119Sn Mossbauer spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001263)

synonyms: 119Sn Mossbauer spectroscopy, 119Sn Moessbauer spectroscopy, 119Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy, 119Sn Mößbauer spectroscopy, 119Sn recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy, tin-119 Moessbauer spectroscopy, tin-119 Mößbauer spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 119Sn nuclei is detected. [CHMO]

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121Sb Mossbauer spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001191)

synonyms: 121Sb Mossbauer spectroscopy, 121Sb Moessbauer spectroscopy, 121Sb recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy, antimony-121 Moessbauer spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 121Sb nuclei is detected. [CHMO]

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125Te Mossbauer spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000151)

synonyms: 125Te Mossbauer spectroscopy, 125Te Moessbauer spectroscopy, 125Te recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy, tellurium-125 Moessbauer spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 125Te nuclei is detected. [CHMO]

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127I Mossbauer spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001724)

synonyms: 127I Mossbauer spectroscopy, 127I Moessbauer spectroscopy, 127I Mössbauer spectroscopy, 127I Mößbauer spectroscopy, 127I recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy, iodine-127 Moessbauer spectroscopy, iodine-127 Mößbauer spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 127I nuclei is detected. [CHMO]

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129I Mossbauer spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002173)

synonyms: 129I Mossbauer spectroscopy, 129I Moessbauer spectroscopy, 129I recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy, iodine-129 Moessbauer spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 129I nuclei is detected. [CHMO]

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129Xe Mossbauer spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001021)

synonyms: 129Xe Mossbauer spectroscopy, 129Xe Moessbauer spectrometry, 129Xe Moessbauer spectroscopy, 129Xe Mossbauer spectrometry, 129Xe Mössbauer spectrometry, 129Xe Mössbauer spectroscopy, 129Xe Mößbauer spectrometry, 129Xe Mößbauer spectroscopy, 129Xe recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy, xenon-129 Moessbauer spectroscopy, xenon-129 Mößbauer spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 129Xe nuclei is detected. [CHMO]

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14N electron spin-echo envelope modulation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001409)

synonyms: 14N ESEEM, 14N electron spin echo envelope modulation, nitrogen-14 ESEEM, nitrogen-14 electron spin echo envelope modulation

A type of pulsed EPR spectroscopy which is used to observe the electron spin echo in 14N nuclei as a function of the time that separates the pulses causing the echo. This technique is a powerful probe of the radial distribution of magnetic nuclear spins in the environment of the electron spins producing the echo. [CHMO]

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151Eu Mossbauer spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001829)

synonyms: 151Eu Mossbauer spectroscopy, 151Eu Moessbauer spectroscopy, 151Eu recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy, europium-151 Moessbauer spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 151Eu nuclei is detected. [CHMO]

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17O electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002134)

synonyms: 17O ENDOR, 17O ENDOR spectroscopy, oxygen-17 ENDOR, oxygen-17 ENDOR spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where a microwave frequency pulse is used to saturate the electron resonance transitions in the 17O nuclei of a sample, and a radio frequency pulse is used excite a nuclear transition. [CHMO]

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197Au Mossbauer spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001862)

synonyms: 197Au Mossbauer spectroscopy, 197Au Moessbauer spectroscopy, 197Au recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy, gold-197 Moessbauer spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 197Au nuclei is detected. [CHMO]

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1H continuous-wave nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001745)

synonyms: 1H NMR absorption spectroscopy, 1H c.w. NMR, 1H continuous wave nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, 1H cw-NMR

A type of spectroscopy where the energy states of 1H nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Spectra are obtained by scanning a range of radio frequencies. [CHMO]

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1H electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001772)

synonyms: 1H ENDOR, 1H ENDOR spectroscopy, hydrogen-1 ENDOR, hydrogen-1 ENDOR spectroscopy, proton ENDOR, proton ENDOR spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where a microwave frequency pulse is used to saturate the electron resonance transitions in the 1H nuclei of a sample, and a radio frequency pulse is used excite a nuclear transition. [CHMO]

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57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001808)

synonyms: 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy, 57Fe Moessbauer spectroscopy, 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, 57Fe Mößbauer spectroscopy, 57Fe recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy, iron-57 Moessbauer spectroscopy, iron-57 Mößbauer spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 57Fe nuclei is detected. [CHMO]

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57Fe electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000981)

synonyms: 57Fe ENDOR, 57Fe ENDOR spectroscopy, iron-57 ENDOR, iron-57 ENDOR spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where a microwave frequency pulse is used to saturate the electron resonance transitions in the 57Fe nuclei of a sample, and a radio frequency pulse is used excite a nuclear transition. [CHMO]

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63Cu pulsed electron spin resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000432)

synonyms: 63Cu EPR, 63Cu ESR, 63Cu pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the response of a 63Cu atom to short (ns) pulses of microwave radiation in a magnetic field is measured. [CHMO]

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65Cu pulsed electron spin resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001516)

synonyms: 65Cu EPR, 65Cu ESR, 65Cu pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the response of a 65Cu atom to short (ns) pulses of microwave radiation in a magnetic field is measured. [CHMO]

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95Mo electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000199)

synonyms: 95Mo ENDOR, 95Mo ENDOR spectroscopy, molybdenum-95 ENDOR, molybdenum-95 ENDOR spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where a microwave frequency pulse is used to saturate the electron resonance transitions in the 95Mo nuclei of a sample, and a radio frequency pulse is used excite a nuclear transition. [CHMO]

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Acheson method

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002428)

synonyms: Acheson technique

A method for growing low-purity polycrystalline SiC. A mixture of silica, carbon, sawdust and NaCl is heated to 2700 deg. C in a furnace, and the temperature gradually decreased. [CHMO]

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Auger electron appearance potential spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002380)

synonyms: AEAPS, Auger electron appearance potential spectrometry, EAAPS, IEMM, electron-excited Auger electron appearance potential spectrometry, electron-excited Auger electron appearance potential spectroscopy, incident energy modulation method spectrometry, incident energy modulation method spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by a sudden increase in secondary electron current. [CHMO]

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Auger electron partial yield spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000670)

synonyms: APYS, Auger electron partial yield spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionization of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. Only the Auger electrons emitted at a particular photon energy are detected. [CHMO]

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Auger electron spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001526)

synonyms: AEES, AES, Auger electron emission spectroscopy, Auger electron spectrometry, Auger spectrometry, Auger spectroscopy

Any type of spectroscopy where a high energy photon ionizes a core electron and an electron from a higher energy level descends to take its place, releasing sufficient energy to eject a second so-called 'Auger' electron and the energy of the Auger electron is detected as a function of incident photon energy. [CHMO]

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Auger-photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000887)

synonyms: AEPECS, APECS, Auger electron photoelectron coincidence spectrometry, Auger electron-photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy, Auger-photoelectron electron coincidence spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays resulting in the emission of photoelectrons and 'Auger' electrons which are detected as a function of energy. [CHMO]

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BET analysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003761)

A BET analysis is a measuring process for calculating surface area based on the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) theory of multiple adsorption layers. [Allotrope]

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Bonnemann method

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000043)

synonyms: Bonnemann method, Bonnemann colloidal method, Bonnemann's method

A method for producing metal nanoparticles by the reduction of metal salts with tetraalkylammonium hydrotriorganoborates. The resulting colloids are highly active hydrogenation catalysts. [CHMO]

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Bridgeman technique

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000779)

synonyms: Bridgman technique, Bridgman-Stockbarger technique

A method of growing a single crystal 'ingot' or 'boule'. The polycrystalline sample is heated in a container above its melting point and slowly cooled from one end where a seed crystal is located. Single crystal material is then progressively formed along the length of the container. [CHMO]

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Brust method

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000315)

synonyms: Brust nanoparticle synthesis, Brust synthesis

A method for synthesising gold nanoparticles from HAuCl4 in non-aqueous solution (e.g. toluene) using tetraoctylammonium bromide as a phase-transfer catalyst and sodium borohydride to reduce Au(III) to Au(0). [CHMO]

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Burum, Linder, Ernst windowless pulse sequence

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000338)

synonyms: BLEW, BLEW pulse sequence, BLEW sequence, Burum-Linder-Ernst windowless pulse sequence, Burum-Linder-Ernst windowless sequence

A sequence of pulses used in magic angle spinning NMR to remove the effect of homonuclear dipolar couplings. A train/sequence of pulses is used to cyclically manipulate the signal whilst stroboscopic sampling ensures the effects of coupling are unobserved. For the pulse sequence see J. Magn. Reson., (1981), 44, pg 173. [CHMO]

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Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill pulse sequence

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000875)

synonyms: Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill pulse sequence, CPMG, CPMG pulse sequence, CPMG sequence, Carr, Purcell,Meiboom,Gill pulse sequence, Carr-Purcell Meiboom-Gill pulse sequence

A pulse sequence which is applied during nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure spin-spin (T2) relaxation times. For the pulse sequence see Rev. Sci. Inst., (1958), 29, pg 688. [CHMO]

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Cohn process

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001607)

synonyms: Cohn process

A method for separating proteins from plasma by changing the conditions of the plasma by simultaneous cooling and addition of alcohol. This causes precipitation of the proteins, which can then be removed by centrifugation. [CHMO]

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Czochralski process

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001531)

A method of producing large single crystals (of semiconductors or metals) by inserting a small seed crystal into a crucible filled with similar molten material, then slowly pulling the seed up from the melt while rotating it. [CHMO]

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DNA metallization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001605)

synonyms: DNA metalization

The deposition of a layer of metal on DNA by chemically reducing DNA-complexed metal salts (e.g., Ag, Pd, Pt, and Cu). [CHMO]

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FID truncation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000562)

Truncation of the FID recorded either by insufficient acquisition time or by post acquisition processing. [Allotrope]

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FID zero filling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002057)

synonyms: z-filling

A recorded RF signal in NMR spectroscopy observed as the perturbed sample magnetisation relaxes back to its bulk magnetisation population state that has been suffixed with a set of data points containing many zeros. [Allotrope]

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Fmoc test

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000034)

synonyms: UV Fmoc test, ultraviolet Fmoc test

A colorimetric test which consists of coupling an Fmoc (9H-fluoren-9-yl-methoxycarbonyl )-protected amino acid and measuring the UV absorbance of the sample after deprotection using 20% piperidine in DMF. [CHMO]

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Forster resonance energy transfer

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001782)

synonyms: Forster resonance energy transfer, Förster resonance energy transfer, Förster resonance energy transfer, FRET, Förster resonant energy transfer

A method for determining the distance between molecules using an energy transfer between two chromophores (a donor and an acceptor) in close proximity (typically <10 nm) via a nonradiative, long-range dipole-dipole coupling mechanism. [CHMO]

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Fourier profilometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002020)

synonyms: FP, FTP, Fourier transform profilometry

A method where the profile of a surface is determined by illuminating the sample with a beam of light which has been split into two paths, one of which is directed at the sample and the other at a reference mirror. When the reflections are recombined a Fourier transform is applied to the phase of the interference pattern which contains information about the contours of the surface. [CHMO]

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Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001062)

synonyms: FT Raman spectrometry, FT Raman spectroscopy, FT-Raman, Fourier transform Raman spectrometry, Fourier-transform Raman spectrometry, Fourier-transform Raman spectroscopy

Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy is a type of vibrational spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of light by a sample is detected and the spectrum is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]

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Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001062)

synonyms: FT Raman spectrometry, FT Raman spectroscopy, FT-Raman, Fourier transform Raman spectrometry, Fourier-transform Raman spectrometry, Fourier-transform Raman spectroscopy

A type of vibrational spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of light by a sample is detected and the spectrum is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]

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Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000324)

synonyms: Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy, ATR FT-IR spectroscopy, ATR FTIR spectroscopy, ATR-FTIR, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, FTIR-ATR, Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infra-red , Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infra-red spectroscopy, Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infrared , Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy , Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy, attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infra-red, Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infrared

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Fourier transform electrochemical-induced impedance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000023)

synonyms: FT-EIS

A type of spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of an electrochemical cell is measured. A Fourier transform is then applied to the spectrum. [CHMO]

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Fourier transform far-infrared spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001833)

synonyms: FT-FIR, FT-FIR spectrometry, FT-FIR spectroscopy, FT-far-IR, FT-far-IR spectroscopy, FT/FIR, FTFIR, Fourier transform far infrared spectroscopy, Fourier transform far-infra-red spectrometry, Fourier transform far-infrared spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation in the far infrared region (15-1000 µm) and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]

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Fourier transform flame infrared emission spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000901)

synonyms: Fourier transform flame infrared emission spectroscopy, FT-FIRE, Fourier transform FIRE, Fourier transform flame infra-red emission spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is heated in a flame and the infrared radiation (0.78-1000 µm) emitted during cooling is detected. The spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]

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Fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001787)

synonyms: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FT-IR, FT-IR spectroscopy, FTIR, FTIR spectrometry, FTIR spectroscopy, Fourier transform infra-red absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) absorption spectroscopy

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is a type of vibrational spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the infrared region (0.78-1000 µm) and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]

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Fourier transform infrared emission spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001648)

synonyms: Fourier transform infrared emission spectroscopy, FT-IRES, FTIRES, Fourier transform IRES, Fourier transform infra-red emission spectrometry, Fourier transform infra-red emission spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared emission spectrometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy

IR emission spectroscopy where the spectrum is obtained by a single pulse of (UV) radiation, and is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]

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Fourier transform infrared microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000504)

synonyms: FT-IR imaging, FT-IR microscopy, FTIR imaging, FTIR microscopy, FTIR microspectroscopy, FTIR spectromicroscopy, FTIR-MSP, Fourier transform infra-red microspectrometry, Fourier transform infra-red microspectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared microspectrometry, Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectromicroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared microscopy

The collection of spatially resolved infrared spectra of a sample during optical microscopy. The infrared spectra are obtained by single pulse of infrared radiation, and are subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]

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Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000188)

synonyms: FT-IR OAS, FT-IR PAS, FT-IR optoacoustic spectrometry, FT-IR optoacoustic spectroscopy, FT-IR photoacoustic spectrometry, FT-IR photoacoustic spectroscopy, FT/IR OAS, FT/IR PAS, FTIR OAS, FTIR PAS, FTIR-OAS, FTIR-PAS, FTIROAS, FTIRPAS, Fourier transform infra-red photoacoustic spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the sound emitted when a gaseous sample is exposed to an intense infrared laser beam, which is rapidly interrupted by a rotating slotted disk, is measured. The spectrum is then subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]

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Fourier transform infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002145)

synonyms: reflection-absorption Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy, FT-IRAS, FT-IRRAS, Fourier transform infrared reflection absorption spectrometry, RA FT-IR, RA FTIR, RA-FTIR, reflection absorption (RA) FT-IR, reflection absorption Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry, reflection absorption Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, reflection absorption Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

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Fourier transform infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002145)

synonyms: reflection-absorption Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy, FT-IRAS, FT-IRRAS, Fourier transform infrared reflection absorption spectrometry, RA FT-IR, RA FTIR, RA-FTIR, reflection absorption (RA) FT-IR, reflection absorption Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry, reflection absorption Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, reflection absorption Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the absorption and reflection of low-incident-angle infrared light by the surface molecules of a highly reflective or polished sample is measured. The sample absorbs a single pulse of radiation and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]

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Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001787)

synonyms: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FT-IR, FT-IR spectroscopy, FTIR, FTIR spectrometry, FTIR spectroscopy, Fourier transform infra-red absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) absorption spectroscopy

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is a type of vibrational spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the infrared region (0.78-1000 µm) and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]

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Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001787)

synonyms: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FT-IR, FT-IR spectroscopy, FTIR, FTIR spectrometry, FTIR spectroscopy, Fourier transform infra-red absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) absorption spectroscopy

A type of vibrational spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the infrared region (0.78-1000 µm) and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]

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Fourier transform mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002534)

Mass spectrometry technique in which m/z values are represented by frequencies of ion motion and mass spectra are generated by Fourier transform mathematical operations from time domain transients produced by image current detection. [IUPAC MS REC]

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Fourier transform mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002534)

Mass spectrometry technique in which m/z values are represented by frequencies of ion motion and mass spectra are generated by Fourier transform mathematical operations from time domain transients produced by image current detection. [IUPAC]

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Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002285)

synonyms: FT-MW spectrometry, FT-MW spectroscopy, FTMW spectrometry, FTMW spectroscopy, Fourier transform microwave spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is irradiated with a single pulse of radiation in the microwave region (1-1000 mm) and the spectrum is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]

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Fourier transform near infrared absorbance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001657)

synonyms: Fourier transform near infrared absorbance spectroscopy, Fourier transform near infrared absorption spectrometry, FT NIRS, FT-NIRS, FTNIRS, Fourier transform near infra-red absorbance spectrometry, Fourier transform near infra-red absorption spectrometry, Fourier transform near infra-red spectrometry, Fourier transform near infra-red spectroscopy, Fourier transform near infrared absorbance spectrometry, Fourier transform near infrared absorption spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the sample absorbs a single pulse of radiation from the near infrared region (0.8-2 µm) and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]

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Fourier transform near infrared absorption spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001657)

synonyms: Fourier transform near infrared absorbance spectroscopy, Fourier transform near infrared absorption spectrometry, FT NIRS, FT-NIRS, FTNIRS, Fourier transform near infra-red absorbance spectrometry, Fourier transform near infra-red absorption spectrometry, Fourier transform near infra-red spectrometry, Fourier transform near infra-red spectroscopy, Fourier transform near infrared absorbance spectrometry, Fourier transform near infrared absorption spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the sample absorbs a single pulse of radiation from the near infrared region (0.8-2 µm) and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]

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Fourier transformation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001756)

synonyms: fourier transformation

The Fourier transformation decomposes a function of time (e.g. a signal) into the frequencies that make it up. [Wikipedia]

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Gaussian smoothing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001182)

synonyms: Weierstrass transform, binomial smoothing, Gaussian blur

Definition pending. [0]

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Gaussian smoothing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001182)

synonyms: Weierstrass transform, binomial smoothing, Gaussian blur

A Gaussian smoothing is a smoothing by convolving the data with a one-dimensional Gaussian function. [Allotrope]

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HCANNH

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000363)

synonyms: HCANNH experiment

A triple-resonance NMR experiment used to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shift of the (backbone) amide proton is correlated with the chemical shift of the covalently bound nitrogen and with the alpha-carbon and proton of the same residue. The experiment name describes the path taken by the magnetization during the experiment. [CHMO]

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HCC(CO)NNH

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001011)

synonyms: HCC(CO)NNH experiment

A triple-resonance NMR experiment used to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shift of the (backbone) amide proton is correlated with the chemical shift of the covalently bound nitrogen and with both the alpha- and beta-carbons and protons of the preceding residue. The experiment name describes the path taken by the magnetization during the experiment. [CHMO]

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HN(CO)CAHA

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002072)

synonyms: HN(CO)CAHA experiment

A triple-resonance NMR experiment used to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shift of the (backbone) amide proton is correlated with the chemical shift of the covalently bound nitrogen and with the alpha-carbon and proton of the preceding residue. The experiment name describes the path taken by the magnetization during the experiment. [CHMO]

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HNCA

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001751)

synonyms: HNCA experiment

A triple-resonance NMR experiment used in to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shift of the (backbone) amide proton is correlated with the chemical shift of the covalently bound nitrogen and the alpha carbons of the same and preceding residues. [CHMO]

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HNCAHA

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000417)

synonyms: HNCAHA experiment

A triple-resonance NMR experiment used to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shift of the (backbone) amide proton is correlated with the chemical shift of the covalently bound nitrogen and the alpha-carbon and proton of the same residue. The experiment name describes the path taken by the magnetization during the experiment. [CHMO]

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HNCO

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000607)

synonyms: HNCO, HNCO experiment

A triple-resonance NMR experiment used in to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shift of the (backbone) amide proton is correlated with the chemical shift of the covalently bound nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon of the preceding residue. [CHMO]

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HNCOCA

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001575)

synonyms: HNCOCA, HN(CO)CA, HN(CO)CA experiment, HNCOCA experiment

A triple-resonance NMR experiment used to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shift of the (backbone) amide proton is correlated with the chemical shift of the covalently bound nitrogen and the alpha-carbon of the preceding residue. [CHMO]

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Hadamard-encoded nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000280)

synonyms: Hadamard NMR spectroscopy, Hadamard encoded NMR, Hadamard nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Hadamard-encoded NMR

An NMR experiment in which multiple frequencies in an NMR spectrum are excited simultaneously over a broad frequency range using polychromatic pulses. [CHMO]

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Hadamard-encoded total correlation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000715)

synonyms: 2D Hadamard encoded TOCSY, Hadamard TOCSY, Hadamard-TOCSY

A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between all nuclei of a spin-system. All of the resonances in the spin system are excited by selecting only one line for excitation and the final spectrum consists of a series of 1D sub-spectra, each representing one spin system. [CHMO]

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He+-excited Auger electron spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000179)

synonyms: HAES, He+-excited Auger electron spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the bombardment of a sample with He+ ions results in the ionization of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected as a function of incident He+ ion energy. [CHMO]

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J-coupling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003845)

A J-coupling is a coupling between two nuclei spins, mediated through chemical bonds. [Allotrope]

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J-spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000276)

synonyms: 2D J-resolved spectroscopy , 2D J-spectroscopy, 2DJ spectroscopy, J-RES, J-resolved NMR, J-resolved NMR spectrometry, J-resolved NMR spectroscopy, J-resolved spectrometry, J-resolved spectroscopy, J-resolved spectroscopy NMR spectroscopy, J-spectrometry, JRES, JRES NMR, two-dimensional J-spectroscopy

A type of homonuclear proton-proton NMR spectroscopy where chemical shift and J-coupling information are separated onto different frequency axes. [CHMO]

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Kalousek polarography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000392)

An electrochemical technique where the ac component of the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the ac potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. The cell current is sampled on alternate half cycles and the potential is applied as a small amplitude square wave superimposed on a linear sweep. [CHMO]

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Karl-Fischer coulometric titration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001001)

synonyms: Karl Fischer coulometric titration, Karl Fischer coulometry, Karl-Fischer coulometry, coulometric Karl Fischer titration, coulometric Karl-Fischer titration

Karl-Fischer coulometric titration is a process of determining trace amounts of water in a sample by the titration of sulphur dioxide in water using iodine. In this method the I2 is generated electrochemically from I- and titrated with sulphur dioxide. [CHMO]

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Karl-Fischer coulometric titration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001001)

synonyms: Karl Fischer coulometric titration, Karl Fischer coulometry, Karl-Fischer coulometry, coulometric Karl Fischer titration, coulometric Karl-Fischer titration

Karl-Fischer coulometric titration is a process of determining trace amounts of water in a sample by the titration of sulfur dioxide in water using iodine. In this method the I2 is generated electrochemically from I- and titrated with sulfur dioxide. [CHMO]

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Karl-Fischer coulometric titration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001001)

synonyms: Karl Fischer coulometric titration, Karl Fischer coulometry, Karl-Fischer coulometry, coulometric Karl Fischer titration, coulometric Karl-Fischer titration

The process of determining trace amounts of water in a sample by the titration of sulphur dioxide in water using iodine. In this method the I2 is generated electrochemically from I- and titrated with sulphur dioxide. [CHMO]

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Karl-Fischer titration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000441)

synonyms: Karl Fischer titration

Karl-Fischer titration is a process of determining trace amounts of water in a sample by the titration of sulfur dioxide in water using iodine. [CHMO]

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Karl-Fischer titration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000441)

synonyms: Karl Fischer titration

The process of determining trace amounts of water in a sample by the titration of sulfur dioxide in water using iodine. [CHMO]

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Karl-Fischer volumetric titration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000119)

synonyms: Karl Fischer volumetric titration, volumetric Karl Fischer titration, volumetric Karl-Fischer titration

Karl-Fischer volumetric titration is a process of determining trace amounts of water in a sample by the titration of sulphur dioxide in water using iodine. In this method the titrant is added directly to the sample using a burette. [CHMO]

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Karl-Fischer volumetric titration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000119)

synonyms: Karl Fischer volumetric titration, volumetric Karl Fischer titration, volumetric Karl-Fischer titration

Karl-Fischer volumetric titration is a process of determining trace amounts of water in a sample by the titration of sulfur dioxide in water using iodine. In this method the titrant is added directly to the sample using a burette. [CHMO]

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Karl-Fischer volumetric titration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000119)

synonyms: Karl Fischer volumetric titration, volumetric Karl Fischer titration, volumetric Karl-Fischer titration

The process of determining trace amounts of water in a sample by the titration of sulphur dioxide in water using iodine. In this method the titrant is added directly to the sample using a burette. [CHMO]

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Kelvin force spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000380)

synonyms: KFS

A type of spectroscopy where an atomic force microscope is used to measure the force experienced by a sample. A probe, which is made of a material with a known work function (commonly tungsten or platinum), is arranged close to the sample surface as a parallel-plate capacitor with a small spacing. The probe is vibrated, causing a change in the capacitance between the electrodes. A voltage is then applied between the probe and sample until the electric field between them vanishes. The force gradient is proportional to the change in amplitude of the vibration. The distance between the probe and sample is kept constant during the measurement using a feedback loop. [CHMO]

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Kelvin probe force microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000180)

synonyms: KFM, KPFM, Kelvin force microscopy, Kelvin probe microscopy, SSPM, scanning surface potential microscopy

A type of microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. The conducting tip forms a capacitor with the surface, over which it is scanned laterally at a constant separation, in order to map the change in work function of the surface. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. [CHMO]

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Kelvin probe method

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001733)

synonyms: Kelvin method, vibrating capacitor method

A measurement method for determining the contact potential difference or difference in work functions between the sample and a reference electrode. In this method, the probe, which is made ofna material with a known work function (commonly tungsten or platinum), is arranged close to the sample surface as a parallel-plate capacitor with a small spacing. The probe is vibrated, causing a change in the capacitance between the electrodes, resulting in a small ac current. The work function difference is measured by applying an opposing external bias voltage such that the ac current is zero. [CHMO]

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Kerr effect spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002109)

synonyms: OKE spectroscopy, OKES, optical Kerr effect spectroscopy, optical Kerr-effect spectroscopy, optical-Kerr-effect (OKE) spectroscopy, optical-Kerr-effect spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the refractive index change of the sample induced by two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) under the influence of an electric field (the 'optical Kerr effect') is measured. [CHMO]

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Kerr-gated resonance Raman spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000704)

synonyms: Kerr-gated Raman spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, usually from a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range, by a sample is detected. The energy of the incoming laser is adjusted such that it or the scattered light coincides with an electronic transition within the sample, and the laser is combined with a Kerr gate fluorescence rejection system. [CHMO]

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Kugelrohr distillation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000153)

A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. As the sample mixture to be purified is heated, its vapours rise a short distance into a vertical condenser (called a 'Kugelrohr') where they are cooled by water. This technique is used for small amounts of samples with high boiling points (usually >300 deg. C) under greatly reduced pressure. [CHMO]

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LC-MS reaction monitoring data processing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003713)

synonyms: LC/MS reaction monitoring data processing

LC-MS reaction monitoring data processing is a data processing for analyzing samples using MRM technologies. [Allotrope]

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LC-UV system process

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003679)

A process that is executed by an LC-UV system. [Allotrope]

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LOWESS smoothing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000052)

synonyms: LOWESS smoothing

Definition pending. [0]

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Langmuir-Blodgett assembly

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001725)

synonyms: Langmuir-Blodgett assembly, Langmuir-Blodgett technique

A method of depositing crystalline films one molecular layer at a time, by dipping the substrate into water containing a polymer that forms a single layer of molecular chains on the surface. This layer is then transferred from the water to the substrate. [CHMO]

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Laplace deep-level transient spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000314)

synonyms: L-DLTS, LDLTS, LTDLTS, Laplace DLTS, Laplace deep level transient spectroscopy, Laplace transform DLTS, Laplace transform deep level transient spectroscopy, Laplace transform deep-level transient spectroscopy

A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the average capacitance produced by applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at a fixed temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit a peak for each 'deep level' (each energy level near the center of the band gap). The height of the peak is proportional to the defect density and the emission rate is characteristic for each type of defect. [CHMO]

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Lely method

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000205)

synonyms: Lely technique

A method for crystal growth where polycrystalline SiC lumps are carefully packed between two concentric graphite tubes. The inner tube is then withdrawn leaving a porous SiC layer inside the outer tube. The outer tube is then heated (~2500 deg. C) in Ar, causing the SiC powder to sublime and nucleate on a cooler surface. [CHMO]

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Malcolm Levitt pulse sequence

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000311)

synonyms: MLEV, MLEV pulse sequence, MLEV sequence

A sequence of composite pulses designed to remove signal splitting due to heteronuclear J-couplings in multinuclear liquid NMR experiments. Also used to allow transfer of magnetization between nuclei (by making the spins precess with at the same chemical shift and thus enjoy strong coupling - isotropic mixing). For the pulse sequence see J. Magn. Reson., (1981), 43, pg 502. [CHMO]

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Mansfield, Rhim, Elleman, Vaughn pulse sequence

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000478)

synonyms: MREV, MREV pulse sequence, MREV sequence, Mansfield Rhim Elleman Vaughn sequence, Mansfield, Rhim, Elleman, Vaughn sequence, Mansfield-Rhim-Elleman-Vaughn pulse sequence, Mansfield-Rhim-Elleman-Vaughn sequence

A pulse sequence used in magic angle spinning NMR to remove the effects of homonuclear dipolar coupling. For the pulse sequence see J. Chem. Phys., (1973), 59, pg 3740. [CHMO]

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McLafferty rearrangement

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001413)

Rearrangement reaction involving transfer of a hydrogen atom via a six-member transition state to the formal radical/charge site from a carbon atom four atoms distant from the charge/radical site (the γ-carbon); subsequent rearrangement of electron density can lead to expulsion of an olefin molecule. [IUPAC MS REC]

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McLafferty rearrangement

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001413)

Rearrangement reaction involving transfer of a hydrogen atom via a six-member transition state to the formal radical/charge site from a carbon atom four atoms distant from the charge/radical site (the γ-carbon); subsequent rearrangement of electron density can lead to expulsion of an olefin molecule. [IUPAC]

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Mossbauer spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000317)

synonyms: Mossbauer spectroscopy, Moessbauer spectroscopy, Mössbauer spectroscopy, Mößbauer spectroscopy, recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample is detected. [CHMO]

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Osteryoung square-wave voltammetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000389)

synonyms: OSWV, Osteryoung square wave voltammetry

An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied as a square wave and there is one square wave cycle per staircase step. [CHMO]

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Ostwald ripening

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000696)

synonyms: Ostwald-ripening

The growth of larger crystals from those of smaller size, which have a higher solubility that the larger ones. [CHMO]

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PCR experiment

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003842)

A PCR experiment is an experiment that uses PCR to achieve its goals. [Allotrope]

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Pickering emulsion method

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000426)

synonyms: Pickering emulsification, Pickering emulsion process, Pickering emulsion processing

A method for dispersing two or more immiscible liquid by shaking, stirring or homogenising the mixture. The emulsion is stablised by adding finely divided insoluble solid particles (e.g. latex or silica). [CHMO]

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R-type recoupling proton detected separated local field spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001222)

synonyms: PDLF with R-type recoupling, R-PDLF, R-type recoupling proton detected local field spectroscopy, proton-deteced separated local field spectroscopy with R-type recoupling

A magic-angle spinning NMR experiment to measure dipolar couplings. Dipolar couplings are reintroduced by synchronising RF pulses with the rotation of the rotor. Spectral simplification occurs via the proton detected separated local field protocol where 1H-1H interactions are decoupled and proton magnetization is passed through 13C nuclei present at natural abundance. [CHMO]

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Raman circular dichroism spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001542)

synonyms: RCD, Raman CD, Raman circular dichroism

The observation of circular dichroism (the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarized light) in the Raman spectra of chiral molecules. [CHMO]

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Raman microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001975)

synonyms: laser Raman spectroscopy, LRMA, MRS, RCIS, Raman chemical imaging spectrometry, Raman chemical imaging spectroscopy, Raman imaging, Raman mapping, Raman micro spectrometry, Raman micro spectroscopy, Raman microprobe spectroscopy, Raman microspectrometry, Raman microspectroscopy, Raman spectral imaging, laser Raman microanalysis, micro Raman spectrometry, micro Raman spectroscopy, micro-Raman spectrometry, micro-Raman spectroscopy

The collection of spatially resolved Raman spectra of a sample during optical microscopy. [CHMO]

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Raman spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000047)

synonyms: Raman scattering spectrometry, Raman scattering spectroscopy, Raman spectrometry, laser Raman spectroscopy

Any type of vibrational spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, usually from a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range by a sample is detected. [CHMO]

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Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002424)

synonyms: RIKES, Raman-induced Kerr-effect spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) with a frequency difference close to a Raman-mode frequency in the sample induce a refractive index change in the sample. By scanning the frequency difference of the two beams and recording simultaneously the polarization change of the probe beam, the Raman spectral structure of the sample can be obtained. [CHMO]

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Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001229)

synonyms: Rayleigh scattering method, elastic light scattering, laser Rayleigh scattering, laser Rayleigh scattering spectrometry, laser Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy, laser-Rayleigh scattering

A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light. [CHMO]

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Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000002)

synonyms: HE IS, HE ISS, HE-IS, HE-ISS, HEIS, HEISS, RBS, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, Rutherford scattering spectrometry, Rutherford scattering spectroscopy, backscattering spectroscopy, heavy ion scattering spectrometry, heavy ion scattering spectroscopy, heavy-ion scattering spectrometry, heavy-ion scattering spectroscopy, high-energy ion scattering spectrometry, high-energy ion scattering spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with He+ or H+ ions (500-1500 eV) and the energies and positions of any backscattered ions are detected. [CHMO]

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Savitzky-Golay smoothing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002396)

Definition pending. [0]

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Savitzky-Golay smoothing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002396)

Savitzky-Golay smoothing is a smoothing by convolving the data by fitting successive sub-sets of adjacent data points with a low-degree polynomial by the method of linear least squares. [Allotrope]

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Soxhlet extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000727)

The process of transferring the partially soluble components of a solid to the liquid phase using a Soxhlet extractor. The solid is placed in a filter paper thimble which is then placed into the main chamber of the Soxhlet extractor. The solvent (heated to reflux) travels into the main chamber and the partially soluble components are slowly tranferred to the solvent. [CHMO]

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UV-assisted capillary force lithography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001508)

synonyms: UV-assisted CFL

A process for shaping pliable thermoplastic polymers. An elastomeric (polyurethane acrylate) mould is placed on a UV-curable polymer that has been spin- or drop-coated onto a substrate and partially cured using UV light (200-400 nm). The system is then further exposed to UV light and capillary force allows the polymer melt to fill up the void space between the polymer and the mould. After cooling to ambient temperature, the mould is removed, generating the negative replica of the mould pattern. [CHMO]

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Verneuil process

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001668)

synonyms: flame fusion

A method for preparing synthetic gemstones. A finely powdered sample is melted in an hydrogen-oxygen flame (2000 deg. C) and crystallising the melted droplets on a boule (a single crystal). [CHMO]

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Waugh, Huber, Haeberlin pulse sequence

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002181)

synonyms: Waugh, Huber, Haeberlin pulse sequence, WAHUHA, WAHUHA pulse sequence, WAHUHA sequence, Waugh Huber Haeberlin sequence, Waugh-Huber-Haeberlin pulse sequence, Waugh-Huber-Haeberlin sequence

A pulse sequence used in magic angle spinning NMR to remove the effects of homonuclear dipolar coupling. For the pulse sequence see Phys. Rev. Lett., (1968), 20, pg 180. [CHMO]

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X half filter

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000348)

synonyms: X half-filter

A technique used in 2D NMR of isotopically enriched samples (usually 13C/15N) to remove signals of protons which are not bound to a particular isotope from one of the two domains of the experiment. For the technique see J. Magn. Reson., (1986), 70, pg 500. [CHMO]

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X-band electron spin resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000737)

synonyms: X-band EPR spectroscopy, X-band ESR spectroscopy, X-band electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to short (ns) pulses of microwave radiation in a magnetic field is measured. The microwave radiation used has an approximate frequency of 9 GHz, known as the 'X-band'. [CHMO]

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X-filter

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002375)

synonyms: heteronuclear nXQF element

A technique used in NMR of isotopically enriched samples (usually 13C/15N) to select for, or to remove signals of protons bound to a particular isotope. [CHMO]

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X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002362)

synonyms: X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements, X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry, XAFS

A type of X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient around the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are measured as a function of incident X-ray energy. [CHMO]

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X-ray absorption spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000097)

synonyms: X-ray absorption spectrometry, XAS

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays and the X-ray absorption coefficient of the sample is measured. When the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron in an atom there is a decrease in the intensity of transmitted X-rays resulting in an absorption edge. [CHMO]

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X-ray appearance potential spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000042)

synonyms: EEXAPS, EXAPS, SXAPS, X-ray appearance potential spectrometry, XAPS, electron-excited X-ray appearance potential spectrometry, electron-excited X-ray appearance potential spectroscopy, soft X-ray appearance potential spectrometry, soft X-ray appearance potential spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by the sudden appearance of soft X-ray fluorescence. [CHMO]

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X-ray bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000794)

synonyms: X-ray bremsstrahlung spectrometry, XBIS, ultraviolet bremsstrahlung spectrometry, ultraviolet bremsstrahlung spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation in the X-ray region. [CHMO]

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X-ray diffraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000487)

synonyms: X-Ray crystallographic analysis, X-ray analysis, X-ray crystallography, X-ray diffraction analysis, X-ray diffractometry, X-ray structure determination, XRD

A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. [CHMO]

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X-ray emission spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000291)

synonyms: X-ray emission spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, XES, XRES, XRF, XRF spectrometry, XRF spectroscopy

Any type of X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays or particles and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions (known as 'X-ray fluorescence') are detected. [CHMO]

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X-ray excited Auger electron spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002460)

synonyms: X-ray excited Auger electron spectrometry, X-ray induced Auger electron spectrometry, X-ray induced Auger electron spectroscopy, XAES, XEAES, XIAES

A type of spectroscopy where X-ray bombardment of a sample results in the ionization of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected as a function of incident X-ray energy. [CHMO]

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X-ray excited electron appearance potential spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001828)

synonyms: X-ray excited electron appearance potential spectrometry, XEAPS

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by the sudden appearance of peaks in the photoelectron spectrum. [CHMO]

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X-ray fluorescence microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001452)

synonyms: X-ray fluorescence imaging, XFM, XRF imaging, x-ray fluorescence microprobe (XFM) analysis

An imaging technique where a beam of X-rays is directed at the specimen and the intensities of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions (known as 'X-ray fluorescence') are detected as a function of wavelength and position. As these energies are element-specific, X-ray fluorescence microscopy can be used to determine spatially-resolved elemental composition. [CHMO]

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X-ray lithography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000141)

synonyms: PXL, XL, proximity X-ray lithography

A synthesis technique which uses X-rays to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a beam of X-rays is scanned across a patterned mask. The mask consists of an X-ray absorber (e.g. Au) on a membrane that is transparent to X-rays (e.g. SiC). The X-rays induce chemical reactions in the resist and the desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). [CHMO]

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X-ray magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000881)

synonyms: X-ray magnetic circular dichroism spectrometry, XMCD, XMCD spectrometry, XMCD spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised X-ray radiation in the presence of a magnetic field. [CHMO]

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X-ray microemission spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000913)

synonyms: X-ray microemission spectroscopy, X-ray microemission, X-ray microemission spectrometry, X-ray microfluorescence, X-ray microfluorescence spectrometry, X-ray microfluorescence spectroscopy, XRME, XRME spectrometry, XRME spectroscopy, XRMF, XRMF spectrometry, XRMF spectroscopy

A type of X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 m diameter) X-ray beam and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions (known as 'X-ray fluorescence') are detected. [CHMO]

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X-ray microprobe spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000941)

synonyms: X-ray microprobe spectroscopy, X-ray micro-probe spectrometry, X-ray microanalysis, X-ray microprobe spectrometry, XMPS

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with a finely focused X-ray beam (<10 m diameter) and the X-ray absorption coefficient of the sample is measured. [CHMO]

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X-ray microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002343)

synonyms: XM, XRM

An imaging technique where soft X-rays (100-1000 eV) are directed at the specimen, and the difference in absorption of the X-rays by different elements (mainly O and C) produces an image. [CHMO]

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X-ray photoelectron diffraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000867)

synonyms: XPD, XPED, XPhD

A method for determining structure during X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. X-rays are directed at a sample and diffraction patterns resulting from the emission of electrons are recorded. [CHMO]

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X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000491)

synonyms: ESCA, PESIS, X-ray photoelectron emission spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron scattering (XPS) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron scattering spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectrometry, X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, XPES, XPS, electron spectrometry for chemical analysis, electron spectrometry for chemical applications, electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis, electron spectroscopy for chemical applications, photoelectron spectroscopy of the inner shell

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with X-rays causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]

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X-ray photoemission electron microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000996)

synonyms: X-ray excited PEEM, X-ray photoelectron microscopy, XPEEM

A type of electron microscopy where the distribution of electrons emitted by a specimen sample following excitation with an X-ray source is used to produce an image. [CHMO]

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X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001514)

synonyms: X-Ray photon correlation spectroscopy, XPCS

A method for determining the size distribution of a sample of small particles in solution by bombarding the sample with coherent X-rays and measuring the time-dependent fluctuations in the intensity of the scattered X-rays caused by Brownian motion. [CHMO]

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X-ray reflection spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001101)

synonyms: X-ray reflection spectrometry, X-ray reflectivity spectrometry, X-ray reflectivity spectroscopy

Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays and the energies of reflected X-rays are measured. [CHMO]

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X-ray reflectometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001673)

synonyms: X-ray reflectivity, XRR

A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at an extremely flat surface and measuring the intensity of the reflected X-rays as a function of angle. X-ray reflectometry is used to determine the structure of thin films. [CHMO]

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X-ray scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000111)

synonyms: XRS, XS

A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample. [CHMO]

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defined in:

X-ray spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001156)

synonyms: X-ray spectrometry

Any type of spectroscopy where the absorption or emission of X-rays is detected. [CHMO]

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X-ray-ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000847)

synonyms: XU photoelectron spectrometry, XU photoelectron spectroscopy, XUPES, XUPS, XUV photoelectron spectrometry, XUV photoelectron spectroscopy, XUVPES, XUVPS

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation in the range Xray-ultraviolet, which causes ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]

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ZZ-filter

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002100)

synonyms: ZZ filter

A technique used in NMR experiments to remove unwanted signals from the spectrum by destroying the magnetization giving rise to these signals using a pulsed filed gradient whilst the magnetization of interest is maintained in a state which is unaffected by the pulsed field gradient (ZZ-state). [CHMO]

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defined in:

abberration-corrected high-angular annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002258)

synonyms: AC-HAADF-STEM, abberration corrected high angular annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy, abberration-corrected high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy

A type of microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum. The beam of electrons is scattered or diffracted at high angles before reaching the specimen, and the image results from a weakening of the beam by its interaction with the sample. An annular aperture is used to select electrons that have passed through given symmetric zones within the objective lens of the microscope. The electron beam is focused using a set of magnetic lenses which removes spherical aberration (an effect where the electron beam is deflected too strongly, resulting in a blurred image). [CHMO]

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aberration-corrected high-resolution transmission electron microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000697)

synonyms: aberration corrected high resolution transmission electron microscopy, aberration-corrected HRTEM

A type of microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum and the phase contrast between transmitted electron waves is used to produce an image. The beam is focused using a set of magnetic lenses which removes spherical aberration (an effect where the electron beam is deflected too strongly, resulting in a blurred image). [CHMO]

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aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001006)

synonyms: Cs-corrected TEM, aberration-corrected TEM, spherical-aberration-corrected TEM, spherical-aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy

A type of microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. The electron beam is focused using a set of magnetic lenses which removes spherical aberration (an effect where the electron beam is deflected too strongly, described by the spherical aberration coefficient 'Cs', which results in a blurred image). [CHMO]

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defined in:

abort command deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002615)

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2018/11/aft

abort command

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002615)

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

aborted state

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003670)

synonyms: aborted, is aborted

An aborted state is a state during which a planned process has run to completion in an abnormal way and the device or service is waiting for a reset that cause the state to change to an idle state. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

abrading

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003830)

Abrading is a material process of scuffing, scratching, wearing down, marring, or rubbing away. [Wikipedia]

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defined in:

absolute activation analysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001674)

A kind of activation analysis in which the elemental concentrations in the material are calculated from known nuclear constants, irradiation and measurement parameters, rather than by comparing with known standards. [CHMO]

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absorbance process profile

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003847)

synonyms: absorbance profile

An absorbance process profile is a profile that quantifies the absorbance of a material entity over time. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

absorption detected magnetic resonance

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000798)

synonyms: ADMR

A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels are detected by light absorption. Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves. [CHMO]

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defined in:

absorption titration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001501)

synonyms: absorbance titration, absorption spectral titration

The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the absorbance of radiation by the sample. [CHMO]

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defined in:

acceleration mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001305)

synonyms: AMS, accelerator MS, accelerator mass spectrometry, accelerator mass spectroscopy

Mass spectrometry technique in which atoms and molecules from a sample are ionized, accelerated to MeV energies and separated according to their momentum, charge, and energy, allowing high discrimination for measurement of isotope abundances. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

acceleration mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001305)

synonyms: AMS, accelerator MS, accelerator mass spectrometry, accelerator mass spectroscopy

Mass spectrometry technique in which atoms and molecules from a sample are ionized, accelerated to MeV energies and separated according to their momentum, charge, and energy, allowing high discrimination for measurement of isotope abundances. [IUPAC]

Copyright Notice and License Terms for IUPAC terms

defined in:

accomplishment

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003371)

A non-cumulative process (event) that is non-atomic. [DOLCE]

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defined in:

accordion spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000001)

A dimensionality reduction technique used in multidimensional NMR experiments. A nD NMR experiment is represented in n-1 dimensions by concerted, simultaneous interrogation of two spectral dimensions. [CHMO]

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defined in:

achievement

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003370)

A process boundary based on some physical characteristics at the start or end of some process changing these characteristics. [Allotrope]

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acid digestion

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001767)

synonyms: acid-digestion

The decomposition of a sample in strong acids such as nitric, sulfuric or perchloric acid in order to obtain the sample in liquid form. [CHMO]

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defined in:

acid-base titration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001510)

synonyms: acid-base titration, acid/base titration

Acid-base titration is the process of determining the quantity of a sample (an acid or base) by adding measured increments of a titrant (a base or acid) until the endpoint, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. [CHMO]

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defined in:

acid-base titration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001510)

synonyms: acid-base titration, acid/base titration

The process of determining the quantity of a sample (an acid or base) by adding measured increments of a titrant (a base or acid) until the endpoint, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. [CHMO]

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defined in:

acidimetric titration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001052)

synonyms: acidimetry

The process of determining the quantity of a sample (a base) by adding measured increments of a titrant (an acid) until the endpoint, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. [CHMO]

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defined in:

acoustic droplet dispensing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000420)

synonyms: acoustic drop dispensing

The dropwise release of a liquid using a focused acoustic beam to eject a controlled droplet from an open pool of liquid. When the acoustic beam strikes the liquid surface, the pressure causes the fluid to rise up and a droplet breaks off. [CHMO]

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defined in:

acoustic emission spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001258)

synonyms: acoustic emission spectroscopy

A type of spectrometry where the noise generated by the movement of bubbles or particles is detected. [CHMO]

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defined in:

activation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000217)

Any process that involves preparing or exciting a material for a subsequent reaction. [OSTHUS, CHMO]

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defined in:

activation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000217)

Any process that involves preparing or exciting a material for a subsequent reaction. [CHMO]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/WD/2024/09/aft

activation analysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000688)

A kind of elemental or isotopic analysis based on the measurement of characteristic radiation from nuclides formed directly or indirectly by activation of the test portion. [CHMO]

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activity

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003620)

An activity is a process that is cumulative but not homeomeric. [Allotrope, DOLCE]

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defined in:

activity

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003620)

An activity is a process that is cumulative but not homomeric. [Allotrope, DOLCE]

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defined in:

actuating

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003360)

synonyms: activating, starting, switching on, turning on

Actuating is the process of commencing the flow of energy, signal, or material in response to an imported control signal. [NIST]

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adding (material)

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003743)

synonyms: addition, adding, addition (material), material addition

Adding is loading material into a container where it is combined with existing material. [Allotrope]

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addition rate process profile

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003741)

synonyms: addition rate profile

An addition rate process profile is a rate process profile that is an occurent part of an material addition process. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

addition rate process profile

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003741)

synonyms: addition rate profile

An addition rate process profile is a rate process profile that is an occurrent part of an material addition process. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

adiabatic ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000714)

Removal of an electron from an atom, radical, or molecule in its lowest energy state, thus producing an ion in its lowest energy state. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

adiabatic scanning calorimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001553)

synonyms: ASC

The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of the temperature, whilst the pressure is kept constant. Scanning rates on the order of a few mK min-1 are used and a constant power is continuously applied to (or extracted from) the sample. [CHMO]

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adjusting

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003703)

synonyms: adjustment

Adjusting is a process of slightly changing something with the purpose to achieve an agreement with a set of specifications. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

adjusting

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000485)

synonyms: adjustment

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

adjusting

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000485)

synonyms: adjustment

Adjusting is a changing by altering or moving slightly. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

adsorption chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001023)

Chromatography in which separation is based mainly on differences between the adsorption affinities of the sample components for the surface of an active solid. [CHMO]

