymmetric nuclear spin arrangement) placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. The non-Boltzmann spin population generated by para-hydrogen-derived protons gives rise to signal enhancement in the spectra, facilitating the detection of species present at low concentration. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PHIP NMR, PHIP-NMR, PHIP-enhanced NMR, para-hydrogen induced polarisation enhanced NMR spectroscopy, para-hydrogen induced polarization enhanced NMR spectroscopy
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Ionization via electron removal that occurs through the energy transfer from a neutral species (N) internally excited to a metastable state (such as a high Rydberg state) to a neutral species (M) with lower ionization energy, as represented by the following reaction: N* + M → N + M+• + e–. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: deflocculation
Reversal of coagulation or flocculation, i.e., the dispersion of aggregates to form a colloidally stable suspension or emulsion. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PAR, PAR pulse sequence, PAR sequence, phase-alternated rotation of magnetisation, phase-alternated rotation of magnetization
A sequence of composite pulses designed to remove signal splitting due to heteronuclear J-couplings in multinuclear liquid NMR experiments. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PAR, PAR pulse sequence, PAR sequence, phase-alternated rotation of magnetisation, phase-alternated rotation of magnetization
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synonyms: phosphorescence labeling, phosphorescence labelling
The process of covalently attaching a phosphorescent molecule to another molecule, such as a protein or nucleic acid. [CHMO]
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synonyms: phosphorescence labeling, phosphorescence labelling
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synonyms: PI, photon impact
Ionization of an atom or molecule by a photon, written M + hν → M+• + e–. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: PID
A detection method that is sensitive to volatile organic compounds. A carrier gas (e.g. methane) containing the sample is bombarded with high-energy (UV) photons, resulting in ionization. The current generated by these gaseous ions is then measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PI-MS, PI/MS, PIMS, photoionisation mass spectroscopy, photoionization mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is irradiated with an ultraviolet laser. The sample absorbs one or more photons resulting in ionization. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PI-MS, PI/MS, PIMS, photoionisation mass spectroscopy, photoionization mass spectroscopy
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synonyms: PVD
A synthesis technique where vaporized molecules or atoms condense on a surface, forming a thin layer. The process is purely physical; no chemical reaction occurs at the surface. [CHMO]
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Pipeting transfers a given amount of liquid solution using a pipette, dropper or pipettor. [Allotrope]
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synonyms: fission fragment ionisation, fission fragment ionization
The ionization of material in a solid sample by bombarding it with ionic or neutral atoms formed as a result of the fission of a suitable nuclide, typically 252Cf. [PSI-MS]
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synonyms: fission fragment ionisation, fission fragment ionization
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Any ionization method when the sample is ionized in a plasma - a partially ionized gas (such as Ar) containing free electrons. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PACVD, PECVD, plasma assisted CVD, plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition, plasma assisted chemical vapour deposition, plasma enhanced CVD, plasma-assisted CVD, plasma-enhanced CVD, plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition
A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, in the presence of a plasma (a partially ionized gas, containing free electrons), which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. The plasma enhances the rate of reaction on the substrate surface. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PADI
An ionization method where a plasma (a partially ionized gas - such as Ar - containing free electrons) is directed onto the sample surface causing desorption of sample molecules from the surface and subsequent ionization. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PADI
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synonyms: PISEMA, dipolar recoupling distance experiment, dipolar recoupling experiment
Magic angle spinning NMR experiments in which dipolar coupling is reintroduced to obtain information on the proximity of nuclei within the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PISEMA, dipolar recoupling distance experiment, dipolar recoupling experiment
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synonyms: PM-IRRAS, polarisation modulation infrared reflection adsorption spectroscopy, polarisation modulation-infrared reflection-adsorption spectroscopy, polarization modulation infrared reflection adsorption spectroscopy, polarization modulation-infrared reflection-adsorption spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the differential absorption and reflection of low incident angle p- and s-polarized infrared light by the surface molecules of a highly reflective or polished sample is measured. The ultra-thin layers on metal surfaces interact with the p-polarized component of light, but not with the s-polarized component. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PM-IRRAS, polarisation modulation infrared reflection adsorption spectroscopy, polarisation modulation-infrared reflection-adsorption spectroscopy, polarization modulation infrared reflection adsorption spectroscopy, polarization modulation-infrared reflection-adsorption spectroscopy