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adsorptive stripping voltammetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001984)

synonyms: AdSV, adsorptive-stripping voltammetry

An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first adsorbed onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped'. During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. [CHMO]

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advanced silicon etching

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001921)

synonyms: ASE, advanced silicon etch

The process of creating deep holes and trenches in a silicon surface using short pulses of a plasma (a partially ionized gas - usually SF6 - containing free electrons and radicals) alternating with the deposition of a chemically inert passivation layer (e.g. C4F8). [CHMO]

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aerosol assisted chemical vapor deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001576)

synonyms: AACVD, aerosol assisted CVD, aerosol-assisted CVD, aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition, aerosol-assisted chemical vapour deposition

A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more involatile precursors, suspended in a liquid-gas aerosol (generated ultrasonically), which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. [CHMO]

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defined in:

aerosol jet deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002040)

synonyms: AJD, aerosol JD

A synthesis method where an aerosol containing precursors is projected onto a surface, resulting in a deposit. [CHMO]

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defined in:

aerosol method

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001506)

synonyms: aerosol process, aerosol processing

A method for the synthesis of solid particles from an aerosol. The desired solid particles are suspended in a liquid, which is heated to 275-330 deg. C under pressure and passed through an orifice so that an aerosol forms. The particles in the aerosol are polymerised by partial evaporation of the solvent. [CHMO]

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defined in:

aerosol solvent extraction system

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000490)

synonyms: ASES

A technique where a solid sample is dissolved in a common (organic or inorganic) solvent, mixed with a supercritical fluid and sprayed into an autoclave. This leads to the reduction in solubility of the solid and precipitation. [CHMO]

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defined in:

affinity chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001004)

synonyms: affinity purification, bioaffinity chromatography

A method of separating biochemical mixtures based on a highly specific interaction such as that between antigen and antibody, enzyme and substrate, or receptor and ligand. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

affinity electrophoresis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002364)

An electrophoresis method where the separation medium has specific interactions with the analytes. [CHMO]

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defined in:

affinity precipitation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000898)

The selective sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') from a liquid sample containing a ligand and a target protein. The precipitate evolves after the application of a suitable stimulus (e.g. Ca2+ or Ba2+). [CHMO]

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defined in:

agarose gel electrophoresis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000643)

A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium consisting of agarose gel, across which an electric field is applied. [CHMO]

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defined in:

aggregating data

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003581)

synonyms: aggregating data, data aggregation, collecting data

A data processing that assigns some data to a collection. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/REC/2018/04/aft

aging

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002367)

synonyms: age hardening, dispersion hardening, precipitate ageing, precipitation hardening

Any time-dependent change of the properties of a precipitate e.g. loss of water or growth of crystals as a result of prolonged heat treatment. [CHMO]

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defined in:

air cooling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002461)

Air cooling is a type of sample cooling using gaseous air. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

air-sensitive vacuum distillation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000415)

A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a high-boiling-point sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat at low pressure and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. The vacuum is replaced by an inert gas once the distillation is complete. [CHMO]

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defined in:

alkalimetric titration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002378)

synonyms: alkalimetry

The process of determining the quantity of a sample (an acid) by adding measured increments of a titrant (a base) until the endpoint, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. [CHMO]

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defined in:

alpha-particle X-ray spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001780)

synonyms: APXS, alpha X-ray spectrometry, alpha X-ray spectroscopy, alpha-X-ray emission spectrometry, alpha-X-ray emission spectroscopy, alpha-X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, alpha-X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, alpha-X-ray spectrometry, alpha-X-ray spectroscopy, alpha-particle X-ray emission spectrometry, alpha-particle X-ray emission spectroscopy, alpha-particle X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, alpha-particle X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, alpha-particle X-ray spectrometry

A type of X-ray emission spectroscopy where the sample is irradiated with alpha-particles and the energies of the backscattered alpha-particles and X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions are measured. [CHMO]

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defined in:

alpha-particle scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000480)

synonyms: alpha scattering, alpha-scattering

A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered alpha-particles. [CHMO]

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defined in:

alpha-particle spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000952)

synonyms: alpha spectroscopy, alpha-particle spectrometry

A type of spectrometry where the alpha-particles (or 4He nuclei) spontaneously emitted from radioisotopes are detected. [CHMO]

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defined in:

alternating current force spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001007)

synonyms: AC force spectroscopy, AC-modulated force spectroscopy, ac mode force spectroscopy, ac-mode force spectroscopy, alternating-current force spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where an atomic force microscope is used to measure the force experienced by a sample. The method involves the application of a small sinusoidal oscillating force to the tip via a magnetic field created by a conducting coil which interacts with a magnetic particle glued on the backside of the cantilever and measuring the change in amplitude during the approach and retraction of the sample. [CHMO]

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alternating current impedance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001352)

synonyms: AC-IS, AC-impedance spectrometry, AC-impedance spectroscopy, ACIS, Ac-impedance spectrometry, Ac-impedance spectroscopy, ac-impedance spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of a sample during excitation with an alternating-current voltage is measured. [CHMO]

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alternating current polarography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000357)

synonyms: AC polarography, AC-polarography, alternating-current polarography

An electrochemical technique where the alternating current (ac) component of the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the ac potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. [CHMO]

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alternating-current dielectrophoresis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001850)

synonyms: AC dielectrophoresis, a.c. dielectrophoresis, ac dielectrophoresis, alternating current dielectrophoresis, alternating current dielectrophoretic analysis

A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their dielectrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium, across which an alternating electric field is applied. [CHMO]

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aluminum metallization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000013)

synonyms: Al metalization, Al metallisation, Al metallization, aluminium metallization, aluminum metalization

The deposition of a layer of aluminium on a substrate (usually to provide electrical contacts in devices). A number of techniques may be used for metallization including evaporation and sputter coating. [CHMO]

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ambient ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001171)

Desorption of molecules and formation of ions outside the mass spectrometer directly from samples in their native environment with no or minimal sample preparation. [IUPAC MS REC]

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ambient ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001171)

Desorption of molecules and formation of ions outside the mass spectrometer directly from samples in their native environment with no or minimal sample preparation. [IUPAC]

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ambient ionization mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002098)

synonyms: ambient mass spectrometry

Any mass spectrometry technique where the sample is ionized at low or ambient temperature. [CHMO]

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amperometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000733)

synonyms: amperometric method

An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled. [CHMO]

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amperostatic coulometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000683)

synonyms: controlled current coulometry, controlled-current coulometry

An electrochemical technique where the total Coulombs of electricity required to complete (fully oxidise or fully reduce the sample in) an electrochemical reaction is measured whilst the current is held at a constant value. [CHMO]

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amplitude-modulation atomic force microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000139)

synonyms: AM-AFM, amplitude modulation AFM, amplitude modulation atomic force microscopy, amplitude-modulation AFM

A type of microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. The tip oscillates, intermittently touching or tapping the surface. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between oscillation amplitude or phase of the tip and the surface during scanning, which is performed under ultra-high vacuum conditions. [CHMO]

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analysis assay

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003491)

synonyms: analysis, analyte assay

An assay with the objective to capture information about the presence, concentration or amount of an analyte in the evaluand. [OBI]

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analysis assay

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003491)

synonyms: analysis, analyte assay

An assay with the objective to capture information about the presence, concentration or amount of an analyte in the evaluant. [OBI]

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analyte calibration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003706)

synonyms: calibration

Analyte calibration is producing a calibration curve from measurements of known amounts of analyte that will be used as measurement function for the measurement of unknown amounts of analytes. [Allotrope]

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analytical centrifugation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001278)

A separation method where components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density in a centrifuge according to the centrifugal force they experience. During centrifugation the sample can be monitored in real time through an optical detection system or using ultraviolet light absorption. [CHMO]

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analytical pyrolysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000094)

The characterization, in an inert atmosphere, of a material or a chemical process by a chemical degradation reaction induced by thermal energy. [CHMO]

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analytical solution calorimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001358)

The measurement of the enthalpy change during chemical reaction in order to determine quantitative values of a reactant or catalyst. In general, at least one reactant is a liquid or solution. [CHMO]

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angle resolved mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002509)

Technique used to investigate details of the collisional excitation process by studying trends relating scattering angle of the precursor ion, internal energy transferred, and the masses of the ion and its collision partner. [IUPAC MS REC]

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angle resolved mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002509)

Technique used to investigate details of the collisional excitation process by studying trends relating scattering angle of the precursor ion, internal energy transferred, and the masses of the ion and its collision partner. [IUPAC]

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angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001839)

synonyms: ARXPS, angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with X-rays causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, which are detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]

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angle-resolved bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001910)

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation which is detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]

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angle-resolved electron-electron coincidence spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000529)

synonyms: ARE2E, angle-resolved E2E, angle-resolved electron-electron coincidence spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of a pair of electrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]

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angle-resolved electron-electron ion coincidence spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001224)

synonyms: AREEICO, angle-resolved electron-electron ion coincidence spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of an ion and a pair of electrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]

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angle-resolved ion-excited Auger electron spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000919)

synonyms: AIRES, angle-resolved ion-electron spectrometry, angle-resolved ion-electron spectroscopy

Any type of spectroscopy where ion bombardment of a sample results in the ionization of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]

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angle-resolved photoelectron extended fine structure spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002331)

synonyms: ARPEFS, ARPEFSS, ARPES spectrometry, ARPES spectroscopy, angle-resolved photoelectron extended fine structure spectrometry, angle-resolved photoemission extended fine structure spectrometry, angle-resolved photoemission extended fine structure spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. The spectrum is recorded over an extended energy range, from the photon absorption edge onset to several hundred eV above it. [CHMO]

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angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000482)

synonyms: ARP, ARPES, ARPS, angle-resolved photoelectron spectrometry, angle-resolved photoemission spectrometry, angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]

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angle-resolved resonant Auger electron spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000011)

synonyms: angle-resolved resonance Auger electron spectrometry, angle-resolved resonance Auger electron spectroscopy, angle-resolved resonant Auger electron spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionization of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The wavelength of the incident photons is scanned over an absorption edge in the sample and the Auger electrons emitted are detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]

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angle-resolved resonant X-ray scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001889)

synonyms: angle-resolved resonant X-ray emission spectrometry, angle-resolved resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy, angular-resolved resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy

A method for determining structure by measuring the energy loss of X-rays scattered by a sample as a function of emission angle, where the incident X-ray energy is chosen to coincide with an electronic transition in the sample. [CHMO]

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angle-resolved secondary electron spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001215)

synonyms: ARSES, angle-resolved secondary electron spectrometry, angular resolved secondary electron spectrometry, angular resolved secondary electron spectroscopy

Any type of spectroscopy where primary electrons interact with a sample and the electrons emitted as a result of the interaction (secondary electrons) are detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]

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angle-resolved synchotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000172)

synonyms: angle-resolved synchotron radiation photoelectron spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray-ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]

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angle-resolved ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001971)

synonyms: UVAIUPES, UVAIUPS, UVARUPES, UVARUPS, angle-integrated ultra-violet photoelectron spectrometry, angle-integrated ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy, angle-integrated ultra-violet photoemission spectrometry, angle-integrated ultraviolet photoelectron spectrometry, angle-integrated ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, angle-integrated ultraviolet photoemission spectrometry, angle-integrated ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy, angle-resolved ultra-violet photoelectron spectrometry, angle-resolved ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy, angle-resolved ultra-violet photoemission spectrometry, angle-resolved ultra-violet photoemission spectroscopy, angle-resolved ultraviolet photoelectron spectrometry, angle-resolved ultraviolet photoemission spectrometry, angle-resolved ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with ultraviolet (10-400 nm) photons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, which are detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]

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angular dependent Auger electron spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001059)

synonyms: ADAS, ARAES, angle-resolved Auger electron spectrometry, angle-resolved Auger electron spectroscopy, angular dependent Auger spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionization of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]

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angular velocity process profile

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003752)

synonyms: angular velocity profile

An angular velocity process profile is a quality process profile of how fast an object rotates or revolves relative to another point. [Wikipedia]

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anion-exchange chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002341)

synonyms: AEX, anion chromatography, anion exchange chromatography

Column chromatography where anions are retained by positively charged functional groups in the stationary phase. [CHMO]

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anisotropic wet etching

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001382)

synonyms: wet anisotropic etching

The process of using strong acids/alkalis to remove a thin layer of the unprotected parts of a sample surface (e.g. metal or silicon) to create a pattern. Anisotropic etching occurs when different etch rates are observed in different directions in the sample (e.g. for different crystal faces). [CHMO]

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annealing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000792)

A heat treatment that alters the microstructure of a material causing changes in its properties such as strength and hardness. [CHMO]

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annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002221)

synonyms: ADF-STEM

A type of microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum. The beam of electrons is scattered or diffracted before reaching the specimen, and the image results from a weakening of the beam by its interaction with the sample. An annular aperture is used to select electrons that have passed through given symmetric zones within the objective lens of the microscope. [CHMO]

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anodic mobilization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000354)

Anodic mobilization is a specialized form of electrophoretic separation of proteins and ampholytes based on their net charge, separation is achieved by the use of pH changes in the buffer with the addition of salt to the buffer resulting in excess nonproton cations. [Allotrope]

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anodic stripping potentiometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000438)

synonyms: ASP

An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by re-oxidation using either oxidants in the sample or by applying a small constant current, or a combination of both. During removal the time-dependence of the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. [CHMO]

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anodic stripping voltammetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000844)

synonyms: ASV

An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by applying an oxidising potential. During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. [CHMO]

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anodization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000999)

An eletrochemical process that increases the thickness of the oxide layer on the surface of a metal sample in order to make it less reactive. Anodization proceeds by passing a direct current through an electrolytic solution, with the sample serving as the anode. [CHMO]

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anomalous X-ray scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001625)

synonyms: AXD, AXS, X-ray anomalous dispersion, X-ray anomalous scattering, anomalous X-ray dispersion

A method for determining structure by measuring the change in phase of X-rays scattered by a sample. Normally incident X-rays continue in the same phase after encountering the scatterer. However, if the energy of the incident X-rays is at or above the absorption edge of the scatterer, a phase shift occurs. [CHMO]

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anomalous wide-angle X-ray scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000893)

synonyms: AWAXS, anomalous wide angle X-ray scattering

A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample at wide angles (>10 deg.). The wavelength of the X-rays used is scanned over an absorption edge which changes the scattering in a known way (the 'anomalous dispersion effect'). [CHMO]

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apertureless near-field scanning optical microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001860)

synonyms: s-SNOM, S-NSOM, aNSOM, aSNOM, apertureless scanning near-field optical microscopy, scattering type apertureless near-field scanning optical microscopy, scattering type apertureless scanning near-field optical microscopy, scattering type near-field scanning optical microscopy, scattering type scanning near-field optical microscopy

A type of microscopy where a laser spot is focused on a solid sharp metallic probe producing a confined light field very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the scattering of the incident light by the probe as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. [CHMO]

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appearance potential spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002334)

synonyms: APS, appearance potential spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by the appearance of relaxation products (Auger electrons or X-rays) or by a change in the electron beam current. [CHMO]

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approval state

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003757)

An approval state is a state where information content such as a specification is allowed or is suitable by an authority for a purpose or in a context. [Allotrope]

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approving

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003643)

synonyms: approval, approval process

Approving is agreeing to a proposition or accepting something as satisfactory towards an set objective. [Allotrope]

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aqueous-phase reforming

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002347)

synonyms: APR, aqueous phase reforming

The reaction of biomass-derived oxygenated compounds (e.g. glycerol) in aqueous solution at low temperature in the presence of a platinum catalyst to produce hydrogen. [CHMO]

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arc-discharge method

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001117)

synonyms: arc discharge method, arc method, arc-evaporation of graphite, dc arc-discharge method, direct current arc-discharge method, direct-current arc-discharge method

A method for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes where a direct-current arc voltage is applied across two graphite electrodes immersed in an inert gas such as He. When pure graphite rods are used, fullerenes are deposited as soot inside the chamber, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes are deposited on the cathode. When a graphite anode containing a metal catalyst (Fe or Co) is used with a pure graphite cathode single-walled carbon nanotubes are generated in the form of soot. [CHMO]

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area peak picking

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000959)

synonyms: sum peak picking

Definition pending. [0]

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area peak picking

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000959)

synonyms: sum peak picking

Height peak picking is a peak picking by reporting the area defined by all raw data points. [Allotrope]

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area process profile

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003753)

synonyms: area profile

A volume process profile is a quality process profile that tracks some area. [Allotrope]

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area scanning

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003804)

Area scanning is scanning at positions defined by a two-dimensional pattern over an area. [Allotrope].

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/REC/2021/06/afo

area scanning

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003804)

Area scanning is scanning at positions defined by a two-dimensional pattern over an area. [Allotrope]

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argentometric titration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000078)

synonyms: argentimetric titration

Argentometric titration is a process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by the observing the precipitation of silver compounds following the addition of silver nitrate. [CHMO]

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argentometric titration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000078)

synonyms: argentimetric titration

The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by the observing the precipitation of silver compounds following the addition of silver nitrate. [CHMO]

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argon ionization detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002160)

synonyms: AID

A detection method where metastable Ar atoms are used to ionize the sample, which is held in a carrier gas. The resulting electrons are focused toward a collector electrode and the current is measured. [CHMO]

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argon plasma sintering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000322)

The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample with an Ar plasma (a partially ionized gas containing free electrons) until the particles adhere to each other. [CHMO]

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argon pulse-discharge photoionization detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000007)

synonyms: Ar-PDPID, Ar/PDPID, argon pulse discharge photoionisation detection, argon pulse discharge photoionization detection, argon pulsed discharge photoionisation detection, argon pulsed discharge photoionization detection, argon pulsed-discharge photoionisation detection, argon pulsed-discharge photoionization detection

A detection method where a DC voltage pulse is passed through argon gas generating high-energy (13.5-17.5 eV) photons which photoionize the elements in the sample mixture, and the current generated by this ionization is measured. [CHMO]

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arrival

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003393)

Arrival is the archivement of reaching the destination site in a moving process. [Allotrope]

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arrival

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003393)

Arrival is the achievement of reaching the destination site in a moving process. [Allotrope]

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arrival

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003393)

Definition pending. [0]

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aspirating

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001824)

synonyms: aspiration

Aspirating is the process of sample preparation that is to draw an amount of a liquid by suction and then expel the liquid. [Allotrope]

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assay

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002680)

synonyms: analysis, measurement method

A planned process with the objective to produce information about the material entity that is the evaluant, by physically examining it or its proxies. [OBI]

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defined in:

assay

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002680)

synonyms: analysis, measurement method

A planned process with the objective to produce information about the material entity that is the evaluand, by physically examining it or its proxies. [OBI]

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defined in:

assay preparation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003790)

Assay preparation is the planned process of preparing an assay that produces information about the material entity that is the evaluand, by physically examining it or its proxies. [Allotrope]

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assembling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001640)

synonyms: assembly

The process of fitting device components together to form a system. [Allotrope]

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assessing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003538)

Assessing is evaluating or estimating a quality or behavior. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

assigning

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003603)

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/REC/2018/04/aft

assigning

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003603)

Assigning is the producing of an assignment that asserts some relation between entities. [Allotrope]

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assigning

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003603)

Assigning is the producing of an assigment that asserts some relation between entities. [Allotrope]

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associative ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001792)

Ionization process in which two atoms or molecules, one or both of which is in an excited state, react to form a single positive ion and an electron. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

associative ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001792)

Ionization process in which two atoms or molecules, one or both of which is in an excited state, react to form a single positive ion and an electron. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

atmospheric pressure chemical ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002247)

synonyms: APCI

Chemical ionization that takes place at atmospheric pressure as opposed to the reduced pressure is normally used for chemical ionization. [PSI-MS]

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atmospheric pressure glow discharge ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001355)

synonyms: APGD, APGDI

An ionization method when the sample is ionized, at atmospheric pressure, in a plasma (a partially ionized gas - such as Ar - containing free electrons) which has been generated by passing an electrical discharge between two electrodes. [CHMO]

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atmospheric pressure ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001990)

synonyms: API

Any ionization process in which ions are formed in the gas phase at atmospheric pressure. [PSI-MS]

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atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002411)

synonyms: AP MALDI

Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization in which the sample target is at atmospheric pressure and the ions formed by the pulsed laser are sampled through a small aperture into the mass spectrometer. [PSI-MS]

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atmospheric pressure photoionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001180)

synonyms: APPI

Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization in which the reactant ions are generated by photo-ionization. [PSI-MS]

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atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000077)

synonyms: APPI MS, APPI-MS, APPIMS, atmospheric pressure photoionisation mass spectroscopy, atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectroscopy

A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is irradiated with an ultraviolet laser at atmospheric pressure. The sample absorbs one or more photons resulting in ionization. [CHMO]

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atmospheric-pressure chemical vapor deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001532)

synonyms: APCVD, atmospheric pressure CVD, atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition, atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition, atmospheric-pressure CVD

A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, at atmospheric pressure, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. [CHMO]

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atmospheric-pressure laser ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002299)

synonyms: APLI

Atmospheric pressure laser ionization is an atmospheric pressure ionization method for mass spectrometry (MS). Laser light in the UV range is used to ionize molecules in a resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) process. It is a selective and sensitive ionization method for aromatic and polyaromatic compounds. [Wikipedia]

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atmospheric-pressure laser ionization mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000228)

synonyms: APLI-MS, APLI/MS, atmospheric-pressure laser induced mass spectrometry, atmospheric-pressure laser ionisation mass spectroscopy, atmospheric-pressure laser ionization mass spectroscopy

Mass spectrometry using atmospheric-pressure laser ionization. [Allotrope]

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atom probe field ion microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000196)

synonyms: AP FIM, AP field ionisation microscopy, AP field ionization microscopy, AP field-ion microscopy, AP field-ionisation microscopy, AP field-ionization microscopy, AP-FIM, AP/FIM, APFIM, atom probe field ionisation microscopy, atom probe field ionization microscopy, atom probe field-ion microscopy, atom probe field-ionisation microscopy, atom probe field-ionization microscopy, atom-probe field-ion microscopy

A type of microscopy where atoms in the vicinty of the specimen (which is in the form of a very sharp tip <10 m diameter) are ionized by the application of a strong electric field to the tip and an image is produced by the projection of the ions onto a fluorescent screen. The image consists of a pattern of spots of light which correspond to individual atoms on the specimen surface. When a sudden voltage pulse is applied to the tip, atoms from the surface of the specimen itself are be ejected and travel down a drift tube where their arrival time (a measure of the mass of the atom) can be determined. This allows the atomic composition of the specimen to be determined. [CHMO]

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atom scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000331)

A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered atoms. [CHMO]

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atomic absorption glow-discharge spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001396)

synonyms: GD-AAS, GDAAS, atomic absorption glow-discharge spectrometry, glow discharge atomic absorption spectrometry, glow discharge atomic absorption spectroscopy

A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas) is used to atomise the sample before it absorbs ultra-violet or visible light atoms at characteristic wavelengths. [CHMO]

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atomic absorption spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000447)

synonyms: AAS, atomic absorption spectrometry

A type of atomic spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with ultraviolet or visible light which is absorbed by the non-excited atoms at characteristic wavelengths. [CHMO]

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atomic emission detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000435)

synonyms: AED, atomic-emission detection

A detection method that is sensitive to individual elements. The sample is atomised and excited by an excitation source and the characteristic radiation emitted by the atoms in the sample is then detected using a photodiode array. [CHMO]

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atomic emission spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001279)

synonyms: AES, OES, atomic emission spectrometry, optical emission spectrometry, optical emission spectroscopy

A type of atomic spectroscopy where the atoms in the sample are excited and the emission of electromagnetic radiation at characteristic wavelengths is detected. [CHMO]

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atomic fluorescence spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002291)

synonyms: AFS, atomic fluorescence spectrometry

Any type of atomic spectroscopy where an atom absorbs then spontaneously emits a photon. [CHMO]

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atomic force infrared microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001216)

synonyms: AFMIR, atomic force microscopy infrared microscopy

The simultaneous collection of AFM topography data and spatially-resolved IR spectra by measuring the IR absorption via transient deformation of the AFM cantilever induced by an infrared pulsed laser (tuned to a wavelength that corresponds to a vibrational absorbing wavelength in the specimen) as a function of AFM tip position. [CHMO]

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atomic force microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000590)

synonyms: AFM, SFM, atomic force imaging, atomic-force microscopy, scanning force microscopy

A type of microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. [CHMO]

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atomic layer chemical vapor deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000586)

synonyms: ALCVD, atomic layer CVD, atomic-layer CVD, atomic-layer chemical vapor deposition, atomic-layer chemical vapour deposition

A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a monolayer deposit. The surface reaction is self-limiting resulting in a nanometre thickness of film. [CHMO]

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atomic layer deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001895)

synonyms: ALD, atomic-layer deposition

A thin film deposition technique based on the sequential reaction of gaseous precursors at a surface to produce a monolayer. [CHMO]

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atomic layer epitaxy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002113)

synonyms: ALE, atomic-layer epitaxy

A synthesis method that consists of depositing alternating monolayers of two elements onto a substrate. The deposition is self-limiting and is completed when all available chemisorption sites are occupied. Film thickness is controlled by the number of precursor cycles. [CHMO]

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atomic spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001727)

synonyms: atomic spectrometry

Any spectroscopic technique which is based upon the ability of atoms to absorb or emit electromagnetic radiation. In atomic spectroscopy the sample is vaporised and then atomised. [CHMO]

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atomization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002274)

synonyms: atomisation

The conversion of a vaporized sample into atomic components. [CHMO]

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attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000324)

synonyms: Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy, ATR FT-IR spectroscopy, ATR FTIR spectroscopy, ATR-FTIR, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, FTIR-ATR, Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infra-red , Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infra-red spectroscopy, Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infrared , Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy , Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy, attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infra-red, Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infrared

A type of spectroscopy where infrared light is introduced into a prism at an angle exceeding the critical angle for internal reflection. This produces an evanescent wave at the reflecting surface (a surface which is transparent to infrared such as thallium bromide) on which the sample is supported. The distortion of the evanescent wave by the sample is measured producing a spectrum which is then subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]

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attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000233)

synonyms: ATR spectrometry, ATR spectroscopy, ATR-IR, ATR-IR spectrometry, ATR-IR spectroscopy, ATR/IR, ATR/IRS, IRS, MIRS, attenuated total reflectance infra-red spectroscopy, attenuated total reflectance spectrometry, internal reflection spectrometry, internal reflection spectroscopy, multiple internal reflection spectrometry, multiple internal reflection spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where infrared light is introduced into a prism at an angle exceeding the critical angle for internal reflection. This produces an evanescent wave at the reflecting surface (a surface which is transparent to infrared such as thallium bromide) on which the sample is supported, and the distortion of the evanescent wave by the sample is measured. [CHMO]

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attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000233)

synonyms: ATR spectrometry, ATR spectroscopy, ATR-IR, ATR-IR spectrometry, ATR-IR spectroscopy, ATR/IR, ATR/IRS, IRS, MIRS, attenuated total reflectance infra-red spectroscopy, attenuated total reflectance spectrometry, internal reflection spectrometry, internal reflection spectroscopy, multiple internal reflection spectrometry, multiple internal reflection spectroscopy

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attracting

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003396)

synonyms: keeping close

A spatial change state the decreases the spatial distance at the end. [Allotrope]

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autodetachment

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002110)

The formation of a neutral when a negative ion in a discrete state with an energy greater than the detachment threshold loses an electron spontaneously without further interaction with an energy source. [PSI-MS]

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defined in:

autodetachment

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002110)

The formation of a neutral when a negative ion in a discrete state with an energy greater than the detachment threshold loses an electron spontaneously without further interaction with an energy source. [IUPAC]

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autoionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002335)

The formation of an ion when an atom or molecule in a discrete state with an energy greater than the ionization threshold loses an electron spontaneously without further interaction with an energy source. [PSI-MS]

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autoionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002335)

The formation of an ion when an atom or molecule in a discrete state with an energy greater than the ionization threshold loses an electron spontaneously without further interaction with an energy source. [IUPAC]

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automatic phase correction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001699)

The application of a mathematical operation to both the real and imaginary parts of the complex numbers represented by the FID recorded as the sample magnetisation vector relaxes from its excited state vector back to its equilibrium bulk magnetisation population as adjusted by automated algorithms in the data acquisition or processing software. [Allotrope]

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autoradiolysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001976)

The cleavage of one or more bonds in a radioactive material resulting directly or indirectly from its own radioactive decay. [CHMO]

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autosampler process

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003678)

A process executed by an autosampler. [Allotrope]

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autothermal reforming

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001017)

synonyms: ATR

The reaction of hydrocarbons with oxygen and carbon dioxide at 950-1100 deg. C to form syngas. [CHMO]

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averaging

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003657)

Averaging is the calculation of a mean statistic or a temporal average value. [Allotrope]

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averaging

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003658)

synonyms: Averaging is a data aggregation by calculating the mean on the member over a data set. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/CR/2018/07/aft

axial ejection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002590)

Ejection of an ion from an ion trap in a direction parallel to the longitudinal axis of the trap. [IUPAC MS REC]

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axial ejection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002590)

Ejection of an ion from an ion trap in a direction parallel to the longitudinal axis of the trap. [IUPAC]

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axialization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002572)

Technique used in Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometers to limit the translational motion of the trapped ions so that they occupy a small volume near the trap center, thus optimizing performance criteria including resolving power. [IUPAC MS REC]

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axialization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002572)

Technique used in Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometers to limit the translational motion of the trapped ions so that they occupy a small volume near the trap center, thus optimizing performance criteria including resolving power. [IUPAC]

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azeotropic distillation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001112)

A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. An azeotrope (a mixture of two or more liquids which produces vapor with the same ratio of constituents as the original mixture) cannot be separated by normal distillation, therefore an additional third component (known as an 'entrainer') is added to the mixture. This has the effect of changing the volatility of one of liquids in the azeotrope to a greater extent than the other, allowing separation to occur. [CHMO]

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azimuthal photoelectron diffraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001962)

synonyms: APD, APED, azimuthal-photoelectron diffraction

A method for determining structure during photoelectron spectroscopy. Photons are directed at a sample and diffraction patterns resulting from the emission of electrons are determined as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]

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background correction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003721)

Background correction is a data transformation designed to remove irrelevant contributions from the measured signal, e.g. those due to instrument noise or sample preparation. [BAO]

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background measurement

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002666)

Background measurement is the process of determination of the base level of signals without presence of a sample. [Allotrope]

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backpressure check

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003699)

synonyms: back pressure within spec, back pressure within specification

A backpressure check is a software check performed during device under test to confirm the back pressure system is within the instrument input specification. [Allotrope]

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backscattering near-field optical microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000130)

synonyms: backscattering near-field optical microscopy, back-scattering SNIM, back-scattering SNOM, back-scattering near-field optical microscopy, back-scattering s-SNOM, back-scattering-based SNIM, back-scattering-type near-field optical microscopy, backscattering SNIM, backscattering SNOM, backscattering s-SNOM, backscattering-based SNIM, backscattering-type near-field optical microscopy, infrared scattering SNOM

A type of microscopy where a laser is focused to a diffraction-limited spot size onto an oscillating AFM tip close to the surface of the specimen. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the backscattered light from the tip as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. [CHMO]

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balance zeroing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001671)

synonyms: zeroing

Zeroing is the process of taring the balance without a weight on the weight pan to check if the balance meets the minimum tare range. [Allotrope]

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balance zeroing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001671)

synonyms: zeroing

Zeroing is the process of taring the balance without a weight on the weight pan to check if the balance meets the minimum tare range. [Amgen]

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ball milling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000797)

The mechanical reduction of the particle size of a solid sample by grinding with one or more inert balls (ceramic, flint, or stainless steel, 2-8 mm diameter) rotating around a horizontal axis. [CHMO]

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barrel sputter deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001262)

synonyms: barrel sputtering, barrel-sputtering

A synthesis technique where a solid target is bombarded with energetic ions (e.g. Ar+) causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate. The substrate is held in a barrel which is swung from side-to-side to ensure even deposition. [CHMO]

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base digestion

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001131)

synonyms: alkali digestion

The decompositon of a sample in strong alkalis (e.g. NaOH) to obtain the sample in liquid form. [CHMO]

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baseline determination

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003772)

Baseline determination is a data transformation that calculates or assigns a baseline to a curve. [Allotrope]

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baseline reduction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000583)

A process of removal of varying intensities generated due to variable energy absorption before further processing can take place. Baseline reduction facilitates meaningful comparison between intensities of m/z values. [PSI-MS]

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batch distillation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001741)

A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. Distillation is completed before more sample mixture is added. [CHMO]

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batch injection calorimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000116)

synonyms: batch-injection enthalpimetry, direct-injection calorimetry, direct-injection enthalpimetry

The measurement of the enthalpy change during a chemical reaction in order to measure the amount of the imiting reagent. [CHMO]

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beam path

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002699)

The beam path is a data object that describes the pathway of the X-ray beam from the X-ray tube to the sample and to the detector. [Allotrope]

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beta-particle spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001857)

synonyms: beta spectrometry, beta spectroscopy, beta-particle spectrometry, β-particle spectrometry, β-particle spectroscopy

Any type of spectroscopy where the beta-particles spontaneously emitted from radioisotopes are detected. [CHMO]

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bilinear rotation decoupling pulse sequence

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000086)

synonyms: BIRD, bilinear rotation decoupling

A pulse cluster (a spin echo on 1H with inversion of 13C in the centre) used to achieve selective inversion of 12C-bound protons, thus achieving the removal of signals due to 12C-bound nuclei. For the pulse sequence see Chem. Phys. Lett., (1982), 93, pg 504. [CHMO]

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bio-layer interferometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002784)

synonyms: BLI

Bio-layer interferometry (BLI) is a label-free technology for measuring biomolecular interactions within the sample. It is an optical analytical technique that analyzes the interference pattern of white light reflected from two surfaces: a layer of immobilized protein on the biosensor tip, and an internal reference layer. Any change in the number of molecules bound to the biosensor tip causes a shift in the interference pattern that can be measured in real-time. [Wikipedia]

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bioassay

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003631)

A bioassay is an analytical method to determine concentration or potency of a substance by its effect on living cells or tissues. [Wikipedia]

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biochemical processing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002853)

synonyms: bioprocess, bioprocessing, biotechnology processing

A biochemical processing is chemical processing that involve biological organisms or molecules, such as bioreactors. [Wikipedia, OSTHUS]

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defined in:

biochemical processing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002853)

synonyms: bioprocess, bioprocessing, biotechnology processing

A biochemical processing is chemical processing that involve biological organisms or molecules, such as bioreactors. [Wikipedia, Allotrope]

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defined in:

biochemical processing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002853)

synonyms: bioprocess, bioprocessing, biotechnology processing

A biochemical processing is chemical processing that involve biological organisms or molecules, such as bioreactors. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

bioelectrochemical analysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001881)

synonyms: bio-electrochemical analysis, bio-electrochemical method, bioelectrochemical method

The use of an electrochemical cell to measure a qualitative or quantitative response for a biological system. [CHMO]

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defined in:

biological measurement method

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001116)

The determination of the relative strength of a substance (e.g., a drug or hormone or toxicant) by comparing its effect on a test organism with that of a standard preparation. [Wikipedia]

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defined in:

bioluminescence resonance energy transfer

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001388)

synonyms: BRET

A method for determining the distance between molecules using an energy transfer between two chromophores (a donor and an acceptor) in close proximity (typically <10 nm) via a nonradiative, long-range dipole-dipole coupling mechanism. Energy transfer usually occurs between a luciferase (donor) and a green fluorescent protein (acceptor). The luciferase is bioluminescent therefore external illumination is not required. [CHMO]

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blackbody infrared radiative dissociation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001111)

synonyms: BIRD

A special case of infrared multiphoton dissociation wherein excitation of the reactant ion is caused by absorption of infrared photons radiating from heated blackbody surroundings, which are usually the walls of a vacuum chamber. See also infrared multiphoton dissociation. [PSI-MS]

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defined in:

block copolymer micelle nanolithography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000286)

A synthesis technique involving the transfer of a nanosized pattern to a material using a micelle solution of a block copolymer. A glass or silicon substrate is dipped into the solution, retrieved, and the solvent is allowed to evaporate in air. A plasma treatment (O2, H2 or Ar) is performed to remove the polymer shell leaving a pattern. [CHMO]

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blocking

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003404)

A state of keeping two materials topologically disconnected by a separation medium. [Allotrope]

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blood gas analysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001047)

synonyms: ABG, BGA, arterial blood gas, blood gas measurement

Blood gas analysis is the process of analyzing amount of dissolved gases in a blood sample. [Allotrope]

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blood gas analysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001047)

synonyms: ABG, BGA, arterial blood gas, blood gas measurement

Blood gas analysis is the process of analyzing properties of a blood sample such as pH, dissolved oxygen and dissolved carbondioxide. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/domain/WD/2018/04/bio-assay

blood measurement method

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001114)

synonyms: blood measurement

A measurement of the blood, it's contents, cells or other factors contained within the blood. [CMO]

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blow drying

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000165)

The removal of solvent from a sample by the application of an inert gas or air. [CHMO]

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blow molding

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001507)

synonyms: blow forming

A process for shaping pliable thermoplastic or thermosetting plastics using a rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The plastic is heated and shaped into a tube then a pressurized gas, usually air, is used to expand the plastic and press it against the mould. [CHMO]

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blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000269)

synonyms: BN-PAGE, blue native PAGE, blue-native PAGE

A separation method where protein molecules move at different speeds, in non-denaturing conditions, according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of polyacrylamide gel, across which an electric field is applied. The dye Coomassie blue is used to transfer charge to the protein. [CHMO]

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blue native two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001081)

synonyms: 2D blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, blue native 2D PAGE, two-dimensional blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

A two-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are both blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis protein molecules move at different speeds, in non-denaturing conditions, according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of polyacrylamide gel, across which an electric field is applied. The dye Coomassie blue is used to transfer charge to the protein. [CHMO]

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bomb digestion

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002410)

synonyms: bomb-digestion

The decomposition of a sample in strong acids such as nitric, sulfuric or perchloric acid in a sealed vessel (lined with PTFE), under high pressure and high temperature, in order to obtain the sample in liquid form. [CHMO]

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branching

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003332)

synonyms: disconnecting

The process of causing a flow to no longer be topologically connected. [NIST]

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defined in:

breath-figure templating

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002256)

synonyms: breath-figure templating, BF method, breath figure method, breath figure templating, breath figure-driven templating, breath-figure method

The method of using hexagonally-packed water microspheres as templates for the fabrication of microporous polymer films. [CHMO]

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defined in:

bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000871)

synonyms: BIS, bremsstrahlung isochromat spectrometry, bremsstrahlung spectrometry, bremsstrahlung spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation. [CHMO]

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bright-field microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001338)

synonyms: bright field microscopy, bright-field optical microscopy, transmitted light microscopy, transmitted-light microscopy

A type of microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with light transmitted from a source on the opposite side of the specimen from the objective. [CHMO]

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bright-field scanning transmission electron microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000332)

synonyms: BF-STEM, bright field scanning transmission electron microscopy

A type of microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum. The beam of electrons passes directly through an aperture before reaching the specimen. The image results from a weakening of the direct beam by its interaction with the sample. [CHMO]

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bright-field transmission electron microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002311)

synonyms: BF-TEM, bright field TEM, bright field transmission electron microscopy, bright-field TEM

A type of microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV. under vacuum. The beam of electrons passes directly through an aperture before reaching the specimen. The image results from a weakening of the direct beam by its interaction with the sample. [CHMO]

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broadband decoupling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002300)

All nuclei of a specified isotope are unselectively irradiated with an RF pulse. [Allotrope]

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bulb-to-bulb distillation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000616)

synonyms: bulb to bulb distillation

A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture under reduced pressure. As a small quantity of the sample mixture is heated using several glass bulbs connected in line, its vapours rise a short distance into a vertical condenser where they are cooled by dry ice in acetone (-78 deg.C). [CHMO]

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bulk density

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003781)

A densitometry of bulk material that includes the contribution of the interparticulate void volume. [Allotrope]

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calcination

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000126)

synonyms: calcining

The heating of a sample to high temperatures in air or oxygen. [CHMO]

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calculation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003282)

synonyms: computation, computing

A calculation is a process by which a data transformation technique that involves problem solving for numbers or quantities is performed. [Allotrope]

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calibration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002389)

Operation that, under specified conditions, in a first step, establishes a relation between the quantity values with measurement uncertainties provided by measurement standards and corresponding indications with associated measurement uncertainties (of the calibrated instrument or secondary standard) and, in a second step, uses this information to establish a relation for obtaining a measurement result from an indication. [BIPM]

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calibration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002389)

Calibration is the comparison of measurement values delivered by a device under test with those of a calibration standard of known accuracy. [Wikipedia]

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defined in:

calibration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002389)

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/WD/2018/04/aft

calibration point deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001083)

A single point of a calibration where one or multiple test points are used. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2018/07/aft

calibration point

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001083)

A single point of a calibration where one or multiple test points are used. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/REC/2018/04/aft

calibration reference profile

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003701)

synonyms: reference profile

A calibration reference profile is a process profile with a known, repeatable temporal pattern, that is a reference for calibration of a time or rate measurement device. [Allotrope]

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calorimetric titration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000700)

The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point is reached. The titration performed in a calorimeter which produces a plot of heat change vs. volume of titrant. [CHMO]

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calorimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000611)

synonyms: enthalpimetric analysis, enthalpimetry

A measurement in which heat is measured as some chemical reaction or physical process occurs. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

calorimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000611)

synonyms: enthalpimetric analysis, enthalpimetry

The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction. [CHMO]

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defined in:

capacitive deionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002639)

synonyms: CDI, capacitive desalination, electrochemical demineralization, electrosorb process for desalination of water, electrosorption of salt ions

Capacitive deionization is a technology to deionize water by applying an electrical potential difference over two porous carbon electrodes. Anions, ions with a negative charge, are removed from the water and are stored in the positively polarized electrode. Likewise, cations (positive charge) are stored in the cathode, which is the negatively polarized electrode. [Wikipedia]

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capacitively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000187)

synonyms: CCP AES, CCP-AES, capacitively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry

A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a plasma generated by a potential difference between two electrodes, one of which is grounded and one of which is live. [CHMO]

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capillary affinity electrophoresis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000092)

synonyms: ACE, CAE

An electrophoresis method which takes place in a capillary where the separation medium has specific interactions with the analytes. [CHMO]

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capillary array electrophoresis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000918)

A capillary array electrophoresis uses many capillaries at the same time allowing many analyses at the same time. [Allotrope]

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capillary conditioning

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001155)

synonyms: capillary regeneration

Process by which the material of the capillary is treated to result in a uniform charge throughout the surface. [Allotrope]

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capillary electrochromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001020)

synonyms: CEC

Electrokinetic chromatography where the movement of the mobile phase through a capillary is achieved by electroosmotic flow. The retention time is determined by a combination of electrophoretic migration and chromatographic retention. [CHMO]

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capillary electrophoresis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000474)

synonyms: CZE, capillary zone electrophoresis

A capillary electrophoresis is an electrophoresis which takes place in a capillary. [CHMO]

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defined in:

capillary electrophoresis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000474)

synonyms: CZE, capillary zone electrophoresis

An electrophoresis method which takes place in a capillary. [CHMO]

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capillary force lithography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000113)

synonyms: CFL

A process for shaping pliable thermoplastic polymers. An elastomeric mould is placed on a polymer that has been spin-coated onto a substrate. The system is then heated above the glass transition temperature of the polymer. Capillary force allows the polymer melt to fill up the void space between the polymer and the mould. After cooling to ambient temperature, the mould is removed, generating the negative replica of the mould pattern. [CHMO]

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capillary gel electrophoresis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000300)

synonyms: CGE, gel CE

A separation method that takes place in a capillary and where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium consisting of gel, across which an electric field is applied. [CHMO]

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capillary high-performance liquid chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001763)

synonyms: capillary HPLC, capillary high performance liquid chromatography, capillary high pressure liquid chromatography, capillary high-pressure liquid chromatography, capillary-HPLC

Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles held in a tube of diameter less than a millimeter, and the inlet pressure is relatively high. [CHMO]

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capillary isoelectric focusing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001922)

synonyms: CIEF, capillary isoelectric focussing

An electrophoresis method for the separation of amphoteric analytes according to their isolectric points by the application of an electric field along a pH gradient in a capillary. [CHMO]

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capillary isotachophoresis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002035)

synonyms: CITP

An electrophoresis method in a capillary containing a discontinuous buffer system where the analytes migrate according to their electrophoretic mobilities, forming a chain of adjacent zones moving with equal velocity between two solutions, the leading and terminating electrolytes, bracketing the mobility range of the analytes. [CHMO]

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capillary liquid chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002305)

synonyms: cap-LC, capLC

Chromatography which takes place in a separation capillary and where the mobile phase is a liquid. [CHMO]

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capillary micro-extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000234)

synonyms: CME, capillary microextraction

The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the liquid sample through a small fused-silica capillary. [CHMO]

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capillary rinsing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000804)

synonyms: capillary flushing

Capillary rinsing is the process to rinse a solution under defined conditions through the capillary. [Allotrope]

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capillary sieving electrophoresis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001165)

synonyms: CSE

An electrophoresis method that takes place in a capillary and where the separation medium contains a reticulated system, for example an entangled polymer network, that further separates the analytes according to their size and shape. [CHMO]

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capillary viscometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001970)

The determination of the viscosity of a fluid by measuring the time a defined volume of fluid requires to flow through a capillary tube of a specific length and width. [CHMO]

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carbo-reduction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001140)

synonyms: carbo reduction, carboreduction

A process in which a metal oxide is reduced in the presence of carbon or a carbon-containing compound. [CHMO]

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carbon nanotube synthesis method

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002420)

Any method used to synthesise carbon nanotubes. [CHMO]

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carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen elemental analysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001854)

synonyms: C, H, N analysis, C, H, N elemental analysis, C,H,N analysis, CHN analysis

A type of elemental analysis accomplished by combustion of the sample at 1200 deg. C in a stream of unreactive gas and excess oxygen and collection of the products (CO2, H2O and NOx). The masses of these combustion products can be used to calculate the composition of the unknown sample. [CHMO]

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carrier extraction by linearly increasing voltage method

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001638)

synonyms: CELIV, CELIV method, carrier extraction by linearly increasing voltage, charge-carrier extraction in a linearly increasing voltage

A method for measuring charge carrier mobilities and conductivities by applying two sequentional triangular-shaped voltage pulses and measuring the resulting current. [CHMO]

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carrier extraction using pulsed voltage method

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001313)

synonyms: CEPV, carrier extraction using pulsed voltage, charge-carrier extraction using pulsed voltage

A method for measuring charge carrier mobilities and conductivities by applying two sequentional square-shaped voltage pulses and measuring the resulting current. [CHMO]

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defined in:

carrying state

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003815)

synonyms: carrying

Carrying is a state where a material entity, the carrier, supports the state of moving or keeping in place of another material or information. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

catalymetric titration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000747)

Catalymetric titration is he process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point is reached. The titration involves a catalyst, and the end-point is detected by the sudden increase or decrease in the rate of a reaction. [CHMO]

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defined in:

catalymetric titration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000747)

The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point is reached. The titration involves a catalyst, and the end-point is detected by the sudden increase or decrease in the rate of a reaction. [CHMO]

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defined in:

catalysed chemiluminescence detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000352)

synonyms: CIEEL , catalysed chemiluminescence, catalyzed chemiluminescence, chemically initiated electron exchange luminescence, chemically-initiated electron exchange luminescence

The detection of luminescence resulting from a thermal electron-transfer reaction. [CHMO]

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defined in:

catalytic combustion detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000327)

synonyms: CCD

A detection method that is sensitive to compounds containing C-H bonds. An electric current is passed through a tiny coil of platinum wire embedded in a catalytic ceramic bead (heated to 500 deg. C by the coil). A flow of air carries the sample to the bed and when a hydrogen or a hydrocarbon molecule impacts the hot coil, it combusts on the surface raising the temperature and resistance of the platinum wire. The resistance change is then measured. [CHMO]

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catalytic pyrolysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000115)

The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy in the presence of a catalyst. [CHMO]

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defined in:

catalytic reforming

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001359)

Any process in which the molecular structure of a hydrocarbon is rearranged to alter its properties (e.g. its combustion characteristics) in the presence of a catalyst and under a high pressure of H2 gas. [CHMO]

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catalytic steam reforming

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001754)

synonyms: CSR

The reaction of hydrocarbons with steam at high temperature (700-1000 deg. C) in the presence of a nickel catalyst, in order to produce hydrogen. [CHMO]

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defined in:

catalytic steam reforming of ethanol

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000889)

synonyms: ethanol steam reforming

The reaction of ethanol with steam at high temperature (700-1000 deg. C) in the presence of a nickel catalyst, in order to produce hydrogen. [CHMO]

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defined in:

catalytic steam reforming of methanol

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001999)

synonyms: CSRM, methanol steam reforming

The reaction of methanol with steam at high temperature (700-1000 deg. C) in the presence of a nickel catalyst, in order to produce hydrogen. [CHMO]

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defined in:

cathodic arc deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002252)

synonyms: arc physical vapor deposition, arc physical vapour deposition, arc-PVD, arc-physical vapor deposition, arc-physical vapour deposition

A synthesis technique where an electric arc is used to vaporize material from a cathode target. The vaporized material then condenses on a substrate, forming a thin film. [CHMO]

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defined in:

cathodic mobilization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000443)

Cathodic mobilization is a specialized form of electrophoretic separation of molecules based on their net charge, separation is achieved by the use of progressive pH changes in the buffer with the addition of salt to the buffer resulting in excess nonhydroxyl anions. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

cathodic stripping potentiometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002003)

synonyms: CSP

An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by re-reduction. During removal the time-dependence of the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. [CHMO]

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defined in:

cathodic stripping voltammetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000758)

synonyms: CSV

An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by applying a reducing potential. During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. [CHMO]

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defined in:

cathodoluminescence detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001223)

The detection of luminescence emitted from a sample as a result of the impact of high-energy electrons. [CHMO]

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defined in:

cation-exchange chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001335)

synonyms: CEX, cation chromatography, cation exchange chromatography

Column chromatography where cations are retained by negatively charged functional groups in the stationary phase. [CHMO]

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defined in:

cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001567)

synonyms: CEAS, cavity enhanced absorption spectrometry

A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside a highly reflective laser cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. The laser light is tuned to match the frequency of the cavity bandwidth. [CHMO]

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defined in:

cavity ring-down spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001563)

synonyms: CRDS, CRLAS, cavity ring-down laser absorption spectrometry cavity ringdown spectroscopy, cavity ring-down laser absorption spectroscopy, cavity ring-down spectrometry, cavity ringdown spectrometry

A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside a highly reflective laser cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. The decay time for light exiting the cavity is determined as a function of pulsed laser wavelength. [CHMO]

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cell counter assay

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000032)

synonyms: cell counter analysis, cell counting analysis, cell counter measurement

Cell counter assay is a cellular assay that uses various methods to quantify cells in a culture. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

cell counter assay

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000032)

synonyms: cell counter analysis, cell counting analysis, cell counter measurement

Cell counter assay is a cellurar assay that uses various methods to quantify cells in a culture. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

cell counting

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000032)

synonyms: cell counter analysis, cell counting analysis, cell counter measurement

A cellular assay that uses various methods to quantify cells in a culture. [VIVO-ISF]

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defined in:

cell counting

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003629)

Cell counting is the counting of cells. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

cell culture

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001641)

Cell culture is a synthesis method for cells. It involves the dispersal of cells in an artificial environment composed of nutrient solutions. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

cell culture

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001641)

Cell culture is a synthesis method for cells. It involves the dispersal of cells in an artificial environment composed of nutrient solutions. [OSTHUS]

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cell culture analysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001251)

A cell culture analysis is the process of analyzing properties of a cell culture. [Allotrope]

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cell density measurement

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003628)

Cell density measurement is a measurement of the number density of cells. [Allotrope]

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cell membrane chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001033)

Affinity chromatography where a cell membrane has been immobilized on a silica carrier. [CHMO]

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cell type detection algorithm

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000857)

The cell type detection algorithm handles the detection of cell types in image data. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

cellular assay

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000378)

An assay that generates data about the presence, quantity, structure, function, behavior, or activity of cells, or a process that occurs at a cellular level of anatomical granularity (includes subcellular structures and organelles). [VIVO-ISF]

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central transition magic angle spinning

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001804)

synonyms: CTMAS, CTMAS NMR, central-transition magic-angle spinning

An NMR experiment where the selective excitation of central transitions during magic angle spinning is used for recording high-resolution NMR spectra of quadrupolar nuclei in solids. [CHMO]

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centrifugal evaporation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002292)

The evaporation of solvent from a sample by placing it a centrifuge and spinning it rapidly. [CHMO]

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defined in:

centrifugation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000820)

A method where components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density in a centrifuge according to the centrifugal force they experience. [CHMO]

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ceramization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001739)

A process in which a ceramic precursor is converted into a ceramic. [CHMO]

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changing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003486)

synonyms: modifying

Changing is a processing by which an entity gains or looses parts, qualities, roles, dispositions, functions etc in a predetermined and fixed manner but maintains its identity. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

changing energy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003467)

Changing is controlling a quality of energy in a predetermined and fixed manner. [NIST]

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changing energy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003467)

Changing is controlling a quality of energy in a predetermined and fixed manner. [OSTHUS,NIST]

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defined in:

changing material

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003362)

synonyms: modification, modifying material

Changing is controlling a quality of the material in a predetermined and fixed manner. The identity of the material is maintained. [NIST]

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defined in:

changing material

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003362)

synonyms: modification, modifying material

Changing is controlling a quality of the material in a predetermined and fixed manner. The identity of the material is maintained. [OSTHUS,NIST]

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defined in:

changing quality process profile

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003821)

synonyms: altering quality process profile

A changing quality process profile is a quality process profile where the tracked quality changes over time. [Allotrope]

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changing quality state

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003816)

synonyms: changing, altering, altering (state), altering quality change, being unsteady, changing (state), unstable (state), unstable quality state, unsteady (state), unsteady quality state

A changing quality state is a state where a material's quality is changing continuously. [Allotrope]

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characteristic energy-loss spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002027)

synonyms: CELS, characteristic energy loss spectrometry, characteristic energy loss spectroscopy, characteristic energy-loss spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the number of electrons with a given characteristic energy loss is measured. [CHMO]

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charge deconvolution

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003809)

Charge deconvolution is a data transformation of a spectrum representing multiply charged ions to singly charged or neutral masses. [Allotrope]

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charge deconvolution

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001661)

The determination of the mass of an ion based on the mass spectral peaks that represent multiple-charge ions. [PSI-MS]

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charge exchange ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000494)

synonyms: CEI, charge transfer ionization

Interaction of an ion with an atom or molecule in which the charge on the ion is transferred to the neutral species without the dissociation of either species. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

charge exchange ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000494)

synonyms: CEI, charge transfer ionization

Interaction of an ion with an atom or molecule in which the charge on the ion is transferred to the neutral species without the dissociation of either species. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

charge permutation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002505)

Reaction of an ion with a neutral with a resulting change in the magnitude or sign of the charge on the reactant ion. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

charge permutation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002505)

Reaction of an ion with a neutral with a resulting change in the magnitude or sign of the charge on the reactant ion. [IUPAC]

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charge remote fragmentation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002538)

synonyms: CRF

Fragmentation of an ion in which the cleaved bond is isolated from the apparent charge site by a distance of several bond lengths. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

charge remote fragmentation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002538)

synonyms: CRF

Fragmentation of an ion in which the cleaved bond is isolated from the apparent charge site by a distance of several bond lengths. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

charge site derivatization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002526)

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

charge site derivatization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002526)

Chemical derivatization of molecules to introduce a fixed charge site, thus improving ionization efficiency by electrospray ionization or matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization and directing subsequent ion fragmentation in a manner that facilitates structure identification. [IUPAC]

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charge stripping

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001688)

synonyms: CS, CSR, charge stripping reaction

Reaction of an ion with a neutral or collision partner ion in which a free electron is stripped from the ion, resulting in the charge on the product ion being more positive than that of the reactant ion. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

charge stripping

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001688)

synonyms: CS, CSR, charge stripping reaction

Reaction of an ion with a neutral or collision partner ion in which a free electron is stripped from the ion, resulting in the charge on the product ion being more positive than that of the reactant ion. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

charge transport measurement

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001227)

Any technique for measuring charge transport. [CHMO]

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defined in:

charge-mediated fragmentation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002517)

synonyms: inductive cleavage

Fragmentation of an ion in which the cleavage of one of its bonds is induced by the charge site. The cleaved bond is adjacent to the apparent charge site, and its cleavage involves movement of the electron pair forming that bond to the original charge site and thus migration of the charge to the released fragment. [IUPAC MS REC]

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charge-mediated fragmentation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002517)

synonyms: inductive cleavage

Fragmentation of an ion in which the cleavage of one of its bonds is induced by the charge site. The cleaved bond is adjacent to the apparent charge site, and its cleavage involves movement of the electron pair forming that bond to the original charge site and thus migration of the charge to the released fragment. [IUPAC]

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charging

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003419)

synonyms: loading, incrementing energy

Increasing the amount of energy in a system. [Allotrope]

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chelatometric titration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001405)

Chelatometric titration is the process of determining the quantity of a sample (metal cation) by adding measured increments of a titrant (a chelating agent) until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. [CHMO]

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defined in:

chelatometric titration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001405)

The process of determining the quantity of a sample (metal cation) by adding measured increments of a titrant (a chelating agent) until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. [CHMO]

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defined in:

chemi-ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002429)

Ionization of an atom or molecule by interaction with another internally excited atom or molecule. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

chemi-ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002429)

Ionization of an atom or molecule by interaction with another internally excited atom or molecule. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

chemical cytometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001441)

A method for analysing cells suspended in a stream of fluid. Cells are loaded with fluorescent substrates (reporters) followed by laser-based lysis of a single cell and loading of its contents into an overlying capillary where chemical separation is accomplished via capillary electrophoresis. [CHMO]

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chemical decomposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001416)

The breakdown of a single entity (normal molecule, reaction intermediate, etc.) into two or more fragments. [CHMO]

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chemical force microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001963)

synonyms: CFM

A type of microscopy which uses a chemically functionalised sharp spike (e.g. with thiols) mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the chemical interactions between the tip and surface (e.g. gold) as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. [CHMO]

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chemical imaging

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002432)

synonyms: CIS, chemical imaging spectrometry, chemical imaging spectroscopy, hyperspectral imaging, imaging spectrometry, imaging spectroscopy, multispectral imaging, spectral imaging, spectroscopic imaging

The simultaneous measurement of spectra and images. A radiation source illuminates the sample and a series of spatially resolved spectra are collected. [CHMO]

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chemical ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001026)

synonyms: CI

Formation of a new ion in the gas phase by the reaction of a neutral with an ion. The process may involve transfer of an electron, a proton, or other charged species between the reactants. [IUPAC]

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chemical ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001026)

synonyms: CI

Formation of a new ion in the gas phase by the reaction of a neutral with an ion. The process may involve transfer of an electron, a proton, or other charged species between the reactants. [IUPAC MS REC]

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chemical ionization mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001773)

synonyms: CI-MS, LCPIMS, LP-CI-MS, LPCI-MS, chemical ionisation mass spectroscopy, chemical ionization mass spectroscopy, low pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry, low pressure chemical ionisation mass spectroscopy, low pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry, low pressure chemical ionization mass spectroscopy

A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by interaction (electron or proton transfer) with reagent (N2, O2, H2O) gaseous ions at low pressure. Reagent ions are produced by electron ionization. [CHMO]

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chemical processing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002854)

Chemical processes are large-scale processes that produce, transform, transport, and properly use chemicals, materials and energy. Essentially they convert chemicals, raw materials, living cells, microorganisms and energy into useful forms and products. [Wikipedia, OSTHUS]

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defined in:

chemical processing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002854)

Chemical processes are large-scale processes that produce, transform, transport, and properly use chemicals, materials and energy. Essentially they convert chemicals, raw materials, living cells, microorganisms and energy into useful forms and products. [Wikipedia, Allotrope]

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defined in:

chemical processing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002854)

Chemical processes are large-scale processes that produce, transform, transport, and properly use chemicals, materials and energy. Essentially they convert chemicals, raw materials, living cells, microorganisms and energy into useful forms and products. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

chemical reaction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003711)

synonyms: chemical reaction, 2020-12-11 Changed labels. [Allotrope], reaction

A chemical reaction is a process that results in the interconversion of chemical species. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

chemical reaction (molecular)

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003711)

synonyms: chemical reaction, 2020-12-11 Changed labels. [Allotrope], reaction

A chemical reaction is a process that results in the interconversion of chemical species. [IUPAC]

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chemical shift anisotropy experiment

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000262)

synonyms: CSA experiment

An NMR experiment in which differences in chemical shift are used to give information about the orientation of those spins with respect to the field and, thus, the orientation of the molecule. [CHMO]

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chemical solution deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001178)

synonyms: CBD, CSD, chemical bath deposition, chemical deposition, chemical-bath deposition, chemical-solution deposition

The process of the settling of particles (atoms or molecules) from a solution or suspension onto a pre-existing surface, resulting in the growth of a new phase. [CHMO]

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chemical vapor deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002260)

synonyms: CVD, CVD (chemical vapor deposition) synthesis, CVD (chemical vapour deposition) synthesis, chemical-vapor deposition, chemical-vapour deposition

A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. [CHMO]

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chemical vapor deposition synthesis of carbon nanotubes

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001706)

A synthesis method for carbon nanotubes where a hydrocarbon vapor (such as methane) is thermally decomposed in a tube furnace in the presence of a metal catalyst. Carbon nanotubes grow over the catalyst and are collected upon cooling. Low temperatures yield multi-walled carbon nanotubes, whereas high temperatures favour single-walled carbon nanotubes. [CHMO]

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chemical vapor infiltration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002320)

synonyms: CVI

The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from, a vapour. [CHMO]

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chemical vapor transport

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002073)

synonyms: CVT

A crystal growth method for metal dichalcogenides in which the starting materials (high purity metal and chalcogen) are placed in a quartz ampoule together with a transport agent (e.g. iodine) and heated in a furnace under a temperature gradient. [CHMO]

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chemiluminescence detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002222)

synonyms: CL detection, chemoluminescence detection

The detection of luminescence emitted from a sample as a result of a chemical reaction. [CHMO]

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chemiluminescence spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001675)

synonyms: CL spectrometry, CL spectroscopy, chemiluminescence (CL) spectroscopy, chemiluminescence spectrometry

Any type of spectroscopy where luminesence (the emission of visible light) from molecules as a result of a chemical reaction) is detected as a function of wavelength. [CHMO]

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chiral Raman spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001731)

synonyms: Raman optical activity, chiral Raman, chiral Raman spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where vibrational optical activity is measured by means of a small difference in the intensity of Raman scattering from chiral molecules of right- and left-circularly polarised incident light. [CHMO]

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defined in:

chiral chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001677)

A separation method where the components (in this case stereoisomers) are distributed between two chiral phases, one of which is stationary, while the other moves in a definite direction. [CHMO]

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chiral stationary phase gas chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001847)

synonyms: CSP GC, CSP-GC, GC on a chiral stationary phase, chiral GC

Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a gas and the stationary phase is a chiral, high-boiling-point, thermally-stable liquid such as a chiral polysiloxane. [CHMO]

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chiral stationary phase high-performance liquid chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002243)

synonyms: CSP HPLC, CSP-HPLC, HPLC on a chiral stationary phase, chiral HPLC, chiral stationary phase high-pressure liquid chromatography

Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small chiral particles and the inlet pressure is relatively high. [CHMO]

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chiral supercritical-fluid chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001900)

synonyms: chiral supercritical fluid chromatography

A separation method where the components (in this case stereoisomers) are distributed between two chiral phases, one of which is stationary, while the other moves in a definite direction (the 'mobile phase'). In this method the mobile phase is a fluid above and relatively close to its critical temperature and pressure. [CHMO]

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chirped pulse

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001378)

synonyms: CHIRP, CHIRP pulse, chirp pulse

An adiabatic shaped pulse. The resonance frequency is swept through a defined RF range during application of the pulse. Allows excitation of a broader range of frequencies than the size of the RF field. For the pulse see J. Magn. Reson., Ser. A, (1993), 102, pg 293. [CHMO]

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chromatin immunoprecipitation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001623)

synonyms: ChIP

The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') consisting of a protein-specific antibody complex (where the protein is attached to a protein-DNA complex) from solution. This method is used to determine the location of DNA binding sites on the genome for particular proteins of interest. [CHMO]

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chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001321)

A separation method where the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary, while the other moves in a definite direction. [CHMO]

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chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001321)

A chromatography is a separation where the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary, while the other moves in a definite direction. [CHMO]

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chromatography column packing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002842)

Chromatography column packing is the process of preparing a chromatography column by transferring a stationary phase sample into the column body as a densely packed phase. [Allotrope]

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chromatography data processing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002089)

Data processing on chromatograms. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

chromatography data processing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002089)

Chromatography data processing is a data transformation on chromatograms. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

chrono-amperometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000853)

synonyms: chronoamperometry

An electrochemical technique where the time dependence of the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled. [CHMO]

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chrono-coulometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001518)

synonyms: chronocoulometry

An electrochemical technique where the time-dependence of the total Coulombs of electricity required to complete (fully oxidise or fully reduce the sample in) an electrochemical reaction is measured whilst the current is held at a constant value. [CHMO]

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chrono-potentiometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001027)

synonyms: chronopotentiometry

An electrochemical technique where the time-dependence of the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. [CHMO]

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circular dichroism spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001162)

synonyms: CD spectrometry, CD spectroscopy, circular dichrosim spectrometry, direct transmittance circular dichroism

A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised light by a sample. [CHMO]

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circular dichroism titration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001663)

synonyms: CD titration, CD titration experiment, CD titration experiments

The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised light by the sample. [CHMO]

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cleaning

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000161)

synonyms: cleansing, cleanup

Cleaning is the process of getting rid of dirt, impurities, or extraneous unwanted matter. [Allotrope]

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clear native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002332)

synonyms: CN-PAGE, clear native PAGE, clear-native PAGE, colorless native PAGE , colorless-native PAGE

A separation method where protein molecules move at different speeds, in non-denaturing conditions, according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of polyacrylamide gel, across which an electric field is applied. This method does not use a dye to transfer charge to the protein molecules and is used to separate acidic water-soluble and membrane proteins. [CHMO]

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clinical measurement method

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002212)

synonyms: clinical measurement

A quantitative or qualitative value which is the result of an act of assessing a morphological or physiological state or property in a single individual or sample or a group of individuals or samples, based on direct observation or experimental manipulation. [CMO]

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closed loop vapor generation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002702)

synonyms: closed loop

The closed loop uses feedback control for the regulation of the vapor generation. The system continuously detects deviations from the target partial pressure and adjusts the vapor generation correspondingly. [Allotrope]

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cloud-point extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001354)

synonyms: CPE, cloud point extraction

The process of transferring a non-ionic surfactant from one liquid phase to another by heating. As the temperature of the solution rises, the surfactant molecules form micelles, if the temperature increases above the cloud point (CPT) the micelles become dehydrated and aggregate. This leads to macroscopic phase separation of the solution into a surfactant-rich phase and a solvent phase. [CHMO]

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co-assembly

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001220)

synonyms: Co-assembly, coassembly

The process of two individual components of a sample associating to form a new pattern or structure. [CHMO]

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co-precipitation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000766)

synonyms: coprecipitation

The simultaneous precipitation of a normally soluble component with a macro-component from the same solution by the formation of mixed crystals, by adsorption, occlusion or mechanical entrapment. [CHMO]

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coated state

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003687)

synonyms: being coated, is coated

Coated state is the connected state when a substance covers the surface of another substance. [Allotrope]

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coated state

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003687)

synonyms: being coated, is coated

Coated state is the convering state when a substance covers the surface of another substance firmly. [Allotrope]

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coated state

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003687)

synonyms: being coated, is coated

Coated state is the covering state when a substance covers the surface of another substance firmly. [Allotrope]

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coating

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001986)

synonyms: coating method

The application of a thin cover to a material. [CHMO]

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coating preparation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002701)

synonyms: coating solution preparation

The coating preparation is a process of executing the necessary tasks for the production of a proper coating suspension and for the correct setup of a tablet coater. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

coating preparation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002701)

synonyms: coating solution preparation

The coating preparation is a process of executing the necessary tasks for the production of a proper coating suspension and for the correct setup of a tablet coater. [OSTHUS]

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defined in:

coating suspension preparation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002805)

synonyms: coating solution preparation

Coating suspension preparation is the process of preparing a proper coating suspension for proper tablet film coating. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

coating suspension preparation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002805)

synonyms: coating solution preparation

Coating suspension preparation is the process of preparing a proper coating suspension for proper tablet film coating. [OSTHUS]

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defined in:

cocrystallization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000550)

synonyms: co crystallisation, co crystallization, co-crystallisation, co-crystallization

The simultaneous crystallization of two different substances or two different structural elements of the same substance. [CHMO]

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code scanning

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003814)

Code scanning is the transformation of data in the representation form of visual machine-readable codes to another form. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

coextraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000070)

synonyms: co-extraction

The transfer of two solutes from a liquid phase to a (low-polarity) organic liquid phase in contact with it. The solutes form mixed-species aggregates in the organic phase. [CHMO]

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defined in:

coherence probe microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002150)

synonyms: CPM, coherence-probe microscopy, phase correlation microscopy

A type of microscopy where the surface of the specimen is illuminated with short-coherence length visible light split into two beams, which then interfere to produce fringes whose spacing is proportional to the profile of the specimen. [CHMO]

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coherent Raman spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001830)

A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light from three lasers (known as pump, probe and Stokes/anti-Stokes) by a sample is detected. Multiphoton excitation is used to produce a signal in which the emitted waves are coherent. [CHMO]

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coherent Stokes Raman spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000695)

synonyms: CSRS, coherent Stokes Raman scattering spectrometry, coherent Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy, coherent Stokes Raman spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light by a sample is detected. An anti-Stokes frequency stimulation beam is used and a Stokes frequency beam is observed. Multiphoton excitation is used to produce a signal in which the emitted waves are coherent. [CHMO]

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coherent Stokes resonance Raman spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000341)

A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light by a sample is detected. An anti-Stokes frequency stimulation beam is used and a Stokes frequency beam is observed and the difference between the pump and the Stokes beams coincides with the frequency of an electronic transition within the molecule. Multiphoton excitation is used to produce a signal in which the emitted waves are coherent. [CHMO]

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coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002348)

synonyms: CARS, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectrometry, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy, coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light by a sample is detected. A Stokes frequency stimulation beam is used and an anti-Stokes frequency beam is observed. Multiphoton excitation is used to produce a signal in which the emitted waves are coherent. [CHMO]

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defined in:

coherent anti-Stokes resonance Raman spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001034)

A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light by a sample is detected. A Stokes frequency stimulation beam is used and an anti-Stokes frequency beam is observed and the difference between the pump and the anti-Stokes beams coincides with the frequency of an electronic transition within the molecule. Multiphoton excitation is used to produce a signal in which the emitted waves are coherent. [CHMO]

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defined in:

coherent neutron scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001574)

A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample and phase is conserved. [CHMO]

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cold extrusion

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001890)

A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a material through a die at room temperature. [CHMO]

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cold vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000159)

synonyms: CV-AAS, CVAAS, cold vapor AAS, cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry, cold vapour AAS

A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where no vaporization step is required because the sample is a volatile heavy metal such as mercury, which is a vapour at room temperature. [CHMO]

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defined in:

cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002391)

synonyms: CV-AFS, CVAFS, cold vapor AFS, cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry, cold vapour AFS, cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectrometry

A type of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy where no vaporization step is required because the sample is a volatile heavy metal such as mercury, which is a vapour at room temperature. [CHMO]

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cold-field-emission scanning electron microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001616)

synonyms: CFE-SEM, cold-field-emission scanning electron microscopy, CFE SEM, CFE/SEM, CFEG-SEM, CFEGSEM, CFSEM, cold field emission gun scanning electron microscopy, cold field emission scanning electron microscopy, cold-field-emission gun scanning electron microscopy, cold-field-gun scanning electron microscopy

A type of microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam produced by applying a high voltage to a tungsten crystal (cold-field emission) and with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across the specimen under vacuum and the interaction of the electrons with the specimen is determined. [CHMO]

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cold-spray ionization mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002303)

synonyms: CSI-MS, cold-spray ionisation mass spectroscopy, cold-spray ionization mass spectroscopy

A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small cold (10-80 °C) capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. [CHMO]

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collecting

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003385)

synonyms: collection

The act of gathering things together; having been brought together in one place. [NCI]

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collecting material

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003474)

synonyms: aggregating

The process of forming an aggregate of some objects. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

collecting state

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003564)

synonyms: collecting

A storing state that brings a flow together at one place. [NIST]

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collinear fast atom-beam spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001197)

synonyms: CLABS, collinear fast atom beam spectrometry, collinear fast atom beam spectroscopy

A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is in the form of a high-speed accelerated beam of atoms which is superimposed on a resonant laser beam (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample) and light absorption is measured. [CHMO]

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collinear fast ion-beam laser spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002090)

synonyms: CFIBLS, collinear fast ion beam laser spectrometry

A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is in the form of a high-speed accelerated beam of ions which is superimposed on a resonant laser beam (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample) and light absorption is measured. [CHMO]

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collinear laser ion-beam spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000226)

synonyms: collinear laser ion-beam spectroscopy, CLIBS, collinear laser beam spectrometry, collinear laser beam spectroscopy, collinear laser ion beam spectroscopy, collinear laser ion-beam spectrometry

A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is in the form of an accelerated beam of ions which is superimposed on a resonant laser beam (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample) and light absorption is measured. [CHMO]

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defined in:

collinear laser spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001810)

Any type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is in the form of an accelerated beam of particles (atoms or ions) which is superimposed on a resonant laser beam (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample) and light absorption is measured. [CHMO]

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collision-induced dissociation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000428)

synonyms: CAD, CID, collision activated dissociation , collision induced dissociation , collision-activated dissociation , collisionally activated dissociation , collisionally-activated dissociation

Dissociation of an ion after collisional excitation. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

collision-induced dissociation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000428)

synonyms: CAD, CID, collision activated dissociation , collision induced dissociation , collision-activated dissociation , collisionally activated dissociation , collisionally-activated dissociation

Dissociation of an ion after collisional excitation. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

colloid synthesis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000950)

synonyms: colloid method

Any method for the synthesis or processing of colloids (mixtures where one substance is dispersed evenly throughout another). [CHMO]

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colloidal crystal templating

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001980)

A synthesis method in which polymer spheres are assembled into a colloidal crystal on a substrate by evaporation induced self-assembly. The free spaces between the spheres are subsequently infiltrated with a metal by electrodeposition, and the colloidal particles are selectively removed by dissolution in a solvent (e.g. toluene) leaving behind a periodic arrangement of spherical voids embedded in a solid macroporous matrix. [CHMO]

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colloidal dispersion

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000025)

A sample preparation method where solid particles are dispersed in a liquid phase. [CHMO]

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colloidal lithography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002152)

Any synthesis technique involving the transfer of a pattern to a material (a 'resist') by exposure to a radiation source (e.g. light or X-rays) or to a beam of charged particles through a mask composed of a close-packed colloidal array. Upon irradiation, the material experiences a change in its physical properties. Excess material is then removed, by a liquid 'developer' or an etching process. [CHMO]

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colloidal probe atomic force microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002210)

synonyms: colloid force microscopy, colloidal probe AFM

A type of microscopy which uses a microparticle (usually made of silica) mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of a colloidal specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force between the two colloidal surfaces as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. [CHMO]

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colorimetric test

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001565)

A test which produces colour change in the sample. [CHMO]

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defined in:

colorimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002309)

synonyms: colorimetric method, colourimetry

The determination of the spectral absorbance of a solution. This method is often used to determine the concentration of a chemical in a solution. [CHMO]

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defined in:

column chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000588)

A chromatography method where the stationary bed is within a tube (of standard length 25 cm). The particles of the solid stationary phase or support coated with a liquid stationary phase may fill the whole inside volume of the tube (packed column) or be concentrated on or along the inside tube wall leaving an open, unrestricted path for the mobile phase in the middle part of the tube (open-tubular column). [CHMO]

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combination

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002518)

A reaction in which two reactants combine to form a new product. [Allotrope]

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combination

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002518)

A reaction in which two reactants combine to form a new product. [OSTHUS]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/domain/WD/2019/06/chemical-reaction

combined rotation and multiple pulse spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001898)

synonyms: CRAMPS, combined rotation and multiple pulse spectrometry

A type of NMR spectroscopy using a solid sample. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74 deg. with respect to the direction of the magnetic field).The combination of multiple-pulse NMR experiments and magic angle spinning. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. [CHMO]

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combining

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003475)

synonyms: assembling

Combining is the building of a whole out of parts. [Allotrope]

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combining material

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003716)

synonyms: material combination

Combining material is a combing process that combines two or more materials in to a new material. [Allotrope]

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combustion

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000381)

synonyms: burning

An exothermic chemical reaction between a fuel (usually a hydrocarbon) and an oxidant (usually oxygen) which is sometimes accompanied by the production of light. [CHMO]

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communicating

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003314)

synonyms: transferring signal, transmitting signal

Communicating is transferring information from one material entity to another. This can be by way of a material or energy connecting the entity or by transporting the material bearing the information between the locations. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

comparative CT qPCR experiment

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003777)

synonyms: comparative CT experiment, comparative cycle threshold qPCR experiment, ∆∆CT

A comparative CT experiment is an experiment using qPCR that determines relative target quantity in samples. Samples are compared to a normalized target quantity to determine relative quantity of the sample. [Allotrope]

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comparing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003599)

synonyms: comparison

The observation or assessment of the similarities or dissimilarities between two things. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

comparison light microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002085)

A type of microscopy where two specimens can be compared by illuminating them with visible light using two identical sets of microscope lenses which are linked by an optical bridge. [CHMO]

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defined in:

competition dialysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000267)

The separation of molecules in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane. In competition dialysis an array of nucleic acid structures and sequences is dialysed against a common test ligand solution. After equilibration, the amount of ligand bound to each structure or sequence is determined by absorbance or fluorescence measurements. Since all structures and sequences are in equilibrium with the same free ligand concentration, the amount bound is directly proportional to the ligand binding affinity. [CHMO]

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defined in:

completed state

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003668)

synonyms: completed, is completed

A completed state is a state during which a planned process has run to completion and the device or service is waiting for a reset that cause the state to change to an idle state. [Allotrope]

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composite pulse decoupling sequence

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000721)

synonyms: CPD

An NMR pulse sequence, employing composite pulses, which decouples nuclei i.e. removes the effects of (usually) J-coupling (line splitting) from the spectrum. [CHMO]

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defined in:

compressibility

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002819)

The code of compressibility DSC scan mode for studying volumetric properties. [Allotrope]

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compression

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002843)

Compression is the act of reducing volume by applying a force. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

compression molding

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001042)

A process for shaping pliable polymer material using a rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The pre-heated material is first placed in an open, heated mould which is then closed before pressure is applied to it. The applied pressure forces the softened polymer to adopt the shape of the mould. [CHMO]

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concentrating

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002185)

synonyms: preconcentration

A preparative step where the concentration of one component is increased. [CHMO]

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concentration measurement

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002800)

An concentration measurement is the determination of the concentration of a compound in solution. [Allotrope]

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concentration modulated absorption spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000319)

synonyms: COMAS

A type of spectroscopy where a pump laser is used to excite a chromophore and the transmitted power of a probe laser is used to determine the state concentration (excited vs. non-excited) of the sample. [CHMO]

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defined in:

concentration process profile

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003797)

synonyms: concentration profile

A concentration process profile is a quality process profile that tracks some concentration. [Allotrope]

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conditioning material

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003366)

Conditioning is changing a material to be appropriate for an intended use. [NIST,OSTHUS]

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defined in:

conditioning material

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003366)

Conditioning is changing a material to be appropriate for an intended use. [NIST]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/WD/2024/09/afo

conductive atomic force microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001326)

synonyms: C-AFM, CAFM, conductive AFM

Conductive AFM is used for collecting simultaneous topography imaging and current imaging. Specifically, standard conductive AFM operates in contact AFM mode. Variations in surface conductivity can be distinguished using this mode. Conductive AFM operates in contact AFM mode by using a conductive AFM tip. The contact tip is scanned in contact with the sample surface. Just like contact AFM, the feedback loop uses the DC cantilever deflection signal to maintain a constant force between the tip and the sample to generate the topography image. At the same time, a DC bias is applied to the tip. The sample is held at ground potential. [CHMO]

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conductometric titration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000505)

The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point is reached. The titration is monitored by measuring the conductance of the solution. [CHMO]

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conductometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000525)

synonyms: conductimetry

The measurement of the conductance of a solution as a function of concentration. Measurements are made indirectly across the resistance of the solution with alternating current. [CHMO]

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defined in:

conductometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000525)

synonyms: conductimetry

Conductometry is the measurement of the conductance of a solution as a function of concentration. Measurements are made indirectly across the resistance of the solution with alternating current. [CHMO]

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defined in:

cone calorimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000566)

The measurement of thermodynamic parameters such as heat release rate, heat of combustion, ignitability, and the evolution of toxic gases, smoke and soot, for flame retarding materials using a cone calorimeter. [CHMO]

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defined in:

configuration process profile

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003801)

A configuration process profile is a quality process profile that tracks the configuration of a system or device. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

confocal Raman microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000472)

synonyms: confocal Raman microanalysis, confocal Raman microspectrometry, confocal Raman microspectroscopy, confocal micro Raman

The collection of spatially resolved Raman spectra of a sample during optical microscopy. An aperture is used to discriminate between Raman signal coming from the laser spot and that coming from the out-of-focus region of the sample. [CHMO]

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defined in:

confocal Raman spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000739)

synonyms: CRS, confocal Raman spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light is detected. An aperture is used to discriminate between Raman signal coming from the focused laser spot and Raman signal coming from the out-of-focus region of the sample. [CHMO]

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defined in:

confocal fluorescence correlation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002241)

synonyms: confocal FCS

A type of spectroscopy where the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample are measured and correlated within a very small detection volume. The light emitted during fluorescence is collected and guided through a pinhole before it is detected, reducing background interference. [CHMO]

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defined in:

confocal infrared microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000121)

synonyms: confocal infra-red chemical imaging spectroscopy, confocal IR spectromicroscopy, confocal IR-MSP, confocal infra-red chemical imaging spectrometry, confocal infra-red microscopy, confocal infrared chemical imaging spectrometry, confocal infrared chemical imaging spectroscopy, confocal infrared mapping, confocal infrared microspectrophotometry, confocal infrared microspectroscopy, confocal infrared spectromicroscopy

The collection of spatially resolved infrared spectra of a sample during optical microscopy. An aperture is used to discriminate between infrared signal coming from the laser spot and that coming from the out-of-focus region of the sample. [CHMO]

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confocal laser scanning microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002215)

synonyms: LSCM, CLSM, confocal fluorescence imaging, confocal fluorescence microscopy, confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy, confocal-laser scanning microscopy, fluorescence confocal microscopy, fluorescence confocal scanning laser microscopy, scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy

A type of microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by scanning a gas (Ar or Kr) laser spot of specific wavelength over its surface and using a spatial pinhole to eliminate out-of-focus fluorescence. [CHMO]

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defined in:

confocal microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001870)

A type of microscopy where visible light coming from the specimen is collected and guided through a pinhole before it is detected. The pinhole allows only light from the focal point to pass to the detector, reducing background interference. [CHMO]

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defined in:

connected state

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003457)

synonyms: being connected, is connected

A state s with participating materials m1 and m2 and m1 is connected to m2. [Allotrope]

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connecting

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003354)

Connecting is bringing two or more topological flows into connection. [Allotrope, NIST]

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defined in:

connecting material

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003545)

Connecting material is connecting of material. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

consecutive reaction monitoring

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002516)

synonyms: CRM

Multiple-stage mass spectrometry experiment with three or more stages of m/z separation in which products of sequential fragmentation or bimolecular reactions are selected for detection. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

consecutive reaction monitoring

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002516)

synonyms: CRM

Multiple-stage mass spectrometry experiment with three or more stages of m/z separation in which products of sequential fragmentation or bimolecular reactions are selected for detection. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

constant flow deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000087)

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2019/06/aft

constant flow

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000087)

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

constant flow rate mobile phase delivery

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003748)

Constant flow rate mobile phase delivery is a mobile phase delivery process whereby the mobile phase is delivered by maintaining a constant flow rate of the mobile phase. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

constant potential amperometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002392)

synonyms: CPA, constant-potential amperometry

An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is held at a constant value (sufficient to oxidize or reduce the sample). [CHMO]

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defined in:

constant pressure deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000710)

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2019/06/aft

constant pressure

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000710)

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

constant pressure mobile phase delivery

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003715)

Constant pressure mobile phase delivery is a mobile phase delivery process whereby the mobile phase is delivered by maintaining a constant pressure of the mobile phase. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

constant quality process profile

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003818)

A constant quality process profile is a quality process profile where the tracked quality does not change. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

constant quality state

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003817)

synonyms: being stable, being steady, remaining unchanged, stable (state), stable quality state, steady (state), steady quality state, unchanging (state), unchanging quality state

A constant quality state is a quality state where the quality does not change. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

constant time method

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001325)

synonyms: constant time method, CT experiment, CT method, constant time experiment

A technique used in 2D NMR whereby the chemical shift frequency modulation of the FIDs necessary to interrogate the second dimension is achieved by moving the position of a RF pulse within a fixed time period on subsequent repeats of the experiment. [CHMO]

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defined in:

constant-capacitance deep-level transient spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000477)

synonyms: CC-DLTS, CCDLTS, constant capacitance DLTS, constant capacitance deep level transient spectroscopy, constant capacitance deep-level transient spectroscopy, constant-capacitance DLTS

A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By holding the capacitance constant and monitoring the carrier emission produced when applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at different temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit a peak for each 'deep level' (each energy level near the center of the band gap). The height of the peak is proportional to the defect density and the emission rate and temperature dependence are characteristic for each type of defect. [CHMO]

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constant-current chronopotentiometric stripping

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001289)

synonyms: constant current chronopotentiometric stripping, constant current stripping potentiometry, constant-current stripping potentiometry

An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped'. During removal the time-dependence of the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is constant and sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. [CHMO]

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constant-final-state spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000606)

synonyms: CFSS, constant final state spectroscopy, constant-final-state spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray-ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons. The energy distribution of electrons which have been promoted to a specific conduction band is measured. [CHMO]

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constant-initial-state spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000297)

synonyms: CISS, constant initial state spectroscopy, constant-initial-state spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray-ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons. The energy distribution of electrons which have been promoted from a specific valence band is measured. [CHMO]

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constant-rate dip coating

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000099)

synonyms: CR dip coating, constant-rate dip-coating

The application of a thin cover to sample by immersing it (at constant velocity) in a tank containing coating material, allowing it to remain there for a certain 'dwell time', and removing the piece from the tank ('withdrawal') at a constant velocity. [CHMO]

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consuming

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003316)

synonyms: consumption

A process where a essential material entity participant ceases to exist at the end and it was existing at the start. [Allotrope]

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consuming energy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003318)

synonyms: collecting energy, energy consumption

Consuming energy is a consuming that consumes energy. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

consuming material

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003308)

synonyms: material consumption

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

consuming material

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003308)

synonyms: material consumption

Consuming material is a consuming of material. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

consuming signal

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003554)

Consuming signal is consuming of signals. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

contact lithography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000546)

synonyms: contact printing

A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90-100 deg. C. A mask ('photomask') with the desired pattern is then placed in contact with the substrate and both are exposed to intense UV light. A post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120-180 deg. C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. [CHMO]

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contact mode atomic force microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001261)

synonyms: contact AFM, contact mode AFM, contact-mode AFM, contact-mode atomic force microscopy, static AFM, static mode AFM, static mode atomic force microscopy, static-mode AFM, static-mode atomic force microscopy

A type of microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the deflection of the tip, which is in contact with the specimen surface, as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. [CHMO]

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defined in:

contact profilometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002327)

A method where the profile of a surface is determined by moving a diamond stylus laterally across it at a specified contact force and measuring its vertical displacement. [CHMO]

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containing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003623)

Containing is the state of keeping an object in the inside of a cavity. [Allotrope]

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containing energy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003549)

Containing energy is containing of energy. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

containing fluid material

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003387)

The state of containing a fluid material. [Allotrope]

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containing gaseous material

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003579)

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

containing gaseous material

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003579)

Containing liquid material is containing material that is in gaseous state. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

containing liquid material

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003578)

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

containing liquid material

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003578)

Containing liquid material is containing material that is in liquid state. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

containing material

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003548)

synonyms: containing

Containing material is containing of material. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

containing state

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003306)

synonyms: being contained

The state of keeping a flow within spatial limits. [NIST, OSTHUS]

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containing state

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003306)

synonyms: being contained

The state of keeping a flow within spatial limits. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

containing state

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003306)

synonyms: being contained

The state of keeping a flow within spatial limits. [NIST,OSTHUS]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/WD/2018/04/aft

continuous

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002719)

synonyms: continuous

Code of continuous scanning in XRPD. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/domain/WD/2018/04/x-ray-diffraction

continuous (XRD)

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002719)

synonyms: continuous

Code of continuous scanning in XRPD. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

continuous X-ray-induced Auger electron spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000431)

synonyms: CX-AES, CXAES, bremsstrahlung Auger electron spectrometry, bremsstrahlung Auger electron spectroscopy, bremsstrahlung Auger spectrometry, bremsstrahlung Auger spectroscopy, continuous X-ray-induced Auger electron spectrometry, continuous X-ray-induced Auger spectrometry, continuous X-ray-induced Auger spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the bombardment of a sample with a continuous X-ray source (X-rays generated when electrons - or other high energy charged particles such as protons or alpha-particles - lose energy whilst passing through the Coulomb field of a nucleus) results in the ionization of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected. [CHMO]

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continuous distillation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000849)

A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. The distillation is ongoing with sample mixture being continuously added. [CHMO]

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continuous flow hollow fibre liquid-phase micro-extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002349)

synonyms: continuous flow hollow fibre liquid-phase micro-extraction, CFHF-LPME, continuous flow hollow fiber liquid-phase micro-extraction, continuous flow hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction

The process of transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase immobilised within the pores of the wall of a porous hollow fibre (<10 µm diameter). The aqueous phase is allowed to flow continuously through the fibre, allowing mass transfer to occur. [CHMO]

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continuous wave electron-electron double resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002402)

synonyms: continuous wave electron-electron double resonance spectroscopy, c.w. ELDOR, continuous-wave electron-electron double resonance spectroscopy, cw ELDOR, cw-ELDOR

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is irradiated by two microwave frequencies which match electron resonance transitions. The effect of the higher power frequency ('pump') transition on the lower power ('observed') transitionsis measured. [CHMO]

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continuous weighing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000423)

synonyms: weight monitoring

Continuous weighing is a type of differential weighing that continuously measures the change of weight. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

continuous weighing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000423)

synonyms: weight monitoring

Continuous weighing is a type of differential weighing that continuously measures the change of weight. [OSTHUS]

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continuous-flow calorimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000531)

synonyms: continuous-flow calorimetry, continuous flow enthalpimetric analysis, continuous flow enthalpimetry, continuous-flow enthalpimetry

A term used to describe methods wherein a reagent is continuously fed into a flowing analyte stream and the temperature difference is measured before and after a reactor (mixing chamber). Alternatively, the temperature may be measured in a differential manner between a reference and a reactor chamber. The analyte concentration is directly proportional to the measured temperature difference. [CHMO]

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continuous-flow fast atom bombardment

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000114)

synonyms: CF-FAB, continuous flow fast atom bombardment

Variant of fast atom bombardment in which the mixture of analyte and liquid matrix is continuously supplied to the sample probe tip. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

continuous-flow fast atom bombardment

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000114)

synonyms: CF-FAB, continuous flow fast atom bombardment

Variant of fast atom bombardment in which the mixture of analyte and liquid matrix is continuously supplied to the sample probe tip. [IUPAC]

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continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002265)

synonyms: CF-IRMS, CF/IRMS, continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry, continuous-flow IRMS

A type of mass spectrometry where the relative abundance of isotopes in a sample is determined. Measurements are taken immediately after sample preparation and separately to the standard gas. [CHMO]

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continuous-flow liquid-phase micro-extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000556)

synonyms: CF-LPME, CFME, continuous flow liquid phase microextraction, continuous-flow liquid-phase microextraction, continuous-flow micro-extraction, continuous-flow microextraction

A process for transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase (or vice versa) by injecting one phase into a glass chamber using a conventional microsyringe and holding the µL droplet at the outlet tip of a PTFE connecting tube. The other phase then flows continuously over the droplet, allowing mass transfer to occur. [CHMO]

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continuous-flow lithography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000082)

synonyms: CFL, continuous flow lithography

A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. Shuttered pulses (30-100 ms) of mask-defined UV (365 nm) light are flashed into a continuous stream of resist inside a microchannel, leading to the formation of solid structures almost instantaneously. [CHMO]

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continuous-flow matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002537)

synonyms: CF-MALDI

Variant of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization in which the analyte is dissolved in a liquid matrix that is continuously supplied to the sample probe tip. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

continuous-flow matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002537)

synonyms: CF-MALDI

Variant of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization in which the analyte is dissolved in a liquid matrix that is continuously supplied to the sample probe tip. [IUPAC]

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continuous-scan cyclic voltammetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001903)

synonyms: CSCV, continuous scan CV, continuous scan cyclic voltammetry, continuous-scan CV

An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied as a continuous sine wave and inverts at the end point resulting in a cycle. [CHMO]

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continuous-wave electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001720)

synonyms: c.w. ENDOR, continous wave ENDOR, continuous wave electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy, cw ENDOR, cw-ENDOR

A type of spectroscopy where a sample is irradiated by a microwave frequency which matches an electron resonance transition, whilst nuclei in the vicinty of the unpaired eletron are excited by a radio frequency sweep. [CHMO]

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continuous-wave electron spin resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000333)

synonyms: c.w. EPR, c.w. ESR, continuous wave EPR, continuous wave ESR, continuous wave electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, continuous wave electron spin resonance spectrometry, continuous wave electron spin resonance spectroscopy, cw-EPR, cw-ESR

A type of spectroscopy where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to a perturbing magnetic field is measured as a function of the frequency of a periodic perturbation. [CHMO]

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continuous-wave nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000879)

synonyms: NMR absorption spectroscopy, c.w. NMR, continuous wave nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, continuous wave nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, cw-NMR

A type of spectroscopy where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Spectra are obtained by scanning a range of radio frequencies. [CHMO]

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controlled-current potentiometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002422)

synonyms: controlled current potentiometry

An electrochemical technique where the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium and held at a constant (non-zero) value. [CHMO]

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controlling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003359)

Controlling is changing or regulating a flow in its magnitude. [NIST, Allotrope]

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defined in:

convective self-assembly

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001540)

synonyms: convective assembly

A synthesis method in which colloidal particle suspensions in thin evaporating films spontaneously (and reversibly) associate by non-covalent interactions. [CHMO]

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defined in:

conventional

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002774)

The code of conventional DSC scan mode for scanning up/down at constant scan rate. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

convergent beam low energy electron diffraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000346)

synonyms: CBLEED, convergent beam low-energy electron diffraction, convergent-beam low-energy electron diffraction

A method for determining structure by directing a highly convergent beam (nm diameter) of low energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. [CHMO]

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defined in:

converting

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003565)

Converting is a process that changes from one form of a flow (material, energy, signal) to another. [NIST]

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defined in:

converting energy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003416)

synonyms: transducing

Changing from one form of a flow energy to another. [NIST]

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defined in:

converting material

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003566)

Changing from one form of a flow material to another. [NIST]

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defined in:

cooling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001478)

The transfer of thermal energy from a material to its surrounding environment. [CHMO]

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defined in:

coordinate assigning

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003605)

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

coordinate assigning

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003605)

Coordinate assigning is the assigning of coordinates to something. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

corona discharge ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002529)

Formation of ions in a corona discharge. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

corona discharge ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002529)

Formation of ions in a corona discharge. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

correlation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001277)

synonyms: COSY, correlated spectrometry, correlated spectroscopy, correlation spectrometry

A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between nuclei which are J-coupled (usually <= 3 bonds apart). [CHMO]

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defined in:

correlation spectroscopy-nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000062)

synonyms: 3D COSY-NOESY, 3D-COSY-NOESY, COSY-NOESY

A type of homonuclear three-dimensional NMR experiment in which a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between nuclei which are J-coupled (usually <= 3 bonds apart). These signals are then correlated to nuclei that are spatially proximate within the molecule (<= 6 Angstrom apart). [CHMO]

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coulometric titration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000304)

Coulometric titration is the process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. In a coulometric titration the titrant is generated electrochemically by passing a constant current through an electrolyte. [CHMO]

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defined in:

coulometric titration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000304)

The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. In a coulometric titration the titrant is generated electrochemically by passing a constant current through an electrolyte. [CHMO]

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defined in:

coulometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001955)

An electrochemical technique where the total Coulombs of electricity required to complete (fully oxidize or fully reduce the sample in) an electrochemical reaction is measured. [CHMO]

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defined in:

countercurrent chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003558)

synonyms: CCC, counter-current chromatography

Countercurrent chromatography is a form of liquid–liquid chromatography that uses a liquid stationary phase that is held in place by centrifugal force and is used to separate, identify, and quantify the chemical components of a mixture. [Wikipedia]

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coupling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003356)

Coupling is connecting together material such that the members are still distinguishable from each other. [NIST]

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defined in:

coupling material

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003546)

Coupling material is the coupling of materials. [Allotrope]

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covered state

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003745)

synonyms: is covered

Covered state is a connected state where something is located on the surface of another thing and prevents some kind of material or energy flow through that surface. [Allotrope]

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covering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003746)

Convering is a joining process where the joining is on to the surface in such way that it is preventing some kind of material or energy flow through that surface. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

covering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003746)

Covering is a joining process where the joining is on to the surface in such way that it is preventing some kind of material or energy flow through that surface. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

cross-polarization magic angle spinning

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000951)

synonyms: CP-MAS, CP-MAS NMR, CP/MAS, CP/MAS NMR, CPMAS, CPMAS NMR, cross polarisation magic angle spinning, cross polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, cross polarization magic angle spinning, cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, cross-polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

A type of NMR spectroscopy using a solid sample. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid state NMR, but can be reduced to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74 deg. with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). Cross polarization is used to enhance the signal from weakly coupled nuclei. [CHMO]

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cryogenic deep reactive-ion etching

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000746)

synonyms: cryo-DRIE

The process of creating deep holes and trenches in a sample surface (cooled to -110 deg. C) using short pulses of a plasma (a partially ionized gas containing free electrons and radicals) alternating with the deposition of a chemically inert passivation layer. [CHMO]