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synonyms: PODTR, polarisation OTDR, polarisation optical time domain reflectivity, polarisation optical time-domain reflectivity, polarisation optical time-domain reflectometry, polarization OTDR, polarization optical time domain reflectivity, polarization optical time-domain reflectivity, polarization optical time-domain reflectometry
A method for determining structure by directing an optical pulse through an optical fibre and measuring the polarization state of light reflected at the Brewster angle as a function of time. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PS
Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is irradiated with an initial pulse of polarized laser light (the 'pump') and the change in polarization of a second laser pulse (the 'probe') is determined. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PS
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synonyms: polarised Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, polarised FTIR, polarised Fourier transform infra-red absorption spectroscopy, polarised Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry, polarised Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, polarised Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, polarized FTIR, polarized Fourier transform infra-red absorption spectroscopy, polarized Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry, polarized Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, polarized Fourier transform infrared spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample absorbs a single pulse of polarized radiation from the infrared region (0.78-1000 µm) and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]
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synonyms: polarised Raman spectrometry, polarized Raman spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the polarization of light which has been subjected to Raman scattering by a sample is determined. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PNR, polarised neutron reflection, polarised neutron reflectivity, polarized neutron reflection, polarized neutron reflectivity, spin polarised neutron reflectivity , spin polarized neutron reflectivity , spin-polarised reflection measurements, spin-polarized reflection measurements
A method for determining structure by directing polarized neutrons onto an extremely flat surface and measuring the intensity of the reflected neutrons as a function of angle and neutron wavelength. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PLM, POM, optical polarisation microscopy, optical polarising microscopy, optical polarization microscopy, polarised light microscopy, polarised optical microscopy, polarized light microscopy, polarized light optical microscopy, polarized optical microscopy, polarizing optical microscopy
A type of microscopy where the specimen placed between two orthogonal polarizing filters and illuminated with visible light. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PLM, POM, optical polarisation microscopy, optical polarising microscopy, optical polarization microscopy, polarised light microscopy, polarised optical microscopy, polarized light microscopy, polarized light optical microscopy, polarized optical microscopy, polarizing optical microscopy
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synonyms: post column derivatisation, post column derivatization
The transformation of a chemical compound (the 'educt') following column chromatography into another similar compound (the 'derivative') by altering one or more of its functional groups. Derviatization is generally perfomed to alter reactivity or change a physical property such as solubility, boiling point, melting point, thermal stability etc. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PFE, PLE, PSE, accelerated solvent extraction, accelerated-solvent extraction, pressurised liquid extraction, pressurised solvent extraction, pressurised-fluid extraction, pressurised-liquid extraction, pressurised-solvent extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, pressurized solvent extraction, pressurized-fluid extraction, pressurized-liquid extraction, pressurized-solvent extraction
The process of transferring a dissolved substance from one liquid phase to another (immiscible or partially miscible) liquid phase in contact with it using solvents at elevated temperature (50-200 deg. C) and pressure (7-20 MPa). [CHMO]
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synonyms: PTV, programmed-temperature vaporisation, programmed-temperature vaporization
A sample preparation method for gas chromatography in which the sample is deposited into the inlet of the chromatograph at a low temperature, then the inlet temperature is rapidly raised to vaporise the desired components and cause their transfer onto the column. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PDPID, pulse discharge photoionisation detection, pulse discharge photoionization detection, pulsed discharge photoionisation detection, pulsed discharge photoionization detection, pulsed-discharge photoionisation detection, pulses-discharge photoionization detection
A detection method where a DC voltage pulse is passed through a carrier gas generating high-energy (13.5-17.5 eV) photons which photoionize the elements in the sample mixture, and the current generated by this ionization is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PDHID, pulse-discharge helium ionisation detection, pulse-discharge helium ionization detection
A detection method that is sensitive to small gas molecules (e.g. O2, N2, CO2). A low-power, pulsed DC discharge is used to ionize the sample (which is held in He carrier gas). The resulting electrons are focused toward a collector electrode and the current is measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PLP, pulsed-laser polymerisation, pulsed-laser polymerization
A polymerization which is initiated by laser pulses at a constant repetition rate. [CHMO]