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cryogenic electron microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002248)

synonyms: LT-EM, cryo EM, cryo-EM, cryo-electron microscopy , cryogenic EM, cryogenic-electron microscopy, low-temperature electron microscopy

A type of microscopy where the specimen, which is cooled in liquid ethane to 180 deg. C, is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum and the interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. [CHMO]

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cryogenic scanning electron microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002024)

synonyms: LT-SEM, cryo SEM, cryo-SEM, cryo-scanning electron microscopy , cryogenic SEM, low-temperature scanning electron microscopy

A type of microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across an electron transparent specimen under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. A type of microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across the specimen, which is cooled in liquid ethane to 180 deg. C, under vacuum and the interaction of the electrons with the specimen is determined. [CHMO]

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cryogenic transmission electron microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000600)

synonyms: LT-TEM, cryo TEM, cryo-TEM, cryo-transmission electron microscopy , cryogenic TEM, low-temperature transmission electron microscopy

A type of microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen, which is cooled in liquid ethane to 180 deg. C, is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. [CHMO]

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defined in:

crystal growth method

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000174)

Any synthesis method used to grow crystals. [CHMO]

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defined in:

crystallization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000176)

The formation of a crystalline solid from a solution, melt vapour, or a different solid phase, generally by lowering the temperature or by evaporation of a solvent. [CHMO]

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defined in:

curing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001094)

A chemical process in which a prepolymer or polymer is converted into a polymer of higher molar mass and then into a network. [CHMO]

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defined in:

current deep-level transient spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000856)

synonyms: I-DLTS, IDLTS, current DLTS, current-DLTS

A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the current produced when applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at different temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit a peak for each 'deep level' (each energy level near the center of the band gap). The height of the peak is proportional to the defect density and the emission rate and temperature dependence are characteristic for each type of defect. [CHMO]

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cyclic electrical field-flow field fractionation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001836)

synonyms: CEFFF, CElFFF, cyclic electric FFF, cyclic electrical FFF, cyclic-electric FFF, cyclic-electrical FFF

A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel and applying an alternating electric field perpendicular to the channel. A carrier liquid is passed through the channel and the particles are separated on the basis of electrophoretic mobility. [CHMO]

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defined in:

cyclic rate process profile

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003455)

synonyms: cyclic rate profile

A cyclic rate profile is a rate profile of a process that follows a cyclic pattern. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

cyclic rate profile

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003455)

synonyms: cyclic rate profile

A cyclic rate profile is a rate profile of a process that follows a cyclic pattern. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

cyclic rate profile

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003455)

synonyms: cyclic rate profile

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

cyclic voltammetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000316)

synonyms: CV, cyclic triangular wave voltammetry, cyclovoltammetry

An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied linearly and inverts at the end point resulting in a cycle. [CHMO]

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defined in:

cyclically ordered phase sequence

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000786)

synonyms: CYCLOPS

A phase cycle technique used in FT NMR experiments whereby the sense of application (or phase) of the RF pulses is altered on repeating the experiment such that addition of the resulting signals results in increased intensity for the signals of interest and more effective noise reduction. For the technique see Progr. NMR Spectr., (1978), 12, pg 41. [CHMO]

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dark-field microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001785)

synonyms: dark-field optical microscopy, darkfield microscopy, darkfield optical microscopy

A type of microscopy where the sample is illuminated with visible light that is not collected by the objective lens. Only the light scattered by the specimen is collected by the lens, producing an image of a light specimen on a black background. [CHMO]

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defined in:

dark-field optical microscopy and spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000858)

synonyms: DFOMS, SNOMS, dark-field single-nanoparticle optical microscopy and spectroscopy, darkfield optical microscopy and spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where a dark-field optical microscope is used to image the sample and locate a small area for spectral analysis with radiation in the ultraviolet to near infrared range. [CHMO]

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defined in:

dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000940)

synonyms: DF-STEM

A type of microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum. The beam of electrons is scattered or diffracted before reaching the specimen, and the image results from a weakening of the beam by its interaction with the sample. [CHMO]

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dark-field transmission electron microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002439)

synonyms: DF-TEM

A type of microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV. under vacuum. The beam of electrons is scattered or diffracted before reaching the specimen, and the image results from a weakening of the beam by its interaction with the sample. [CHMO]

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data acquisition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003095)

Data acquisition is the process of sampling signals that measure real world physical conditions and converting the resulting samples into digital numeric values that can be manipulated by a computer. [Wikipedia]

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defined in:

data acquisition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003095)

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

data aggregation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003656)

Data aggregation is a data reduction that applies an aggregating function on the data to produce an aggregated (summary) datum from a collection of data items. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

data apodization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002296)

synonyms: data massaging

A term used meaning the processing and manipulation of the spectral data produced for the purposes of improving spectral appearance, change the signal to noise ratio (S/N), or resolution. The term is often collectively used in conjunction with line broadening, sharpening, averaging, smoothing. [Allotrope]

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data collection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003581)

synonyms: aggregating data, data aggregation, collecting data

A data transformation that assigns some data to a collection. [Allotrope]

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data creation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003604)

Data creation is a producing process that creates information content entities. [Allotrope]

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data extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003722)

Data extraction is a data transformation process whereby specific data is taken out of a larger set of data and presented in a usable format. [Allotrope]

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data reduction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003655)

synonyms: reducing data

Data reduction is the transformation of numerical or alphabetical digital information derived empirically or experimentally into a corrected, ordered, and/or simplified form. [Wikipedia]

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data transformation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003598)

synonyms: data processing

A converting process that converts the signals from one form into another by changing its content. [Allotrope]

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deciding

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003644)

Deciding is making a choice from a set of alternatives. [Allotrope]

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decomposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000848)

The breakdown of a single phase into two or more phases by heating or treatment with acid, alkali or enzymes. [CHMO]

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decontamination

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002643)

A process that eliminates viable bioburden via use of sporicidal chemical agents. [FDA]

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defined in:

decoupling in the presence of scalar interactions

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001653)

synonyms: DIPSI, DIPSI pulse sequence, DIPSI sequence

A sequence of composite pulses designed to remove signal splitting due to heteronuclear J-couplings in multinuclear liquid NMR experiments. Also used to allow transfer of magnetization between nuclei (by making the spins precess with at the same chemical shift and thus enjoy strong coupling - isotropic mixing). For the pulse sequence see J. Magn. Reson., (1988), 77, pg 274. [CHMO]

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defined in:

decoupling pulse sequence

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000452)

An NMR pulse sequence that decouples nuclei i.e. removes the effects of dipolar coupling or J-coupling from the spectrum. [CHMO]

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decoupling using mind-boggling optimization pulse sequence

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000277)

synonyms: DUMBO, DUMBO pulse sequence, DUMBO sequence, decoupling using mind boggling optimisation, decoupling using mind boggling optimization, decoupling using mind-boggling optimisation, decoupling using mind-boggling optimization

A sequence of pulses used in magic angle spinning NMR to remove the effect of homonuclear dipolar couplings. For the pulse sequence see Chem. Phys. Lett., (2004), 398, pg 532. [CHMO]

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defined in:

decreasing m/z scan deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002154)

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2019/06/aft

decreasing m/z scan

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002154)

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

decreasing quality process profile

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003820)

An decreasing quality process profile is a quality process profile where the tracked determinate quality is continuously decreasing in magnitude. [Allotrope]

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decrementing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003367)

synonyms: decrementing magnitude

Decrementing is reducing the magnitude of a quality in a predetermined and fixed manner. [OSTHUS, NIST]

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decrementing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003367)

synonyms: decrementing magnitude

Decrementing is reducing the magnitude of a quality in a predetermined and fixed manner. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

decrementing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003367)

synonyms: decrementing magnitude

Decrementing is reducing the magnitude of a quality in a predetermined and fixed manner. [OSTHUS,NIST]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/WD/2018/04/aft

dedusting

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002683)

Dedusting is the process of removal of dust. [Allotrope]

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deep reactive-ion etching

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001868)

synonyms: DRIE, pulsed etching, time-multiplexed etching

The process of creating deep holes and trenches in a sample surface using short pulses of a plasma (a partially ionized gas containing free electrons and radicals) alternating with the deposition of a chemically inert passivation layer. [CHMO]

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deep ultra-violet resonance Raman spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000701)

A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a deep ultraviolet (<300 nm) laser, by a sample is detected. The energy of the incoming laser is adjusted such that it or the scattered light coincides with an electronic transition within the sample. [CHMO]

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deep-level transient spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000998)

synonyms: C-DLTS, CDLTS, DLTS, capacitance deep level transient spectroscopy, capacitance deep-level transient spectroscopy, deep level transient spectroscopy

A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the capacitance produced by applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at different temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit a peak for each 'deep level' (each energy level near the center of the band gap). The height of the peak is proportional to the defect density and the emission rate and temperature dependence are characteristic for each type of defect. [CHMO]

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deep-ultraviolet lithography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000771)

synonyms: deep ultraviolet lithography, deep-UV lithography

A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90-100 deg. C. The photoresist is then exposed to a pattern of intense UV (240 nm) light and a post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120-180 deg. C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. [CHMO]

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deflecting

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003595)

synonyms: deflection

A deflection, in physics, refers to the change in an objects' acceleration as a consequence of contact (collision) with a surface or the influence of a field. [Wikipedia]

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degassing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000593)

synonyms: degas, degasification

Degassing is a sample preparation process whereby the adsorbed (dissolved) gas is removed from a solid or liquid. [Allotrope]

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degassing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000593)

synonyms: degas, degasification

A preparative step involving the removal of dissolved gases from a sample. [CHMO]

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degenerate four-wave mixing spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001524)

synonyms: DFWM spectroscopy, degenerate four-wave spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where one laser beam is split into three beams. [CHMO]

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degradation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003641)

Degradation is the state of changing in the qualities of a material under the influence of one or more environmental factors such as heat, light or chemicals such as acids, alkalis and some salts to a lower level of quality. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/CR/2018/07/aft

degradation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003641)

Degradation is the state of changing in the qualities of a material under the influence of one or more environmental factors such as heat, light or chemicals such as acids, alkalies and some salts to a lower level of quality. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

deionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000401)

synonyms: deionisation, deionisation method, deionization method

The removal of ions from a solution using an ion-exchange method. [CHMO]

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defined in:

delayed emission detected magnetic resonance

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002196)

synonyms: DEDMR

A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels are detected by delayed light emission. Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves. [CHMO]

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delayed extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002525)

synonyms: DE

The application of the accelerating voltage pulse after a time delay in desorption ionization from a surface. The extraction delay can produce energy focusing in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. [PSI-MS]

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defined in:

delayed fluorescence detected magnetic resonance

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000356)

synonyms: DFDMR

A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels are detected by delayed fluorescence. Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves. [CHMO]

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defined in:

delays alternating with nutation for tailored excitation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000628)

synonyms: DANTE, DANTE pulse sequence, DANTE sequence

A pulse sequence used to selectively excite a frequency range by applying a series of very short pulses to manipulate, or nutate, the magnetization vectors of the desired spins, interspersed with delays which cause the off-resonance magnetisation not to be excited. For the pulse see J. Magn. Reson., (1978), 29, pg 433. [AMGEN, CHMO]

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defined in:

delays alternating with nutation for tailored excitation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000628)

synonyms: DANTE, DANTE pulse sequence, DANTE sequence

A pulse sequence used to selectively excite a frequency range by applying a series of very short pulses to manipulate, or nutate, the magnetization vectors of the desired spins, interspersed with delays which cause the off-resonance magnetisation not to be excited. For the pulse see J. Magn. Reson., (1978), 29, pg 433. [CHMO]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/domain/WD/2024/09/nmr

delivering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003575)

synonyms: importing material

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defined in:

delivering material

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003575)

synonyms: importing material

Delivering material is the importing of material to a location or site. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

denaturation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000258)

Denaturation is the process of unfolding a protein. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

denaturing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003840)

Denaturing is the process of partial or total alteration of the native structure of a macromolecule resulting from the loss of tertiary or tertiary and secondary structure that is a consequence of the disruption of stabilizing weak bonds. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001298)

synonyms: DGGE

A separation method where colloidal particles consisting of polynucleotides move at different speeds according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of a gel that contains a denaturing agent that causes double-stranded DNA to unzip, across which an electric field is applied. [CHMO]

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defined in:

denoting

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003583)

Denoting is a process that assigns a symbol to an entity in order to reference it. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

densification

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000249)

The removal of impurities and elimination of pores from a xerogel (a gel that has been dried with unhindered shrinkage). [CHMO]

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defined in:

densitometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001666)

synonyms: densiometric measurements, densiometry, densitometric measurements

The measurement of the density of a sample. [CHMO]

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defined in:

density-gradient centrifugation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000684)

synonyms: density gradient centrifugation

A method where the components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density, in a dense medium or density gradient, in a centrifuge, according to the centrifugal force they experience. [CHMO]

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defined in:

density-gradient ultracentrifugation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001247)

synonyms: density gradient ultracentrifugation

A method where the components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density, in a dense medium or density gradient, in a centrifuge, according to the centrifugal force they experience. Samples are spun at speeds of up to 150,000 rpm. [CHMO]

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defined in:

departure

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003408)

Departure is the archivement of leaving the source site in a moving process. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

departure

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003408)

Departure is the achievement of leaving the source site in a moving process. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

departure

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003408)

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001681)

synonyms: material deposition, sample deposition

The process of the settling of particles (atoms or molecules) from a solution, suspension or vapour onto a pre-existing surface, resulting in the growth of a new phase. [CHMO]

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defined in:

depth-selective Mossbauer spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000968)

synonyms: DC EMS, DCEMS, DS EMS, DS MS, DSEMS, DSMS, depth-selective Mossbauer spectrometry, depth-selective Moßbauer spectrometry, depth-selective Moßbauer spectroscopy, depth-selective Mössbauer spectrometry, depth-selective Mößbauer spectrometry, depth-selective Mößbauer spectroscopy, depth-selective conversion electron Mossbauer spectrometry, depth-selective conversion electron Moßbauer spectrometry, depth-selective conversion electron Moßbauer spectroscopy, depth-selective conversion electron Mösbauer spectrometry, depth-selective conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy, depth-selective conversion electron Mößbauer spectrometry, depth-selective conversion electron Mößbauer spectroscopy, depth-selective electron Mossbauer spectrometry, depth-selective electron Mossbauer spectroscopy, depth-selective electron Moßbauer spectrometry, depth-selective electron Moßbauer spectroscopy, depth-selective electron Mössbauer spectrometry, depth-selective electron Mössbauer spectroscopy, depth-selective electron Mößbauer spectrometry, depth-selective electron Mößbauer spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where gamma-rays are absorbed by a sample resulting in the ejection of conversion electrons, the energy distribution of which is measured. [CHMO]

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depth-selective photoelectron spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001000)

synonyms: DSPES, depth-selective photoelectron spectrometry, depth-selective photoemission spectrometry, gamma-ray photoelectron spectrometry, gamma-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, gamma-ray photoemission spectrometry, gamma-ray photoemission spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with gamma-rays causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]

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defined in:

depyrogenation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002645)

A process used to destroy or remove pyrogens (e.g., endotoxin). [FDA]

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defined in:

derivatization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000626)

The transformation of a chemical compound (the 'educt') into another similar compound (the 'derivative') by altering one or more of its functional groups. Derviatisation is generally perfomed to alter reactivity or change a physical property such as solubility, boiling point, melting point, thermal stability etc. [CHMO]

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defined in:

desalination

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002640)

synonyms: desalinization

Desalination is a process that removes minerals from saline water. More generally, desalination may also refer to the removal of salts and minerals. [Wikipedia]

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defined in:

describing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003584)

Describing is a process by which an account of some relevant characteristics, qualities or events of an entity are given or presented. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

descriptive statistics

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003636)

Descriptive statistics is the process of using and analyzing descriptive statistics. A descriptive statistic is a summary statistic that quantitatively describes or summarizes features of a collection of information. [Wikipedia]

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defined in:

desorption

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002674)

Desorption is the process of a species desorbing from a surface when heated. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001682)

synonyms: DAPCI

An ionization method in which a corona discharge is used to direct a liquid spray (composed of an inert, high velocity gas and solvent ions) onto the sample surface. [CHMO]

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defined in:

desorption chemical ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002532)

synonyms: DCI

Formation of gas-phase ions by chemical ionization of gaseous molecules produced by the rapid heating and desorption of a solid or low vapour pressure liquid. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

desorption chemical ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002532)

synonyms: DCI

Formation of gas-phase ions by chemical ionization of gaseous molecules produced by the rapid heating and desorption of a solid or low vapour pressure liquid. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

desorption electrospray ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000458)

synonyms: DESI

An ionization method where charged solvent droplets which are formed by forcing the solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min-1) into an electric field are directed at the sample surface. The droplets form a thin film on the sample surface, dissolving the analyte of interest. [CHMO]

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defined in:

desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000679)

synonyms: DESI MS, DESI-MS, DESIMS, desorption electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy, desorption electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy

A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by directing charged solvent droplets (which are formed by forcing the solvent through a small heated capillary into an electric field) at the sample surface. The droplets form a thin film on the sample surface, dissolving the analyte of interest. [CHMO]

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defined in:

desorption ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001294)

synonyms: DI

Formation of gas phase ions from a solid or liquid sample surface upon activation by heat, strong electric field, particles, droplets, or photon bombardment. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

desorption ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001294)

synonyms: DI

Formation of gas phase ions from a solid or liquid sample surface upon activation by heat, strong electric field, particles, droplets, or photon bombardment. [IUPAC]

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desorption ionization on silicon

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002511)

synonyms: DIOS

Soft ionization alternative to matrix-assisted desorption/ionization involving laser desorption ionization of a sample deposited on a porous silicon surface. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

desorption ionization on silicon

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002511)

synonyms: DIOS

Soft ionization alternative to matrix-assisted desorption/ionization involving laser desorption ionization of a sample deposited on a porous silicon surface. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

desorption measurements

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000972)

A method for determining surface area by measuring the amount of an inert gasesous or liquid substance (the 'sorbent', usually H2 or N2) which desorbs from the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'). Regression analysis is then applied to the data, resulting in an isotherm. [CHMO]

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detecting

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000925)

synonyms: detection, detection method

Detecting is sensing that discovers information about of a material or energy. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/REC/2018/04/aft

detecting

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000925)

synonyms: detection, detection method

Detecting is observing the presence of an entity. This occurs when a threshold value of a quantity (quality, disposition, process property) is exceeded. [Allotrope]

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detecting state

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003664)

synonyms: detecting, is detecting

A detecting state is a state that occurs when a detector detects its detection target. [Allotrope]

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deuterium labeling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001274)

The substitution of one or more hydrogen atoms in a molecule with deuterium atoms. [CHMO]

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deuterium-decoupled nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000993)

synonyms: 2H decoupled NMR, 2H-decoupled NMR, deuterium-decoupled NMR, deuterium-decoupled NMR spectroscopy

A type of NMR spectroscopy where (J/scalar) couplings to 2H nuclei are cancelled by applying radio frequency radiation to saturate or otherwise manipulate the 2H spins such that no evolution of the coupling occurs. [CHMO]

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device driver deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000149)

synonyms: device control driver, driver

A device driver (commonly referred to as a driver) is a computer program that operates or controls a particular type of device that is attached to a computer. A driver provides a software interface to hardware devices, enabling operating systems and other computer programs to access hardware functions without needing to know precise details of the hardware being used. [Wikipedia]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2018/07/aft

device driver

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000149)

synonyms: device control driver, driver

A device driver (commonly referred to as a driver) is a computer program that operates or controls a particular type of device that is attached to a computer. A driver provides a software interface to hardware devices, enabling operating systems and other computer programs to access hardware functions without needing to know precise details of the hardware being used. [Wikipedia]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/WD/2018/04/aft

device process

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003726)

synonyms: instrument process

A device process is a planned process that realizes a function by a device or device system. [Allotrope]

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diafiltration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002707)

Diafiltration is a dilution process that involves removal or separation of components (permeable molecules like salts, small proteins, solvents etc.,) of a solution based on their molecular size by using micro-molecule permeable filters in order to attain pure solution. [Wikipedia]

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dialysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001357)

The separation of molecules in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane. [CHMO]

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dichroism spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001879)

synonyms: dichroism spectrometry

Any type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of polarized light by a sample. [CHMO]

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dielectric barrier discharge ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001385)

synonyms: DBDI

Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization in which the low-temperature plasma is not generated by a corona discharge but by a device consisting of two electrodes with at least one dielectric layer that separates the electrode from the plasma. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

dielectric barrier discharge ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001385)

synonyms: DBDI

Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization in which the low-temperature plasma is not generated by a corona discharge but by a device consisting of two electrodes with at least one dielectric layer that separates the electrode from the plasma. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

dielectric drying

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000250)

The removal of solvent from a sample by the application of radio frequency (3 Hz to 300 GHz) or microwave (1-1000 mm) radiation. [CHMO]

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dielectric polarization measurement

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003829)

synonyms: dielectric polarization sensing, measurement of dielectric polarization, sensing of dielectric polarization

A dielectric polarization measurement is a measuring of the difference between the electric displacement vector and the product of the electric field strength with the permittivity of vacuum. [IUPAC]

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dielectrometric titration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000912)

The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the relative permittivity of the solution as a function of the solution volume. [CHMO]

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dielectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001650)

The measurement of the relative permittivity of a solution as a function of concentration. Measurements are made indirectly across the resistance of the solution with alternating current. [CHMO]

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dielectrophoresis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001615)

synonyms: dielectrophoretic analysis

A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their dielectrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium, across which an electric field is applied. [CHMO]

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defined in:

dielectrophoretic droplet dispensing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000063)

synonyms: DEP drop dispensing, DEP droplet dispensing

The dispensing of droplets from an electrode surface after an applied voltage has been removed. Periodic bumps along the length of the electrodes promote droplet formation by establishing an initial, static perturbation. [CHMO]

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difference gel electrophoresis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000932)

synonyms: DIGE, differential in gel electrophoresis, differential in-gel electrophoresis

A two dimensional gel electrophoresis method where protein analytes have been previously labelled with different fluorescent dyes and different analytes are compared. [CHMO]

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differential centrifugation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002240)

A separation method where the components of a cell are separated on the basis of their density in a centrifuge according to the centrifugal force they experience. The sample is centrifuged in a number of separate, sequential steps; each time the pellet is removed and the speed increased. [CHMO]

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differential confocal microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000449)

synonyms: DCM

A type of microscopy where visible light coming from the specimen (which is placed approximately half a confocal parameter from the focal plane along the optical axis of the microscope) is collected and guided through a pinhole before it is detected. The pinhole allows only light from the focal point to pass to the detector, reducing background interference. [CHMO]

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differential interference contrast microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000745)

synonyms: DIC, DIC microscopy, NIC, NIC microscopy, Nomarski interference contrast microscopy, Nomarski microscopy

A type of microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with polarized visible light split into two beams, which then interfere to produce fringes whose spacing is proportional to the height of the specimen. [CHMO]

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differential isothermal capacitance transient spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001281)

synonyms: D-ICTS, DICTS, differential ICTS, differential-ICTS

A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the differential of the capacitance produced by applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at constant different temperatures, spectra are generated that exhibit peaks, the height of which are proportional to the height of which are proportional to time constant for the emission rate. [CHMO]

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differential optical absorption spectrophotometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000872)

synonyms: DOAS, differential optical absorbance spectrometry, differential optical absorbance spectroscopy, differential optical absorption spectrometry, differential optical absorption spectroscopy

Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy where the difference between incident and transmitted radiation is measured for a gaseous sample. [CHMO]

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differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001474)

synonyms: DPASV

An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by applying an oxidising potential (as a series of voltage pulses of increasing amplitude). During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The current is sampled before and after each voltage pulse. [CHMO]

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differential pulse polarography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000045)

An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. The potential is varied using pulses of linearly increasing amplitude (one pulse during each drop lifetime) and the current is sampled before and after each voltage pulse. [CHMO]

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differential pulse voltammetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002338)

synonyms: DPV, differential-pulse voltammetry

An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied using pulses of increasing amplitude and the current is sampled before and after each voltage pulse. [CHMO]

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differential scanning calorimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002124)

synonyms: DSC, differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analysis, differential scanning calorimetric analysis

Differential scanning calorimetry is a thermal analysis method in which the difference in energy inputs into a substance and a reference material is measured as a function of temperature whilst the substance and reference material are subjected to a controlled temperature program. [IUPAC]

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differential scanning calorimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002124)

synonyms: DSC, differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analysis, differential scanning calorimetric analysis

Definition pending. [0]

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differential scanning calorimetry cycle

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003763)

synonyms: DSC cycle, cycle for DSC

A cycle in differential scanning calorimetry is a segment of the calorimetry run with its own specific heating ramp. [Allotrope]

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differential scanning calorimetry feedback mode code

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002650)

synonyms: feedback mode code, FB mode code

The FB mode code is the code of the feedback mode used for a DSC measurement. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

differential scanning calorimetry scan mode code

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002697)

synonyms: DSC mode code

The differential scanning calorimetry scan mode code encodes the mode of measurement of DSC. [Allotrope]

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differential scanning fluorescence spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001448)

synonyms: DSF, differential scanning fluorimetry

A type of spectroscopy where the intensity of the fluorescence emitted by molecules excited using ultraviolet light is detected as it changes upon interaction of the molecule with its environment. [CHMO]

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differential thermal analysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002298)

synonyms: DTA

The measurement of the temperature difference between the sample and a reference material. [CHMO]

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differential weighing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001886)

synonyms: back weighing

In differential weighing one or more samples are investigated for weight changes. The first workstep comprises determination of the sample container (tare, if used) and the initial weight of the sample (weighing in). The sample is then subjected to a process such as drying, centrifuging, filtering, ashing, vaporization, coating, etc. Following such treatment, the sample is reweighed (back weighing). The determined weight is used as a basis for calculation of the result, which is normally shown as a difference value in percent of the initial weight. [Mettler]

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differentiation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001499)

The method to obtain the derivative of a function or curve. [Allotrope]

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diffraction method

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001221)

synonyms: crystallography, diffraction analysis

Any detection or measurement method where the structure of a crystal or molecule can be determined by directing a beam of particles or radiation at a sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. [CHMO]

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diffuse X-ray reflectometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001340)

synonyms: specular XRR, diffuse X-ray reflectance, diffuse XRR, off-specular X-ray reflectivity, off-specular X-ray reflectometry, off-specular XRR

A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at an extremely flat surface (at angle theta minus omega to the surface) and measuring the intensity of the X-rays which undergo diffuse reflection (and are emitted at angle theta plus omega from the surface). [CHMO]

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defined in:

diffuse reflectance circular dichroism spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001762)

synonyms: DRCD, diffuse reflectance CD, diffuse reflectance circular dichroism

A type of spectroscopy based on the differential diffuse reflectance of left- and right-handed circularly polarized light by a sample. [CHMO]

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defined in:

diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001981)

synonyms: diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, DRIFT, DRIFTS, diffuse reflectance infra-red Fourier transform spectrometry, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectrometry, diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy by Fourier transform

A type of spectroscopy where the diffuse reflection of a single pulse of infrared radiation by a sample is measured, and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]

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defined in:

diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001942)

synonyms: diffuse reflectance IR spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the diffuse reflection of infrared radiation by a sample is measured. [CHMO]

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defined in:

diffuse reflectance laser flash photolysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001231)

synonyms: DFLPF

A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The diffuse reflectance of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse. [CHMO]

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diffuse reflectance ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000391)

synonyms: UV-vis-DRS, UV-vis-diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance UV-vis spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance UV-visible

A type of spectroscopy where the diffuse reflection of radiation in the range ultraviolet to visible (190-800 nm) by a sample is measured. [CHMO]

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defined in:

diffuse reflection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003593)

Diffuse reflection is the reflection of light or other waves or particles from a surface such that a ray incident on the surface is scattered at many angles rather than at just one angle as in the case of specular reflection. An ideal diffuse reflecting surface is said to exhibit Lambertian reflection, meaning that there is equal luminance when viewed from all directions lying in the half-space adjacent to the surface. [Wikipedia]

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diffusing wave spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000283)

synonyms: DWS, diffusing-wave spectroscopy, diffusive wave spectroscopy, diffusive-wave spectroscopy

A method for determining molecular motion by measuring the time it takes for a particle in a highly-scattering suspension (e.g. a colloid) to move a distance comparable to the wavelength of light. [CHMO]

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diffusion-ordered spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001552)

synonyms: DOSY, DOSY NMR, diffusion NMR, diffusion ordered NMR spectroscopy, diffusion ordered spectroscopy, diffusion-edited NMR spectroscopy, diffusion-edited spectroscopy, diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy, diffusion-ordered nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

A type of NMR spectroscopy using pulsed-field gradients where the rate of decay of NMR signals in each component of a sample mixture is measured across a series of experiments. The rate of signal decay is proportional to the diffusion coefficient for each component. [CHMO]

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defined in:

diffusion-ordered spectroscopy-correlation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000473)

synonyms: 3D COSY-DOSY, 3D DOSY-COSY, COSY-DOSY, DOSY-COSY, correlation spectroscopy-diffusion-ordered spectroscopy

A type of three-dimensional NMR experiment in which the signals of a 2D COSY spectrum are dispersed along a third frequency axis according to diffusion coefficient. [CHMO]

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defined in:

diffusion-ordered spectroscopy-total correlation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000788)

synonyms: 3D DOSY-TOCSY, 3D TOCSY-DOSY, DOSY-TOCSY, TOCSY-DOSY, total correlation spectroscopy-diffusion-ordered spectroscopy

A type of three-dimensional NMR experiment in which the signals of a 2D TOCSY spectrum are dispersed along a third frequency axis according to diffusion coefficient. [CHMO]

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dilatometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000373)

The measurement and study of dimensional changes in polymers as a function of temperature, fluid absorption, mechanical stress or chemical reaction. [CHMO]

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dilution

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000785)

Dilution is the process of adding a solvent to a solution to lower its concentration. [Allotrope]

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diode array detector process

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003674)

synonyms: DAD process

A process executed by a diode array detector. [Allotrope]

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dip coating

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001044)

synonyms: dip-coating

The application of a thin cover to sample by immersing it in a tank containing coating material, allowing it to remain there for a certain 'dwell time', removing the piece from the tank ('withdrawal'), and allowing it to drain. [CHMO]

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dip-pen nanolithography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001746)

synonyms: DPN

A synthesis technique where an atomic force microscope is used to pattern surfaces with molecules or particles. An AFM tip is coated with a chemical compound or biomolecule and put in contact with a substrate, where transfer takes place. [CHMO]

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direct analysis in real time

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002183)

synonyms: DART

An ionization method where the sample is ionized by a corona discharge within a He atmosphere. [CHMO]

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defined in:

direct current amperometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002116)

synonyms: DC amperometry, dc amperometry, direct-current amperometry

An electrochemical technique where the cell direct current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled. [CHMO]

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direct current plasma atomic emission spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000859)

synonyms: DCP-AES, DCPAES, d.c. AES, d.c. plasma atomic emission spectrometry, d.c. plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, direct current plasma atomic emission spectrometry

A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a plasma generated by passing an electrical discharge between two electrodes is used as the excitation source. [CHMO]

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direct drying

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000880)

The removal of solvent from a sample by the application of heated air. [CHMO]

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direct infusion

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002464)

synonyms: infusion

Method of liquid sample introduction in which the sample is continuously flowed into a mass spectrometer ion source. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

direct infusion

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002464)

synonyms: infusion

Method of liquid sample introduction in which the sample is continuously flowed into a mass spectrometer ion source. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/domain/WD/2024/09/injection

direct inlet mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001132)

A mass spectrometry method using a direct inlet. [Allotrope]

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direct laser absorption spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002342)

synonyms: direct laser absorption spectroscopy, DLAS, direct laser absorption spectrometry

Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more laser beams and light absorption is measured. [CHMO]

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direct liquid injection chemical vapor deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002179)

synonyms: DLICVD, direct liquid injection CVD, direct-liquid-injection CVD, direct-liquid-injection chemical vapor deposition, direct-liquid-injection chemical vapour deposition

A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more liquid precursors, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. [CHMO]

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direct liquid introduction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002524)

synonyms: DLI

Direct delivery of a liquid sample at a low solvent flow rate into the chemical ionization ion source of a mass spectrometer. The solvent vapour can act as the reagent gas. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

direct liquid introduction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002524)

synonyms: DLI

Direct delivery of a liquid sample at a low solvent flow rate into the chemical ionization ion source of a mass spectrometer. The solvent vapour can act as the reagent gas. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/domain/WD/2024/09/injection

direct recoil spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001267)

synonyms: direct recoil spectroscopy, DRS

A type of spectroscopy where a focused beam of ions is directed at a sample causes binary collisions with surface molecules which result in molecular decomposition and the emission of atoms. [CHMO]

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direct-current dielectrophoresis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001468)

synonyms: DC dielectrophoresis, d.c. dielectrophoresis, dc dielectrophoresis, direct current dielectrophoresis, direct current dielectrophoretic analysis

A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their dielectrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium, across which a direct electric field is applied. [CHMO]

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directed self-assembly

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000632)

synonyms: DSA, DSL, directed self assembly, directional self assembly, directional self-assembly

A synthesis method in which the components of the sample spontaneously (and reversibly) associate by non-covalent interactions, taking the form of an existing lithographically templated structure or pattern. [CHMO]

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disappearance potential spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001721)

synonyms: DAPS, disappearance potential spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by the sudden disappearance of electrons from the beam. [CHMO]

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defined in:

discharging

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003420)

synonyms: decrementing energy, unloading

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disconnected state

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003456)

A state s with participating materials m1 and m2, and m1 is not connected to m2. [Allotrope]

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disconnecting

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003808)

Disconnecting is a branching process that removes the connection between parts of a flow so that they become topologically separate. [Allotrope]

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disinfection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002644)

Process by which surface bioburden is reduced to a safe level or eliminated. Some disinfection agents are effective only against vegetative microbes, while others possess additional capability to effectively kill bacterial and fungal spores. [FDA]

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disintegrated state

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003806)

synonyms: disintegrated

Disintegrated state is a state of an object when its has turned into an aggregate of small, separated pieces. [Allotrope]

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disintegrating

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003807)

synonyms: disintegration

Disintegrating is a break a material into small, separate parts. [Allotrope]

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disintegration test

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002744)

A disintegration test is a test to check the time that an object needs to disintegrate. [Allotrope]

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disintegration test

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002744)

A disintegration test is a process in order to check the time that an object needs to disintegrate. [Allotrope]

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dispensing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003838)

synonyms: dispension

Dispensing is giving out material in discrete portions. [Allotrope]

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dispersed state

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003640)

Dispersed state is a state of a system in which discrete particles of one material are dispersed in a continuous phase of another material. [Allotrope]

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dispersion polymerization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001853)

A polymer preparation technique in which an insoluble polymer is dispersed in a continuous organic phase. [CHMO]

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dispersive infrared spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000393)

A type of spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the infrared region (0.78-1000 µm). The infrared beam is passed through a diffraction grating which separates (or disperses) the wavelength of the light and directs each wavelength individually through a slit to a detector. [CHMO]

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dispersive raman spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002807)

Dispersive Raman spectroscopy is a type of Raman spectroscopy that uses a dispersive Raman spectrometer which focuses the signal on a grating that separates the wavelengths and sends the spatially separated beams onto a detector. [Allotrope]

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displacement chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002314)

Chromatography where the mobile phase contains a compound (the displacer) more strongly retained than the components of the sample under examination. The sample is fed into the system as a finite slug. [CHMO]

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displaying

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003434)

The process of transforming a signal into a visual signal (color, pattern). [Allotrope]

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dissection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001891)

synonyms: anatomization

The disassembly of an object to determine its internal structure. [CHMO]

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dissociation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001769)

Dissociation in chemistry and biochemistry is a general process in which molecules (or ionic compounds such as salts, or complexes) separate or split into smaller particles such as atoms, ions or radicals, usually in a reversible manner. [Wikipedia]

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dissociative electron capture

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002519)

Ionization mechanism in which capture of a low-energy electron by a molecule leads directly to a dissociative state of the nascent anion, an example of dissociative ionization. [IUPAC MS REC]

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dissociative electron capture

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002519)

Ionization mechanism in which capture of a low-energy electron by a molecule leads directly to a dissociative state of the nascent anion, an example of dissociative ionization. [IUPAC]

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dissociative ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001757)

The reaction of a gas-phase molecule that results in its decomposition to form products, one of which is an ion. [PSI-MS]

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dissolved carbon dioxide measurement

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002501)

A measurement of dissolved carbon dioxide. [Allotrope]

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dissolved oxygen measurement

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002500)

A measurement of dissolved oxygen. [Allotrope]

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dissolving

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000112)

A mixing step where a soluble component is mixed with a liquid component. [CHMO]

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distillation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000777)

A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. [CHMO]

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distillation-precipitation copolymerization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001965)

synonyms: distillation precipitation copolymerisation, distillation precipitation copolymerization

A polymer preparation technique in which two different types of monomer are dissolved in an organic solvent and distilled until a precipitate of the corresponding copolymer is formed. [CHMO]

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distortionless enhancement with polarization transfer

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000694)

synonyms: DEPT, DEPT NMR, distortionless enhancement by polarisation transfer, distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer

A type of spectroscopy where the energy states of 13C nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.The 13C NMR signals are enhanced by transferring 1H magnetization to 13C nuclei and the phase of the signals reflects the multiplicity i.e. CH, CH2 or CH3). Separate methyl, methylene and methine spectra may be obtained. [CHMO]

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distortionless enhancement with polarization transfer retention of quaternaries

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002485)

synonyms: DEPTQ, DEPTQ NMR

A type of spectroscopy where the energy states of 13C nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.The 13C NMR signals are enhanced by transferring 1H magnetization to 13C nuclei and the phase of the signals reflects the multiplicity i.e. CH, CH2 or CH3). Separate methyl, methylene and methine spectra may be obtained. The quaternary carbon centres are also represented in the spectra, albeit with reduced intensities, and are rendered with similar 'signs' to methylene groups. [Allotrope]

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distortionless enhancement with polarization transfer retention of quaternaries

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002485)

synonyms: DEPTQ, DEPTQ NMR

A type of spectroscopy where the energy states of 13C nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.The 13C NMR signals are enhanced by transferring 1H magnetization to 13C nuclei and the phase of the signals reflects the multiplicity i.e. CH, CH2 or CH3). Separate methyl, methylene and methine spectra may be obtained. The quaternary carbon centres are also represented in the spectra, albeit with reduced intensities, and are rendered with similar 'signs' to methylene groups. [OSTHUS]

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dividing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003335)

synonyms: partioning, portioning, splitting

Dividing is a separating of flows focused on all parts of the flow. [Allotrope]

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dividing material

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003535)

Dividing materials is dividing of materials. [Allotrope]

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double patterning lithography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002306)

synonyms: DPL, double-patterning lithography

A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90-100 deg. C. The photoresist is then exposed to two different patterns of intense (typically UV) light using two different masks. A post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120-180 deg. C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. [CHMO]

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double pulsed field gradient spin echo pulse sequence

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001102)

synonyms: DPFGSE, DPFGSE excitation, DPFGSE pulse sequence, DPFGSE sequence, double pulsed field gradient spin echo, double pulsed field gradient spin-echo, double pulsed field gradient spin-echo pulse sequence

An NMR pulse sequence in which pulsed field gradients are applied to a doubled spin echo sequence to cleanly and precisely excite particular resonances. For the pulse sequence see J. Magn. Reson. A, (1995), 112, pg 275. [CHMO]

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double quantum filter

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000731)

synonyms: DQF

An NMR technique used to edit the NMR response from a sample by selecting only two-spin coupled systems, usually achieved by appropriate cycling of the phase (direction of application) of the pulses in an experiment and of the receiver. [CHMO]

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double quantum transitions for finding unresolved lines

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001498)

synonyms: DOUBTFUL, DOUBTFUL pulse sequence, DOUBTFUL sequence

A pulse sequence used to selectively resolve the signals from two coupled nuclei, see J. Am. Chem. Soc., (1982), 104, pg 4286. [CHMO]

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double-cathode glow discharge synthesis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001654)

A synthesis method where an electrical discharge is passed under reduced pressure between two cathodes. One cathode is the source (or target) composed of the elements required to prepare the sample via sputtering, and the other cathode is the substrate material. When two different (negative) voltages are applied to the two cathodes, glow discharge occurs, causing a build up of the sample on the substrate cathode. [CHMO]

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double-quantum-filtered correlation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000581)

synonyms: DQF-COSY, double quantum filtered COSY, double quantum filtered correlation spectroscopy, double-quantum-filtered COSY

A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between nuclei which are J-coupled (usually <= 3 bonds apart). The response is edited by selecting only two-spin coupled systems, usually achieved by appropriate cycling of the phase (direction of application) of the pulses in the experiment. [CHMO]

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downscan

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002804)

Downscan mode is a scan mode of differential scanning calorimetry that proceeds with decreasing temperature. [Allotrope]

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downstream bioprocess

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002852)

synonyms: downstream, downstream bioprocessing, downstream processing

Downstream processing refers to the recovery and purification of biosynthetic products, particularly pharmaceuticals, from natural sources such as animal or plant tissue or fermentation broth, including the recycling of salvageable components and the proper treatment and disposal of waste. [Wikipedia]

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drawing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003284)

Drawing is the process by which an object or liquid is extracted from a container or receptacle. [Allotrope]

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drawing profile

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003285)

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drift tube ion mobility spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000388)

synonyms: DTIMS, drift tube ion mobility spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the velocity of gas phase ions in an electric field is measured. The ions are gated into a region of constant electric field strength and the ions with highest mobility arrive at the detector first. [CHMO]

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drop coating

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001303)

synonyms: drop-coating

The application of a thin cover to a sample by depositing consecutive drops of a solution on its surface, and allowing the solvent to evaporate. [CHMO]

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drop coating deposition Raman spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000662)

synonyms: DCD Raman spectroscopy, DCDR, DCDR spectroscopy, drop coating deposition Raman (DCDR) spectroscopy, drop-coating deposition Raman spectroscopy, drop-coating-deposition Raman spectroscopy

A type of Raman spectroscopy where the spectral signal is enhanced by pre-concentration of the sample. Drops of the sample in solution are deposited onto a surface and dry in a 'coffee-ring' pattern. Spectra are then obtained from this ring of excess of material, after evaporation has completed. [CHMO]

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droplet dispensing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001887)

synonyms: drop dispensing

The controlled dropwise release of a liquid. [CHMO]

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drum drying

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001683)

The removal of solvent from a sample by applying it as a thin layer to the surface of a heated drum. [CHMO]

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dry deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002358)

The process of the settling of particles (atoms or molecules) from a gas or vapor onto a pre-existing surface, resulting in the growth of a new phase. [CHMO]

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dry electrolytic conductivity detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000456)

synonyms: DELCD

A detection method that is sensitive to compounds containing Br or Cl. A carrier gas flow containing the sample is heated in a ceramic chamber to 1000 deg. C, forming gaseous Cl and Br ions. The change in electrical conductivity of the gas-phase current is then measured. [CHMO]

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dry etching

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001174)

The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface by sputtering or dissolving using reactive ions or a vapour-phase etchant. [CHMO]

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dry spinning

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000728)

A process used to create polymer fibers. Polymer dissolved in a solvent is forced through a spinneret (a multi-pored device similar to a shower head) and the solvent is removed from the polymer fibres by evaporation. [CHMO]

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dry-wet phase inversion technique

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001169)

synonyms: dry-wet phase inversion technique, Loeb-Sourirajan method, Loeb-Sourirajan technique

A technique for preparing a polymer membrane by mixing polymer and solvent, then casting this solution onto a surface and allowing the solvent to partially evaporate. The film is them immersed in a nonsolvent causing solidification. [CHMO]

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drying

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001876)

synonyms: drying, sample drying

The process of removing a solvent from a substance. [CHMO]

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dual-inlet isotope ratio mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001503)

synonyms: DI-IRMS, DI/IRMS, dual inlet IRMS, dual inlet isotope ratio mass spectrometry, dual-inlet IRMS

A type of mass spectrometry where purified gas obtained from a sample is alternated rapidly with a standard gas (of known isotopic composition) by means of a system of valves, so that a number of comparative measurements are made of both gases. The relative abundance of isotopes in a sample is then determined. [CHMO]

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dual-phase extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001057)

synonyms: DPE, bioslurping, dual phase extraction, multi-phase extraction, multiphase extraction, vacuum-enhanced extraction

An extraction method for soil samples that uses a high-vacuum system to remove liquid and gas from low-permeability or heterogeneous soil. By removing water from the sample (liquid-phase extraction) the water table is lowered exposing the solid sample to vapor-phase extraction. [CHMO]

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dyeing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003771)

synonyms: coloring

Dyeing is the changing of the color of some material. [Allotrope]

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dynamic differential scanning calorimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001402)

synonyms: DDSC, DDSCle and a reference, by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of temperature whilst a second variable is kept constant. The power input is in the form of a saw-tooth wave. [CHMO]

The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction of both a sample and a reference, by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of temperature whilst a second variable is kept constant. The power input is in the form of a saw-tooth wave. [CHMO]

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dynamic differential scanning calorimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001402)

synonyms: DDSC, DDSCle and a reference, by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of temperature whilst a second variable is kept constant. The power input is in the form of a saw-tooth wave. [CHMO]

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dynamic force microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000976)

synonyms: AC-mode AFM, AFM tapping-mode, DFM, DSFM, dynamic force AFM, dynamic scanning force microscopy, intermittant contact AFM, intermittant contact atomic force microscopy, intermittant-contact AFM, intermittant-contact atomic force microscopy, intermittent contact AFM, intermittent contact atomic force microscopy, intermittent-contact AFM, intermittent-contact atomic force microscopy, tapping mode AFM, tapping mode atomic force microscopy, tapping-mode AFM

A type of microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. The tip oscillates, intermittently touching or tapping the surface. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. [CHMO]

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dynamic force spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001497)

synonyms: DFS

The use of an atomic force microscope to measure rupture or fusion force as a function of loading rate. [CHMO]

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dynamic headspace extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001500)

synonyms: purge and trap, purge and trap extraction

The process of transferring a substance from a solid or liquid matrix to the vapour phase by heating, and removing analytes from the headspace in a carrier gas. [CHMO]

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dynamic light scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001208)

synonyms: dynamic light scattering, DLS, PCS, QELS, dynamic laser scattering, dynamic light scattering spectrometry, dynamic light scattering spectroscopy, photocorrelation spectroscopy, photon correlation spectrometry, photon correlation spectroscopy, quasi-elastic light scattering, quasi-elastic light scattering spectrometry, quasi-elastic light scattering spectroscopy

A method for determining the size distribution of a sample of small particles in solution by illuminating the sample with a light source (usually a laser) and measuring the time-dependent fluctuations in the intensity of the scattered light caused by Brownian motion. [CHMO]

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dynamic liquid-phase micro-extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001511)

synonyms: dynamic LPME, dynamic liquid-phase microextraction

The process of transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase (or vice versa) by the repeated movement of a microsyringe. [CHMO]

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dynamic mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000457)

A mass spectrometry technique in which m/z separation using one or more electric fields that vary with time. [CHMO, OSTHUS]

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dynamic mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000457)

A mass spectrometry technique in which m/z separation using one or more electric fields that vary with time. [CHMO, Allotrope]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/domain/WD/2019/03/mass-spectrometry

dynamic mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000457)

A mass spectrometry technique in which m/z separation using one or more electric fields that vary with time. [CHMO]

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dynamic nuclear polarization oximetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001579)

synonyms: DNP oximetry

A technique for measuring the amount of oxygen in a sample by collecting proton nuclear magnetic resonance data whilst irradiating the electron paramagnetic resonance signal from O2. A transfer of polarization from the electrons to the protons occurs, resulting in an enhancement of the observed NMR signal. [CHMO]

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dynamic scanning calorimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000682)

The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction as a function of temperature. [CHMO]

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dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000789)

synonyms: DMS, dynamic mass spectrometry, DSIMS, dynamic mass spectroscopy, dynamic secondary ion mass spectroscopy, sputtered mass spectrometry, sputtered mass spectroscopy

Secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis with primary ion current density sufficiently high for use in analysis of sample surface layers in the depth direction. [IUPAC MS REC]

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dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000789)

synonyms: DMS, dynamic mass spectrometry, DSIMS, dynamic mass spectroscopy, dynamic secondary ion mass spectroscopy, sputtered mass spectrometry, sputtered mass spectroscopy

Secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis with primary ion current density sufficiently high for use in analysis of sample surface layers in the depth direction. [IUPAC]

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dynamic vapor sorption

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002675)

synonyms: moisture sorption

Dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) is a gravimetric technique that measures how quickly and how much of a solvent is absorbed by a sample: such as a dry powder absorbing water. It does this by varying the vapor concentration surrounding the sample and measuring the change in mass which this produces. Water vapor is most commonly used, but it is also possible to use a wide range of organic solvents. [Wikipedia]

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dynamic vapor sorption

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003765)

synonyms: DVS

Dynamic vapor sorption is a gravimetric technique that measures how quickly and how much of a solvent is absorbed by a sample. It does this by varying the vapor concentration surrounding the sample and measuring the change in mass which this produces. [Wikipedia]

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dynamic weighing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000235)

In dynamic weighing you obtain stable weighing results even if the weighing sample or the balance itself moves, e.g. in animal weighing or if the balance is wobbling. [Mettler]

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dynamic-surface tensiometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000636)

synonyms: dynamic surface tensiometry

The measurement of the surface tension of a non-static liquid. [CHMO]

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elastic incoherent neutron scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000870)

synonyms: EINS

A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, phase is not conserved and the neutrons retain all of their kinetic energy during collisions. [CHMO]

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elastic low energy electron diffraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000834)

synonyms: ELEED, elastic low-energy electron diffraction, low-energy electron diffraction

A method for determining structure by directing a beam of low energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any elastically scattered (scattering where kinetic energy is conserved) electrons. [CHMO]

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elastic neutron scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001188)

synonyms: elastic neutron scattering

A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample and retain all of their kinetic energy during collisions. [CHMO]

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elastic recoil detection analysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001914)

synonyms: FRS, ERD, ERDA, HFS, elastic recoil detection, forward recoil scattering, hydrogen forward scattering

A technique for measuring elemental concentration depth profiles in thin films by directing an ion beam at the sample and detecting recoiled atoms. [CHMO]

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electric-field-induced second harmonic generation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001696)

synonyms: EFISH, EFISHG, EFISHG spectroscopy, electric field induced second harmonic generation, electric field induced second harmonic generation spectroscopy, electric-field-induced SHG, electric-field-induced SHG spectroscopy, electric-field-induced second harmonic generation, electric-field-induced second-harmonic- (EFISH) generation

A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser of frequency ömega whilst a direct-current electric field is applied, allowing the production of the second harmonic (2 omega). This technique is used to induce an asymmetry in an otherwise symmetric material as a probe of the molecular hyperpolarizability. [CHMO]

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electrical field-flow fractionation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000641)

synonyms: EF-FFF, ElFFF, electric FFF, electric field field-flow fractionation, electrical FFF

A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel and applying an electric field perpendicular to the channel. A carrier liquid is passed through the channel and the particles are separated on the basis of electrophoretic mobility. [CHMO]

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electrochemical analysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000502)

synonyms: electroanalytical method, electrochemical assay, electrochemical method

The use of an electrochemical cell to measure a qualitative or quantitative response. [CHMO]

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electrochemical catalytic reforming

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001172)

synonyms: ECR

Any process in which the molecular structure of a hydrocarbon is rearranged to alter its properties (e.g. its combustion characteristics) in the presence of a metal catalyst and under a high pressure of H2 gas. An electric current is used to heat the catalyst. [CHMO]

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electrochemical deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001712)

synonyms: cathodic electrodeposition, electrocoating, electrodeposition, electroplating

A synthesis method in which a film of solid metal is deposited from a solution of ions onto an electrically conducting surface (an electrode). Three electrodes are required (working, counter and reference) and when sufficient current is passed through the solution, metal ions are reduced at the working electrode. [CHMO]

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electrochemical detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001711)

synonyms: ED, coulometric detection

A detection method that is sensitive to compounds which can be either reduced or oxidised. A liquid containing the sample passes directly over the working electrode, which is set to the specific potential required for oxidation or reduction. The current produced is then measured. [CHMO]

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electrochemical gelation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000900)

The formation of a gel from a solution by electrochemical oxidation. [CHMO]

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electrochemical nanoimprint lithography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002329)

synonyms: electrochemical nanoimprinting, superionic electrochemical nanoimprinting

A synthesis technique that uses an electrochemical reaction to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A superionic conductor (e.g. Ag2S) stamp containing the desired (nanosized) pattern on its surface is pressed onto a metal substrate. When a voltage is applied across the substrate and stamp, metal ions move from the substrate to the stamp leaving behind the complementary pattern. [CHMO]

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electrochemical passivation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002197)

synonyms: electrolytic passivation

Any eletrochemical process that makes one sample unreactive to another, prior to using the samples together. [CHMO]

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electrochemical quartz crystal microgravimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001143)

synonyms: EQCM measurements, EQCM technique, eQCM measurements, eQCM technique, electrochemical QCM, electrochemical QCM measurements, electrochemical QCM technique, electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance measurements, electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance technique

A method used to determine the ratio of the mass, deposited at the electrode surface during an electrochemical reaction, to the total charge passed through the electrode (the 'current efficiency'). The electrode surface is deposited on a piezoelectric quartz crystal, and the change in resonance frequency of the crystal is measured. [CHMO]

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electrochemical surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001400)

synonyms: EC SPRS, EC-SPR EC SPR, EC-SPR spectrometry, EC-SPR spectroscopy, EC-SPRS, ECSPR, ECSPRS

A type of spectroscopy where the resonant excitation of surface plasmons on a surface, which is the working electrode in an electrochemical experiment, by ultraviolet or visible light is measured. [CHMO]

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electrochemical surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000654)

synonyms: electrochemical surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, EC-SERS, electrochemical SERS, electrochemical surface enhanced Raman scattering, electrochemical surface-enhanced Raman scattering

A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a visible laser, at a metal (Au, Ag or Cu) electrochemcial interface is detected. [CHMO]

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electrochemical-induced impedance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001259)

synonyms: EIS, electrical impedance spectrometry, electrical-impedance spectrometry, electrical-impedance spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, electrochemical-induced impedance spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of an electrochemical cell is measured. [CHMO]

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electrochemiluminescence detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001859)

synonyms: ECL , electrogenerated chemiluminescence

The detection of luminescence emitted by electrochemically-generated intermediates during an electrochemical reaction. [CHMO]

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electrodeionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002637)

synonyms: EDI

Electrodeionization is a water treatment technology that utilizes an electricity, ion exchange membranes and resin to deionize water and separate dissolved ions (impurities) from water. [Wikipedia]

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electrodialysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000446)

The selective separation of molecules in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion across a semipermeable membrane under the influence of an electric field. [CHMO]

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electrohydrodynamic droplet dispensing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001958)

synonyms: electrohydrodynamic droplet dispensing, EHD dispensing, EHD droplet dispensing

The dispensing of droplets between two electrodes by applying an electric field. [CHMO]

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electrohydrodynamic ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002522)

Ionization process that produces charged droplets and gas-phase ions from a liquid under vacuum with the application of an electric field. [IUPAC MS REC]

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electrohydrodynamic ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002522)

Ionization process that produces charged droplets and gas-phase ions from a liquid under vacuum with the application of an electric field. [IUPAC]

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electrokinetic chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002077)

synonyms: ECC, EKC, electrokinetic capillary chromatography

A separation method based on a combination of electrophoresis and interactions of the analytes with additives which form a dispersed phase moving at a different velocity. [CHMO]

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electrokinetic injection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002170)

Introduction of sample into the instrument system via pressure. [Allotrope]

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electrokinetic injection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002170)

Introduction of sample into the instrument system via pressure. [OSTHUS]

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electrokinetic patterning

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001825)

Any patterning technique that utlilises the movement of particles under the influence of an electric field (e.g. electroosmosis or electrophoresis). [CHMO]

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electroless metal deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001954)

A synthesis method in which a film of solid metal is deposited from a solution of ions onto an electrically conducting surface. No external power source is required, but a reductant is added to the solution to initiate the reduction of the metal ions. [CHMO]

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electroluminescence detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001024)

synonyms: EL detection

The detection of luminescence emitted from a sample as a result of the application of an electric current or a strong electric field. [CHMO]

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electrolytic conductivity detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001189)

synonyms: Coulson electrolytic conductivity detection, ELCD, HECD, Hall electrolytic conductivity detection

A detection method that is sensitive to compounds containing Br or Cl. The pyrolysed sample is dissolved in water, forming aqueous solutions of HBr or HCl. The change in electrical conductivity of the solution is then measured. [CHMO]

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electrolytic conductivity measurement

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003766)

synonyms: electrolytic conductivity detection

An electrolytic conductivity measurement is a measurement of the electrolytic conductivity of a material. [Allotrope]

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electrolytic etching

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001805)

synonyms: electroetching

The process of removing the unprotected areas of a surface by placing it inside an electrochemical etching solution in the presence of an electric current. [CHMO]

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electron appearance potential fine structure analysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000892)

synonyms: EAPFS, EAPFSS, electron appearance potential fine structure spectrometry, electron appearance potential fine structure spectroscopy, extended appearance potential fine structure analysis, extended appearance potential fine structure spectrometry, extended appearance potential fine structure spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by a sudden change in the electron beam current. The fine structure close to the threshold is analysed by measuring the change in electron beam current. [CHMO]

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electron backscatter diffraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001560)

synonyms: BKD, EBSD, backscatter Kikuchi diffraction

A method for determining structure by directing a beam of electrons at the sample (the energies of which are controlled by their acceleration voltage) and recording the resulting diffraction pattern of any backscattered electrons. [CHMO]

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electron beam curing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002111)

synonyms: E-beam curing, EB curing, e-beam curing, electron-beam curing

A chemical process in which a prepolymer is converted into a polymer and then into a network, upon irradiation with an electron beam. [CHMO]

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electron capture detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001113)

synonyms: ECD, electron capture detection, electron capture dissociation

A detection method that is sensitive to electronegative compounds (e.g. halogenated compounds). A beta-particle emitter (e.g. 63Ni) is used to produce an electron beam, which is passed between two electrodes. As the sample is passed through the e-beam, organic functional groups interact with the electrons, interrupting the current. [CHMO]

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electron capture dissociation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000667)

synonyms: ECD

Process in which multiply protonated molecules interact with low-energy electrons followed by fragmentation. The capture of an electron by the even-electron cation [M + nH]n+ liberates energy and reduces its charge state, thus producing the corresponding [M + nH](n–1)+• odd-electron ion, which readily fragments. [IUPAC MS REC]

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electron capture dissociation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000667)

synonyms: ECD

Process in which multiply protonated molecules interact with low-energy electrons followed by fragmentation. The capture of an electron by the even-electron cation [M + nH]n+ liberates energy and reduces its charge state, thus producing the corresponding [M + nH](n–1)+• odd-electron ion, which readily fragments. [IUPAC]

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electron capture ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002533)

synonyms: ECNI, ECI, electron capture negative ionisation, electron capture negative ionization

Ionization of a gas-phase atom or molecule by attachment of a free electron to form molecular ions of the M–• type. [IUPAC MS REC]

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electron capture ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002533)

synonyms: ECNI, ECI, electron capture negative ionisation, electron capture negative ionization

Ionization of a gas-phase atom or molecule by attachment of a free electron to form molecular ions of the M–• type. [IUPAC]

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electron capture measurement

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001113)

synonyms: ECD, electron capture detection, electron capture dissociation

Electron capture measurement is a measurement that is sensitive to electronegative compounds (e.g. halogenated compounds). A beta-particle emitter (e.g. 63Ni) is used to produce an electron beam, which is passed between two electrodes. As the sample is passed through the e-beam, organic functional groups interact with the electrons, interrupting the current. [Allotrope, CHMO]

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electron capture negative ionization mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001453)

synonyms: ECNI, electron capture negative ionisation mass spectrometry, electron capture negative ionization mass spectroscopy, resonant electron capture negative ionisation mass spectrometry, resonant electron capture negative ionisation mass spectroscopy, resonant electron capture negative ionization mass spectrometry, resonant electron capture negative ionization mass spectroscopy

A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by interaction with thermal electrons (electrons with energy 0.1 eV or less). [CHMO]

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electron coincidence spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001048)

synonyms: ECS, electron coincidence spectrometry

Any type of spectroscopy where two or more particles (electrons, photons or ions) originating from a single event, such as an ionization, are detected as a function of energy. [CHMO]

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electron diffraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001066)

synonyms: ED, electron crystallography, electron diffraction analysis, electron diffractometry

A method for determining structure by directing a beam of electrons (the energies of which are controlled by their acceleration voltage) and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. [CHMO]

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electron energy loss spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002026)

synonyms: EIS, ELS, EELS, IESS, REELS, electron energy loss spectrometry, electron impact spectroscopy, inelastic electron scattering spectrometry, inelastic electron scattering spectroscopy, reflection electron energy loss spectrometry, reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy

Any type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies (50-200 eV) interacts with a surface and the energy loss (0.005-100 eV) the electrons suffer as a result of the interaction is measured. [CHMO]

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electron ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001701)

synonyms: electron ionisation, electron impact ionisation, EI, electron impact, electron impact ionization

Electron ionization is a ionization that removes one or more electrons from an atom or molecule through interactions with electrons that are typically accelerated to energies between 10 and 150 eV. [IUPAC]

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electron ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001701)

synonyms: electron ionisation, electron impact ionisation, EI, electron impact, electron impact ionization

Ionization that removes one or more electrons from an atom or molecule through interactions with electrons that are typically accelerated to energies between 10 and 150 eV. [IUPAC MS REC]

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electron ionization mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001817)

synonyms: EI-MS, electron ionisation mass spectroscopy, electron ionization mass spectroscopy

A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by electrons (energy 70 eV) which have been emitted from a glowing filament and accelerated through an electric field. [CHMO]

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electron magnetic resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002129)

synonyms: EMR, EMR spectroscopy

Any type of magnetic resonance spectroscopy involving unpaired electrons. [CHMO]

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electron microprobe Auger spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001917)

synonyms: Auger electron microanalysis, EMAS, electron microprobe Auger electron spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where bombardment of a sample with a finely focused (<10 m diameter) beam of electrons results in the ionization of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of incident electron energy. [CHMO]

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electron microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002244)

synonyms: EM

A type of microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. [CHMO]

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electron nuclear double resonance

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001702)

synonyms: electron nuclear double resonance , ENDOR, ENDOR spectroscopy, EPR detected NMR

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electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001702)

synonyms: electron nuclear double resonance , ENDOR, ENDOR spectroscopy, EPR detected NMR

Any type of spectroscopy where a nuclear resonance is detected though its effect on an electron spin resonance. [CHMO]

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electron paramagnetic resonance monitored oxidation-reduction titration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001067)

synonyms: EPR-monitored oxidation-reduction titration, EPR-monitored redox titration, ESR-monitored oxidation-reduction titration, ESR-monitored redox titration, electron paramagnetic resonance monitored redox titration, electron spin resonance monitored oxidation-reduction titration, electron spin resonance monitored redox titration

The process of determining the quantity of a sample by monitoring a redox process until the endpoint, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by monitoring the amplitude of an EPR signal (the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to a perturbing magnetic field) from one of the reactants. [CHMO]

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electron probe X-ray microanalysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000265)

synonyms: EMPA, EPMA, EPXMA, electron microprobe analysis, electron probe microanalysis

A type of X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding a flat polished sample with a finely focused (<10 µm diameter) beam of electrons which results in the ionization of the inner shells of sample atoms. The decay of the ionized states results in the emission of characteristic X-rays. [CHMO]

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electron scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001901)

synonyms: ESS, electron scattering spectrometry, electron scattering spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, extended range of kinetic energies is scattered by a surface and the energy and position of the scattered electrons is measured. [CHMO]

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electron spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000757)

synonyms: ES, electron spectrometry

Any type of spectroscopy where the absorption or emission of electrons is detected. [CHMO]

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electron spin resonance imaging

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000124)

synonyms: EPR imaging, EPRI, ESR imaging, ESRI, electron paramagnetic imaging

An imaging method which uses the detection of unpaired spins in a magnetic field gradient so that the resonance condition is sensitive to the position of the spins in the sample. [CHMO]

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electron spin resonance oximetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000406)

synonyms: EPR oximetry, EPR spin-label oximetry, EPR spin-probe oximetry, ESR oximetry, ESR spin-label oximetry, ESR spin-probe oximetry, electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry , electron paramagnetic resonance spin-label oximetry, electron paramagnetic resonance spin-probe oximetry, electron spin resonance spin-label oximetry, electron spin resonance spin-probe oximetry, spin-label oximetry, spin-probe oximetry

A technique used to measure the levels of oxygen in a sample by measuring the enhancement of relaxation rates (proportional to O2 concentration) of paramagnetic species ('labels' or 'probes', e.g. nitroxides) in solution with O2, using ESR spectroscopy. [CHMO]

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electron spin resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000741)

synonyms: EPR, EPR spectroscopy, ESR, ESR spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometry, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, electron spin resonance spectrometry

Any type of spectroscopy where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to a perturbing magnetic field is measured. [CHMO]

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electron spin-echo envelope modulation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001635)

synonyms: ESEEM, electron spin echo envelope modulation

A type of pulsed EPR spectroscopy which is used to observe the electron spin echo in a paramagnetic system as a function of the time that separates the pulses causing the echo. This technique is a powerful probe of the radial distribution of magnetic nuclear spins in the environment of the electron spins producing the echo. [CHMO]

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electron transfer detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000888)

synonyms: electron transfer dissociation, ETD

A detection method that is sensitive to peptides. Anions transfer electrons to multiply protonated peptides inducing fragmentation of the peptide backbone. [CHMO]

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electron transfer dissociation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002005)

synonyms: ETD

Process in which multiply protonated molecules accept an electron from an anion with relatively low electron affinity. Capture of the electron leads to the liberation of energy and a reduction in charge of the ion with the production of the [M + nH](n–1)+• odd-electron ion, which is readily fragmented by collision-induced dissociation. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

electron transfer dissociation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002005)

synonyms: ETD

Process in which multiply protonated molecules accept an electron from an anion with relatively low electron affinity. Capture of the electron leads to the liberation of energy and a reduction in charge of the ion with the production of the [M + nH](n–1)+• odd-electron ion, which is readily fragmented by collision-induced dissociation. [IUPAC]

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electron-beam lithography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001527)

synonyms: EB lithography, EBDW, EBL, EPL, e-beam lithography, e-beam patterning, electron beam (EB) lithography, electron beam lithography, electron beam patterning, electron projection lithography, electron-beam direct-write lithography, electron-beam patterning, electron-projection lithography

A synthesis technique that uses electrons to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a beam of electrons (10-20 keV) is scanned across it in a patterned fashion. The electrons induce chemical reactions in the resist and the desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). The electron beam can be focused using either electric or magnetic fields. [CHMO]

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electron-beam projection lithography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002097)

synonyms: EPL, e-beam projection lithography, ebeam projection lithography

A synthesis technique that uses electrons to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a beam of electrons (100 keV) is scanned across a patterned mask. The electrons induce chemical reactions in the resist and the desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). The electron beam can be focused using either electric or magnetic fields. [CHMO]

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electron-beam sputter deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000609)

synonyms: e-beam sputtering, e-beam sputtering deposition, electron beam sputtering, electron sputter deposition, electron-beam sputtering

A synthesis technique where a solid target is bombarded with electrons causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate. [CHMO]

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electron-beam-induced deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001394)

synonyms: EB deposition, EBD, EBID, electron beam deposition, electron beam-induced deposition, electron-beam deposition

A synthesis method where an electron beam is used to decompose gaseous molecules leading to deposition of a solid on a nearby substrate. [CHMO]

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electron-electron coincidence spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001992)

synonyms: E2E, electron-electron coincidence spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of a pair of electrons which are detected as a function of energy. [CHMO]

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electron-electron double resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001129)

synonyms: electron-electron double resonance spectroscopy, DEER, DEER spectroscopy, ELDOR, ELDOR spectroscopy, double electron-electron resonance spectroscopy, electron-electron double resonance

Any type of spectroscopy where one electron spin resonance is detected though its effect on another. [CHMO]

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electron-electron-ion coincidence spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001334)

synonyms: EEICO, electron-electron ion coincidence spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of an ion and a pair of electrons which are detected as a function of energy. [CHMO]

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electron-excited Auger electron spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001249)

synonyms: EAES, EEAES, EIAES, electron-excited Auger electron spectrometry, electron-induced Auger electron spectrometry, electron-induced Auger electron spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where electron bombardment of a sample results in the ionization of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electron and the energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of incident electron energy. [CHMO]

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electron-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002452)

synonyms: EIXES, electron-induced XES

Any type of X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding the sample with a focused beam of high-energy electrons. [CHMO]

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electron-induced photoelectron spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001989)

synonyms: electron-induced PES

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. The energy of the incident electrons is usually greater than the ionization energy of the sample and the photoelectrons are emitted with the excess in the form of kinetic energy. [CHMO]

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electron-ion coincidence spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000301)

synonyms: EICO, electron-ion coincidence spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of an ion and an electron which are detected as a function of energy. [CHMO]

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electronic absorbance measurement

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002188)

synonyms: electronic absorption detection, electronic absorbance measuring

Electronic absorption measurement is a measurement that is based on the absorption of energy by electronic transitions. [Allotrope]

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electronic absorption detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002188)

synonyms: electronic absorption detection, electronic absorbance measuring

Electronic absorption detection is a type of detection that is based on the absorption of energy by electronic transitions. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/REC/2018/04/aft

electronic circular dichroism spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001632)

synonyms: ECD, ECD spectrometry, ECD spectroscopy, electronic CD, electronic circular dichroism, electronic circular dichroism spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarized visible or near-ultraviolet radiation (200-400 nm). The optical activity of the sample is monitored using electronic transitions. [CHMO]

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electronic spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001655)

Any spectroscopic method which probes the electronic degrees of freedom of an atom or molecule. [CHMO]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/REC/2024/09/aft

electronic spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001655)

Any spectroscopic method which probes the electronic degrees of freedom of an atom or molecule. [CHMO]

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electronic sputter etching

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001408)

synonyms: electronic sputtering

The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface by bombarding it with high-energy or highly charged heavy ions. [CHMO]

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electronic sum-frequency generation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002459)

synonyms: ESFG spectroscopy, electronic sum frequency generation spectroscopy, electronic sum-frequency generation (ESFG) spectroscopy

A method for generating surface-specific electronic spectra by mixing two light beams at a surface and detecting the output beam, which has frequency equal to the sum of the two input frequencies. [CHMO]

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electrophoresis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000669)

synonyms: cataphoresis, electrophoretic analysis

An electrophoresis is a separation where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium, across which an electric field is applied. [CHMO]

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electrophoresis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000669)

synonyms: cataphoresis, electrophoretic analysis

A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium, across which an electric field is applied. [CHMO]

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electrophoretic deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001260)

synonyms: EPD

Any synthesis process where colloidal particles suspended in a liquid medium migrate under the influence of an electric field and are deposited on an electrode. [CHMO]

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electrophoretic light scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000602)

synonyms: ELS

A method for determining the electrophoretic mobility and zeta-potential of a sample of colloidal particles in solution by illuminating the sample with a light source (usually a laser) and measuring the time dependent fluctuations in the frequency of the scattered light caused by an oscillating electric field. [CHMO]

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electroporation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001367)

synonyms: electropermeabilization

A method for introducing polar molecules into a host cell through the cell membrane. A large electric pulse (300-400 mV for <1 ms) temporarily disturbs the phospholipid bilayer, allowing molecules like DNA to pass into the cell. [CHMO]

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electrospinning

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000437)

synonyms: electro-spinning

A process used to created very fine (µm or nm scale) fibres from a liquid. A high voltage is applied to a droplet of the liquid sample which is drawn out into fibres and cooled in air. [CHMO]

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electrospray ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002103)

synonyms: ESI, ionspray

Spray ionization process in which either cations or anions in solution are transferred to the gas phase via formation and desolvation at atmospheric pressure of a stream of highly charged droplets that result from applying a potential difference between the tip of the electrospray needle containing the solution and a counter electrode. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

electrospray ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002103)

synonyms: ESI, ionspray

Spray ionization process in which either cations or anions in solution are transferred to the gas phase via formation and desolvation at atmospheric pressure of a stream of highly charged droplets that result from applying a potential difference between the tip of the electrospray needle containing the solution and a counter electrode. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

electrospray ionization gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000273)

synonyms: ESI-GEMMA

A separation method where singly-charged complexes move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in air under the influence of an electric field. The sample is ionized by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. [CHMO]

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electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000533)

synonyms: ESI MS, ES-MS, ESI-MS, ESI-mass spectrometry, ESIMS, ESMS, MS (EI), electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy

Any type of spectrometry where the sample is ionized by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. The ions are then characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. [CHMO]

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electrospray-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000629)

synonyms: ELDI-MS, ELDI/MS, ESI-LD-MS, electrospray ionisation laser desorption mass spectrometry, electrospray ionization laser desorption mass spectrometry

A type of mass spectrometry where neutral molecules are desorbed from the sample (usually biological) using a nitrogen laser and then ionized by collision with charged solvent droplets which are formed by forcing the solvent through a small heated capillary into an electric field. [CHMO]

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defined in:

electrostatic force microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000923)

synonyms: EFM, electric force microscopy

A type of microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. A bias voltage is applied between the tip and sample, forming a capacitor with the sample surface, over which it is scanned laterally at a constant separation. The electrostatic force (measured as the change in resonant frequency of the cantilever) is probed as a function of position by changing the applied voltage. [CHMO]

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defined in:

electrostatic repulsion hydrophilic interaction chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001714)

synonyms: ERLIC, electrostatic repulsion-hydrophilic interaction chromatography

Hydrophilic interaction chromatography where the chromatography column is an ion-exchange column and the mobile phase is predominantly organic. [CHMO]

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electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000687)

synonyms: ET-AAS, ETAAS, electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy

A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where the sample is atomised using a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. [CHMO]

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defined in:

electrothermal atomic emission spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000560)

synonyms: ETAES, electrothermal atomic emission spectrometry

A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is atomised using a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. [CHMO]

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defined in:

electrothermal atomic fluorescence spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001734)

synonyms: ETAFS, electrothermal atomic fluorescence spectrometry

A type of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy where the sample is atomised using a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. [CHMO]

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defined in:

elemental analysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001982)

synonyms: EA

A process where a sample is analyzed for its elemental and sometimes isotopic composition (the elements present and sometimes their weight percentage). [CHMO]

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elemental analysis isotope ratio mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001517)

synonyms: EA-IR-MS, EA-IRMS, elemental analyser isotope ratio mass spectrometry, elemental analyser isotope ratio mass spectroscopy, elemental analysis isotope ratio mass spectroscopy

A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is first subject to elemental analysis (dropped onto a heated reactor which contains an oxidant - such as copper and chromium oxide - and combusted at 900 C to produce N2, NOx, H2O and CO2 which are reduced in a stream of helium) before the relative abundance of isotopes in the sample is determined. [CHMO]

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ellipsometric porosimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001716)

synonyms: EP

The measurement of the pore diameter, pore-size distribution and total pore volume of a thin porous film sample by measuring the changes in intensity and polarization of reflected light during vapour adsorption and desorption. [CHMO]

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ellipsometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001869)

synonyms: optical ellipsometry

Any method for determining structure where the sample is illuminated with light and the intensity and change in polarization of the reflected light are measured. [CHMO]

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defined in:

elution

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000313)

A process wherein one material is extracted from another by interaction with a solvent. [CHMO]

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defined in:

elution chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000751)

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

elution chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000751)

Elution chromatography is a chromatography in which the mobile phase is continuously passed through or along the chromatographic bed and the sample is fed into the system as a finite slug. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

emission

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003437)

The achievement that a signal has left a source in an information transmission. [Allotrope]

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emission

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003437)

The accomplishment that a signal has left a source in an information transmission. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

emission titration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001775)

The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the intensity/wavelength of radiation emitted by the sample. [CHMO]

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emulsification

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001704)

synonyms: emulsion method, emulsion process, emulsion processing

A method for dispersing two or more immiscible liquids by shaking, stirring or homogenising the mixture. [CHMO]

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emulsion polymerization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000083)

synonyms: conventional emulsion polymerisation, conventional emulsion polymerization

A polymer preparation technique in which monomer (usually acrylic) droplets are dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase and are kept colloidally stable through the use of a surfactant. [CHMO]

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defined in:

end

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003286)

The process boundary when the process ends. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

energetic process

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003321)

A process where an agent affects energy flowing in and out of a system or affecting the energetic state of materials. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

energizing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003481)

synonyms: energizing, providing energy, supplying energy

State of making energy available for a consumer. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

energizing state

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003481)

synonyms: energizing, providing energy, supplying energy

State of making energy available for a consumer. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

energy-dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000988)

synonyms: EDAX, EDCS, EDS, EDS analysis, EDX, EDX analysis, EDXA, EDXRF, X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, energy dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, energy distribution curve spectroscopy, energy distribution spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray emission analysis

A type of X-ray emission spectroscopy where the energy spectrum of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions is measured using a semiconductor detector. [CHMO]

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defined in:

energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000922)

synonyms: ESI, EF-TEM, EF/TEM, EFTEM, electron spectroscopic imaging, energy filtered TEM, energy filtered transmission electron microscopy, energy-filtered TEM

A type of microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum and the intensities of transmitted electrons of particular kinetic energies are measured. [CHMO]

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defined in:

environmental scanning electron microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001934)

synonyms: E-SEM, ESEM, environmental SEM

A type of microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across the specimen in a gaseous environment and the interaction of the electrons with the specimen is determined. [CHMO]

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defined in:

enzyme digestion

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001447)

synonyms: enzymatic digestion, enzymic digestion

The decomposition of sample by an enzyme to obtain the sample in liquid form. [CHMO]

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defined in:

enzyme oximetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002277)

A technique used to determine the extent of oxygenation of an enzyme, based on the absorption of light by the oxygenated and deoxygenated forms. [CHMO]

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defined in:

enzyme-dependent fluorescence recovery after photobleaching

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001115)

synonyms: ED-FRAP, ED/FRAP, enzyme dependent fluorescence recovery after photobleaching

A method for determining the distribution of enzyme activity in a sample by photobleaching a specific fluorescent metabolite during microscopy, and monitoring its enzymatically-driven recovery. [CHMO]

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defined in:

enzymic decomposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001658)

synonyms: enzymatic decomposition

The conversion of a high-molecular-mass species into a lower-molecular-mass species using an enzyme. [CHMO]

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defined in:

epifluorescence microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002192)

A type of microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with light of specific wavelengths. In epifluorescence microscopy light is transmitted through the objective lens onto the specimen, eliminating the need to filter out unwanted light directly from the source. [CHMO]

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defined in:

epitaxy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001451)

A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from liquid or gaseous precursors) on a monocrystalline substrate. [CHMO]

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equilibration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001606)

Equilibration is the process of bring the state of a system to an equilibrium. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

equimolar spectrophotometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000813)

A method where the absorption of radiation in the ultraviolet to near-infrared (0.1-2.5 μm) is used to calculate stability constants by equimolar dilution. [CHMO]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/REC/2018/04/aft

equimolar spectrophotometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000813)

A method where the absorption of radiation in the ultraviolet to near-infrared (0.1-2.5 µm) is used to calculate stability constants by equimolar dilution. [CHMO]

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etching

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000659)

The process of chemically removing a thin layer from a sample surface, usually to leave behind a pattern. [CHMO]

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ethanol extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002379)

synonyms: EtOH extraction

The process of transferring a substance from any matrix into ethanol. [CHMO]

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defined in:

evacuating (chem)

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003785)

synonyms: evacuating

Evacuating is the removing of gasses from a container to create a vacuum. [Allotrope]

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evaporation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002169)

The physical process by which a liquid substance is converted to a gas or vapour. This may occur at or below the normal boiling point of the liquid (the temperature at which a liquid boils at 1 atmosphere pressure) and the process is endothermic. [CHMO]

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evaporation-induced self-assembly

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002137)

synonyms: EISA, evaporation induced self assembly, evaporation induced self-assembly

A synthesis method in which a drop of solvent is placed on the components to be assembled and allowed to dry freely in air. The solvent evaporation causes the spontaneous association of individual components into an organised structure or pattern. [CHMO]

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evaporative light scattering detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003837)

synonyms: ELSD, evaporative light scattering measurement, evaporative light scattering process

A detection method where a liquid containing the sample is atomized in a gas, forming small droplets which are allowed to evaporate leaving the sample as fine particles. The suspended particles pass through a light beam and the scattered light transmitted by the particles is sensed by a photodiode or photomultiplier tube. The response can be quantitative and relative to the amount of molecules eluting. [Allotrope, CHMO]

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evaporative light scattering detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001316)

synonyms: ELSD, ELS, evaporative light scattering

A detection method where a liquid containing the sample is atomised in a gas, forming small droplets which are allowed to evaporate leaving the sample as fine particles. The suspended particles pass through a light beam and the scattered light transmitted by the particles is sensed by a photomultiplier. The response is proportional to the mass of the molecules in the sample. [CHMO]

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event

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003737)

An event is an occurrent that is an accomplishment or an achievement. [Allotrope]

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excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001411)

synonyms: excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy, EEM, excitation emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence, excitation-emission matrix fluorescence, fluorescence EEM

A type of fluorescence spectroscopy where a two-dimensional total fluorescence spectrum is recorded at various excitationnwavelengths. [CHMO]

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exclusion chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001906)

Column chromatography where the separation is caused by exclusion effects such as differences in molecular size, shape or charge. [CHMO]

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exorcycle

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000278)

synonyms: EXORCYCLE

A phase cycle technique used in FT NMR experiments whereby the sense of application (or phase) of the RF pulses is altered on repeating the experiment to eliminate spectral artefacts. Exorcyle takes its name from the fact that it is used to remove 'phantom' and 'ghost' peaks. For the technique see J. Magn. Reson., (1977), 27, pg 511. [CHMO]

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expanded-bed adsorption chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003557)

synonyms: EBA

A chromatography taht uses an expanded bed chromatographic adsorption column for a biochemical separation process. [Allotrope]

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expanded-bed adsorption chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003557)

synonyms: EBA

A chromatography that uses an expanded bed chromatographic adsorption column for a biochemical separation process. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/domain/WD/2024/09/chromatography

experiment

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003735)

An experiment is a planned process that has the goal of verifying, falsifying, or establishing the validity of a hypothesis. [SIO]

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defined in:

exponential deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000189)

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2019/06/aft

exponential

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000189)

Definition pending. [0]

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exponential calibration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003694)

synonyms: power calibration

An exponential calibration is an analyte calibration that applies curve fitting of the calibration curve to an exponential function. [Allotrope]

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exporting

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003350)

Exporting is a channeling that sends a flow (material, energy, signal) from inside of a boundary to the outside. [Allotrope, NIST]

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extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002235)

synonyms: EXAFS, EXAFS spectrometry, EXAFS spectroscopy, EXAFSS, extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry

A type of X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient measured 500-1000 eV below the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are determined as a function of incident X-ray energy. [CHMO]

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extended electron energy loss fine structure spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001835)

synonyms: EELFS, ELFS spectrometry, ELFS spectroscopy, EXEELFS, EXELFS spectrometry, EXELFS spectroscopy, extended electron energy loss fine structure spectrometry, extended energy loss fine structure spectrometry, extended energy loss fine structure spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, extended range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the energy loss the electrons suffer upon reflection is measured. Measurements are taken from the absorption edge onset to several hundred eV above it. [CHMO]

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extracting

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003336)

Separating by drawing, or forcibly pulling out, a flow that is of a different kind than that of the input flow. [Allotrope, NIST]

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extracting material

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003532)

Extracting material is extracting of material. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001196)

The transfer of a solute from a liquid phase to another immiscible or partially-miscible liquid phase in contact with it. [CHMO]

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defined in:

extraction electrospray ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000627)

synonyms: EESI

An ionization method where a neutral sample, in the form of a gas or aerosol flow, is ionized by directing it into a plume of charged droplets, generated by forcing a solution of pure solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 µL min-1) into an electric field. [CHMO]

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defined in:

extractive distillation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000506)

A method of separating two components of very similar boiling point from a mixture. A third, miscible and high-boiling-point solvent is added to the mixture which causes a change in the volatilities of the components. These components are then vaporised by the application of heat and cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. [CHMO]

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defined in:

extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000949)

synonyms: EESI-MS, EESI/MS, extractive electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy, extractive electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy

A type of mass spectrometry where a neutral sample, in the form of a gas or aerosol flow, is ionized by directing it into a plume of charged droplets, generated by forcing a solution of pure solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 µL min-1) into an electric field. [CHMO]

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defined in:

extreme ultraviolet lithography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001438)

synonyms: EUV lithography, EUVL, extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography, extreme-ultraviolet lithography, soft X-ray reflective lithography

A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90-100 deg. C. The photoresist is then exposed to a pattern of intense EUV (13.5 nm) light in a vacuum. A post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120-180 deg. C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. [CHMO]

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extreme ultraviolet photoelectron microspectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001301)

synonyms: EUV photoelectron micro-spectroscopy, EUV photoelectron microspectroscopy, extreme ultra-violet photoelectron microspectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a finely focused (<10 m) extreme ultraviolet (10-121 nm) photon beam causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]

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extrusion

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000451)

synonyms: extrusion molding, extrusion moulding

A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a material through a die. [CHMO]

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far-infrared magnetic resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001759)

synonyms: FIR-LMR, FIRMR, LEPR, LESR, LMR, far-infrared laser magnetic resonance, far-infrared laser magnetic resonance spectroscopy, far-infrared magnetic resonance, laser electron paramagnetic resonance, laser electron spin resonance, laser magnetic resonance, laser magnetic resonance (LMR) at far-infrared wavelengths, laser magnetic resonance spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the energy levels of paramagnetic species (such as HCN) are tuned into resonance with a far-infrared laser source in order to investigate rotational transitions. [CHMO]

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far-infrared spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001566)

synonyms: FIR, FIR spectrometry, FIR spectroscopy, far infrared spectroscopy, far-IR, far-IR spectroscopy, far-infra-red spectrometry, far-infrared spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation in the far infrared region (15-1000 µm). [CHMO]

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fast Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000994)

synonyms: FFT-FTIR, FFT/FTIR, FT infrared spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the sample absorbs a single pulse of radiation from the infrared region (0.78-1000 µm) and the spectrum obtained is subject to a fast Fourier transform. [CHMO]

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fast Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000994)

synonyms: FFT-FTIR, FFT/FTIR, FT infrared spectroscopy

Fast Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is a type of spectroscopy where the sample absorbs a single pulse of radiation from the infrared region (0.78-1000 µm) and the spectrum obtained is subject to a fast Fourier transform. [CHMO]

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fast atom bombardment ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001883)

synonyms: FAB

Ionization of molecules initiated by a beam of neutral atoms with translational energies in the keV range. Labile molecules susceptible to dissociation are dissolved in an involatile liquid matrix that absorbs the energy of the bombarding atoms to form a selvedge region above the liquid surface in which ionization of the molecules occurs. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

fast atom bombardment ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001883)

synonyms: FAB

Ionization of molecules initiated by a beam of neutral atoms with translational energies in the keV range. Labile molecules susceptible to dissociation are dissolved in an involatile liquid matrix that absorbs the energy of the bombarding atoms to form a selvedge region above the liquid surface in which ionization of the molecules occurs. [IUPAC]

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fast ion bombardment ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000320)

synonyms: FIB, fast ion bombardment

Ionization of any species by the interaction of a focused beam of ions, with a translational energy of several thousand eV, with a solid or liquid sample. [IUPAC MS REC]

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fast ion bombardment ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000320)

synonyms: FIB, fast ion bombardment

Ionization of any species by the interaction of a focused beam of ions, with a translational energy of several thousand eV, with a solid or liquid sample. [IUPAC]

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fast protein liquid chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003789)

synonyms: FPLC

Fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) is a liquid chromatography that is used to analyze or purify mixtures of proteins. [Wikipedia]

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fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000353)

synonyms: FAB-MS, FABMS, LSI-MS, LSIMS, MS (FAB), fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, fast atom bombardment mass spectroscopy, fast-atom bombardment mass spectroscopy, liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry, liquid secondary ion mass spectroscopy

A type of mass spectrometry where the sample (which is held in a liquid matrix) is bombarded with a stream of primary noble gas atoms and the secondary ions ejected from the sample are detected. [CHMO]

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fast-scan cyclic voltammetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001276)

synonyms: FCV, FSCV, fast cyclic voltammetry, fast scan cyclic voltammetry

An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied linearly and inverts at the end point resulting in a cycle which repeats approximately every 100 ms. [CHMO]

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femtosecond Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001241)

synonyms: FRIKES, femtosecond Raman induced Kerr effect spectroscopy, femtosecond Raman-induced Kerr-effect spectroscopy, fs RIKES, fs-RIKES

A type of spectroscopy where femtosecond pulses of two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) with a frequency difference close to a Raman-mode frequency in the sample induce a refractive index change in the sample. By scanning the frequency difference of the two beams and recording simultaneously the polarization change of the probe beam, the Raman spectral structure of the sample can be obtained.Information is obtained regarding ultrafast solvent dynamics by measuring the time response of a transient birefringence that is induced in the sample by a polarized femtosecond optical pulse. [CHMO]

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femtosecond laser flash photolysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001807)

synonyms: fs laser flash photolysis

A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong femtosecond pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The absorption of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse. [CHMO]

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femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002286)

synonyms: fs-LIBS

A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a high energy femtosecond laser pulse is used to generate a plasma which acts as the excitation source. [CHMO]

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femtosecond optically-heterodyned Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001840)

synonyms: femtosecond OHD-RIKES, femtosecond OHRIKES, femtosecond optical heterodyne-detected Raman-induced Kerr-effect spectroscopy, femtosecond optically heterodyned Raman induced Kerr effect spectroscopy, femtosecond optically heterodyned Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy, femtosecond optically heterodyned Raman-induced Kerr-effect spectroscopy, fs-OHD-RIKES, fs-OHRIKE spectroscopy, fs-OHRIKES, fsOHD-RIKES, fsOHRIKES

A type of spectroscopy where femtosecond pulses of two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) with a frequency difference close to a Raman-mode frequency in the sample induce a refractive index change in the sample. By scanning the frequency difference of the two beams and recording simultaneously the polarization change of the probe beam, the Raman spectral structure of the sample can be obtained. The polarizing filters are rotated slightly, giving rise to a heterodyne at the detector, improving the signal-to-noise ratio compared to Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy. [CHMO]

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femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002352)

synonyms: femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy, fs PP spectroscopy, fs pump probe spectroscopy, fs pump-probe spectroscopy, ultra-fast pump-probe spectroscopy, ultrafast pump probe spectroscopy, ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with an initial laser pulse (the 'pump') followed by a second laser pulse (the 'probe') after a fs delay. The pump pulse creates excitations in the sample, which are sensed by the probe pulse. [CHMO]

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femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000575)

synonyms: FSRS, FSRSS, femtosecond broadband stimulated Raman scattering spectrometry, femtosecond broadband stimulated Raman scattering spectroscopy, femtosecond broadband stimulated Raman spectrometry, femtosecond broadband stimulated Raman spectroscopy, femtosecond stimulated Raman scattering spectrometry, femtosecond stimulated Raman scattering spectroscopy, femtosecond stimulated Raman spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a femtosecond laser pulse, by a sample is detected. The laser pulse is generated by the mixing of two lasers ('pump' and 'probe'). [CHMO]

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femtosecond two-colour four-wave mixing spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000854)

synonyms: femtosecond two-colour four-wave spectroscopy, fsTC-FWM spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where three femtosecond pulse incident laser beams are mixed, two 'pump' beams of the same frequency and one 'probe' beam of a different frequency. [CHMO]

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fermentation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000542)

The process in which cells (microorganisms, plant or animal cells) are cultured in a bioreactor in a liquid or solid medium to convert organic substances into biomass (growth) or into products. [CHMO]

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field desorption

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001827)

synonyms: FD

The formation of gas-phase ions from a material deposited on a solid surface in the presence of a high electric field. Because this process may encompass ionization by field ionization or other mechanisms, it is not recommended as a synonym for field desorption ionization. [PSI-MS]

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field desorption mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002330)

synonyms: FDMS, FD mass spectrometry, FD-MS, field desorption mass spectroscopy

A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is deposited on a solid surface known as an 'emitter' and ionized by interaction with a high electric field. [CHMO]

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field emission electron spin-polarization spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000749)

synonyms: FEESP, field-emission electron spin-polarisation spectroscopy, field-emission electron spin-polarization spectroscopy, field-emitted electron spin-polarization spectrometry, field-emitted electron spin-polarization spectrometry, field-emitted electron spin-polarisation spectrometry

Any type of electron spectroscopy where electrons are emitted from a cathode by application of an intense electric field and a magnet is used to align all electron spins parallel to the sample surface. [CHMO]

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field ion microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001864)

synonyms: FIM, field ionisation microscopy, field ionization microscopy, field-ion microscopy, field-ionisation microscopy, field-ionization microscopy

A type of microscopy where atoms of an inert gas in the vicinty of the specimen (which is in the form of a very sharp tip <10 m diameter) are ionized by the application of a strong electric field to the tip and an image is produced by the projection of the ions onto a fluorescent screen. The image consists of a pattern of spots of light which correspond to individual atoms on the specimen surface. [CHMO]

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field ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001594)

synonyms: FI

The removal of electrons from any species by interaction with a high electric field. [PSI-MS]

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field ionization mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000259)

synonyms: FI-MS, FI/MS, FIMS, field ionisation mass spectroscopy, field ionization mass spectroscopy

A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by interaction with a high electric field. [CHMO]

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field-effect transistor method

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002324)

synonyms: FET method, FET technique, field effect transistor method, field-effect transistor (FET) method

A method for determining charge transport by incorporating the sample (as a thin film) into an FET. An electric field is applied to the sample (by means of the gate electrode) and the change in conductance between the source and drain electrodes is measured. [CHMO]

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field-emission electron microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000860)

synonyms: FEM, field electron microscopy, field emission electron microscopy, field emission microscopy, field-emission microscopy

A type of microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam produced by field emission with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. [CHMO]

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field-emission electron spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002166)

synonyms: FEED spectrometry, FEED spectroscopy, FES, field emission electron spectroscopy, field emission energy distribution spectrometry, field emission energy distribution spectroscopy FEEDS

Any type of electron spectroscopy where electrons are emitted from a cathode by application of an intense electric field. [CHMO]

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field-emission scanning electron microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001014)

synonyms: FE-SEM, FEG-SEM, FE SEM, FE/SEM, FEGSEM, FESEM, FSEM, field emission gun scanning electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, field-emission gun scanning electron microscopy

A type of microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam produced by thermionic emission heating (field emission) and with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across the specimen under vacuum and the interaction of the electrons with the specimen is determined. [CHMO]

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field-emission transmission electron microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002373)

synonyms: FEG-TEM, FEGTEM, FE TEM, FE-TEM, FE/TEM, FETEM, FTEM, field emission gun transmission electron microscopy, field emission transmission electron microscopy, field-emission-gun transmission electron microscopy

A type of microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam produced by thermionic emission heating (field emission) and with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. [CHMO]

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field-flow fractionation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001275)

synonyms: FFF, field flow fractionation

Any separation technique based on the application of a field perpendicular to a flow stream in a narrow channel. [CHMO]

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film coating

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002678)

synonyms: tablet coating, tablet film coating

A film coating is a thin polymer-based coat applied to a solid dosage form such as a tablet. The thickness of such a coating is usually between 20-100 µm. [Wikipedia]

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filtration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001530)

The process of segregation of phases; the separation of suspended solids from a liquid or gas, usually by forcing a carrier gas or liquid through a porous medium. [CHMO]

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fingerprinting

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002691)

Fingerprinting is the process of comparison or overlay of measured spectra with existing reference spectra. [Allotrope]

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finishing process

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003310)

Given a process that needs some post-conditions (a specific situation realized) after process ends the finishing process follows to achieve these post-conditions. [Allotrope]

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firmware deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002284)

In electronic systems and computing, firmware is "the combination of a hardware device, e.g. an integrated circuit, and computer instructions and data that reside as read only software on that device". As a result, firmware usually cannot be modified during normal operation of the device. Typical examples of devices containing firmware are embedded systems (such as traffic lights, consumer appliances, and digital watches), computers, computer peripherals, mobile phones, and digital cameras. The firmware contained in these devices provides the control program for the device. [Wikipedia]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2018/07/aft

firmware

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002284)

In electronic systems and computing, firmware is "the combination of a hardware device, e.g. an integrated circuit, and computer instructions and data that reside as read only software on that device". As a result, firmware usually cannot be modified during normal operation of the device. Typical examples of devices containing firmware are embedded systems (such as traffic lights, consumer appliances, and digital watches), computers, computer peripherals, mobile phones, and digital cameras. The firmware contained in these devices provides the control program for the device. [Wikipedia]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/WD/2018/04/aft

first order phase correction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000576)

The application of a Phase Correction algorithm to a Fourier transform NMR spectra such that it is optimised to accommodate for the frequency independent time delay between excitation (the RF pulse) and relaxation (acquiring the FID) to give maximum values of the FID Fourier Transform complex number set. [Allotrope]

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five-quantum excitation in combination with magic angle spinning

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000886)

synonyms: 5QMAS, 5QMAS NMR, five-quantum MAS, five-quantum excitation in combination with magic-angle spinning

An NMR experiment used for 5/2-spin quadrupolar nuclei, involving transitions between non-consecutive energy levels during the excitation of the spin system by the first RF pulse. [CHMO]

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fixed angle reflectometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001153)

synonyms: fixed angle reflectivity, fixed-angle reflectivity, fixed-angle reflectometry, optical fixed angle reflectivity, optical fixed angle reflectometry, optical fixed-angle reflectivity, optical fixed-angle reflectometry

A method for determining structure by illuminating an extremely flat surface with visible light and measuring the intensity of the light reflected at the Brewster angle. [CHMO]

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fixed precursor ion scan

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001806)

synonyms: PC

Scan that determines, in a single experiment, the m/z values of product ions that are produced by the reaction of a selected precursor ion with a user-specified m/z value. [IUPAC MS REC]

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fixed precursor ion scan

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001806)

synonyms: PC

Scan that determines, in a single experiment, the m/z values of product ions that are produced by the reaction of a selected precursor ion with a user-specified m/z value. [IUPAC]