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synonyms: PLP-SEC, PLP/SEC, pulsed laser polymerisation size exclusion chromatography, pulsed laser polymerisation-size exclusion chromatography, pulsed laser polymerization size exclusion chromatography, pulsed laser polymerization-size exclusion chromatography, pulsed-laser polymerisation-size-exclusion chromatography, pulsed-laser polymerization-size-exclusion chromatography
A technique for measuring the propagation rate coefficient during polymerization reactions. The polymerization is initiated by laser irradiation and the chain length distribution is subsequently determined by size-exclusion chromatography. [CHMO]
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synonyms: pulsed-laser polymerisation-size-exclusion chromatography, pulsed-laser polymerization-size-exclusion chromatography, PLP-SEC-NMR, PLP/SEC/NMR, pulsed laser polymerisation size exclusion chromatography nuclear magnetic resonance, pulsed laser polymerisation-size exclusion chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance, pulsed laser polymerization size exclusion chromatography nuclear magnetic resonance
A technique for measuring the propagation rate coefficient during polymerization reactions. The polymerization is initiated by laser irradiation and the chain length distribution is subsequently determined by size-exclusion chromatography and the composition of the copolymer products is determined by NMR. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Py-FIMS, PyFIMS, py-FIMS, pyFIMS, pyrolysis field ionisation mass spectroscopy, pyrolysis field ionization mass spectroscopy, pyrolysis-field ionisation mass spectrometry, pyrolysis-field ionisation mass spectroscopy, pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectrometry, pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is pyrolyzed then ionized by interaction with a high electric field. [CHMO]
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synonyms: Py-FIMS, PyFIMS, py-FIMS, pyFIMS, pyrolysis field ionisation mass spectroscopy, pyrolysis field ionization mass spectroscopy, pyrolysis-field ionisation mass spectrometry, pyrolysis-field ionisation mass spectroscopy, pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectrometry, pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectroscopy
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Technique for axialization in Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometers in which magnetron motion is converted into cyclotron motion by subjecting the trapped ions to a quadrupolar excitation field while they undergo collisions. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: radio isotopic labeling, radio isotopic labelling, radio labeling, radio labelling, radioisotopic labeling, radioisotopic labelling
The substitution of an atom or an ion (present in the form of its stable isotope) by a radioactive isotope of the same element. [CHMO]
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synonyms: RTCVD, rapid thermal CVD
A synthesis method where a rapidly heated substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. [CHMO]
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synonyms: RVAPAS, VAPRAS, ratio variable angle polarised absorption spectroscopy, ratio variable-angle polarized absorption spectroscopy, variable angle polarised-referenced absorption spectroscopy, variable angle polarization referenced absorbtion spectroscopy, variable angle polarized-referenced absorption spectroscopy, variable-angle polarised-referenced absorption spectroscopy, variable-angle polarized-referenced absorption spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the absorption of linearly (p-) polarized UV-vis light by the sample, as it is rotated about the vertical axis, is recorded at incremental angles of incidence. The angle-independent s-polarization of the light is also measured as a reference. [CHMO]
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synonyms: RVAPAS, VAPRAS, ratio variable angle polarised absorption spectroscopy, ratio variable-angle polarized absorption spectroscopy, variable angle polarised-referenced absorption spectroscopy, variable angle polarization referenced absorbtion spectroscopy, variable angle polarized-referenced absorption spectroscopy, variable-angle polarised-referenced absorption spectroscopy, variable-angle polarized-referenced absorption spectroscopy
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synonyms: re-crystallisation, re-crystallization
A technique for purifying a crystalline sample where the impure sample is dissolved in a small volume of solvent, forming a supersaturated solution. As the temperature of the solution drops, pure crystals form, the impurities remaining dissolved in the solvent. [CHMO]
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synonyms: re-crystallisation, re-crystallization
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synonyms: RPECVD, remote plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition, remote plasma assisted chemical vapour deposition, remote plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition, remote plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition, remote plasma-assisted CVD, remote plasma-enhanced CVD
A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors which react or decompose in a plasma (a partially ionized gas, containing free electrons) and are then transferred to the surface to produce a deposit. The plasma enhances the rate of reaction. [CHMO]
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synonyms: REM
A process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a microsized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. A mould is cast from the object to be replicated. This mould is then filled with a prepolymer, which is cross-linked and the resulting polymer is peeled off the mould. Using a mould, rather than the object itself, allows multiple copies to be made without damaging the original. [CHMO]
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synonyms: REMPI, RI, resonance ionization