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fixed product ion scan

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001950)

synonyms: PI

Scan that determines, in a single experiment, the m/z values of precursor ions that react to produce a product ion with a user-selected m/z value. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

fixed product ion scan

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001950)

synonyms: PI

Scan that determines, in a single experiment, the m/z values of precursor ions that react to produce a product ion with a user-selected m/z value. [IUPAC]

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flame atomic absorption spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000563)

synonyms: F-AAS, FAAS, flame atomic absorption spectroscopy

A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where the sample is aspirated, aerosolised, and mixed with combustible gases, such as acetylene and air or acetylene and nitrous oxide. The mixture is then ignited and atomised in a flame whose temperature ranges from 2100-2800 °C. During combustion, atoms of the element of interest in the sample absorb light at characteristic wavelengths. [CHMO]

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flame atomic emission spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000041)

synonyms: flame atomic emission spectroscopy, F-AES, FAES, flame emission spectroscopy

A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is excited using an N2/oxide-acetylene flame. [CHMO]

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flame atomic fluorescence spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001972)

synonyms: FAFS, FFS, flame atomic fluorescence spectrometry, flame fluorescence spectrometry, flame fluorescence spectroscopy

A type of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy where the sample is atomised using a flame. [CHMO]

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flame infrared emission spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002159)

synonyms: flame infrared emission spectroscopy, FIRE, flame infra-red emission spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is heated in a flame and the infrared radiation (0.78-1000 µm) emitted during cooling is detected. [CHMO]

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flame ionization detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000142)

synonyms: FID, flame ionization detection, flame ionisation detection, flame ionization process, flame ionisation process

A detection method which is sensitive to compounds containing C-H bonds. A flow of carrier gas containing the sample is mixed with H2 and air and ignited. Any positively-charged radicals resulting from this process are collected at a cathode, allowing the current to be measured. [CHMO]

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flame ionization measurement

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000142)

synonyms: FID, flame ionization detection, flame ionisation detection, flame ionization process, flame ionisation process

A flame ionization measurement is a measurement which is sensitive to compounds containing C-H bonds. A flow of carrier gas containing the sample is mixed with H2 and air and ignited. Any positively-charged radicals resulting from this process are collected at a cathode, allowing the current to be measured. [CHMO]

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flame photometric detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003836)

synonyms: FPD, flame photometric measurement, flame photometric process

A detection method that is sensitive to sulfur- and phosphorus-containing compounds. A flow of carrier gas containing the sample is mixed with oxygen or air and ignited. Any chemiluminescence due to these compounds is then detected. [CHMO]

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flame photometric detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001029)

synonyms: SCD, sulfur chemiluminescence detection, FPD

A detection method that is sensitive to sulfur- and phosphorus-containing compounds. A flow of carrier gas containing the sample is mixed with oxygen or air and ignited. Any chemiluminescence due to these compounds is then detected. [CHMO]

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flash chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001537)

synonyms: medium pressure chromatography, medium-pressure chromatography

A type of rapid preparative column chromatography where 0.1-10 g of sample mixture is separated in less than 15 min by using pressurised gas to drive the mobile phase through the column. [CHMO]

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flash photolysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002451)

synonyms: FP

A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser or flash lamp. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The absorption of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse. [CHMO]

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flash pyrolysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000429)

The chemical degradation of a sample caused by a fast rate of temperature increase (10,000 K/s). [CHMO]

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flash vacuum thermolysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001863)

synonyms: FVP, FVT, flash vacuum pyrolysis, flash vacuum thermal decomposition

The reaction of a molecule by exposing it to a short thermal shock at high temperature, usually in the gas phase. [CHMO]

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flip flop spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001983)

synonyms: FLOPSY, flip-flop spectroscopy

A sequence of composite pulses designed to allow isotropic mixing of magnetisation between nuclei. For the pulse sequence see J. Magn.Reson., (1988), 77, pg 274. [CHMO]

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flip-back nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001148)

synonyms: fb-NOESY, fb-NOESY NMR, fb-nOesy, flip-back nuclear Overhauser effect spectrometry, flip-back nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy, flip-back nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectrometry

A type of heteronuclear two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy incorporating a water flip-back sequence, based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (<= 6 Angstrom apart). [CHMO]

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flow cytometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002031)

synonyms: flow cytometric analysis, flow cytometric studies

A method for analysing microscopic particles suspended in a stream of fluid. The particles are individually passed through a laser beam and the resulting fluorescence and scattered light is detected. [CHMO]

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flow cytometry assay

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002688)

synonyms: flow cytometry

In biotechnology, flow cytometry is a laser- or impedance-based, biophysical technology employed in cell counting, cell sorting, biomarker detection and protein engineering, by suspending cells in a stream of fluid and passing them through an electronic detection apparatus. [Wikipedia]

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defined in:

flow field-flow fractionation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001219)

synonyms: FIFFF, flow FFF, flow field flow fractionation

A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel and applying a carrier liquid flow perpendicular to the channel. A carrier liquid is then passed through the channel and the particles elute in order of decreasing diffusion coefficient. [CHMO]

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flow injection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002463)

synonyms: FIA, flow injection analysis

Method of flow injection analysis in which an aliquot of sample is injected, without chromatographic separation, into a liquid carrier stream for on-line mass spectrometry. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

flow injection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002463)

synonyms: FIA, flow injection analysis

Method of flow injection analysis in which an aliquot of sample is injected, without chromatographic separation, into a liquid carrier stream for on-line mass spectrometry. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

flow injection atomic absorption spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000572)

synonyms: FI-AAS, FIAAS, flow injection atomic absorption spectroscopy

A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where flow injection is used to transfer a sample to the spectrometer. [CHMO]

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defined in:

flow injection electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002136)

synonyms: flow injection electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, FI-ETAAS, FIETAAS, flow injection electrothermal atomisation atomic absorption spectrometry, flow injection electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry, flow injection electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectroscopy

A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where flow injection is used to carry a sample to an electrothermal atomiser where it is atomised using a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. [CHMO]

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flow injection flame atomic absorption spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000106)

synonyms: flow injection flame atomic absorption spectrometry, FI-FAAS, FIFAAS

A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where flow injection is used to carry a gas phase sample to flame where it is atomised. [CHMO]

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flow injection solid phase extraction inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001372)

synonyms: FI-SPE-ICP-AES

A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample mixture is first separated by solid phase extraction, carried to the spectrometer by flow injection and then excited using a plasma generated by electromagnetic inductance. [CHMO]

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flow injection thermospray flame furnace absorption spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001584)

synonyms: flow injection thermospray flame furnace absorption spectrometry, FI-TS-FF-AAS

A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where the sample is carried to the spectrometer by flow injection and forced through a heated metal capillary tip before atomization in a flame furnace. [CHMO]

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defined in:

flow mode code deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001690)

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2019/06/aft

flow mode code

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001690)

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

flow rate changing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003607)

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/WD/2018/04/afo

flow-compensated phase-contrast velocimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000852)

synonyms: flow-compensated phase contrast NMR velocimetry, flow-compensated phase contrast nuclear magnetic resonance velocimetry

A method for determining the velocity of fluids by using magnetic field gradients to encode velocity information into the phase of the NMR signal. All other contributions to the magnetic gradient phase are set to zero; the only velocity contribution to the phase is due to the flow of the sample ('flow compensation'). [CHMO]

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flowing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003811)

synonyms: flow, flowing process, flowing state

Flowing is the state of moving along a steady continuous stream. [Allotrope]

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flowing afterglow

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000019)

synonyms: FA

An ion source immersed in a flow of helium or other inert buffer gas that carries the ions through a meter-long reactor at pressures around 100 Pa. [PSI-MS]

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fluorescence anisotropy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000577)

synonyms: FA, fluorescence anisotropy measurement , fluorescence polarisation spectroscopy, fluorescence polarization spectroscopy

A method for measuring the binding interaction between two labelled molecules. The sample is excited with vertically polarized light and the polarization of the fluorescence is measured. [CHMO]

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fluorescence assay

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002788)

synonyms: fluorescence assay, fluorescence detection, fluorescence measurement

An assay in which a materials fluorescence is determined. [VIVO-ISF]

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fluorescence correlation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000851)

synonyms: FCS, fluroescence correlation spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample are measured and correlated within a very small detection volume. Ultraviolet light is used to stimulate fluorescence. [CHMO]

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fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001369)

synonyms: FCCS, fluorescence cross-correlation spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample are measured at two distinct wavelengths and correlated within a very small detection volume. Ultra-violet light is used to stimulate fluorescence. [CHMO]

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fluorescence detected circular dichroism spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002383)

synonyms: FDCD, FDCD spectrometry, FDCD spectroscopy, fluorescence detected circular dichroism spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarized luminescence. [CHMO]

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fluorescence detected magnetic resonance

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001349)

synonyms: FDMR

A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels are detected by fluorescence. Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves. [CHMO]

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fluorescence detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001749)

synonyms: fluorescence detection, FD, fluorescence (FL) detection

A detection method which is sensitive to naturally fluorescent or tagged compounds. As the sample passes through a small cell it is excited by ultraviolet light and any fluorescence is detected. [CHMO]

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fluorescence laser scanning microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000374)

synonyms: FLSM, LSM, laser scanning fluorescence microscopy, laser scanning microscopy

A type of microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by scanning a laser spot of specific wavelength over its surface. [CHMO]

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fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000084)

synonyms: FLIM, fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy

A type of microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with light of specific wavelengths and the spatial distribution of mean fluorescence lifetimes (usually on the ns scale) is mapped within the microscopic images. [CHMO]

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fluorescence microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000468)

synonyms: fluorescence imaging, FM, fluorescence microscopic imaging

Any type of microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with light of specific wavelengths. These specimens are called fluorophores. [CHMO]

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fluorescence process profile

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003846)

synonyms: fluorescence profile

A fluorescence process profile is a profile that quantifies the fluorescence of a material entity over time. [Allotrope]

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fluorescence quenching method

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001207)

Any method that involves observing, or measuring the time take for, loss of fluorescence in a sample. [CHMO]

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fluorescence recovery after photobleaching

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001556)

synonyms: FRAP

A method for determining the mobility of fluorescent molecules by photobleaching a sub-set of the sample during fluorescence microscopy and monitoring the movement of the remaining fluorescent molecules. [CHMO]

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fluorescence resonance energy transfer

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000185)

synonyms: FRET, fluorescence resonance energy transfer microscopy, fluorescent resonance energy transfer

A method for determining the distance between molecules using an energy transfer between two fluorescent chromophores (a donor and an acceptor) in close proximity (typically <10 nm) via a nonradiative, long-range dipole-dipole coupling mechanism. Energy transfer usually occurs between a cyan fluorescent protein (donor) and a yellow fluorescent protein (acceptor). [CHMO]

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fluorescence scanning near-field optical microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001559)

A type of microscopy where a probe consisting of a laser of a specific wavelength transmitted through a tapered optical fibre is positioned very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen. The tip is coated with metal (to prevent light from escaping from the sides) and near-field (or evanescent field) light is emitted through a small opening or 'aperture' (50-100 nm in diameter) at the apex of the probe. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the fluorescence intensity from fluorophores on the surface of the specimen as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. [CHMO]

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fluorescence speckle microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001866)

synonyms: FSM, fluorescent speckle microscopy

A type of microscopy where a very low concentration of fluorescent subunits in a polymer or peptide reveals the assembly dynamics, movement and turnover of assemblies throughout the image. [CHMO]

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fluorescence spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002099)

synonyms: fluorimetry, fluorescence emission spectroscopy, fluorescence spectrometry, fluorescence spectrophotometry, fluorometry, spectrofluorimetry, spectrofluorometry

A type of spectroscopy where the intensity of the fluorescence emitted by molecules excited by ultraviolet light is detected as a function of wavelength or time. [CHMO]

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fluorescence titration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000448)

The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the intensity/wavelength of fluorescence emitted by the sample. [CHMO]

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fluorescence-activated cell sorting

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003542)

synonyms: FACS

Fluorescence-activated cell sorting is a specialized type of flow cytometry. It provides a method for sorting a heterogeneous mixture of biological cells into two or more containers, one cell at a time, based upon the specific light scattering and fluorescent characteristics of each cell. [Wikipedia]

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defined in:

fluorescence-activated cell sorting

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000463)

synonyms: FACS, fluorescence activated cell sorting

A method for separating microscopic particles suspended in a stream of fluid. The particles are forced individually through a vibrating nozzle, then exposed to a laser beam and the resulting fluorescence and scattered light is detected. Finally the cells are sorted by applying an electrical charge to droplets of the fluid and deflecting it to the left or right using charged electrodes. [CHMO]

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fluorescence-activated droplet sorting

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001265)

synonyms: FADS, fluorescence activated droplet sorting

A method for separating cells, where each one is suspended in a single aqueous droplet. A fluorogenic substrate is embedded in each cell and any cellular enzymes present bind to it producing fluorescence. The droplets then flow over a microfluidic chip which sorts each one according to the intensity of the fluorescence. [CHMO]

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fluorescent labeling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000158)

synonyms: fluorescence labeling, fluorescence labelling, fluorescent labelling

The process of covalently attaching a chemically-reactive derivative of a fluorophore to another molecule, such as a protein or nucleic acid. [CHMO]

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defined in:

fluorimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002788)

synonyms: fluorescence assay, fluorescence detection, fluorescence measurement

An assay in which a materials fluorescence is determined. [VIVO-ISF]

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defined in:

foam fractionation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000135)

A method of separation in which a component of the bulk liquid is preferentially adsorbed at the liquid-vapour interface and is removed by foaming. [CHMO]

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focused beam reflectance measurement

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003788)

synonyms: FBRM, fbrm

Focused beam reflectance measurement is a measuring process using a focused laser beam at a fixed speed of rotation to calculate particle chord lengths via detection of the backscattered light pulses. [Allotrope]

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force spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001392)

synonyms: AFM force spectroscopy, atomic force spectroscopy, force modulation, force modulation AFM, force-modulation AFM

Any type of spectroscopy where an atomic force microscope is used to measure the force experienced by a sample, usually by taking force-distance curves. [CHMO]

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force spectroscopy mapping

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001520)

synonyms: AFM force mapping , AFM mapping , FSM, atomic force microscopy mapping

The measurement of spatially resolved force-distance curves using an atomic force microscope to produce a chemical profile image. [CHMO]

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forced Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000046)

synonyms: FRLS, FRS, forced Rayleigh light scattering, forced Rayleigh light scattering spectrometry, forced Rayleigh light scattering spectroscopy, forced Rayleigh scattering, forced Rayleigh scattering spectrometry

A method for determining structure where a grating created by the interference of two laser beams is written into a sample and a further laser beam is Rayleigh scattered by the grating. The change in direction or energy of the light and the temporal evolution of the scattered beam are measured. [CHMO]

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forced-flow chemical vapor infiltration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001288)

synonyms: forced-flow CVI

The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from a vapour held at high pressure. [CHMO]

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defined in:

formulation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001426)

synonyms: formulation

The process of formulation allows the preparation of mixtures of components in accordance with a formula and documents the composition. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

formulation process

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001426)

synonyms: formulation

The process of formulation allows the preparation of mixtures of components in accordance with a formula and documents the composition. [Allotrope]

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forward osmosis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002642)

synonyms: FO

Forward osmosis (FO) is an osmotic process that uses a semi-permeable membrane to effect separation of water from dissolved solutes. The driving force for this separation is an osmotic pressure gradient, such that a "draw" solution of high concentration (relative to that of the feed solution), is used to induce a net flow of water through the membrane into the draw solution, thus effectively separating the feed water from its solutes. [Wikipedia]

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four-dimensional HCCH-total correlation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000865)

synonyms: 4D HCCH-TOCSY

A 4D triple-resonance NMR experiment used to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shifts of the protons of a sidechain are correlated with their covalently bound 13C nuclei and with the other protons of the side-chain. [CHMO]

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four-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000400)

synonyms: 4D NMR, 4D-NMR, four-dimensional NMR

Any type of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in which four independent frequency dimensions are employed for the correlation and dispersal of signals (by employing three magnetization transfer steps). Each signal is described by four frequencies, thus effecting the distribution of signals within an axis of cubes. [CHMO]

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four-wave mixing spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000984)

synonyms: FWM spectroscopy, four-wave mixing (FWM) spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where three incident laser beams are mixed. [CHMO]

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defined in:

fraction collection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000264)

Fraction collection is the collection of fractional volumes of the column effluent. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

fraction collection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000264)

Definition pending. [0]

Copyright Notice and License Terms for IUPAC terms

defined in:

fractional crystallization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001376)

The stepwise crystallisation of two or more different substances induced by changes in concentration or temperature. The sample is mixed with a solvent, heated, and then gradually cooled so that, as each of its constituent components crystallises, it can be removed in its pure form from the solution. [CHMO]

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defined in:

fractional distillation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001318)

A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. As the sample mixture to be purified is heated, its vapours rise into a condenser where they are cooled by water. The vapours stick to the inside surface of the condenser where they continue to be heated until they vaporise again. [CHMO]

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defined in:

fractional sublimation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001484)

A method for purifying samples by heating the sample under reduced pressure and allowing the fractions to sublime order of increasing sublimation temperature (a function of vapor pressure). [CHMO]

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fractionated pyrolysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000674)

The chemical degradation of different fractions of the same sample by heating at different temperatures for different times. [CHMO]

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defined in:

fractionation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001811)

The process of dividing up a sample mixture into smaller quantities according to their physical (e.g. size, solubility) or chemical (e.g. bonding, reactivity) properties. [CHMO]

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fragmentation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000015)

Fragmentation is a type of chemical dissociation. Fragmentation of a molecule can take place by a process of heterolysis or homolysis. [Wikipedia]

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free-flow electrophoresis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001652)

synonyms: FFE

An electrophoresis method where the sample is introduced continuously to the separation chamber and the electric field is applied perpendicular to the hydrodynamic flow resulting in two-dimensional separation of the analytes based on the flow rate and their electrophoretic mobilities. [CHMO]

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freeze distillation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002203)

synonyms: normal freezing, progressive freezing

The process of enriching a solution by partially freezing it and removing frozen material that contains less of the dissolved material than the remaining solution. [CHMO]

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freeze drying

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000129)

synonyms: cryodesiccation, freeze-drying, lyophilization

The removal of solvent from a sample without passing through the liquid-gas boundary. The sample is frozen at liquid nitrogen temperature (-80 deg. C) then the surrounding pressure is reduced to allow the water in the sample to sublime. [CHMO]

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freeze-fracture transmission electron microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001491)

synonyms: FF-TEM, FF/TEM, FFTEM, freeze fracture TEM, freeze fracture transmission electron microscopy, freeze-fracture TEM

A type of microscopy where the electron-transparent specimen (normally a fresh tissue or cell suspension) is prepared by rapid freezing using liquid nitrogen, then fractured, and the cold fractured surface is coated with Pt or Au by evaporation. The specimen is then bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. [CHMO]

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frequency modulation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002172)

synonyms: FMS, frequency modulation spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser which is tuned to match an absorption frequency of the molecules in the sample. [CHMO]

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frequency-modulation atomic force microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000960)

synonyms: FM-AFM, frequency modulation AFM, frequency modulation atomic force microscopy, frequency-modulation AFM

A type of microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. The tip oscillates, intermittently touching or tapping the surface. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the resonant frequency of the tip and the surface during scanning, which is performed under ultra-high vacuum conditions. [CHMO]

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frequency-switched Lee-Goldberg cross polarization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000430)

synonyms: frequency switched Lee-Goldberg cross polarisation, FSLG-CP, frequency switched Lee-Goldberg cross polarization, frequency-switched Lee-Goldberg cross polarisation

A magic angle spinning NMR dipolar recoupling technique used to determine dipolar couplings between 1H and 13C nuclei. A FSLG sequence is used to remove homonuclear couplings (by spin-locking the 1H nuclei) and polarization transfer from the protons to the 13C via dipolar coupling manifests as a splitting of the detected 13C signal. [CHMO]

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friability test

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002681)

A friability test checks the condition of being friable. Friability describes the ability of a solid substance to be reduced to smaller pieces with little effort, especially by rubbing. [Wikipedia]

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full width at half-maximum

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001618)

synonyms: FWHM, full peak at half-maximum

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

full width at half-maximum peak separation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001618)

synonyms: FWHM, full peak at half-maximum

Full width at half-maximum is a peak separation process following an algorithm that uses full width at half maximum height of the peaks as parameter. [Allotrope]

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furnace atomic nonthermal excitation spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002230)

synonyms: FANES, furnace atomic non thermal excitation spectrometry, furnace atomic non-thermal excitation spectrometry, furnace atomic non-thermal excitation spectroscopy, furnace atomic nonthermal excitation spectroscopy

A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it, then excited using a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas). [CHMO]

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furnace atomization plasma emission spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001831)

synonyms: furnace atomization plasma emission spectrometry, FAPES, furnace atomisation plasma emission spectrometry

A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a furnace is used to atomize the sample and a plasma is used as the excitation source. [CHMO]

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furnace ionization nonthermal excitation spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000569)

synonyms: FINES, furnace ionisation non-thermal excitation spectrometry, furnace ionization non-thermal excitation spectrometry

A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it, then ionized and excited using a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas). [CHMO]

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furnace pyrolysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001925)

The chemical degradation of a sample caused by passing a carrier gas (H2, O2, N2 etc.) over the sample in a heated furnace. [CHMO]

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galvanic etching

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002333)

The process of removing the unprotected areas of a silicon surface by placing it inside an electrochemical etching solution (KOH, HF or TMAH) in the presence of an electric current. When the silicon substrate is in contact with a noble metal (Au or Cr) a Galvanic cell is formed and the silicon is oxidized. [CHMO]

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gamma-ray scattering spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000902)

synonyms: gamma-ray scattering, gamma-ray scattering spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where gamma-rays are absorbed by a sample resulting in the ejection of an electron and the emission of light which is detected. [CHMO]

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gamma-ray spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002409)

synonyms: gamma-ray spectroscopy, gamma ray spectrometry, gamma spectrometry, gamma spectroscopy, gamma-ray emission spectroscopy, gamma-ray emssion spectrometry, gamma-ray emssion spectroscopy, gamma-ray spectrometry

Any type of spectroscopy where the energies of gamma-rays emitted or absorbed by a sample is measured. [CHMO]

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gas antisolvent technique

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001481)

synonyms: GAS, GAS recrystallisation, GAS recrystallization, GASP, GASR, gas anti-solvent precipitation, gas anti-solvent reaction, gas anti-solvent recrystallisation, gas anti-solvent recrystallization, gas antisolvent precipitation, gas antisolvent reaction, gas antisolvent recrystallisation, gas antisolvent recrystallization

A technique where a solid sample is first partially dissolved in a organic solvent in a vessel. The solution is then pressurised with a dense gas or supercritical fluid resulting in precipitation of the solid as a fine powder. [CHMO]

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gas chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000310)

synonyms: GC, GC run, gas chromatography run

Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a gas. [CHMO]

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gas chromatography injection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003683)

synonyms: GC injection, GC sample introduction, gas chromatography sample introduction

Gas chromatography injection is the process of loading a sample into a gas chromatography system. [Allotrope]

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gas jet deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001421)

synonyms: GJD, JVD, PJD, VJD, gas-jet deposition, jet vapor deposition, jet vapour deposition, jet-vapor deposition, jet-vapour deposition, physical JD, physical jet deposition, physical-jet deposition, vapor jet deposition, vapor-jet deposition, vapour jet deposition, vapour-jet deposition

A synthesis method where a flow of carrier gas (moving at the speed of sound) containing vaporised precursors is projected onto a surface, resulting in a deposit. [CHMO]

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gas-liquid chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000652)

synonyms: gas-liquid chromatography, GLC

Gas chromatography where the stationary phase is a liquid. [CHMO]

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gas-liquid extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000838)

synonyms: gas-liquid extraction, sublation

A flotation process in which the material of interest, adsorbed on the surface of gas bubbles in a liquid, is collected on an upper layer of immiscible liquid. [CHMO]

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gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000312)

synonyms: GEMMA

A separation method where singly-charged complexes move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in air under the influence of an electric field. [CHMO]

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gas-phase infiltration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000507)

The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from, a gas. [CHMO]

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gas-phase nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000367)

synonyms: gas-phase nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, gas phase NMR, gas phase nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy in the gas phase where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. [CHMO]

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gas-phase plasma hydrocarbonation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002010)

synonyms: gas phase plasma hydrocarbonation

A synthesis method for semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes where as-grown single-walled carbon nanotubes are treated with a methane plasma at 400-600 deg. C in a vacuum and the metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes are selectively etched. [CHMO]

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gas-solid chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001923)

synonyms: GSC

Gas chromatography where the stationary phase is a solid. [CHMO]

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gas-source molecular beam epitaxy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000883)

synonyms: CBE, chemical beam epitaxy, chemical-beam epitaxy, gas source MBE, gas source molecular beam epitaxy, gas-source MBE

A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from a molecular beam of reactive gases) on a monocrystalline substrate under high vacuum (<10^{-8} Pa). Molecular beam epitaxy is very slow, with a deposition rate of <1000 nm per hour. [CHMO]

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gasification

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001240)

The conversion of carbonaceous materials (e.g. such as coal, petroleum, biofuel, or biomass) into CO and H2 by heating with a controlled amount of oxygen and/or steam. The resulting gas mixture is called a 'syngas'. [CHMO]

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gel electrophoresis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001080)

A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium consisting of gel, across which an electric field is applied. [CHMO]

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gel filtration chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002289)

synonyms: GPC, gel permeation chromatography

Column chromatography where the separation is caused by exclusion effects within the stationary phase and where the stationary phase is a swollen gel. [CHMO]

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gel spinning

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001232)

synonyms: dry-wet spinning

A process used to create polymer fibers. Polymer in a gel state is forced through a spinneret (a multi-pored device similar to a shower head). The fibres are then air dried and cooled in a liquid bath. [CHMO]

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gel transition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003828)

synonyms: becoming a gel, gel forming

A gel transition is a state of matter state where some material transitions into a gel. [Allotrope]

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gel transition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003828)

synonyms: becoming a gel, gel forming

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gelation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000711)

The formation of a gel or solidification of a gelatin solution caused by a change in conditions (such as temperature or pH). [CHMO]

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generalized polarization spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001214)

synonyms: GP spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where a spectral shift, in fluorescence spectrum, which depends on the phase of lipid membranes is measured. [CHMO]

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genotyping qPCR experiment

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003779)

synonyms: genotyping, genotyping experiment

A genotyping qPCR experiment is an experiment using qPCR that identifies known mutations in a DNA Sample. DNA primers are used to target and identify specific alleles in a sample. [Allotrope]

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glancing-incidence X-ray reflectometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001076)

synonyms: GIXRR, glancing incidence X-ray reflectivity , glancing incidence X-ray reflectometry, glancing incidence XRR, glancing-incidence X-ray reflectivity, glancing-incidence XRR

A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at a low angle (<5 deg) toward an extremely flat surface and measuring the intensity of the reflected X-rays as a function of angle. X-ray reflectometry is used to determine the structure of thin films. [CHMO]

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glass refractive index measurement

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000689)

synonyms: GRIM

The measurement of the refractive index of small glass fragments as a function of temperature. The glass fragments are placed in silicone oil and observed as the temperature is raised. At the point where the glass fragment disappear the refractive index of the oil and glass are equal. [CHMO]

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globally optimized alternating phase rectangular pulse

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000288)

synonyms: GARP, GARP pulse sequence, GARP sequence, globally-optimized alternating phase rectangular pulse

A sequence of composite pulses designed to remove signal splitting due to heteronuclear J-couplings in multinuclear liquid NMR experiments. For the pulse sequence see J. Magn. Reson., (1985), 64, pg 547. [CHMO]

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glow discharge atomic emission spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001380)

synonyms: GD-AES, GD-OES, glow discharge optical emission spectrometry, glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy

A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas) is used to excite the sample. [CHMO]

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glow discharge ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002205)

synonyms: GDI, glow-discharge ionisation, glow-discharge ionization, glow-discharge ionisation

Formation of ions from gaseous atoms or molecules or from the vapor of a solid sample at the cathode by applying a potential difference between two electrodes immersed in a low-pressure inert gas environment. [IUPAC MS REC]

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glow discharge ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002205)

synonyms: GDI, glow-discharge ionisation, glow-discharge ionization, glow-discharge ionisation

Formation of ions from gaseous atoms or molecules or from the vapor of a solid sample at the cathode by applying a potential difference between two electrodes immersed in a low-pressure inert gas environment. [IUPAC]

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glow discharge synthesis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000470)

A synthesis method where an electrical discharge is passed under reduced pressure between two electrodes. [CHMO]

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gradient elution

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002812)

Elution with a varied composition of the mobile phase. [Wikipedia]

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gradient-elution chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001151)

synonyms: gradient elution chromatography

Gradient-elution chromatography is a separation method where the composition of the mobile phase is varied in eluting strength. [Allotrope]

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gradient-selected correlation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002050)

synonyms: gCOSY, gradient-selected COSY

A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between nuclei that are J-coupled (usually <= 3 bonds apart). A spatially inhomogeneous magnetic field is applied with a defined gradient and used to either select a particular signal or to render unwanted signals undetectable. [CHMO]

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gradient-selected heteronuclear multiple bond coherence

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000144)

synonyms: GHMBC, gHMBC, gradient heteronuclear multiple bond coherence, gradient-selected HMBC

A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where pulsed-field gradients are used and a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and nuclei which are 2-3 bonds removed. [CHMO]

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gradient-selected heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001729)

synonyms: gHMQC, gradient HMQC, gradient heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence, gradient-selected HMQC

A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and the nuclei to which they are covalently bound. A spatially inhomogeneous magnetic field is applied with a defined gradient and used to either select a particular signal or to render unwanted signals undetectable. [CHMO]

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granulation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002651)

Granulation is a process of forming granules. The quality of granulation determines the smooth and trouble free process of tablets manufacturing. If granulation is not done in a proper manner, the resulting mixture may damage the tableting press. [Wikipedia]

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granulometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000057)

synonyms: particle sizing, particle size analysis, particle size measurement

The measurement of the size distribution in a collection of grains. [CHMO]

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graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000773)

synonyms: GF-AAS, GFAAS, graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy, graphite-furnace atomic-absorption spectroscopy

A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where the sample is atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. [CHMO]

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graphite furnace atomic emission spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000930)

synonyms: graphite furnace atomic emission spectrometry, GF-AES, GF-OES, GFAES, GFOES, graphite furnace optical emission spectrometry, graphite furnace optical emission spectroscopy

A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. [CHMO]

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graphitization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001243)

The conversion of an organic material in an inert atmosphere at temperatures in excess of 1800 °C to produce a graphite crystal structure. [CHMO]

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gravimetric sorption analysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001778)

synonyms: gravimetric sorption, gravimetric sorption-desorption, gravimetric sorption-desorption analysis, gravimetric sorption/desorption, gravimetric sorption/desorption analysis

The determination of the mass of a gas or vapour adsorbed to a surface. [CHMO]

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gravimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000862)

synonyms: gravimetric mass measurement

Definition pending. [0]

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gravimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000862)

synonyms: gravimetric mass measurement

Gravimetry is the measurement of the strength of a gravitational field. [Wikipedia]

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gravitational field-flow fractionation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000152)

synonyms: G-FFF, GFFF, GrFFF, gravitational FFF

A technique for separating small particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel such that the Earth's gravitational field is perpendicular to the channel. A carrier liquid is then passed through the channel and the particles are separated on the basis of particle size. [CHMO]

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grazing incidence small-angle neutron scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001436)

synonyms: GISANS

A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of neutrons scattered at low angles. The incident neutron beam strikes the sample under a small angle close to the critical angle of total external neutron reflection. [CHMO]

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grazing-angle X-ray diffraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000655)

synonyms: GAXRD, GID, GIXRD, glancing angle X-ray diffraction, glancing angle XRD, glancing incidence X-ray diffraction, glancing incidence XRD, glancing-angle X-ray diffraction, glancing-angle XRD, glancing-incidence X-ray diffraction, glancing-incidence XRD, grazing angle X-ray diffraction, grazing angle XRD, grazing incidence X-ray diffraction, grazing incidence XRD, grazing-angle XRD, grazing-angle incidence X-ray diffraction, grazing-angle incidence XRD, grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction, grazing-incidence XRD, grazing-incidence diffraction

A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. The incident X-ray beam strikes the sample at a small angle (<5 deg.) close to the critical angle of total external X-ray reflection. [CHMO]

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grazing-incidence X-ray scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000421)

synonyms: GISAXS, GIXS, grazing incidence X-ray scattering, grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering, grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering

A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample. The incident X-ray beam strikes the sample under a small angle close to the critical angle of total external X-ray reflection. [CHMO]

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grinding

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000911)

synonyms: dry grinding, milling, solid-state grinding, solvent-free grinding

The mechanical reduction of the particle size of a solid sample by attribution (friction), impact or cutting. [CHMO]

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gripping

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003832)

Gripping is a guiding process by applying friction or pressure to prevent movement. [Allotrope]

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guiding

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003351)

synonyms: directing the course

Guiding is directing the course of a flow (material, energy, signal) along a specific path. [Allotrope, NIST]

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half-logarithmic dilution

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002453)

synonyms: half-log dilution

Definition pending. [0]

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half-logarithmic dilution

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002453)

synonyms: half-log dilution

A half-logarithmic dilution is a serial dilution with a 3.16-fold (10^0.5) dilution for each step. [Wikipedia]

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hard ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001333)

Formation of gas-phase ions accompanied by extensive fragmentation. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

hard ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001333)

Formation of gas-phase ions accompanied by extensive fragmentation. [IUPAC]

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hard pulse

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001997)

An RF pulse that unselectively excites a spin system over a given bandwidth. [Allotrope]

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hardness test

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002668)

synonyms: tablet hardness testing

Tablet hardness testing is a laboratory technique used by the pharmaceutical industry to test the breaking point and structural integrity of a tablet under conditions of storage, transportation, and handling before usage. [Wikipedia]

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headspace chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002484)

Headspace chromatography is a type of chromatography that uses the gaseous headspace above a sample for analysis because very light volatiles can be efficiently partitioned as they diffuse to the gas volume above. [Allotrope]

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headspace extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000811)

The process of transferring a substance from a solid or liquid matrix to the vapour phase by heating. [CHMO]

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headspace liquid-phase micro-extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001842)

synonyms: HS-LPME, HSLPME, headspace LPME, headspace liquid-phase microextraction

The process of transferring a substance from an organic phase to an aqueous phase (or vice versa) by heating the organic sample within a confined space in the presence of an aqueous acceptor droplet suspended on the tip of a microsyringe. [CHMO]

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headspace solid-phase micro-extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000275)

synonyms: headspace solid-phase micro-extraction, HSPME, HSSE, hSPME, headspace solid-phase microextraction, headspace sorptive extraction

The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by exposing a small fibre containing a stationary phase bonded to a silica needle (<10 µm diameter) to the headspace above the liquid sample. [CHMO]

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heat flow process profile

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003795)

A heat flow process profile is a rate process profile that is the change in heat flow through a material entity. [Allotrope]

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heat sealing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003831)

Heat sealing is the process of sealing one thermoplastic to another thermoplastic using heat and pressure. [Wikipedia]

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heat transfer coefficient process profile

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003751)

synonyms: heat transfer coefficient profile

A heat transfer coefficient process profile is a rate process profile of the ratio of the heat flux and the thermodynamic driving force for the flow of heat. [Allotrope]

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heat-flux differential scanning calorimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002225)

synonyms: heat-flux DSC

The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction of both a sample and a reference, by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of one variable, whilst a second is kept constant using a heat-flux differential scanning calorimeter. [CHMO]

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heating

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000530)

A process involving the increase in temperature of an object. [Allotrope]

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heating

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000530)

Heating is a process involving the increase in temperature of an object. [Allotrope]

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heating or cooling rate process profile

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003755)

synonyms: cooling rate process profile, cooling rate profile, heating (cooling) rate process profile, heating (cooling) rate profile, heating or cooling rate profile, heating rate process profile, heating rate profile

A heating or cooling rate process profile is a rate process profile of the heating/cooling rate of an object. [Allotrope]

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heavy-ion elastic recoil detection analysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000964)

synonyms: HERDA, HI ERDA, HI-ERDA, heavy ion elastic recoil detection analysis, heavy-ion ERDA

A technique for measuring elemental concentration depth profiles in thin films by directing a heavy-ion (such as iodine-127) beam at the sample and detecting the recoiled atoms. [CHMO]

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height peak picking

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002094)

synonyms: max peak picking

Definition pending. [0]

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height peak picking

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002094)

synonyms: max peak picking

Height peak picking is a peak picking by reporting the maximum height value of all raw data points belong to the peak. [Allotrope]

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held state

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003672)

synonyms: held, is held

A held state is a state during which a device or service waits for a longer time e.g. for maintainance. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/REC/2018/11/aft

held state

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003672)

synonyms: held, is held

A held state is a state during which a device or service waits for a longer time e.g. for maintenance. [Allotrope]

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helium discharge ionization detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001009)

synonyms: HDID

A detection method where metastable helium ions (generated by an electric arc) ionize the molecules in the sample (held in He carrier gas). The resulting electrons are focused toward a collector electrode and the current is measured. [CHMO]

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helium ionization detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002095)

synonyms: HID

A detection method where metastable helium ions (generated by irradiation with beta-particles from a radioactive source) ionize the molecules in the sample (held in He carrier gas). The resulting electrons are focused toward a collector electrode and the current is measured. [CHMO]

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helium pulse-discharge photoionization detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002269)

synonyms: He-PDPID, He/PDPID, helium pulse discharge photoionisation detection, helium pulse discharge photoionization detection, helium pulsed discharge photoionisation detection, helium pulsed discharge photoionization detection, helium pulsed-discharge photoionisation detection, helium pulsed-discharge photoionization detection

A detection method where a DC voltage pulse is passed through helium gas generating high-energy (13.5-17.5 eV) photons which photoionize the elements in the sample mixture, and the current generated by this ionization is measured. [CHMO]

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helium-ion microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001555)

A type of microscopy where atoms of He gas in the vicinty of the specimen are ionized and an image is produced by the projection of the ions onto a fluorescent screen. The image consists of a pattern of spots of light which correspond to individual atoms on the specimen surface. [CHMO]

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heterodyne detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000618)

The measurement of the intensity of the light resulting from the interference of two lasers of different wavelength. [CHMO]

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heteroepitaxy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001813)

A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from liquid or gaseous precursors) of one substance, on a monocrystalline substrate of a different substance. [CHMO]

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heterolytic fragmentation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001816)

Heterolytic fragmentation is bond cleavage where the bonding electrons remain with only one of the fragment species. [Wikipedia]

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heteronuclear Hartmann Hahn pulse sequence

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000335)

synonyms: HEHAHA, HEHAHA pulse sequence, HEHAHA sequence, heteronuclear Hartman-Hahn pulse sequence, heteronuclear Hartman-Hahn sequence, heteronuclear Hartmann Hahn

An NMR pulse sequence used to transfer magnetization between protons and covalently bound (spin active) heteronuclei via isotropic mixing of their magnetization. Used to e.g. enhance the NMR signal of heteronuclei or to correlate chemical shifts of protons with heteronuclei. For the pulse sequence see J. Magn. Reson., (1991), 91, pg 444. [CHMO]

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defined in:

heteronuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002393)

synonyms: HOESY, HOESY NMR, heteronuclear Overhauser effect spectrometry, heteronuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy, heteronuclear Overhauser enhancement spectrometry

A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed, based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (<= 6 Angstrom apart). [CHMO]

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heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002454)

synonyms: 2D heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy, HETCOR, HETCORR, HETCOSY, HETEROCOR, hetCOSY, heteronuclear COSY, two-dimensional heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy

A type of NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and heteronuclei. [CHMO]

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defined in:

heteronuclear decoupling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000074)

The nuclei being irradiated with an RF pulse is a different nuclei or the same nuclei and a different isotope that the nuclei being observed to relax back to equilibrium for generation of the NMR spectrum. [Allotrope]

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heteronuclear multiple bond coherence

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001882)

synonyms: HMBC, HMBC NMR

A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and nuclei which are 2-3 bonds removed. [CHMO]

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heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001544)

synonyms: HMQC, HMQC NMR

A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and the nuclei to which they are covalently bound. [CHMO]

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heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence-diffusion-ordered spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002249)

synonyms: 3D DOSY-HMQC, 3D HMQC-DOSY, DOSY-HMQC, HMQC-DOSY, diffusion-ordered spectroscopy-heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence

A type of three-dimensional NMR experiment in which the signals of a 2D HMQC spectrum are dispersed along a third frequency axis according to diffusion coefficient. [CHMO]

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heteronuclear single quantum coherence

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001329)

synonyms: HSQC

A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and the nuclei to which they are covalently bound. [CHMO]

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heteronuclear single quantum coherence total correlation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000414)

synonyms: 3D HSQC-TOCSY, 3D TOCSY-HSQC, HSQC-TOCSY, TOCSY-HSQC

A type of heteronuclear three-dimensional NMR experiment in which the proton signals of a 2D TOCSY spectrum are dispersed along a third frequency axis according to the chemical shift of their covalently bound heteronuclei. [CHMO]

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heteronuclear single quantum coherence-nuclear Overhauser spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000826)

synonyms: 3D HSQC-NOESY

A 3D NMR experiment in which the chemical shifts of protons are correlated with the chemical shifts their covalently-bound heteronuclei and with the shifts of spatially proximate protons (<6 Angstrom). [CHMO]

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heteronuclear three-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001874)

synonyms: heteronuclear 3D NMR

Any type of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in which three independent frequency dimensions are employed for the correlation and dispersal of signals. Each signal is described by three frequencies, arising from a combination of protons and heteronuclei, thus effecting the distribution of signals within a cube. [CHMO]

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heteronuclear two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001332)

synonyms: heteronuclear 2D NMR

Any type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed. [CHMO]

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high

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002743)

synonyms: high FB, high feedback

The code of feedback mode of DSC measurements that have high active compensation of differences of cell temperatures. [Allotrope]

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high energy electron diffraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000615)

synonyms: HEED, high-energy electron diffraction

A method for determining structure by directing a beam of high energy (10-200 keV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. [CHMO]

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high field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001766)

synonyms: DMS, FAIMS, RF-DC IMS, RF-DC ion mobility spectrometry, differential mobility spectroscopy, high field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectroscopy, high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry, high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectroscopy

Separation of ions at atmospheric pressure between two electrodes due to simultaneous application of a high potential asymmetric waveform, whereby ions migrate towards one of the two electrodes depending on the ratio of the high- to low-field mobility of the ion. A variable compensating DC potential is used to selectively transmit ions of interest. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

high field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001766)

synonyms: DMS, FAIMS, RF-DC IMS, RF-DC ion mobility spectrometry, differential mobility spectroscopy, high field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectroscopy, high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry, high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectroscopy

Separation of ions at atmospheric pressure between two electrodes due to simultaneous application of a high potential asymmetric waveform, whereby ions migrate towards one of the two electrodes depending on the ratio of the high- to low-field mobility of the ion. A variable compensating DC potential is used to selectively transmit ions of interest. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

high performance liquid chromatography system process

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003725)

synonyms: HPLC system process

A high performance liquid chromatography system process is a process that is executed on a high performance liquid chromatography system. [Allotrope]

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high power impulse magnetron sputter deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000133)

synonyms: high power impulse magnetron sputter deposition, HIPIMS, HPPMS, high hower pulsed magnetron sputter deposition, high hower pulsed magnetron sputtering, high impact power magnetron sputter deposition, high impact power magnetron sputtering, high power impulse magnetron sputtering

A synthesis technique where a solid target is bombarded with energetic ions (e.g. Ar+) generated in a magnetron (a device that uses electrical and magnetic fields to generate heat) causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate. The ionization process uses extremely high power densities of the order of kW cm-2 in short pulses. [CHMO]

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high resolution scanning electron microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001961)

synonyms: HR SEM, HR-SEM, HRSEM, high resolution SEM, high-resolution SEM, high-resolution scanning electron microscopy

A type of microscopy where a finely focused electron beam is scanned across the specimen under vacuum and the secondary and backscattered electrons produced are detected. [CHMO]

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high-angular annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000397)

synonyms: HAADF-STEM, high angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy, high angular annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy, high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy

A type of microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum. The beam of electrons is scattered or diffracted at high angles before reaching the specimen, and the image results from a weakening of the beam by its interaction with the sample. An annular aperture is used to select electrons that have passed through given symmetric zones within the objective lens of the microscope. [CHMO]

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high-energy ball milling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000164)

synonyms: HEBM, high energy ball milling

The mechanical reduction of the particle size of a solid sample by grinding with one or more inert balls (ceramic, flint or stainless steel, 2-8 mm diameter) rotating at high speed (up to 650 rpm) around a horizontal axis. A high-speed agitator is used to increase the speed of the balls which are held in vacuum or in an inert gas (e.g. Ar). [CHMO]

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high-energy collision-induced dissociation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001837)

A collision-induced dissociation process wherein the projectile ion has the translational energy higher than approximately 1000 eV. [PSI-MS]

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high-field nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000552)

synonyms: high field NMR, high-field NMR

A type of spectroscopy where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static (>300 MHz) magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. [CHMO]

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high-frequency conductometric titration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000293)

synonyms: high frequency conductometric titration

The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point is reached. The titration is monitored by measuring the conductance of the solution, the current is provided by a high-frequency source. [CHMO]

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high-frequency conductometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000985)

synonyms: high frequency conductometry

The measurement of the conductance of a solution as a function of concentration. Measurements are made indirectly across the resistance of the solution with high-frequency alternating current (>0.1 MHz). [CHMO]

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high-frequency electron spin resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000100)

synonyms: HF-EPR, HF-ESR, high frequency electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, high frequency electron spin resonance spectroscopy, high-field EPR, high-field ESR, high-field electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, high-field electron spin resonance spectroscopy, high-frequency EPR, high-frequency ESR

A type of spectroscopy where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to short (ns) pulses of high-frequency microwave radiation (mm wavelength) in a high magnetic field is measured. [CHMO]

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high-performance liquid chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000748)

synonyms: HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography, high pressure liquid chromatography, high-pressure liquid chromatography, HPLC run, high performance liquid chromatography run

Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles and the inlet pressure is relatively high. [CHMO]

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high-pressure carbon monoxide method

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001996)

synonyms: HiPCO, HiPCO method, HiPco, HiPco method, high-pressure CO conversion

A synthesis method for carbon nanotubes that involves mixing high pressure (e.g. 30 atmospheres) CO that has been preheated (1000 deg. C) and a catalyst precursor gas (metal carbonyl or metallocene). Under these conditions the precursor decomposes forming metal particle clusters on which carbon nanotubes nucleate and grow. The carbon nanotubes are 99% single-walled carbon nanotubes with small diameters (e.g., (5,5) tubes). [CHMO]

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high-pressure fluorescence correlation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001929)

synonyms: high pressure FCS, high pressure fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, high-pressure FCS

A type of spectroscopy where the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample are measured and correlated within a very small detection volume. Ultraviolet light is used to stimulate fluorescence and the sample is held inside a single fused silica microcapillary under high pressure (up to 300 MPa). [CHMO]

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high-resolution X-ray diffraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000944)

synonyms: HR-XRD, HRXRD, high resolution X-ray diffraction, high resolution XRD, high-resolution XRD

A method for determining structure by directing a parallel beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. [CHMO]

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high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001952)

synonyms: HR-XPS, HRXPS, high resolution X-ray photoelectron spectrometry, high resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, high resolution X-ray photoemission spectrometry, high resolution X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectrometry, high-resolution X-ray photoemission spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with monochromatic X-rays causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]

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high-resolution diffusion-ordered spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002202)

synonyms: HR-DOSY, high resolution DOSY, high resolution diffusion-ordered spectroscopy, high-resolution DOSY

A type of NMR spectroscopy using pulsed-field gradients where the rate of decay of NMR signals in each component of a sample mixture is measured across a series of experiments. The rate of signal decay is proportional to the diffusion coefficient for each component. The diffusion coefficient for each peak is measured and this information is used to construct a 2D spectrum. [CHMO]

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high-resolution electron microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000639)

synonyms: HREM, high resolution EM, high resolution electron microscopy, high-resolution EM

A type of microscopy where the specimen bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The specimen is tilted such that a low-order zone axis is closely parallel to the incident beam, and columns of atoms are viewed end-on by the beam. The interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. HREM imaging is used to explore crystal structures and imperfections on the atomic scale. [CHMO]

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high-resolution energy loss spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000060)

synonyms: high-resolution energy loss spectroscopy, HEELS, HR-EELS, HREELS, HRELS, VELS, high resolution energy loss spectrometry, high resolution energy loss spectroscopy, vibrational ELS, vibrational energy loss spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the small energy loss (0.02-1 eV) the electrons suffer upon reflection is measured. [CHMO]

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high-resolution magic angle spinning

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000412)

synonyms: HR MAS, HR-MAS, HR-MAS NMR spectroscopy, HR/MAS, HRMAS, HRMAS NMR spectroscopy, high resolution magic-angle spinning

A type of NMR spectroscopy using a solid sample and a high resolution magnetic susceptibility matching probe. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74 deg. with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). [CHMO]

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high-resolution mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001538)

synonyms: high-resolution mass spectrometry, HR-MS, HRMS, high resolution mass spectroscopy

Any type of mass spectrometry where the 'exact' mass of the molecular ions in the sample is determined as opposed to the 'nominal' mass (the number of protons and neutrons). [CHMO]

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high-resolution soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001458)

synonyms: HR-SXPS, HRSXPS, high resolution soft X-ray photoelectron spectrometry, high resolution soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, high resolution soft X-ray photoemission spectrometry, high resolution soft X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, high-resolution soft X-ray photoelectron spectrometry, high-resolution soft X-ray photoemission spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with monochromatic 'soft' (<300 eV) X-rays causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]

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high-resolution transmission electron microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001285)

synonyms: HRTEM, HR TEM, HR-TEM, HR/TEM, high resolution (HR) TEM, high resolution TEM, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, high-resolution TEM, phase contrast TEM, phase contrast transmission electron microscopy, phase-contrast TEM, phase-contrast transmission electron microscopy

A type of microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen is bombarded with several finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beams with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum, and the phase contrast between the transmitted interfering electron waves is used to produce an image. [CHMO]

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high-speed ball milling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001554)

synonyms: HSBM, high speed ball milling

The mechanical reduction of the particle size of a solid sample by grinding with one or more inert balls (ceramic, flint or stainless steel, 2-8 mm diameter) rotating at high speed around a horizontal axis. A high-speed agitator is used to increase the speed of the balls. [CHMO]

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high-speed centrifugation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002143)

synonyms: high speed centrifugation

A separation method where components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density in a centrifuge according to the centrifugal force they experience. Samples are spun at >5000 rpm. [CHMO]

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high-speed chrono-amperometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001065)

synonyms: high-speed chronoamperometry

An electrochemical technique where the time dependence of the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled. Measurements are taken every 1-5 s. [CHMO]

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high-target-utilization sputter deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002316)

synonyms: high-target-utilisation sputtering, high-target-utilization sputtering

A synthesis technique where a solid target is bombarded with energetic ions (e.g. Ar+) causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate. Ionization of the neutral gas atoms requires an external plasma (a partially ionized gas containing free electrons) source, which generates an ion beam. [CHMO]

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high-temperature X-ray diffraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002151)

synonyms: HT-XRD, HTXRD, high temperature X-ray diffraction, high temperature XRD, high-temperature XRD

A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample which is heated from 25-2000 deg. C and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. [CHMO]

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high-temperature ultrasonic velocimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001201)

synonyms: HITUV, high temperature ultrasonic velocimetry

A method for detemining the velocity of metallic or semiconductor melts (at ~1000 deg. C) by measuring the Doppler shift experienced by ultrasound radiation. [CHMO]

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high-vacuum sublimation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001417)

synonyms: high vacuum sublimation

A technique for purifying solid samples by heating the sample under high vacuum (<0.1 Pa). The sample sublimes and the vapours condense as a purified compound on a cooled surface, leaving the non-volatile residue impurities behind. [CHMO]

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high-voltage transmission electron microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001406)

synonyms: HV TEM, HV-TEM, HV/TEM, HVTEM, high voltage TEM, high voltage transmission electron microscopy, high-voltage TEM

A type of microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 700-3000 kV under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. [CHMO]

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higher-order Raman spectral excitation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001636)

synonyms: higher-order Raman spectral excitation spectroscopy, HORSES, higher order Raman spectral excitation studies, higher-order Raman spectral excitation studies

A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a two-colour laser, by a sample is detected. [CHMO]

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defined in:

hold command deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002617)

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2018/11/aft

hold command

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002617)

Definition pending. [0]

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holding in place

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003449)

synonyms: fixing, securing, supporting

A state of supporting a material to stay in a location or orientation. [Allotrope]

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hole-burning spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001722)

synonyms: hole burning spectroscopy, holeburning spectroscopy, laser hole-burning spectroscopy, spectroscopic hole burning

A type of laser spectroscopy where a dye laser is used to remove, from an inhomogeneously broadened spectral line, a narrow homogenous line causing the appearance of a dip ( or 'hole') in a spectrum. [CHMO]

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hollow fiber liquid-phase micro-extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000455)

synonyms: HF-LPME, HFLPME, hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction, hollow fiber-based liquid phase microextraction, hollow fibre liquid-phase microextraction, hollow fibre-based liquid phase microextraction, hollow-fiber LPME, hollow-fiber based LPME, hollow-fiber liquid-phase micro-extraction, hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction, hollow-fiber-based LPME, hollow-fibre LPME, hollow-fibre based LPME, hollow-fibre liquid-phase micro-extraction, hollow-fibre liquid-phase microextraction, hollow-fibre-based LPME

The process of transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase immobilised within the pores of the wall of a porous hollow fibre (<10 µm diameter). [CHMO]

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hollow-cathode atomic emission spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000770)

synonyms: HC-AES, HC-OES, HCGD-AES, HCGD-OES, hollow cathode glow discharge atomic emission spectrometry, hollow cathode glow discharge atomic emission spectroscopy, hollow cathode glow discharge optical emission spectrometry, hollow cathode optical emission spectrometry, hollow-cathode glow discharge atomic emission spectrometry, hollow-cathode glow discharge atomic emission spectroscopy, hollow-cathode glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy, hollow-cathode optical emission spectrometry

A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas) is used to excite the sample. The plasma source contains a hollow cylindrical metal cathode containing the metal for excitation, and an anode. [CHMO]

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holographic laser trapping

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000181)

synonyms: holographic laser tweezing, holographic optical trapping, holographic optical tweezing

The trapping of microscopic particles by a focused laser beam. The beam is focused through a microscope objective, producing a strong electric field gradient at its narrowest point, which attracts dielectric particles. In holographic laser trapping, computer-generated holograms are used to split single laser beams into multiple beams, creating three-dimensional configurations. [CHMO]

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holography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000192)

synonyms: laser holography, optical holography

The recording of an interference pattern on a photographic film. Coherent light from a laser is reflected from an object and combined at the film with light from a reference beam. Both the phase and amplitude of the light scattered by the object is recorded. [CHMO]

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homodyne detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002267)

The measurement of the intensity of the light resulting from the interference of two lasers of the same wavelength. [CHMO]

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homoepitaxy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002257)

A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from liquid or gaseous precursors) on a monocrystalline substrate of the same substance. [CHMO]

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homogenization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001649)

The intensive mixing of mutually insoluble phases (sometimes with addition of surfactants) to obtain a soluble suspension or emulsion. [CHMO]

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homolytic fragmentation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002416)

Homolytic fragmentation is bond dissociation where each of the fragments retains one of the originally-bonded electrons. [Wikipedia]

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homonuclear decoupling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001964)

The nuclei being irradiated with an RF pulse is the same nuclei and isotope as the nuclei being observed to relax back to equilibrium for generation of the NMR spectrum. [Allotrope]

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homonuclear three-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001230)

synonyms: homonuclear 3D NMR

Any type of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in which three independent frequency dimensions are employed for the correlation and dispersal of signals. Each signal is described by three frequencies, all arising from the same type of nucleus, thus effecting the distribution of signals within a cube. [CHMO]

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homospoil pulse sequence

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002075)

Homospoil is an NMR pulse sequence that results in linear variation of the magnetic field in the z direction. After the homospoil pulse, transverse magnetization in the slices of sample will acquire additional phase, which will vary with height. Net x-y plane magnetization will be zero. [Allotrope]

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homospoil pulse sequence

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002075)

Homospoil is an NMR pulse sequence that results in linear variation of the magnetic field in the z direction. After the homospoil pulse, transverse magnetization in the slices of sample will acquire additional phase, which will vary with height. Net x-y plane magnetization will be zero. [Amgen]

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hot extrusion

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001145)

A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a material through a die at elevated temperatures (up to 2000 °C). [CHMO]

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hot isostatic pressing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000440)

synonyms: HIP, HIPping, hipping

The process of pressing a powder under a gas or liquid at elevated temperatures so that pressure is transmitted equally in all directions. [CHMO]

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hot wire chemical vapor deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000543)

synonyms: HFCVD, HWCVD, cat-CVD, catalytic CVD, catalytic chemical vapor deposition, catalytic chemical vapour deposition, hot filament CVD, hot filament chemical vapor deposition, hot filament chemical vapour deposition, hot wire CVD, hot wire chemical vapour deposition

A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react or decompose (catalysed by a hot filament) on the surface to produce a deposit. [CHMO]

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hybrid physical-chemical vapor deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000244)

synonyms: HPCVD

A synthesis method that involves both the chemical decomposition of a precursor gas and the vaporization of a solid source e.g. the growth of MgB2 involves both diborane gas and solid Mg. [CHMO]

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hydride generation atomic absorption spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000128)

synonyms: HG-AAS, HGAAS, hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry, hydride-generation atomic absorption spectrometry

A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where metal samples such as As, Sb and Se are vaporised by converting them into volatile hydrides. [CHMO]

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hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001344)

synonyms: HG-AFS, HGAFS, hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry

A type of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy of metal samples such as As, Sb and Se which are vaporised by converting them into volatile hydrides. [CHMO]

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hydride generation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001199)

synonyms: HG-ICP-AES, HG-ICP-OES, hydride generation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, hydride generation inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, hydride generation inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy

Atomic emission spectrometry of metal samples such as As, Sb and Se that are vaporised by converting them into volatile hydrides and excited using a plasma generated by electromagnetic induction. [CHMO]

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hydride vapor-phase epitaxy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000660)

synonyms: HVPE, hydride vapor phase epitaxy, hydride vapour phase epitaxy

A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film, from vapour-phase precursors (in hydrogen or ammonia carrier gases), on a monocrystalline substrate. [CHMO]

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hydrodynamic injection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001038)

synonyms: elevation injection

Introduction of sample into the instrument system via creation of pressure via different levels of input and output. [Allotrope]

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hydrodynamic injection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001038)

synonyms: elevation injection

Introduction of sample into the instrument system via creation of pressure via different levels of input and output. [OSTHUS]

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hydrodynamic voltammetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001002)

synonyms: linear scan hydrodynamic voltammetry, linear-scan hydrodynamic voltammetry

An electrochemical technique where the cell current flowing during convective mass transfer (the movement of material by the action of a fluid) is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied linearly and inverts at the end point resulting in a cycle. [CHMO]

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defined in:

hydrogen arc-discharge method

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000754)

synonyms: H2 arc discharge method, H2 dc arc-discharge method, hydrogen arc discharge method, hydrogen direct current arc-discharge method, hydrogen direct-current arc discharge, hydrogen direct-current arc-discharge method

A method for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes where a direct-current arc voltage is applied across two graphite electrodes immersed in H2 gas. When pure graphite rods are used, fullerenes are deposited as soot inside the chamber, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes are deposited on the cathode. When a graphite anode containing a metal catalyst (Fe or Co) is used with a pure graphite cathode single-walled carbon nanotubes are generated in the form of soot. [CHMO]

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hydrophilic interaction chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000021)

synonyms: HILIC, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography

Liquid chromatography where the stationary phase is hydrophilic, the mobile phase is organic and separation is achieved based on polarity. [CHMO]

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hydrophobic interaction chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002142)

synonyms: HIC

Separation using HIC is based on the reversible interaction between a protein and the hydrophobic ligand bound to the chromatography matrix. [Allotrope]

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hydrostatic extrusion

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000894)

A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a material through a die in the presence of a pressurised fluid. [CHMO]

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hydrothermal synthesis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001078)

synonyms: hydrothermal method, hydrothermal process, hydrothermal reaction

A synthesis method for growing single crystals from an aqueous solution in an autoclave (a thick-walled steel vessel) at high temperature (400 deg. C) and pressure. [CHMO]

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hydroxy acid-modified metal oxide chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002201)

synonyms: HAMMOC, hydroxy acid-modified MOAC, hydroxy acid-modified MOC, hydroxy acid-modified metal oxides chromatography, hydroxy acid-modified metal-oxide chromatography

A chromatography method where the separation is caused by differing analyte-ligand interactions. Phosphorylated proteins and peptides are retained by hydroxy acid-modified metal oxide particles because of their affinity for the phosphate group. [CHMO]

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hygroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003764)

Hygroscopy is the phenomenon of attracting and holding water molecules via either absorption or adsorption from the surrounding environment. [Wikipedia]

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hyper Raman spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001522)

synonyms: hyper Raman scattering spectrometry, hyper Raman scattering spectroscopy, hyper Raman spectrometry, hyper-Raman scattering spectrometry, hyper-Raman scattering spectroscopy, hyper-Raman spectrometry, hyper-Raman spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of light by a (liquid) sample is detected. During scattering, photons from the incident laser (with frequency ömega) are scattered by sample into photons of the second harmonic (photons with frequency 2ömega). [CHMO]

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hyper Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001899)

synonyms: HRLS, HRS, SHLS, hyper Rayleigh light scattering, hyper Rayleigh scattering, hyper Rayleigh scattering spectrometry, hyper-Rayleigh light scattering, hyper-Rayleigh scattering, hyper-Rayleigh scattering spectrometry, hyper-Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy, second harmonic Rayleigh scattering

A method for determining the structure of a liquid sample by measuring the change in direction or energy of hyper-Rayleigh scattered visible light (scattering where photons from the incident laser - with frequency - are scattered into photons of the second harmonic - photons with frequency 2). [CHMO]

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hyperfine sublevel correlation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000271)

synonyms: 2D-HYSCORE, HYSCORE, hyperfine sublevel correlation

A type of two-dimensional EPR spectroscopy based on the electron spin-echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) effect, where a sequence of four microwave pulses is applied to the sample and the stimulated spin-echo produced is measured. [CHMO]

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identifying

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003585)

Identifying is recognizing an entity by some criteria and assigning an identifier to the entity. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

identifying

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003585)

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

idle state

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003667)

synonyms: idle, is idle

An idle state is a state during which a device or service waits for being started to execute a planned process. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

image analysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003540)

Image analysis is the discovering of patterns in an image that are correlated to qualities of the material entity the image represents or of abstract patterns. [Allotrope]

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image correlation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002312)

synonyms: ICS

A type of spectroscopy where the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample are measured at several different points in parallel and correlated within very small detection volumes. Ultra-violet light is used to stimulate fluorescence. [CHMO]

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image current detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002528)

Method of ion detection by measuring the current that results from the image charge induced by a coherent motion of ions passing near a conductor. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

image current detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002528)

Method of ion detection by measuring the current that results from the image charge induced by a coherent motion of ions passing near a conductor. [IUPAC]

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imaging

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003774)

Imaging is a process that produces an image of something. [Allotrope]

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imaging assay

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001801)

An imaging assay is a physical characterization assay to produce a picture of an entity. [CHMO]

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imaging assay

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001801)

An imaging assay is an assay to produce a picture of an entity. [CHMO]

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imaging mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002198)

synonyms: IMS, I-MS, imaging MS

Procedure used to form chemically selective images of an object based on the mass spectrometric detection of ions desorbed from its surface. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

imaging mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002198)

synonyms: IMS, I-MS, imaging MS

Procedure used to form chemically selective images of an object based on the mass spectrometric detection of ions desorbed from its surface. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

immersion lithography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000096)

A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90-100 deg. C. The photoresist is then immersed in a liquid with RI >1 (e.g. highly purified water) and exposed to a pattern of intense UV light. A post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120-180 deg. C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. [CHMO]

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immobilized metal affinity chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001819)

synonyms: IMAC, immobilised metal affinity chromatography

A chromatography method where the separation is caused by differing analyte-ligand interactions. Proteins containing amino acids with a specific affinity for metal ions (e.g. His which has an affinity for Co and Zn ions) are retained by the column. [CHMO]

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immobilized pH gradient-based isoelectric focusing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001342)

synonyms: IPG based-IEF, IPG-IEF, immobilised pH gradient-IEF, immobilized pH gradient-IEF

An electrophoresis method for the separation of amphoteric analytes according to their isoelectric points by the application of an electric field along a pH gradient. The pH gradient is formed during casting of the gels therefore cannot be altered during the experiment. [CHMO]

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defined in:

immunoprecipitation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000756)

synonyms: IP

The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate'), consisting of an antigen-specific antibody complex, from solution. [CHMO]

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impedance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002042)

synonyms: IS, dielectric spectroscopy, impedance spectrometry

Any type of spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of a sample during excitation is measured as a function of frequency. [CHMO]

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importing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003349)

Importing is a channeling that brings in a flow (material, energy, signal) from outside of a boundary to the inside. [Allotrope, NIST]

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defined in:

importing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003349)

Importing is a localization that brings in a flow (material, energy, signal) from outside of a boundary to the inside. [Allotrope, NIST]

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defined in:

in situ X-ray diffraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000884)

A method for determining structure by detecting the positions and intensities of X-rays, that have been generated within a structural domain, as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. [CHMO]

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in situ micro-X-ray diffraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000101)

synonyms: Kossel technique, Kossel-technique, MXRD, micro X-ray diffraction, micro XRD, micro in situ XRD

A method for determining structure by detecting the positions and intensities of X-rays, that have been generated in microstructural domain, as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. [CHMO]

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in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002233)

synonyms: in situ synchrotron XRD

A method for determining structure by detecting the positions and intensities of X-rays, that have been generated within a synchrotron, as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. [CHMO]

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incoherent neutron scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002418)

synonyms: INS

A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample and phase is not conserved. [CHMO]

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defined in:

increasing m/z scan deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000725)

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2019/06/aft

increasing m/z scan

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000725)

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

increasing quality process profile

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003819)

An increasing quality process profile is a quality process profile where the tracked determinate quality is continuously increasing in magnitude. [Allotrope]

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incredible natural abundance double quantum transfer experiment

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000971)

synonyms: 2D INADEQUATE, 2D INADEQUATE NMR, INADEQUATE, INADEQUATE NMR

A 2D NMR technique which correlates (commonly one-bond) J-coupled homonuclei. In one dimension, the signals appear at the chemical shift of a particular nucleus and in the other dimension, at a position which is the sum of the frequencies of that nucleus and its J-coupled partner. [CHMO]

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incrementing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003368)

synonyms: incrementing magnitude

Incrementing is enlarging the magnitude of a quality in a predetermined and fixed manner. [NIST]

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indexing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003586)

Indexing is the process of organizing data according to a specific plan, usually to streamline data retrieval. [Allotrope]

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indicating

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003488)

Indicating is signaling to make something known to the user about a flow. [NIST]

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indicating state

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003470)

The state when the role of a signal is realized independent of any other material entity that may sense (perceive) the signal. [Allotrope]

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indirect laser absorption spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002015)

synonyms: ILAS

Any type of laser spectroscopy where an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. [CHMO]

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defined in:

individual protein immunoprecipitation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001248)

synonyms: Co-IP

The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate'), consisting of a specific protein-antibody complex, from a solution containing many different proteins. [CHMO]

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induction skull melting

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001834)

synonyms: ISM

The melting of a material by high-frequency induction within a frozen shell of the same substance. This technique is used for materials which are very corrosive when molten e.g. cubic zirconia. [CHMO]

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defined in:

inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000678)

synonyms: ICP AES, ICP OES, ICP-AES, ICP-OES, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy

A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a plasma generated by electromagnetic induction is used as the excitation source. [CHMO]

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inelastic X-ray scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000904)

synonyms: inelastic X-ray scattering, IXS, IXSS, X-ray Raman spectrometry, X-ray Raman spectroscopy, XSS, inelastic X-ray scattering spectrometry, inelastic X-ray scattering spectroscopy, non-resonant inelastic X-ray emission spectrometry, non-resonant inelastic X-ray emission spectroscopy, non-resonant inelastic X-ray scattering

A method for determining structure by measuring the energy loss of X-rays scattered by a sample. [CHMO]

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defined in:

inelastic atom scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001141)

A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction and energy of scattered He atoms. The He atoms suffer energy loss upon scattering by colliding inelastically with surfaces leading to the absorption or emission of surface phonons. [CHMO]

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inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001633)

synonyms: IETS, inelastic electron tunneling spectrometry, inelastic electron tunnelling spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where a metal-molecule-metal sandwich is formed and electrons tunnel from metal to metal through the molecules. Any additional molecules adsorbed onto the inner layer of the sandwhich can affect the tunneling via the excitation of vibrational states. [CHMO]

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inelastic incoherent neutron scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001401)

synonyms: IINS, incoherent inelastic neutron scattering

A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, phase is not conserved and the neutrons suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions. [CHMO]

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inelastic low energy electron diffraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002357)

synonyms: ILEED, inelastic low-energy electron diffraction

A method for determining structure by directing a beam of low energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any inelastically scattered (scattering where kinetic energy is not conserved) electrons. [CHMO]

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inelastic neutron scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000053)

synonyms: INS, inelastic coherent neutron scattering, inelastic neutron scattering spectrometry, inelastic neutron scattering spectroscopy

A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, and suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions. [CHMO]

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defined in:

inertial droplet dispensing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000072)

synonyms: inertial drop dispensing

The dispensing of droplets by applying a pattern of piezoelectric acceleration and deceleration to the droplets such that inertial force can overcome adhesion force, resulting in droplet detachment from the device. [CHMO]

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defined in:

infering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003637)

synonyms: inference

Infering is a process that produces logical consequences by steps of reasoning, moving from premises. [Wikipedia]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/CR/2018/07/aft

inferring

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003637)

synonyms: inference

Inferring is a process that produces logical consequences by steps of reasoning, moving from premises. [Wikipedia]

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defined in:

infiltration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001505)

The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from, a liquid or vapor. [CHMO]

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defined in:

information process

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000307)

A process that affects, creates or destroys information content. [Allotrope]

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infrared absorption spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002016)

synonyms: IR, IR absorption spectrometry, IR absorption spectroscopy, IR spectrometry, IR spectrophotometry, IR spectroscopy, infra-red absorption spectrometry, infra-red absorption spectroscopy, infra-red spectrometry, infra-red spectrophotometry, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, infrared absorption spectrometry, infrared spectrometry, infrared spectrophotometry, infrared spectroscopy

Infrared absorption spectroscopy is a type of vibrational spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the infrared region. [CHMO]

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defined in:

infrared absorption spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002016)

synonyms: IR, IR absorption spectrometry, IR absorption spectroscopy, IR spectrometry, IR spectrophotometry, IR spectroscopy, infra-red absorption spectrometry, infra-red absorption spectroscopy, infra-red spectrometry, infra-red spectrophotometry, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, infrared absorption spectrometry, infrared spectrometry, infrared spectrophotometry, infrared spectroscopy

A type of vibrational spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the infrared region. [CHMO]

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defined in:

infrared absorption spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002016)

synonyms: IR, IR absorption spectrometry, IR absorption spectroscopy, IR spectrometry, IR spectrophotometry, IR spectroscopy, infra-red absorption spectrometry, infra-red absorption spectroscopy, infra-red spectrometry, infra-red spectrophotometry, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, infrared absorption spectrometry, infrared spectrometry, infrared spectrophotometry, infrared spectroscopy

A type of vibrational spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the infrared region (0.78-1000 µm). [CHMO]

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infrared dichroism spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000237)

synonyms: ID, infra-red dichroism, infrared dichroism, infrared dichroism measurements

A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption or reflection of polarized infrared light by a sample. [CHMO]

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defined in:

infrared emission spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000232)

synonyms: infrared emission spectroscopy, IES, infra-red emission spectrometry, infrared emission spectrometry

Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is heated and the infrared radiation (0.78-1000 µm) emitted during cooling is detected. [CHMO]

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defined in:

infrared evanescent wave spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000434)

synonyms: infrared evanescent wave spectroscopy, IR-EWS, infra-red evanescent wave spectrometry, infrared evanescent wave spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy using radiation in the infrared region (0.78-1000 µm) where an evanescent wave is generated using an optical fibre. [CHMO]

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defined in:

infrared fluorescence microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000819)

synonyms: IR fluorescence microscopy, infra-red fluorescence microscopy

A type of microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with radiation in the infra-red region (2.5-16 μm). [CHMO]

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defined in:

infrared microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000782)

synonyms: infra-red chemical imaging spectroscopy, IR microscopy, IR spectromicroscopy, IR-MSP, IRI, infra-red chemical imaging spectrometry, infra-red microscopy, infrared chemical imaging spectrometry, infrared chemical imaging spectroscopy, infrared mapping, infrared microspectrophotometry, infrared microspectroscopy, infrared spectromicroscopy

The collection of spatially resolved infrared spectra of a sample during optical microscopy. [CHMO]

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defined in:

infrared multiphoton dissociation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000120)

synonyms: IRMPD

Multiphoton ionization where the reactant ion dissociates as a result of the absorption of multiple infrared photons. [PSI-MS]

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defined in:

infrared multiphoton dissociation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002227)

synonyms: infrared multiphoton dissociation spectroscopy, IRMPD spectrometry, IRMPD spectroscopy, infra-red multiphoton dissociation spectrometry, infrared multiphoton dissociation spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the infrared region (0.78-1000 µm) with sufficient energy to cause photodissociation by the absorption of two or more photons. [CHMO]

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defined in:

infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002061)

synonyms: infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy, IR OAS, IR PAS, IR optoacoustic spectrometry, IR optoacoustic spectroscopy, IR photoacoustic spectrometry, IR photoacoustic spectroscopy, IR-OAS, IR-PAS, IROAS, IRPAS, infra-red optoacoustic spectrometry, infra-red photoacoustic spectrometry, infra-red photoacoustic spectroscopy, infrared optoacoustic spectrometry, infrared optoacoustic spectroscopy, infrared photoacoustic spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the sound emitted when a gaseous sample is exposed to an intense infrared laser beam, which is rapidly interrupted by a rotating slotted disk, is measured. [CHMO]

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infrared reflectance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001943)

synonyms: infrared reflectance spectroscopy, IR reflectance spectrometry, IR reflectance spectroscopy, IR reflection spectroscopy, infra-red reflectance spectrometry, infrared reflectance spectrometry, infrared reflection spectroscopy

A type of vibrational spectroscopy where the reflection or scattering of infrared radiation (0.78-1000 µm) by a sample is detected. [CHMO]

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infrared scanning near-field optical microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001160)

synonyms: SNIM, IR-NSOM, IR-SNOM, SNFIM, SNIM imaging, infra-red near-field scanning optical microscopy, infra-red scanning near-field optical microscopy, infrared near-field scanning optical microscopy

A type of microscopy where a probe consisting of an infrared laser transmitted through a tapered optical fibre is positioned very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen. The tip is coated with metal (to prevent light from escaping from the sides) and near-field (or evanescent field) infrared radiation is emitted through a small opening or 'aperture' (50-100 nm in diameter) at the apex of the probe. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the disturbance of the infrared near-field as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. [CHMO]

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infrared scattering near-field optical microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002074)

synonyms: infrared scattering SNOM, IR SNIM, IR s-SNOM, IR sSNOM, IR scattering SNOM, IR scattering near-field optical microscopy, IR scattering-type near-field optical microscopy, SNIM IR imaging, infrared s-SNOM, infrared sSNOM, infrared scattering-type near-field optical microscopy

A type of microscopy where a probe consisting of an infrared laser transmitted through a tapered optical fibre is positioned very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen and focused to a diffraction-limited spot size. A vibrating metallic AFM cantilever tip periodically and locally modifies the electromagnetic field distribution of the excitation laser. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the scattered light from the tip as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. [CHMO]

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infrared spectroscopic ellipsometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001331)

synonyms: IRSE, infra-red spectroscopic ellipsometry, infrared ellipsometric spectroscopy

A method for determining structure by illuminating a sample with a continuous infrared wavelength light source and measuring the intensity and change in polarization of the reflected light as a function of wavelength. [CHMO]

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infrared thermal diffusion forced Rayleigh scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000605)

synonyms: infrared thermal diffusion forced Rayleigh scattering, IR-TDFRS, IR-TDFRS analysis, IR-TDFRS method

A method for determining structure where a grating created by the interference of infrared laser beams is written into a sample which contains a small amount of dye. The intensity grating is converted into a temperature grating which, in turn, causes a concentration grating by thermal diffusion. A further infrared laser beam is Rayleigh scattered by the grating and the change in direction or energy of the light and the temporal evolution of the scattered beam are measured. [CHMO]

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infrared transmission spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002276)

synonyms: IR transmission spectroscopy, IR transmittance spectroscopy, infrared transmittance spectroscopy, transmission IR

Infrared transmission spectroscopy is a type of vibrational spectroscopy where the transmission of infrared radiation (0.78-1000 µm) through a sample is detected. [CHMO]

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infrared transmission spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002276)

synonyms: IR transmission spectroscopy, IR transmittance spectroscopy, infrared transmittance spectroscopy, transmission IR

A type of spectroscopy where the transmission of infrared radiation (0.78-1000 µm) through a sample is detected. [CHMO]

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infrared-visible sum-frequency generation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000568)

synonyms: infrared-visible sum-frequency generation spectroscopy, infrared-visible sum-frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy

A method for generating surface-specific vibrational spectra by mixing two light beams (visible and IR) at a surface and detecting the output beam, which has frequency equal to the sum of the two input frequencies. [CHMO]

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inhibiting

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003596)

Significantly restraining a flow, though a portion of the flow continues to be transferred. [NIST]

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injecting

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003666)

synonyms: injection

Injecting is the forceful loading of a fluid into the interior of some other object. [Allotrope]

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injection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001611)

synonyms: injection, sample introduction

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/REC/2018/04/aft

injection (chromatography)

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001611)

synonyms: injection, sample introduction

Process of loading a sample into a chromatography system. [Allotrope]

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injection molding

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000411)

A process for shaping pliable thermoplastic or thermosetting plastics using a rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The plastic is fed into a heated barrel, mixed, and forced into a mould where it cools and hardens to the configuration of the mould. [CHMO]

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injection needle washing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003663)

synonyms: needle washing

Injection needle washing is the washing of an injection needle. [Allotrope]

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insensitive nuclei enhancement by polarization transfer

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002287)

synonyms: INEPT, INEPT NMR

A heteronuclear NMR experiment in which magnetization arising from 1H nuclei is transferred to covalently bound heteronuclei, thereby enhancing the NMR signal of the heteronuclei. [CHMO]

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inserting material

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003398)

synonyms: insertion

A spatial processing of transfering material into a site. [Allotrope]

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inserting material

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003398)

synonyms: insertion

A spatial processing of transferring material into a site. [Allotrope]

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integration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000970)

The method used to obtain the integral of a function or curve. [Allotrope]

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integrity testing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002679)

Performance testing of a device. [Allotrope]

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intensity based data point removal

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002508)

synonyms: thresholding

The removal of data points based on a low or high intensity threshold. [Allotrope]

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intensity calibration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000832)

The intensity calibration is a type of calibration of cameras such as those used in cell counter devices. [Allotrope]

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intensity normalization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000377)

Definition pending. [0]

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intensity normalization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000377)

Intensity normalization is a data apodization to transform the data to a common intensity range for comparison. [Allotrope]

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intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001025)

synonyms: IMPS

A type of spectroscopy where light energy (from a fluctuating light source) absorbed by the sample results in the production of a current (the 'photocurrent') which is measured at different spectral intervals as a function of the modulation frequency of the light source. [CHMO]

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intensity-modulated photovoltage spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000815)

synonyms: IMVS

A type of spectroscopy where light energy (from a fluctuating light source) absorbed by the sample results in the production of a potential difference (the 'photovoltage') which is measured at different spectral intervals as a function of the modulation frequency of the light source. [CHMO]

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interference lithography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001095)

synonyms: HIL, holographic interference lithography, holographic lithography

A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90-100 deg. C. The photoresist is then exposed to a pattern of intense UV light generated by the interference of two or more coherent light sources. A post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120-180 deg. C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. [CHMO]

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interferometric Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001459)

synonyms: interferometric Rayleigh scattering, interferometric Rayleigh scattering method, interferometric Rayleigh scattering spectrometry

A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light which has been passed through an inferometer. [CHMO]

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interferometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002065)

synonyms: laser interferometry, optical interferometry

The measurement of the properties of two or more lasers or waves by studying the pattern of interference created by their superposition. [CHMO]

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interpolation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003568)

Interpolation is the constructing new data points within the range of a discrete set of known data points. [Wikipedia]

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interpolation (calibration)

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003717)

synonyms: interpolation

Interpolation is a calculation that calculates a calculated measure from a primary measure by applying a measurement function that is derived from a calibration curve. [Allotrope]

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intracavity laser absorption spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001056)

synonyms: ILS, intracavity laser absorption spectroscopy, ICAS, ICL spectrometry, ICL spectroscopy, ICLAS, ICLS, intra cavity laser absorption spectroscopy, intra-cavity laser absorption spectrometry, intra-cavity laser spectrometry, intra-cavity laser spectroscopy, intracavity laser absorption spectrometry, intracavity laser spectroscopy, intracavity spectrometry

Any type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside the laser cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. [CHMO]

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inverse gas chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002444)

synonyms: IGC

A surface characterization technique in which a pulse or constant concentration of a known gas or vapour (probe molecule) is injected into a column packed with the solid sample at a fixed carrier gas flow rate. The retention time of the probe molecule is then measured using a traditional gas chromatography detector. [CHMO]

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inverse photoelectron spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001884)

synonyms: IPES, IPS, inverse photoelectron spectrometry, inverse photoemission spectrometry, inverse photoemission spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons and the photons emitted are detected. [CHMO]

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inverse satellite transition magic angle spinning

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000719)

synonyms: I-STMAS, ISTMAS, inverse-STMAS

An NMR experiment where the selective excitation of central and satellite transitions during magic angle spinning is used for recording high-resolution NMR spectra of quadrupolar nuclei in solids. Satellite transitions are detected first, followed by central transitions. [CHMO]

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inversion recovery

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000248)

synonyms: T1, inversion recovery Fourier transform , IRFT, relaxation time measurement

An NMR experiment which measures spin-lattice (T1) relaxation rates by acquiring spectra at different delay times following inversion of the spin-state populations. [CHMO]

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inversion recovery total correlation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000910)

synonyms: IR-TOCSY, inversion recovery TOCSY, inversion-recovery TOCSY

A two-dimensional NMR experiment which shows correlations between all the nuclei of a spin system and also allows determination of T1 relaxation rates. [CHMO]

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inverting

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001953)

Inverting is a sample preparation step of mixing. It is homogenization by switching the y-axis of a sample several times, turning it upside down using a syringe. [Allotrope]

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ion amperometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000836)

synonyms: ion-amperometry

The measurement of cell current, whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled, associated with the ion transfer across the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES). [CHMO]

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ion beam patterning

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000337)

synonyms: ion-beam patterning

A patterning process which involves using a focused Ga+ beam to cut trenches into substrates. [CHMO]

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ion beam-induced deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001684)

synonyms: FIBID, IBID, focused-ion-beam-induced deposition, focussed-ion-beam-induced deposition, ion beam induced deposition, ion-beam-induced deposition

A synthesis method where an ion beam (e.g. Ga+) is used to decompose gaseous molecules leading to deposition on a nearby substrate. [CHMO]

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ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000800)

synonyms: ICR-MS, ICR MS, ICR mass spectrometry, ICR mass spectroscopy, ICRMS, ion cyclotron resonance mass spectroscopy, ion-cyclotron-resonance mass spectrometry, ion-cyclotron-resonance mass spectroscopy

A type of mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is determined by measuring their cyclotron frequency (the frequency at which they precesses in a fixed magnetic field). [CHMO]

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ion desolvation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002523)

Removal of solvent molecules clustered around a gas-phase ion by means of heating and/or collisions with gas molecules. [IUPAC MS REC]

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ion desolvation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002523)

Removal of solvent molecules clustered around a gas-phase ion by means of heating and/or collisions with gas molecules. [IUPAC]

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ion detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002541)

A method for detecting ions. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/REC/2018/04/aft

ion detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002541)

Ion detection is detecting the presence of ions. [Allotrope]

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ion ejection method

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002586)

Technique for the ejection of ions from an ion trap. [Allotrope]

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ion enhancement

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002520)

synonyms: ionization enhancement

Phenomenon in which the ionization efficiency of a compound is increased by the presence of another compound. [IUPAC MS REC]

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ion enhancement

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002520)

synonyms: ionization enhancement

Phenomenon in which the ionization efficiency of a compound is increased by the presence of another compound. [IUPAC]

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ion kinetic energy spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002107)

synonyms: IKES

A method of analysis in which a beam of ions is separated according to the ratio of its translational energy to charge. [PSI-MS]

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ion microprobe spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002066)

synonyms: ion microprobe spectroscopy, ion micro-probe spectrometry, ion microprobe spectrometry

A type of spectrocsopy where a finely focused (<10 m diameter) beam of ions is directed at a sample and the secondary ions emitted are detected. [CHMO]

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ion microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000850)

synonyms: IM

A type of microscopy where ions are used to produce an image. [CHMO]

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ion mobility spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001932)

synonyms: ion mobility spectroscopy, IMS, ion mobility spectrometry, ion-mobility spectroscopy

Definition pending. [0]

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ion pair formation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002557)

Gas-phase reaction of a molecule to form both positive ion and negative ion fragments among the products. [IUPAC MS REC]

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ion pair formation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002557)

Gas-phase reaction of a molecule to form both positive ion and negative ion fragments among the products. [IUPAC]

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ion projection lithography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000462)

synonyms: IPL, ion-projection lithography

A synthesis technique that uses ions to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a focused ion beam (75 keV He ions) is scanned across a patterned mask inducing chemical reactions in the resist. The desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). [CHMO]

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ion reaction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003712)

An ion reaction is a chemical reaction that has ion participants. [Allotrope]

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ion scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001104)

synonyms: ISS, ion scattering spectrometry, ion scattering spectroscopy

A method for determining structure where the sample is bombarded with ions (100-1000 eV) and the energies and positions of the scattered ions are detected. [CHMO]

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ion selection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003710)

synonyms: mass analysis, mass selection

Ion selection is dividing ions according to their mass to charge ratio in a mass analyzer. [Allotrope]

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ion spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001234)

synonyms: ion spectrometry

Any type of spectroscopy where the absorption of emission of ions is detected. [CHMO]

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ion suppression

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002527)

synonyms: ionisation suppression, ionization suppression

Definition pending. [0]

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ion suppression

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002527)

synonyms: ionisation suppression, ionization suppression

Ion suppression is a state in which the ionization efficiency of a species is lowered by the presence of a different species. [IUPAC]

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ion trap mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000499)

synonyms: IT MS, IT-MS, ITMS, ion trap MS, ion trap mass spectroscopy, ion-trap mass spectrometry, ion-trap mass spectroscopy

Any type of mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is measured whilst the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric or magnetic field. [CHMO]

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ion-assisted deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000947)

synonyms: IAD, IBAD, ion beam assisted deposition, ion-beam-assisted deposition

A synthesis technique where a solid target is bombarded with energetic ions (e.g. Ar+) causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'), which deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate. A secondary ion beam is then used to remove any partially bound atoms from the substrate surface. [CHMO]

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ion-beam lithography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001092)

synonyms: ion beam lithography

A synthesis technique that uses ions to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a focused ion beam (75 keV He ions) is scanned across it in a patterned fashion. The ions induce chemical reactions in the resist and the desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). [CHMO]

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ion-beam spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001957)

synonyms: IBS, ion-beam spectrometry

Any type of spectroscopy where a focused beam of ions is directed at a sample and the secondary ions emitted are detected. [CHMO]

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ion-beam sputter deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001551)

synonyms: IBS, ion-assisted sputtering, ion-beam sputtering, ion-beam-assisted sputtering

A synthesis technique where a solid target is bombarded with energetic ions (e.g. Ar+) causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate. Ionization of the neutral gas atoms requires an external ion source, which generates a focused ion beam. [CHMO]

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ion-exchange chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001202)

synonyms: IEC, IEX, IEX chromatography, ion exchange chromatography

Column chromatography where the separation is based on ions and polar molecules' affinity to the ion-exchanger. [Allotrope]

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ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002423)

synonyms: IE-HPLC, IEX-HPLC, ion exchange HPLC, ion exchange high performance liquid chromatography, ion-exchange HPLC, ion-exchange high-pressure liquid chromatography

Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles, the inlet pressure is relatively high and the separation is caused by differences in ion-exchange affinity. [CHMO]

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ion-excited Auger electron spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000089)

synonyms: INS, IES, IAES, IEAES, IIAES, ion neutralisation spectrometry, ion neutralisation spectroscopy, ion neutralization spectrometry, ion neutralization spectroscopy, ion-electron spectroscopy, ion-excited Auger spectrometry, ion-induced Auger electron spectrometry, ion-induced Auger electron spectroscopy, ionelectron spectroscopy

Any type of spectroscopy where ion bombardment of a sample results in the ionization of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected as a function of incident ion energy. [CHMO]

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ion-exclusion chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000095)

synonyms: ion exclusion chromatography

Column chromatography where the separation is caused by differences in charge, the mobile phase is aqueous and the analyte is ionic. [CHMO]

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ion-mobility spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001932)

synonyms: ion mobility spectroscopy, IMS, ion mobility spectrometry, ion-mobility spectroscopy

Ion-mobility spectrometry is a ion spectroscopy that that separates and identifies ionized molecules in the gas phase based on their mobility in a carrier buffer gas. [Wikipedia]

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ion-pair chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001797)

synonyms: IPC, ion pair chromatography, ion pairing chromatography, ion-pairing chromatography

A type of column chromatography in which ions in solution can be 'paired' or neutralised and separated as an ion pair on a reversed-phase column. Ion-pairing agents are usually ionic compounds that contain a hydrocarbon chain. [CHMO]

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ion-selective potentiometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000416)

An electrochemical technique where the potential difference between an ion-selective indicator electrode and the reference electrode is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. [CHMO]

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ion-source pyrolysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001626)

The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy in which the reactor is located within the ion source of a mass spectrometer. [CHMO]

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ion/ion reaction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002521)

synonyms: ion-ion reaction

Reaction between two ions, generally of opposite polarity. [IUPAC MS REC]

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ion/ion reaction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002521)

synonyms: ion-ion reaction

Reaction between two ions, generally of opposite polarity. [IUPAC]

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ion/molecule reaction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002565)

synonyms: ion-molecule reaction

Ion/neutral reaction in which the neutral is a molecule. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

ion/molecule reaction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002565)

synonyms: ion-molecule reaction

Ion/neutral reaction in which the neutral is a molecule. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

ion/neutral exchange reaction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002562)

Reaction of a gas-phase ion with a neutral to produce a different neutral and ion as the products. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

ion/neutral exchange reaction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002562)

Reaction of a gas-phase ion with a neutral to produce a different neutral and ion as the products. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

ion/neutral reaction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002561)

synonyms: ion-neutral reaction

Process wherein a ion interacts with a neutral reactant to produce either chemically different species or changes in the internal energy of one or both of the reactants. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

ion/neutral reaction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002561)

synonyms: ion-neutral reaction

Process wherein a ion interacts with a neutral reactant to produce either chemically different species or changes in the internal energy of one or both of the reactants. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

ionic dissociation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002531)

Dissociation of an ion into another ion of lower mass and one or more neutral or ions with a lower charge.