Multiphoton ionization in which the ionization cross section is significantly enhanced because theenergy of the incident photons is resonant with an intermediate excited state of the neutral. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: REMPI, RI, resonance ionization
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synonyms: REMPI, REMPI spectrometry, REMPI spectroscopy, resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionisation spectrometry, resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionisation spectroscopy, resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization spectrometry, resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization spectroscopy
Any type of spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with resonant laser light (using a laser which is tuned to match an electronic transitions within the sample) and photoexcitation (by the absorption of two or more photons) is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionization potential to create an ion. [CHMO]
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synonyms: REMPI, REMPI spectrometry, REMPI spectroscopy, resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionisation spectrometry, resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionisation spectroscopy, resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization spectrometry, resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization spectroscopy
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synonyms: RIMS, resonance ionisation mass spectroscopy, resonance ionization mass spectroscopy, resonance-ionisation mass spectrometry, resonance-ionisation mass spectroscopy, resonance-ionization mass spectrometry, resonance-ionization mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is irradiated with a resonant laser (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample). The sample absorbs two or more photons resulting in ionization. [CHMO]
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synonyms: RIMS, resonance ionisation mass spectroscopy, resonance ionization mass spectroscopy, resonance-ionisation mass spectrometry, resonance-ionisation mass spectroscopy, resonance-ionization mass spectrometry, resonance-ionization mass spectroscopy
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synonyms: RIS, resonance enhanced ionisation spectrometry, resonance enhanced ionisation spectroscopy, resonance enhanced ionization spectrometry, resonance enhanced ionization spectroscopy, resonance ionisation spectrometry, resonance ionization spectrometry, resonance-ionisation spectrometry, resonance-ionisation spectroscopy, resonance-ionization spectrometry, resonance-ionization spectroscopy
Any type of spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with resonant laser light (using a laser which is tuned to match an electronic transition within the sample) and photoexcitation is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionization potential to create an ion. [CHMO]
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synonyms: RIS, resonance enhanced ionisation spectrometry, resonance enhanced ionisation spectroscopy, resonance enhanced ionization spectrometry, resonance enhanced ionization spectroscopy, resonance ionisation spectrometry, resonance ionization spectrometry, resonance-ionisation spectrometry, resonance-ionisation spectroscopy, resonance-ionization spectrometry, resonance-ionization spectroscopy
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synonyms: REMPI MS, resonance-enhanced mass spectrometry
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is irradiated with a resonant laser (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample). The sample absorbs one or more photons resulting in ionization. [CHMO]
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synonyms: REMPI MS, resonance-enhanced mass spectrometry
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A polymerization process where the hydrophilic monomer is solubilised inside surfactant reverse micelle structures. [CHMO]
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synonyms: rotomolding, rotomoulding
A process for shaping pliable thermoplastic or thermosetting plastics using a rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The plastic is placed in a heated mould, which is slowly rotated causing the melted plastic to flow into to the mould and stick to its walls. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SESI, secondary electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy, secondary electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample ionized by spraying it with a very fine mist of charged droplets which was produced by forcing a solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min-1) into an electric field. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SESI, secondary electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy, secondary electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy
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Process in which ions are ejected from a sample surface as a result of bombardment by a primary beam of atoms or ions. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: selective INEPT
A heteronuclear NMR experiment in which magnetization arising from 1H nuclei is transferred to covalently bound heteronuclei, thereby enhancing the NMR signal of the heteronuclei. Selective pulses, that only excite or 'select' some of the signals in the spectrum are used in this experiment. [CHMO]
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synonyms: selective INEPT
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synonyms: self-CI
Chemical ionization of an analyte where the reagent ion is an ionized form of the analyte or one of its product ions. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: self-CI
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The deposition of a layer of silane-like molecules on a surface (e.g. glass or mica) through self-assembly. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SP-PLP-NIR, single pulse-pulsed laser polymerisation-near-infrared, single pulse-pulsed laser polymerization-near-infrared
A technique for measuring the time-resolved concentration of monomer during polymerization reactions. The polymerization is initiated by a single pulse of laser radiation and the monomer concentration is monitored by measuring absorbance in the near-infrared (0.8-2 µm) region. [CHMO]
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The formation of gas-phase ions without extensive fragmentation. [PSI-MS, IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: SGALDI MS, SGALDI-MS
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporized and ionized using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is held in a sol-gel matrix to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SGALDI MS, SGALDI-MS
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synonyms: SVA
A method applied to polymer films to increase polymer chain mobility. The film is exposed to a solvent atmosphere at room-temperature causing it to swell. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SAMIM
A process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a microsized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The mould is wetted with a thin layer of solvent. When the polymer is brought into contact with the mould, the top layer of polymer dissolves and expands, filling the mould. The solvent is then allowed to evaporate. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SSI
Process in which both anions and cations are produced at atmospheric pressure from an ionic solution due to a statistically unbalanced charge distribution in the minute droplets formed by the action of a sonic atomizer. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: SSI
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Formation of ions from a solid material by an intermittent electric discharge. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: SPAES
A type of spectroscopy where the bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionization of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of incident photon energy and a magnet is used to align all electron spins parallel to the emitting surface. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SPARPES
A type of spectroscopy where the bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionization of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of emission angle and a magnet is used to align all electron spins parallel to the emitting surface. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SPIPES
A type of spectroscopy where a magnetised ferromagnetic sample is bombarded with electrons of a specific spin polarization which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SPIPES
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synonyms: SPLEEM, spin polarised LEEM, spin polarised low energy electron microscopy, spin polarized LEEM, spin-polarised LEEM, spin-polarised low-energy electron microscopy, spin-polarized LEEM
A type of microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) low energy (1-100 eV) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. A magnet is used to align all electron spins parallel to the sample surface. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SPLEEM, spin polarised LEEM, spin polarised low energy electron microscopy, spin polarized LEEM, spin-polarised LEEM, spin-polarised low-energy electron microscopy, spin-polarized LEEM
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synonyms: spin-polarized metastable de-excitation spectroscopy, SP-MDS, SPMDS, spin-polarised metastable deexcitation spectrometry, spin-polarised metastable deexcitation spectroscopy, spin-polarized metastable de-excitation spectrometry, spin-polarized metastable de-excitation spectrometry, spin-polarized metastable deexcitation spectrometry, spin-polarized metastable deexcitation spectroscopy, spin-polarised metastable de-excitation spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where energy transfer from a metastable atom in close proximity to (~5 ) the sample gives rise to a characteristic ejected electron energy spectrum. A magnet is used to align all the electron spins parallel to the surface. [CHMO]
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synonyms: spin-polarised secondary electron spectroscopy, polarised secondary electron spectrometry, polarized secondary electron spectrometry, polarized secondary electron spectroscopy, spin-polarised secondary electron spectrometry, spin-polarized secondary electron spectrometry, spin-resolved secondary electron spectrometry, spin-resolved secondary electron spectroscopy
Any type of spectroscopy where primary electrons interact with a sample and the electrons emitted as a result of the interaction (secondary electrons) are detected. A manget is used to align all electron spins parallel to the surface of the sample. [CHMO]
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synonyms: spin-polarised secondary electron spectroscopy, polarised secondary electron spectrometry, polarized secondary electron spectrometry, polarized secondary electron spectroscopy, spin-polarised secondary electron spectrometry, spin-polarized secondary electron spectrometry, spin-resolved secondary electron spectrometry, spin-resolved secondary electron spectroscopy
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General term used to describe a range of ionization techniques for analytes in solution that involve dispersing the liquid into fine droplets as a component step. [IUPAC MS REC]
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Sterilization is a term referring to any process that eliminates (removes) or kills (deactivates) all forms of life and other biological agents (such as prions, as well as viruses which some do not consider to be alive but are biological pathogens nonetheless), including transmissible agents (such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, prions, spore forms, unicellular eukaryotic organisms such as Plasmodium, etc.) present in a specified region, such as a surface, a volume of fluid, medication, or in a compound such as biological culture media. [Wikipedia]
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synonyms: SPIES, surface Penning-ionisation electron spectrometry, surface Penning-ionization electron spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with metastable atoms resulting in the emission of an electron (by Penning ionization) and an Auger electron. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SPIES, surface Penning-ionisation electron spectrometry, surface Penning-ionization electron spectrometry
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synonyms: SI
Ionization of a neutral when it interacts with a solid surface with an appropriate work function and temperature. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: SI
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synonyms: SA-CVT, SACVT, surface assisted CVT, surface assisted chemical vapor transport, surface assisted chemical vapour transport, surface-assisted CVT, surface-assisted chemical-vapor-transport, surface-assisted chemical-vapour-transport
A crystal growth method for metal dichalcogenides in which the starting materials (high-purity metal and chalcogen powders) are placed in one half of a quartz ampoule together with a transport agent (e.g. iodine) and heated in a furnace under a temperature gradient. The product crystals are grown on the surface of a sheet of high-purity metal in the other half of the ampoule. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SALDI MS, SELDI MS, SELDI-MS, surface-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry, surface-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry
A type of mass spectrometry where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporized and ionized using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is mixed with a matrix compound (such as crystallised dihydrobenzoic acid) and deposited on a surface, with some chemical functionality, to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. [CHMO]
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synonyms: SALDI MS, SELDI MS, SELDI-MS, surface-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry, surface-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry
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synonyms: SEAC, SELDI, surface enhanced laser desorption ionization, surface-enhanced affinity capture, surface-enhanced laser desorption-ionisation, surface enhanced laser desorption ionisation
Variant of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) in which the matrix is replaced by a surface coating of a chromatographic stationary phase designed to selectively retain different subsets of proteins or peptides from a mixture depending on their physico-chemical properties or biochemical affinity characteristics. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: SEAC, SELDI, surface enhanced laser desorption ionization, surface-enhanced affinity capture, surface-enhanced laser desorption-ionisation, surface enhanced laser desorption ionisation
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synonyms: SIP, surface initiated polymerisation, surface initiated polymerization
An experimental method used to prepare polymer samples (e.g. polymer brushes) using a surface-imobilised monomer. [CHMO]
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Any experimental method used to prepare polymer samples where the monomer is suspended as liquid droplets in a continuous water phase by means of strong agitation and the presence of a suspending agent. [CHMO]
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synonyms: TG-CVI, temperature gradient CVI, temperature gradient chemical vapor infiltration, temperature gradient chemical vapour infiltration, temperature-gradient CVI
The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from a vapour, accelerated by a temperature gradient. [CHMO]
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synonyms: TCVD, thermal CVD
A synthesis method where a substrate is placed in a heated atmosphere (600-800 deg. C) and exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. [CHMO]
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synonyms: TI
Ionization of a neutral through contact with a high-temperature surface. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: TI
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synonyms: TIMS, surface ionisation mass spectrometry, surface ionisation mass spectroscopy, surface ionization mass spectrometry, surface ionization mass spectroscopy, thermal ionisation mass spectrometry, thermal ionization mass spectroscopy, thermal-ionisation mass spectrometry, thermal-ionisation mass spectroscopy, thermal-ionization mass spectrometry, thermal-ionization mass spectroscopy, surface ionization mass spectrometry
A type of mass spectrometry where ionization is achieved by loading the sample onto a heated filament. [CHMO]
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synonyms: TIMS, surface ionisation mass spectrometry, surface ionisation mass spectroscopy, surface ionization mass spectrometry, surface ionization mass spectroscopy, thermal ionisation mass spectrometry, thermal ionization mass spectroscopy, thermal-ionisation mass spectrometry, thermal-ionisation mass spectroscopy, thermal-ionization mass spectrometry, thermal-ionization mass spectroscopy, surface ionization mass spectrometry
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Spray ionization in which a liquid is flowed through a heated capillary to produce a spray of droplets and solvent vapor. Ions are formed due to the statistical imbalance of charges in the droplets or by a heated filament. [IUPAC MS REC]
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synonyms: time-resolved polarised Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, time-resolved polarised FTIR, time-resolved polarised Fourier transform infra-red absorption spectroscopy, time-resolved polarised Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry, time-resolved polarised Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, time-resolved polarised Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, time-resolved polarized FTIR, time-resolved polarized Fourier transform infra-red absorption spectroscopy, time-resolved polarized Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry, time-resolved polarized Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, time-resolved polarized Fourier transform infrared spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample absorbs a single pulse of polarized radiation from the infrared region (0.78-1000 µm) and the spectrum obtained, recorded as a function of time, is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]
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synonyms: TM
A process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The mould is filled with a prepolymer then the whole assembly is transferred to a flat substrate where the prepolymer is cross-linked and the mould removed. [CHMO]
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synonyms: TPLM, TPOM, transmitted optical polarising microscopy, transmitted polarised light microscopy, transmitted polarised optical microscopy, transmitted polarized light microscopy, transmitted polarized light optical microscopy, transmitted polarized optical microscopy, transmitted polarized-light optical microscopy, transmitted polarizing optical microscopy
A type of microscopy where the specimen placed between two orthogonal polarising filters and illuminated with visible light transmitted from a source on the opposite side of the specimen from the objective. [CHMO]
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synonyms: TPLM, TPOM, transmitted optical polarising microscopy, transmitted polarised light microscopy, transmitted polarised optical microscopy, transmitted polarized light microscopy, transmitted polarized light optical microscopy, transmitted polarized optical microscopy, transmitted polarized-light optical microscopy, transmitted polarizing optical microscopy
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synonyms: TMS derivatisation, TMS derivatization
Derivatization of a metabolite by addition of a trimethylsilyl reagent to protect functional groups such as hydroxy, carboxylic acid, thio and amine groups. [CHMO]
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synonyms: TMS derivatisation, TMS derivatization
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synonyms: USN-ICP-AES, USN-ICP-OES, ultrasonic nebulisation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, ultrasonic nebulisation inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, ultrasonic nebulisation inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, ultrasonic nebulization inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, ultrasonic nebulization inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, ultrasonic nebulization inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample mixture is first passed through a nebulizer to form a mist of finely dispersed droplets (using high frequency vibrations) and then excited using a plasma generated by electromagnetic inductance. [CHMO]
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synonyms: valence-shell photoionisation spectrometry, valence-shell photoionization spectrometry
Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionization of the valence shell and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]
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synonyms: valence-shell photoionisation spectrometry, valence-shell photoionization spectrometry
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synonyms: VPO, vapor-pressure osmometry, vapour-pressure osmometry
A technique used to determine the concentration of osmotically active particles that reduce the vapor pressure of a solution. Vapour pressure osmometry is used to measure the average molecular weight of polymers. [CHMO]
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synonyms: VPO, vapor-pressure osmometry, vapour-pressure osmometry
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synonyms: VPE, vapor phase epitaxy, vapor-phase epitaxial growth, vapour phase epitaxy, vapour-phase epitaxial growth
A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from vapour-phase precursors) on a monocrystalline substrate. [CHMO]
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synonyms: vapor phase extraction, vapour phase extraction
The process of transferring a substance from a vapour to a solid phase by passing the vapour sample through a stationary phase (e.g. silica particles) and then desorbing it using a desorbent or carrier gas. [CHMO]
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synonyms: vapor phase extraction, vapour phase extraction
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synonyms: VPG, vapor phase deposition, vapor phase deposition, vapor phase growth, vapor-phase decomposition, vapor-phase deposition, vapour phase growth, vapour-phase decomposition, vapour-phase deposition
A synthesis method for carbon nanotubes where an organometallic precursor (typically tungsten-based) is vaporised then heated in an Ar and C2H2 atmosphere to 950 deg. C. [CHMO]
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synonyms: VAPAS, variable angle polarised absorption spectroscopy, variable angle polarized absorption spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the absorption of linearly (p-) polarized UV-vis light by a poled thin film sample, as it is rotated about the vertical axis, is recorded at incremental angles of incidence. [CHMO]
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synonyms: VAPAS, variable angle polarised absorption spectroscopy, variable angle polarized absorption spectroscopy
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Process in which one or more electrons are removed from or added to a molecule without a change in the positions of the atoms. [IUPAC MS REC]
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A water purification that uses deionization. [Allotrope]
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