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defined in:

ionic dissociation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002531)

Dissociation of an ion into another ion of lower mass and one or more neutral or ions with a lower charge. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/domain/WD/2024/09/chemical-reaction

ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001993)

synonyms: ionization method, ionisation method

Ionization is a converting chemical reaction by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons, often in conjunction with other chemical changes. [Wikipedia]

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ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001993)

synonyms: ionization method, ionisation method

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001993)

synonyms: ionization method, ionisation method

Ionization is converting by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons, often in conjunction with other chemical changes. [Wikipedia]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/WD/2019/06/aft

ionization spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000767)

synonyms: IS, CLS, ILS, core level characteristic loss spectroscopy, core-level characteristic loss spectroscopy, ionisation loss spectrometry, ionisation loss spectroscopy, ionisation spectrometry, ionization loss spectrometry, ionization loss spectroscopy, ionization spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the loss in energy of electrons produced by ionization is measured. [CHMO]

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defined in:

ionization spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000767)

synonyms: IS, CLS, ILS, core level characteristic loss spectroscopy, core-level characteristic loss spectroscopy, ionisation loss spectrometry, ionisation loss spectroscopy, ionisation spectrometry, ionization loss spectrometry, ionization loss spectroscopy, ionization spectrometry

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defined in:

ionization-detected stimulated Raman spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000946)

synonyms: IDSRS

A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from two lasers ('pump' and 'probe') by a sample is detected. The molecules in the sample are ionized using an ultraviolet laser in order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the spectrum. [CHMO]

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defined in:

ionizing collision

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000809)

Reaction of an ion with a neutral in which one or more electrons are removed from either the ion or neutral to form free electrons. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

ionizing collision

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000809)

Reaction of an ion with a neutral in which one or more electrons are removed from either the ion or neutral to form free electrons. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

ionothermal synthesis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001935)

A synthesis method for growing single crystals from an ionic liquid in an autoclave (a thick-walled steel vessel) at high temperature (400 deg. C) and pressure. [CHMO]

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ionspray mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000617)

synonyms: ISI-MS, ISI/MS, ISMS, ion spray ionisation mass spectrometry, ion spray ionization mass spectrometry, ionspray MS, ionspray mass spectroscopy, pneumatically-assisted electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry, pneumatically-assisted electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy, pneumatically-assisted electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, pneumatically-assisted electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy., turbo ion-spray mass spectrometry, turbo ion-spray mass spectroscopy

A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by forcing an aqueous solution of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. [CHMO]

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defined in:

is approved

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003758)

synonyms: approved, approved state

Is approved is an approval state where information content such as a specification is approved by an authority for a purpose or in a context. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

is denied

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003759)

synonyms: denied, denied state

Is denied is an approval state where information content such as a specification is denied by an authority for a purpose or in a context. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

isobaric calorimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001295)

synonyms: constant pressure calorimetry, constant-pressure calorimetry

The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) at constant pressure during a chemical or biochemical reaction. [CHMO]

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defined in:

isocratic elution

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002789)

synonyms: step elution

Elution with a constant composition of the mobile phase. [Wikipedia]

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defined in:

isocratic-elution chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002060)

synonyms: isocratic elution chromatography

A separation method where the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary, while the other moves in a definite direction (the 'mobile' phase). In isocratic elution chromatography the elution solvent strength of the mobile phase remains constant during the separation. [CHMO]

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isoelectric focusing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000365)

synonyms: isoelectric focusing, IEF, IEF focusing, IEF focussing, IEF separation, focusing, isoelectric focussing

An electrophoresis method for the separation of amphoteric analytes according to their isoelectric points by the application of an electric field along a pH gradient. [CHMO]

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defined in:

isoelectric focusing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000210)

synonyms: IEF-PAGE, isoelectrofocusing PAGE

A two-dimensional separation method where one separation process is isoelectric focusing on a gel and the other separation process is polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. [CHMO]

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isomorphous replacement

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001088)

A method for providing phasing necessary for X-ray crystallography information by introducing heavy atoms into isomorphous crystals. [CHMO]

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defined in:

isopycnic centrifugation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001822)

synonyms: equilibrium centrifugation, sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation

A method where the components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density, in a density gradient of e.g. CsCl in a centrifuge, according to buoyant density. The species in the sample move through the gradient until they reach a point where their density and that of the gradient are identical. [CHMO]

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defined in:

isopycnic gradient ultracentrifugation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000361)

A method where the components of a sample (e.g. plasma lipoproteins) are separated on the basis of their density in a centrifuge according to the centrifugal force they experience. A density gradient is established via equilibrium sedimentation (e.g. using caesium ions), and then analyte molecules concentrate as bands where the molecule density matches that of the surrounding solution. Samples are spun at speeds of up to 150,000 rpm. [CHMO]

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isostatic pressing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001296)

The process of pressing a powder under a gas or liquid so that pressure is transmitted equally in all directions. [CHMO]

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defined in:

isotachophoresis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001644)

An electrophoresis method in a discontinuous buffer system where the analytes migrate according to their electrophoretic mobilities, forming a chain of adjacent zones moving with equal velocity between two solutions, the leading and terminating electrolytes, bracketing the mobility range of the analytes. [CHMO]

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defined in:

isotachophoretic focusing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002308)

synonyms: isotachophoretic focussing

An electrophoresis method where colloidal particles move at different speeds in a separation medium that has an electrophoretic mobility gradient so that the analytes move and stack in the order of their electrophoretic mobilities. [CHMO]

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defined in:

isothermal

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002703)

The code of isothermal DSC scan mode for scanning at a constant temperature. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

isothermal calorimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000154)

The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) at constant temperature during a chemical or biochemical reaction. [CHMO]

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defined in:

isothermal capacitance transient spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000876)

synonyms: ICTS

A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the capacitance produced by applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at constant different temperatures, spectra are generated that exhibit peaks, the height of which are proportional to the height of which are proportional to time constant for the emission rate. [CHMO]

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defined in:

isothermal differential scanning calorimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002694)

Isothermal differential scanning calorimetry is a type of differential scanning calorimetry where the measurement takes place at constant temperature. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

isothermal pyrolysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000878)

The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy during which the temperature is held constant. [CHMO]

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defined in:

isothermal titration calorimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000555)

synonyms: ITC, isothermal titration microcalorimetry, titration calorimetry

The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) at constant temperature during a titration. [CHMO]

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defined in:

isotope dilution mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002156)

synonyms: ID-MS, IDMS, isotope dilution mass spectroscopy

Quantitative mass spectrometry technique in which an isotopically enriched compound is used as a surrogate internal standard. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

isotope dilution mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002156)

synonyms: ID-MS, IDMS, isotope dilution mass spectroscopy

Quantitative mass spectrometry technique in which an isotopically enriched compound is used as a surrogate internal standard. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

isotope ratio mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001577)

synonyms: IR MS, IR-MS, IRMS, isotope ratio mass spectroscopy, isotopic ratios mass spectrometry, isotopic ratios mass spectroscopy

Measurement and study of the relative abundances of the different isotopes of an element in a material using a mass spectrometer. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

isotope ratio mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001577)

synonyms: IR MS, IR-MS, IRMS, isotope ratio mass spectroscopy, isotopic ratios mass spectrometry, isotopic ratios mass spectroscopy

Measurement and study of the relative abundances of the different isotopes of an element in a material using a mass spectrometer. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

isotopic labeling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001144)

synonyms: isotope labeling, isotope labelling

The substitution of an atom or an ion (present in the form of its stable isotope) by an isotope of the same element. [CHMO]

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defined in:

isotopic scrambling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002544)

Complete random mixing of isotopes between specified positions in an ion or neutral to achieve an equilibrium distribution of isotopes. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

isotopic scrambling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002544)

Complete random mixing of isotopes between specified positions in an ion or neutral to achieve an equilibrium distribution of isotopes. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

jet deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000547)

synonyms: JD

A synthesis method where a flow of precursors is projected onto a surface, resulting in a deposit. [CHMO]

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defined in:

job order command abort deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000193)

The code of a job order command that enccodes the state of abort. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2019/06/afo

job order command abort

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000193)

The code of a job order command that enccodes the state of abort. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

job order command code deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001147)

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2019/06/afo

job order command code

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001147)

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

job order command hold deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000240)

The code of a job order command that enccodes the state of hold. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2019/06/afo

job order command hold

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000240)

The code of a job order command that enccodes the state of hold. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

job order command pause deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000536)

The code of a job order command that enccodes the state of pause. [Allotrope]

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License

defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2019/06/afo

job order command pause

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000536)

The code of a job order command that enccodes the state of pause. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

job order command reset deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000564)

The code of a job order command that enccodes the state of reset. [Allotrope]

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License

defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2019/06/afo

job order command reset

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000564)

The code of a job order command that enccodes the state of reset. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

job order command restart deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002438)

The code of a job order command that enccodes the state of restart. [Allotrope]

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License

defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2019/06/afo

job order command restart

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002438)

The code of a job order command that enccodes the state of restart. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

job order command resume deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000383)

The code of a job order command that enccodes the state of resume. [Allotrope]

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License

defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2019/06/afo

job order command resume

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000383)

The code of a job order command that enccodes the state of resume. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

job order command start deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000761)

The code of a job order command that enccodes the state of start. [Allotrope]

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License

defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2019/06/afo

job order command start

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000761)

The code of a job order command that enccodes the state of start. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

job order command stop deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001075)

The code of a job order command that enccodes the state of stop. [Allotrope]

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License

defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2019/06/afo

job order command stop

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001075)

The code of a job order command that enccodes the state of stop. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

jog

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002730)

Jog mode of compaction. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

joining

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003357)

Joining is the direct coupling of flows without any intermediary flow. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

joining material

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003547)

Joining material is joining of materials. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

jump and return pulse sequence

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001726)

synonyms: JR, JR pulse sequence, JR sequence, jump and return, jump-and-return, jump-and-return pulse sequence

A pulse cluster used for solvent suppression consisting of two RF pulses separated by a delay with conditions set such that the solvent signal alone is rendered unobservable by the second pulse. For the pulse sequence see J. Am. Chem. Soc., (1982), 104, pg 7310. [CHMO]

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defined in:

k-resolved inverse photoelectron spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002223)

synonyms: KRIPES, KRIPS, k-resolved IPE spectrometry, k-resolved IPE spectroscopy, k-resolved inverse photoelectron spectrometry, k-resolved inverse photoemission spectrometry, k-resolved inverse photoemission spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation which is detected as a function of the vector k (where k is the difference between the wave vectors of the incident and scattered radiation). [CHMO]

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defined in:

kinetic method

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002560)

Method for the determination of ion thermodynamic quantities by a procedure in which the relative probabilities of competing ionic dissociations are measured via the relative abundances of the reaction products. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

kinetic method

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002560)

Method for the determination of ion thermodynamic quantities by a procedure in which the relative probabilities of competing ionic dissociations are measured via the relative abundances of the reaction products. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

kinetic spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001941)

synonyms: kinetic spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy used to study processes through in situ observation of the time profile of molecular absorptions. [CHMO]

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defined in:

kinetics assay

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002700)

synonyms: kinetics, molecular kinetics, chemical kinetics

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

kinetics assay

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002700)

synonyms: kinetics, molecular kinetics, chemical kinetics

A kinetics assay is an assay that investigates how different experimental conditions can influence the speed of a chemical reaction and yield information about the reaction's mechanism and transition states. [Wikipedia]

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defined in:

krypton pulse-discharge photoionization detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000243)

synonyms: Kr-PDPID, Kr/PDPID, krypton pulse discharge photoionisation detection, krypton pulse discharge photoionization detection, krypton pulsed discharge photoionisation detection, krypton pulsed discharge photoionization detection, krypton pulsed-discharge photoionisation detection, krypton pulsed-discharge photoionization detection

A detection method where a DC voltage pulse is passed through krypton gas generating high-energy (13.5-17.5 eV) photons which photoionize the elements in the sample mixture, and the current generated by this ionization is measured. [CHMO]

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defined in:

labeling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000899)

The process of attaching a label onto a substance. Labels are molecular entities that facilitate the detection (through fluorescence, radioactivity, etc.) of the species to which they are attached. [CHMO]

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defined in:

laser Doppler velocimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000182)

synonyms: LDA, laser Doppler anemometry, laser anemometry, optical anemometry

A method for determining the velocity or zeta-potential of a sample by measuring the Doppler shift experienced by light. A laser beam is directed at a series of fine particles in the medium of interest, and the reflected (or Doppler-shifted) beam then produces an interference pattern with a reference beam. [CHMO]

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defined in:

laser ablation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001371)

synonyms: photoablation

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

laser ablation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001371)

synonyms: photoablation

Laser ablation is the process of removing material from a solid (or occasionally liquid) surface by irradiating it with a laser beam. At low laser flux, the material is heated by the absorbed laser energy and evaporates or sublimates. [Wikipedia]

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defined in:

laser ablation electrospray ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002084)

synonyms: LAESI

An ionization method where the sample is vaporised using a high-energy pulsed laser and then ionized by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of it through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. [CHMO]

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defined in:

laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001692)

synonyms: LA ICP AES, LA ICP-AES, laser ablation ICP AES, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry

A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is vaporised by laser ablation and excited using a plasma generated by electromagnetic induction. [CHMO]

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defined in:

laser ablation molecular beam Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000635)

synonyms: LA-MB-FTMW spectrometry, LA-MB-FTMW spectroscopy, laser ablation molecular beam FT microwave spectroscopy, laser ablation molecular beam Fourier transform microwave (LA-MB-FTMW) spectroscopy, laser ablation molecular beam Fourier transform microwave spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the sample (in the form of a molecular beam) is vaporised by laser ablation before being irradiated with a single pulse of radiation in the microwave region (1-1000 mm) and the spectrum is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]

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defined in:

laser ablation synthesis in solution

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001858)

synonyms: LASiS, LASiS technique

A method for obtaining colloidal solutions of nanoparticles by the condensation of a plasma plume formed by the laser ablation of a bulk metal plate dipped in a solution. [CHMO]

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defined in:

laser absorption spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001212)

synonyms: LAS, laser absorbance spectrometry, laser absorbance spectroscopy, laser absorption spectrometry

Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more laser beams and the absorption of light by the sample is measured. [CHMO]

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defined in:

laser capture micro-dissection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001346)

synonyms: LCM, laser capture microdissection, laser-capture micro-dissection, laser-capture microdissection

A method for isolating specific cells of interest from microscopic regions of tissue using a microscope coupled to a UV laser. [CHMO]

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laser chemical vapor deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002174)

synonyms: LCVD, laser CVD, laser assisted CVD, laser assisted chemical vapor deposition, laser assisted chemical vapour deposition, laser induced CVD, laser-assisted CVD, laser-assisted chemical vapor deposition, laser-assisted chemical vapour deposition, laser-induced CVD, laser-induced chemical vapor deposition, laser-induced chemical vapour deposition

A synthesis method where a laser-heated substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. [CHMO]

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laser cooling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002168)

A technique for cooling atoms by directing two laser beams (with energy just below an electronic transition) at the sample from opposite directions. Scattering of the laser photons by the atoms in the sample reduces their kinetic energy. [CHMO]

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laser desorption

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002564)

Formation of gas-phase species from a solid or liquid sample surface upon activation using a short pulse of photons from a laser. [IUPAC MS REC]

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laser desorption

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002564)

Formation of gas-phase species from a solid or liquid sample surface upon activation using a short pulse of photons from a laser. [IUPAC]

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laser desorption electrospray ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001286)

synonyms: ELDI, electrospray-assisted laser desorption-ionisation, electrospray-assisted laser desorption-ionization, electrospray-assisted laser desorption-ionisation

An ionization method where neutral molecules are desorbed from the sample (usually biological) using a nitrogen laser and then ionized by collision with charged solvent droplets which are formed by forcing the solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min-1) into an electric field. [CHMO]

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laser desorption ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001979)

synonyms: LDI

Formation of gas-phase ions by the interaction of a laser with a solid or liquid material. [IUPAC MS REC]

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laser desorption ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001979)

synonyms: LDI

Formation of gas-phase ions by the interaction of a laser with a solid or liquid material. [IUPAC]

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laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001324)

synonyms: LIMS, LDI MS, LDI mass spectrometry, LDI-MS, LDIMS, LDMS, LIMA, laser desorption mass spectrometry, laser desorption mass spectroscopy, laser desorption-ionisation mass spectroscopy, laser desorption-ionization mass spectroscopy, laser ionisation MS, laser ionisation mass analysis, laser ionisation mass spectrometry, laser ionisation mass spectroscopy, laser ionization MS, laser ionization mass analysis, laser ionization mass spectrometry, laser ionization mass spectroscopy, laser-ionisation mass analysis, laser-ionization mass analysis

A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is vaporised and ionized using a high-energy pulsed laser. [CHMO]

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laser dissociation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001407)

synonyms: laser dissociation spectrometry, laser photo-fragmentation spectrometry, laser photo-fragmentation spectroscopy, laser photodissociation spectrometry, laser photodissociation spectroscopy, laser photofragmentation spectrometry, laser photofragmentation spectroscopy, laser-induced fragmentation spectrometry, laser-induced fragmentation spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser and molecules in the sample dissociate following the absorption of one or more high-energy photons. [CHMO]

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laser electric resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000957)

synonyms: Stark spectroscopy, laser Stark spectrometry, laser Stark spectroscopy, laser electric resonance spectrometry

A type of laser spectroscopy where a fixed-wavelength infrared or ultraviolet laser is used to excite the sample which is placed in an electric field. By varying the strength of the applied electric field some vibrational-rotational transitions can be made to coincide with the laser wavelength and the absorption of the laser light is measured. [CHMO]

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laser emission spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000284)

synonyms: LES, laser emission spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where a thermally-excited vapour sample is illuminated with an ultraviolet or visible laser and the photon emission spectrum of the sample is observed. [CHMO]

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laser flash photolysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001546)

synonyms: LFP

A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The absorption of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse. [CHMO]

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laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000877)

synonyms: LIF spectrometry, LIF spectroscopy, laser induced fluorescence spectrometry, laser-induced fluorescence spectrometry, laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser causing molecules in the sample to be electronically excited. The photons emitted as a result of the decay of the molecules back down to the ground state are measured. [CHMO]

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laser ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002559)

synonyms: LI

Formation of ions through the interaction of photons from a laser with solid or liquid materials or with gas-phase atoms or molecules. [IUPAC MS REC]

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laser ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002559)

synonyms: LI

Formation of ions through the interaction of photons from a laser with solid or liquid materials or with gas-phase atoms or molecules. [IUPAC]

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laser ionization spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000907)

synonyms: LIS, laser ionisation spectrometry, laser ionization spectrometry

Any type of spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with a laser and photoexcitation is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionization potential to create an ion. [CHMO]

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laser light scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002457)

synonyms: LLS, laser-light scattering

A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered visible light. Light (from a laser source) is scattered by the electrons surrounding the atomic nuclei in the sample. [CHMO]

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laser mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000783)

synonyms: LMS, L-MS, laser mass spectroscopy

Any type of mass spectrometry where the sample is illuminated with a laser. [CHMO]

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laser micro emission spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001803)

synonyms: LAMES, laser micro emission spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where a thermally-excited vapour sample is illuminated with a finely focused (<10 m diameter) ultraviolet or visible laser and the photon emission spectrum of the sample is observed. [CHMO]

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laser micro-dissection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000709)

synonyms: laser microdissection

A type of dissection where a laser is coupled to a microscope and focused onto a biological sample (e.g. tissue) on the slide. [CHMO]

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laser microprobe inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001799)

synonyms: LM-ICP-AES, laser microprobe ICP-AES

A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is vaporised by laser ablation with a finely focused (<10 m diameter) laser and excited using a plasma generated by electromagnetic induction. [CHMO]

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laser microprobe mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000031)

synonyms: laser microprobe mass spectrometry, LAMMA, LAMMS, LMMS, laser micro mass spectrometry, laser micro-probe mass analysis, laser micro-probe mass spectrometry, laser microprobe mass spectroscopy, laser-assisted mass microanalysis

Laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry, particularly emphasizing spatially resolved composition information. [IUPAC MS REC]

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laser microprobe mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000031)

synonyms: laser microprobe mass spectrometry, LAMMA, LAMMS, LMMS, laser micro mass spectrometry, laser micro-probe mass analysis, laser micro-probe mass spectrometry, laser microprobe mass spectroscopy, laser-assisted mass microanalysis

Laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry, particularly emphasizing spatially resolved composition information. [IUPAC]

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laser microprobe spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002082)

synonyms: laser microprobe spectroscopy, laser micro-probe spectrometry, laser microanalysis, laser microprobe spectrometry

Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more finely focused (<10 m diameter) laser beams and the absorption or emission of light by the sample is measured. [CHMO]

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laser multiphoton ionization spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001177)

synonyms: laser multiphoton ionisation spectrometry, laser multiphoton ionization spectrometry

Any type of spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with a laser and photoexcitation (by the absorption of two or more photons) is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionization potential to create an ion. [CHMO]

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laser oximetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000675)

A technique used to determine the amount of oxygen in sample based on the absorption of laser radiation. [CHMO]

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laser pyrolysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000298)

A technique used to synthesize ultrafine powders by heating a mixture of reactant vapour and inert gas with a laser. [CHMO]

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laser sintering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002301)

synonyms: LS

The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample with a laser (e.g. a CO2 laser) below its melting point until its particles adhere to each other. [CHMO]

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laser spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001050)

synonyms: laser spectrometry

Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more laser beams and the absorption or emission of light by the sample is measured. [CHMO]

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laser transient absorption spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001581)

synonyms: L-TAS, LTAS, laser transient absorbance spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where transient species such as radicals, ions or reactive intermediates are studied using laser pulses. The absorbance of the sample before and after an excitation laser pulse is measured. [CHMO]

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laser trapping

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001403)

synonyms: laser tweezing, optical trapping, optical tweezing

The trapping of microscopic particles by a focused laser beam. The beam is focused through a microscope objective, producing a strong electric field gradient at its narrowest point, which attracts dielectric particles. [CHMO]

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laser vaporization method

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000624)

synonyms: laser furnace method

A method for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes where a laser beam (typically a YAG laser) is focused onto a graphite-metal target located in a quartz tube surrounded by a furnace. The target is vaporised in high temperature Ar gas producing single-walled and double-walled carbon nanotubes which are collected at a trap. [CHMO]

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laser-assisted direct imprint lithography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001341)

synonyms: LADI, laser assisted direct imprint, laser assisted direct imprint lithography, laser assisted direct imprinting, laser-assisted direct imprint, laser-assisted direct imprinting

A synthesis technique that uses mechanical deformation to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photosensitive resist (a polymer) is deposited on a silicon substrate by spin coating. A transparent stamp (e.g. quartz) containing the desired (nanosized) pattern on its surface is then pressed into the resist and a single laser pulse (XeCl excimer laser) is applied to melt the top layer of silicon. The molten silicon flows into the pattern then rapidly solidifies. [CHMO]

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laser-assisted particle removal

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000920)

synonyms: LAPR, laser assisted particle removal

A sample preparation method where (contaminated) material is removed from a specimen by illuminating it with a laser beam. An energy transfer medium is illuminated with the laser beam, and preferentially absorbs energy into capillary spaces under and around the particles on the contaminated specimen. This energy transfer causes explosive evaporation of the energy transfer medium, and the propulsion of particles off the specimen much like a small rocket engine. [CHMO]

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laser-enhanced atomic fluorescence spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002344)

synonyms: LEAF, LEAFS, laser-enhanced atomic fluorescence spectrometry, laser-excited atomic fluorescence spectrometry, laser-excited atomic fluorescence spectroscopy

A type of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy where a laser is used to excite the atoms in the sample. [CHMO]

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laser-enhanced ionization spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000073)

synonyms: LEI spectrometry, LEI spectroscopy, LEIS, laser enhanced ionisation mass spectrometry, laser enhanced ionisation spectroscopy, laser enhanced ionization mass spectrometry, laser enhanced ionization spectroscopy, laser-enhanced ionisation spectrometry, laser-enhanced ionization spectrometry, resonance-enhanced ionisation spectrometry, resonance-enhanced ionization spectrometry, resonance-enhanced laser ionisation spectroscopy, resonance-enhanced laser ionization spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where resonant laser illumination (using a laser which is tuned to match an electronic transition within the sample) is used to ehanced the collisional ionization of atoms (or molecules) occurring in a flame. [CHMO]

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laser-induced atomic emission spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000048)

synonyms: LIP AES, laser-induced atomic emission spectrometry

A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a laser pulse is used as the excitation source. [CHMO]

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laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001391)

synonyms: LIP AES, LIBS, LIP-AES, LIPS, laser induced plasma spectrometry, laser induced plasma spectroscopy, laser-induced breakdown atomic emission spectrometry, laser-induced plasma atomic emission spectrometry, laser-induced plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, laser-induced plasma spectrometry, laser-induced plasma spectroscopy

A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a high energy laser pulse is used to generate a plasma which acts as the excitation source. [CHMO]

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laser-induced fluorescence detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001776)

synonyms: LIF, laser induced fluorescence detection

A detection method which is sensitive to naturally fluorescent or tagged compounds. As the sample passes through a small cell it is excited by a focused ultraviolet laser and any fluorescence is detected. [CHMO]

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laser-induced impedance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001486)

synonyms: impedance laser spectroscopy, laser induced impedance spectrometry, laser induced impedance spectroscopy, laser-induced impedance spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of a sample during laser excitation is measured. [CHMO]

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laser-induced shock wave plasma spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001252)

synonyms: LISPS, double-pulse LIBS, double-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectrometry, double-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, laser-induced shock wave spectrometry

A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a high energy laser pulse is used to generate a plasma which acts as the excitation source. A second laser pulse then illuminates the sample resulting in a reheating of the laser plasma produced by the first pulse, leading to signal enhancement. [CHMO]

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laser-induced simultaneous thermophoresis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000247)

synonyms: optically induced simultaneous thermophoresis

A separation method where two or more particles (e.g. proteins) are separated according to their thermal conductivity in a separation medium, across which a thermal gradient (produced by laser irradiation) is applied. [CHMO]

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laser-induced thermal-acoustic velocimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000160)

synonyms: LITA velocimetry, laser-induced thermal acoustic (LITA) velocimetry, laser-induced thermal acoustic velocimetry

A method for determining the velocity of a sample flow using two coherent intersecting pulsed laser beams to create a density grating in the sample and a third, continuous, laser beam to detect the Doppler shift in the signal. [CHMO]

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laser-induced thermal-acoustic velocimetry with heterodyne detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000650)

synonyms: heterodyne LITA velocimetry, heterodyne laser-induced thermal acoustic velocimetry

A method for determining the velocity of a sample flow using two coherent intersecting pulsed laser beams to create a density grating in the sample and a third, continuous, laser beam to detect the Doppler shift in the signal. Heterodyne signal detection (non-linear mixing with radiation of a reference frequency) is employed to recover the Doppler shift. [CHMO]

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laser-induced thermophoresis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000006)

synonyms: laser induced thermophoresis, laser-induced thermophoretic analysis, optically induced thermophoresis

A separation method where particles move at different speeds according to their thermal conductivity in a separation medium, across which a thermal gradient (produced by laser irradiation) is applied. [CHMO]

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lateral force microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000018)

synonyms: LFM, lateral force AFM, lateral-force AFM, lateral-force microscopy

A type of microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the frictional force experienced by the tip as a function of position (the 'twist' of the tip). A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. [CHMO]

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laurdan generalized polarization spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001820)

synonyms: Laurdan generalized polarisation spectroscopy, Laurdan generalized polarization spectroscopy, generalized polarisation of Laurdan fluorescence, generalized polarization of Laurdan fluorescence, laurdan fluorescence spectroscopy, laurdan generalized polarisation (GP) measurements, laurdan generalized polarization (GP) measurements

A type of spectroscopy where the difference between the red and blue fluorescence emission of the fluorescent probe laurdan (6-dodecanoyl-2- dimethylaminonaphthalene), which depends on the phase of lipid membranes, is measured. [CHMO]

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layer-by-layer assembly

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001124)

synonyms: ESA, ESD, LBL, LBL assembly, LbL, LbL assembly, electrostatic self-assembly, electrostatic self-assembly deposition, layer-by-layer adsorption

A synthesis method in which thin films of oppositely charged layers are deposited in sequence. Positive or negative charged species are adsorbed onto the sample surface by dipping the substrate into solutions. The excess solution, after each adsorption step, is rinsed with solvent. [CHMO]

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leaching

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001595)

The dissolution of material from a solid phase into a liquid in which it is not wholly soluble. [CHMO]

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leveling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001832)

synonyms: levelling

Ensuring the exact horizontal position of a device is called levelling. [Allotrope]

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light scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000966)

synonyms: LSS, LiSSP, light scattering spectrometry, light scattering spectroscopy

A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered visible light. Light is scattered by the electrons surrounding the atomic nuclei in the sample. [CHMO]

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light-induced gelation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000162)

The formation of a gel from a solution by irradiation with light from the visible region (400-800 nm). [CHMO]

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line broadening

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001287)

An apodization function applied to the unprocessed FID to improve signal to noise (S/N). [Allotrope]

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line sharpening

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002104)

An apodization function applied to the unprocessed FID to improve signal resolution. [Allotrope]

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line-source atomic absorption spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002184)

synonyms: LS-AAS, LSAAS, line source atomic absorption spectrometry

A type of atomic absorption spectrometry using a line source of radiation. [CHMO]

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linear deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001300)

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2019/06/aft

linear

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001300)

Definition pending. [0]

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linear calibration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003693)

A linear calibration is an analyte calibration that applies curve fitting of the calibration curve to a linear function. [Allotrope]

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linear dichroism spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000548)

synonyms: LD, LD spectroscopy, linear dichroism, linear dichroism spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption (parallel and perpendicular to the orientation axis) of linearly polarized light by a sample. [CHMO]

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linear-sweep voltammetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000171)

synonyms: LSV, chrono amperometry with linear potential sweep, chronoamperometry with linear sweep, electrode voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry, stationary electrode voltammetry

An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied linearly and stops at an end point. [CHMO]

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linked scan

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002539)

Scan in a tandem mass spectrometer with two or more m/z analyzers or in a sector mass spectrometer that incorporates at least one magnetic sector and one electric sector. The analyzers and/or other electric fields are scanned simultaneously so as to preserve a predetermined relationship between scan parameters to produce a product ion spectrum, precursor ion spectrum, constant neutral loss spectrum, or constant neutral mass gain spectrum. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

linked scan

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002539)

Scan in a tandem mass spectrometer with two or more m/z analyzers or in a sector mass spectrometer that incorporates at least one magnetic sector and one electric sector. The analyzers and/or other electric fields are scanned simultaneously so as to preserve a predetermined relationship between scan parameters to produce a product ion spectrum, precursor ion spectrum, constant neutral loss spectrum, or constant neutral mass gain spectrum. [IUPAC]

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linking

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003358)

Linking is coupling flows together by means of an intermediary flow. [NIST]

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liposome electrokinetic chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002403)

Electrokinetic chromatography where the secondary phase has liposomes suspended in it. [CHMO]

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liquid atomic force microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001142)

synonyms: liquid AFM, solution atomic force microscopy, solution-state AFM, solution-state atomic force microscopy

A type of microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen that is immersed in a liquid cell. The tip oscillates, intermittently touching or tapping the surface. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. [CHMO]

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liquid chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000225)

synonyms: LC

Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid. [CHMO]

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liquid chromatography at the critical condition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001046)

synonyms: LCCC, liquid chromatography at critical conditions

Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid held at or near its critical point. Liquid chromatography at the critical condition is used to determine functionality distributions in polymers. [CHMO]

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liquid chromatography-capillary electrophoresis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001049)

synonyms: LC-CE, LC/CE

A two-dimensional separation method where the sample is first subjected to liquid chromatography followed by capillary electrophoresis. [CHMO]

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liquid polymer infiltration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000784)

synonyms: LPI, PIP, polymer infiltration and pyrolysis

The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with polymer precursors. [CHMO]

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liquid scintillation counting

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000064)

A type of spectroscopy where the spontaneous emission of a beta-particle produces a flash of light (known as a 'scintillation') which is detected. [CHMO]

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liquid secondary ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000914)

synonyms: LSI

Ionization of any species by the interaction of a focused beam of ions or atoms with a sample that is dissolved in a solvent matrix. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

liquid secondary ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000914)

synonyms: LSI

Ionization of any species by the interaction of a focused beam of ions or atoms with a sample that is dissolved in a solvent matrix. [IUPAC]

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liquid silicon infiltration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002055)

The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from, liquid silicon. [CHMO]

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liquid-assisted grinding

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001437)

synonyms: LAG, solvent-drop grinding

The mechanical reduction of the particle size of a solid sample by attribution (friction), impact or cutting in the presence of a small amount of solvent. [CHMO]

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liquid-liquid chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001543)

synonyms: liquid-liquid chromatography, LLC

Column chromatography where both the mobile phase and the stationary phase are liquids. The stationary phase must be immiscible and insoluble in the mobile phase and is usually supported on a suitable material such as a diatomaceous earth. [CHMO]

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liquid-liquid extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000732)

synonyms: liquid-liquid extraction, LLE, liquid phase extraction, liquid-liquid distribution, liquid-liquid partition, liquid-phase extraction

The process of transferring a dissolved substance from one liquid phase to another (immiscible or partially miscible) liquid phase in contact with it. [CHMO]

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liquid-liquid-liquid micro-extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001070)

synonyms: liquid-liquid-liquid micro-extraction, LLLME, liquid-liquid-liquid microextraction

The process of transferring a µL amount of an ionisable substance from an aqueous phase to another aqueous phase, via an organic phase, by performing simultaneous extraction and back-extraction between the phases. [CHMO]

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liquid-phase epitaxy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001818)

synonyms: LPE, liquid phase epitaxy

A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from liquid or melt precursors) on a monocrystalline substrate. [CHMO]

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liquid-phase infiltration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001800)

synonyms: melt infiltration

The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from, a liquid. [CHMO]

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liquid-phase micro-extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000056)

synonyms: LPME, liquid phase micro-extraction, liquid phase microextraction, liquid-phase microextraction

The process of transferring a µL amount of a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase (or vice versa). [CHMO]

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liquid-phase nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002376)

synonyms: liquid-phase nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, liquid phase NMR, liquid phase nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy in the liquid phase where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. [CHMO]

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liquid-solid chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001192)

synonyms: LSC

Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid and the stationary phase is a solid. [CHMO]

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liquid-solid extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002126)

synonyms: liquid-solid extraction, LSE, SPE, solid phase extraction, solid-phase extraction, sorbent extraction, sorptive extraction

The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the liquid sample through a stationary phase (e.g. silica particles). [CHMO]

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liquid-state sintering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001483)

synonyms: liquid state sintering

The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample (consisting of a powder and a liquid) below the melting point of the solid until its particles adhere to each other. [CHMO]

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lithographically induced self-assembly

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000633)

synonyms: LISA, lithographically-induced self-assembly

A synthesis technique that uses mechanical deformation to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of resist (a thermoplastic polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. A mould containing the desired (nanosized) pattern on its surface is then held above the resist, whilst both the substrate and mould are heated to the glass transition temperature of the polymer. The resist is then cooled and any residual resist in the cast area is removed by an anisotropic etching process such as reactive ion etching. During the heat-cool cycle the initially flat polymer film self-assembles into periodic supramolecular pillar arrays. [CHMO]

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lithography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000146)

synonyms: lithographic patterning

Any synthesis technique involving the transfer of a pattern to a material (a 'resist') by selective exposure to a radiation source (e.g. light or X-rays) or to a beam of charged particles. Upon irradiation, the material experiences a change in its physical properties. Excess material is then removed, by a liquid 'developer' or an etching process. [CHMO]

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loading

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000708)

Loading is the addition of a material to a new location. [Allotrope]

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loading

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000708)

Loading is the importing of a material into a new location that contains the material. [Allotrope]

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localized surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001154)

synonyms: LSPR spectroscopy, localised SPR spectroscopy, localized SPR spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the resonant excitation of surface plasmons (usually on a Au or Ag nanosized surface) by ultraviolet or visible light is measured. [CHMO]

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localizing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003348)

synonyms: channeling, localization, spatial process

A processing that affects the spatial location or orientation of some participants. [Allotrope]

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locally weighted scatterplot smoothing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000052)

synonyms: LOWESS smoothing

Locally weighted scatterplot smoothing is a smoothing that use use locally weighted linear regression to smooth data. [Allotrope]

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lock-release lithography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000565)

synonyms: LRL, lock release lithography

A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. Shuttered pulses (30-100 ms) of mask-defined UV (365 nm) light are flashed into a stationery layer of monomer inside microchannel. Objects generated by this process are 'locked' by relief structures in the channel, before being flushed out. The process is then repeated in a cyclic manner. [CHMO]

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locking

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002735)

Locking is the process of establishing a magnetic field with a constant strength during an NMR measurement. [Allotrope]

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logarithmic dilution

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000604)

synonyms: log-dilution

A tenfold serial dilution. A ten-fold serial dilution could be 1 M, 0.1 M, 0.01 M, 0.001 M... [Wikipedia]

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logarithmic dilution

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000604)

synonyms: log-dilution

A logarithmic dilution is a serial dilution with a tenfold dilution for each step. [Wikipedia]

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longitudinally detected electron spin resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000222)

synonyms: LODESR, longitudinally-detected EPR, longitudinally-detected ESR

A type of spectroscopy where the longitudinal response of an atom with an unpaired electron in a magnetic field to two transverse waves is detected. [CHMO]

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loop injection mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000384)

A mass spectrometry using loop injection. [Allotrope]

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loss on drying

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002119)

Repeated drying and weighing procedure until the weight stabilizes. [Allotrope]

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loss on drying

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002119)

Repeated drying and weighing procedure until the weight stabilizes. [OSTHUS]

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low

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002776)

synonyms: low FB, low feedback

The code of feedback mode of DSC measurements that have low active compensation of differences of cell temperatures. [Allotrope]

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low coherence interference microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001184)

A type of microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with short-coherence length visible light split into two beams, which then interfere to produce fringes whose spacing is proportional to the height of the specimen. [CHMO]

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low energy electron diffraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002419)

synonyms: LEED

A method for determining structure by directing a beam of low energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. [CHMO]

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low-energy collision-induced dissociation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001848)

Collision-induced dissociation process wherein the precursor ion has laboratory-frame translational energy lower than a given value, often taken to be 1 keV. [IUPAC MS REC]

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low-energy collision-induced dissociation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001848)

Collision-induced dissociation process wherein the precursor ion has laboratory-frame translational energy lower than a given value, often taken to be 1 keV. [IUPAC]

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low-energy e-beam proximity lithography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002080)

synonyms: LEEPL, e-beam proximity lithography, ebeam proximity lithography, electron-beam proximity lithography

A synthesis technique that uses electrons to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a beam of moderately low energy electrons (2 keV) is scanned across a patterned mask (held up to 50 µm from the substrate surface). The electrons induce chemical reactions in the resist and the desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). [CHMO]

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low-energy electron loss spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000690)

synonyms: LEELS, low energy electron energy loss spectrometry, low-energy electron energy loss spectrometry, low-energy electron energy loss spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of low kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the energy loss the electrons suffer upon reflection is measured. [CHMO]

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low-energy electron microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001063)

synonyms: LE EM, LEEM, low energy EM, low energy electron microscopy, low-energy EM

A type of microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) low energy (1-100 eV) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. [CHMO]

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low-energy electron-beam lithography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002161)

synonyms: LEEB, LEEBI, LEEBL, LVEBL, low energy electron beam irradiation, low energy electron-beam irradiation, low-energy electron-beam irradiation, low-voltage electron beam lithography, low-voltage energy beam lithography

A synthesis technique that uses electrons to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a beam of electrons (1 keV) is scanned across it in a patterned fashion. The electrons induce chemical reactions in the resist and the desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). The electron beam can be focused using either electric or magnetic fields. [CHMO]

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low-energy radioactive ion-beam spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000366)

synonyms: LeRIBS, low-energy radioactive ion beam spectrometry, low-energy radioactive ion beam spectroscopy, low-energy radioactive ion-beam spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where a focused beam of proton is directed at a uranium sample and the secondary ions emitted are detected. [CHMO]

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low-frequency electron spin resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000734)

synonyms: low frequency EPR, low frequency ESR, low-frequency EPR, low-frequency ESR, low-frequency electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to short (ns) pulses of low-frequency microwave, L-band (cm wavelength) or radio frequency (m wavelength) radiation in a magnetic field is measured. [CHMO]

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low-pressure chemical vapor deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002199)

synonyms: LPCVD, low pressure CVD, low pressure chemical vapor deposition, low pressure chemical vapour deposition, low-pressure CVD, low-pressure chemical vapour deposition

A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, at less than atmospheric pressure, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. [CHMO]

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low-speed centrifugation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000647)

synonyms: low speed centrifugation

A separation method where the components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density in a centrifuge according to the centrifugal force they experience. Samples are spun at <5000 rpm. [CHMO]

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luminescence detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001909)

synonyms: luminescence detection

The detection of luminescence from a sample. [CHMO]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/REC/2018/04/aft

luminescence measurement

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001909)

synonyms: luminescence detection

The measurement of luminescence from a material. [Allotrope]

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luminescence process profile

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003803)

synonyms: luminescence profile

A luminescence process profile is a profile that quantifies the luminescence of a material entity over time. [Allotrope]

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luminescence spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000980)

A type of spectroscopy where the intensity of luminescence emitted by molecules excited is detected as a function of wavelength or time. [CHMO]

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macroscopic kinetics assay

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003689)

synonyms: macroscopy kinetics

A macroscopic kinetics assay is a kinetics assay in which the interest is in the behaviour of bulk systems, e.g. in changes in concentrations of reactants and products. [IUPAC]

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magic angle spinning

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002041)

synonyms: MAS NMR, MAS NMR spectroscopy, MAS-NMR, SS-MAS NMR, magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, magic-angle spinning, solid-state magic-angle-spinning NMR, ss-MAS-NMR

A type of NMR spectroscopy using a solid sample. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74 deg. with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). [CHMO]

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magic angle spinning decoupling pulse sequence

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000906)

An NMR pulse sequence, used in magic angle spinning, that decouples nuclei i.e. removes the effects of (usually) J-coupling (line splitting) from the spectrum. [CHMO]

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magic sandwich high-order truncation pulse sequence

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002049)

synonyms: MSHOT3, MSHOT3 pulse sequence, MSHOT3 sequence, magic sandwich high order truncation, magic sandwich high-order truncation

A sequence of pulses used in magic angle spinning NMR to remove the effect of homonuclear dipolar couplings. For the pulse sequence see J. Chem. Phys., (1997), 125, pg 291. [CHMO]

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magnetic bead extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000026)

synonyms: MS, magnetic separation, magnetic-bead extraction

A method for extracting biological molecules from a biological sample by functionalising a magnetic bead (0.001-200 µm diameter) with a molecule specific to the target molecule (e.g. complementary DNA or a specific antibody) and placing it in the sample solution. The bead is removed from the solution using a magnetized source. [CHMO]

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magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001744)

synonyms: MCD, MCD spectrometry, MCD spectroscopy, magnetic circular dichroism spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarized photon radiation in the presence of a magnetic field. [CHMO]

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magnetic contrast neutron reflectometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001713)

synonyms: MCNR, magnetic contrast neutron reflection, magnetic contrast neutron reflectivity, magnetic contrast reflection measurements, magnetic-contrast neutron reflection, magnetic-contrast neutron reflectometry, magnetic-contrast reflection measurements

A method for determining structure by directing two beams of polarized neutrons (one spin 'up' and one spin 'down') onto the sample, which contains a ferromagnetic reference layer, and measuring the intensity of the reflected neutrons in the presence of an applied magnetic field. [CHMO]

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magnetic deflection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002558)

Deflection of an ion beam as a result of the motion of the ions in a magnetic field. [IUPAC MS REC]

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magnetic deflection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002558)

Deflection of an ion beam as a result of the motion of the ions in a magnetic field. [IUPAC]

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magnetic field scan

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002556)

synonyms: B-scan

Method of producing a mass spectrum from a mono-energetic ion beam by varying the strength of the magnetic field in a sector mass spectrometer. [IUPAC MS REC]

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magnetic field scan

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002556)

synonyms: B-scan

Method of producing a mass spectrum from a mono-energetic ion beam by varying the strength of the magnetic field in a sector mass spectrometer. [IUPAC]

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magnetic field-flow fractionation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000191)

synonyms: MFFF, MgFFF, magnetic FFF

A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel and applying a magnetic electric field perpendicular to the channel. A carrier liquid is passed through the channel and the particles are separated on the basis of magnetic susceptibility. [CHMO]

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magnetic force microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001412)

synonyms: MFM, magnetic-force microscopy

A type of microscopy which uses a sharp magnetic spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of a magnetic specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the tip in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the magnetic force experienced by it as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. [CHMO]

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magnetic resonance assay

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002211)

synonyms: magnetic resonance method

A magnetic resonance assay is an assay that applies a technique which detects the response of spins to a perturbing magnetic field. [Allotrope]

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magnetic resonance force microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000954)

synonyms: MRFM

A type of microscopy which uses a cantilever tipped with a ferromagnetic (iron cobalt) particle to directly detect a modulated spin gradient force between sample spins and the tip to scan the surface of a magnetic specimen. As the ferromagnetic tip moves close to the sample, the nuclear spins become attracted to it and generate a small force on the cantilever. The spins are then repeatedly flipped, causing the cantilever to gently sway back and forth in a synchronous motion. That displacement is measured with an interferometer to create a series of 2D images of the sample. [CHMO]

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magnetic resonance method

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002211)

synonyms: magnetic resonance method

Any technique which detects the response of spins to a perturbing magnetic field. [CHMO]

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magnetic spin-echo small angle neutron scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000198)

synonyms: magnetic SEANS

A method for determining structure by measuring the velocity of neutrons in known magnetic fields before and after scattering at small angles by a magnetic sample. The neutrons are scattered by the interaction of neutron spin with spins in the sample ('spin echo'). [CHMO]

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magnetic stirring

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000039)

Magnetic stirring is stirring that is achieved by rotating a magnetic stir bar in a solution. [CHMO]

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magnetic stirring

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000039)

Stirring achieved by rotating a magnetic stir bar in a solution. [CHMO]

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magnetic trapping

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001270)

The trapping of microscopic particles by a localised magnetic field. [CHMO]

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magneto optical Kerr effect spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001237)

synonyms: MOKE spectroscopy, magneto-optical Kerr effect spectroscopy, magneto-optical Kerr spectroscopy, magneto-optical Kerr-effect spectroscopy, magnetooptical Kerr spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the refractive index change of laser light reflected by a magnetized sample (the 'magneto-optic Kerr effect') is measured. [CHMO]

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magneto-optic generalized ellipsometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001368)

synonyms: MOGE

A method for determining structure by illuminating an anisotropic sample with a continous infrared wavelength light source in a magnetic field and measuring the intensity and change in polarization of the reflected light as a function of wavelength. [CHMO]

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magneto-optical rotatory dispersion

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001250)

synonyms: MORD, magnetic optical rotatory dispersion

The measurement of magneto-optical activity by placing the sample in a strong magnetic field and observing a beam of plane-polarized light which is directed along the magnetic field axis. [CHMO]

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magnetometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001266)

synonyms: magnetic susceptibility measurements

The measurement of the strength and/or direction of magnetic fields, or the magnetic susceptibility of a sample. [CHMO]

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magnetophoresis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002442)

A separation method where magnetic particles move at different speeds according to their magnetic susceptibilities in a separation medium, across which a magnetic field is applied. [CHMO]

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magnetron motion

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002550)

Slow rotation of the center of cyclotron motion around the central axis of a Penning ion trap that results from a drift of the cyclotron centre along the electric equipotential lines perpendicular to the magnetic field direction. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

magnetron motion

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002550)

Slow rotation of the center of cyclotron motion around the central axis of a Penning ion trap that results from a drift of the cyclotron centre along the electric equipotential lines perpendicular to the magnetic field direction. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

magnetron sputter deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001924)

synonyms: magnetron sputtering

A synthesis technique where a solid target is bombarded with energetic ions (e.g. Ar+) generated in a magnetron (a device that uses electrical and magnetic fields to generate heat) causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate. [CHMO]

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maintaining

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003331)

synonyms: material maintenance

Maintaining is a regulating process that keeps some or all of the characteristics of a material over time within a specification. [OSTHUS, OBI]

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defined in:

maintaining

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003331)

synonyms: material maintenance

Maintaining is a regulating process that keeps some or all of the characteristics of a material over time within a specification. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

maintaining

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003331)

synonyms: material maintenance

Maintaining is a regulating process that keeps some or all of the characteristics of a material over time witihin a specification. [OSTHUS,OBI]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/WD/2018/04/aft

manual phase correction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000584)

The application of a mathematical operation to both the real and imaginary parts of the complex numbers represented by the FID recorded as the sample magnetisation vector relaxes from its excited state vector back to its equilibrium bulk magnetisation population as adjusted by the user set values. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

marking

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003639)

synonyms: labeling

Marking is changing some quality of a material so that it concretizes a symbol.

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/CR/2018/07/aft

marking

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003639)

synonyms: labeling

Marking is changing some quality of a material so that it concretizes a symbol. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

mass analysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002567)

Mass analysis is a measuring process by which a mixture of ionic or neutral species is identified according to their m/z values (ions), or their aggregate atomic masses (neutrals), and their relative abundances. The analysis may be qualitative and/or quantitative. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

mass analysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002567)

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

mass analysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002567)

Mass analysis is a physical characterization assay the measures the mass of a molecular entity. [Allotrope]

Copyright Notice and License Terms for IUPAC terms

defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/WD/2019/06/aft

mass analyzed ion kinetic energy spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001128)

synonyms: MIKES

Procedure by which translational energy spectra are obtained from a sector mass spectrometer that incorporates at least one magnetic sector plus one electric sector in reverse geometry (a magnetic sector followed by an electric sector). [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

mass analyzed ion kinetic energy spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001128)

synonyms: MIKES

Procedure by which translational energy spectra are obtained from a sector mass spectrometer that incorporates at least one magnetic sector plus one electric sector in reverse geometry (a magnetic sector followed by an electric sector). [IUPAC]

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defined in:

mass detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001428)

synonyms: MS detection

A detection method where the sample is converted into gaseous ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. [CHMO]

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defined in:

mass process profile

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003796)

synonyms: mass profile

A mass process profile is a quality process profile that tracks some mass. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

mass selective axial ejection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002566)

Use of mass selective instability to eject ions of selected m/z values from an ion trap along the trap axis. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

mass selective axial ejection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002566)

Use of mass selective instability to eject ions of selected m/z values from an ion trap along the trap axis. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

mass selective instability

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002545)

synonyms: MSI

Unstable trajectories in an ion trap for ions within a particular range of m/z values caused by an appropriate combination of oscillating electric fields. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

mass selective instability

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002545)

synonyms: MSI

Unstable trajectories in an ion trap for ions within a particular range of m/z values caused by an appropriate combination of oscillating electric fields. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

mass spectrometer calibration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002551)

synonyms: mass calibration

Means of determining m/z values of ions from experimentally detected signals using a theoretical or empirical relational equation. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

mass spectrometer calibration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002551)

synonyms: mass calibration

Means of determining m/z values of ions from experimentally detected signals using a theoretical or empirical relational equation. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001427)

synonyms: MS, mass spectroscopy

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001427)

synonyms: MS, mass spectroscopy

Mass spectrometry is a spectrometry that studies matter through the formation of gas-phase ions that are characterized using mass spectrometers by their mass, charge, structure, and/or physico-chemical properties. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

mass spectrometry data processing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002086)

Data processing methods applicable to mass spectrometry results. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

mass spectrometry of recoiled ions

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000204)

synonyms: MSRI, mass spectroscopy of recoiled ions

A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is bombarded with a stream of primary mass-selected particles and the secondary elemental ions (usually H+, D+ or He+) ejected from the sample are detected. [CHMO]

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mass spectrometry scan

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002515)

A mass spectrometry scan is a scan in a mass spectrometry run. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

mass spectrometry scan

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002515)

A scan in a mass spectrometry run. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

material flow profile

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003608)

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

material flow profile

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003608)

Material flow profile is a process profile focussing on the flow of material. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

material flow rate process profile

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003744)

synonyms: flow rate profile

A material flow rate process profile is a rate process profile that is the change of amount of material being transferred through an area. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

material process

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003275)

A process that affects the physical qualities of materials or creates, destroys or converts materials. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

material test

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003490)

A test that verifies that some quality is within a specification. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

matrix solid-phase dispersion

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000344)

synonyms: MSPD

A technique for the preparation and extraction of solid and viscous samples. The sample is blended with a bonded-phase solid support (such as silica) using a glass pestle to obtain a semi-dry material. The blended sample is then packed into a cartridge and eluted. [CHMO]

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defined in:

matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001796)

synonyms: MALDESI

An ionization method where neutral molecules are desorbed from the sample (usually biological and held in an organic acid matrix) using a nitrogen laser and then ionized by collision with charged solvent droplets which are formed by forcing the solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min-1) into an electric field. [CHMO]

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matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization imaging mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002182)

synonyms: MALDI-IMS, MALDI-MS imaging, matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation imaging mass spectroscopy, matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization imaging mass spectroscopy

The collection of spatially resolved mass spectra of a sample during microscopy where a pulse laser is used to produce both ionization and vapourization and the sample is held in a matrix (such as dihydrobenzoic acid) to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. The spectra are used to visualise the spatial distribution of (typically) biomolecules by their molecular masses. [CHMO]

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matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000671)

synonyms: MALDI MS, MALDI-MS, MALDIMS, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation (MALDI) MS, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) MS, matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectroscopy, matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectroscopy

Any type of mass spectrometry where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporized and ionized using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is held in a matrix (such as crystallised dihydrobenzoic acid) to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. [CHMO]

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defined in:

matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002326)

synonyms: matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionisation, matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization, MALDI, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation

Formation of gas-phase ions from molecules present in a solid or liquid matrix that is irradiated with a laser. The matrix is a material that absorbs the laser energy and promotes ionization. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002326)

synonyms: matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionisation, matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization, MALDI, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation

Formation of gas-phase ions from molecules present in a solid or liquid matrix that is irradiated with a laser. The matrix is a material that absorbs the laser energy and promotes ionization. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

mean of spectra

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000287)

Spectra is combined by calculating the mean of the spectra. [PSI-MS]

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defined in:

measuring

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002294)

synonyms: measurement

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/REC/2018/04/aft

measuring

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002294)

synonyms: measurement

Measuring is observing a property of an entity called a quantity, that has a magnitude that can be expressed as a number and a reference to another entity, and obtaining one or more quantity values for it. The observed entity is a quality or a disposition for a continuant, for a process it is a process property such as duration. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

mechanosynthesis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002088)

A synthesis method in which the reaction outcome is determined by the use of mechanical constraints to direct reactive molecules to specific molecular sites. [CHMO]

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defined in:

median of spectra

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000574)

Spectra is combined by calculating the median of the spectra. [PSI-MS]

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defined in:

melt cooling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002087)

synonyms: melt-cooling

The process of allowing a sample (a glass or polymer) at its melting point to cool at a controlled rate in order to cause changes in morphology or properties. [CHMO]

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defined in:

melt curve qPCR experiment

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003778)

synonyms: melt curve, melt curve experiment

A melt curve qPCR experiment is an experiment using qPCR that identifies non-specific PCR amplification by evaluating the melting temperature of the DNA target. [Allotrope]

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melt extrusion

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000029)

A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a molten polymer through a die. [CHMO]

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defined in:

melt spinning

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000238)

synonyms: melt-spinning

A process used to create polymer fibers. Molten polymer is forced through a spinneret (a multi-pored device similar to a shower head) and cooled to form multiple continuous filaments. [CHMO]

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defined in:

melting

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003458)

The state of material becoming liquid from a solid. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

melting

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000982)

The process of heating a substance to cause the solid-liquid phase change. [CHMO]

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defined in:

membrane chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002846)

A chromatography method where the separation is based on the adsorption to membranes. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

membrane extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002394)

The transfer of a solute from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a nonporous membrane. [CHMO]

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defined in:

membrane extraction with a sorbent interface

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001583)

synonyms: MESI, membrane extraction sorbent interface, membrane extraction with sorbent interface, membrane extraction with trapping on a sorbent interface

The transfer of a solute from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a non-porous non-polar polymer membrane. The membrane first extracts the analytes from their matrix, and these are subsequently trapped on a polymeric trap with a porous sorbent using a carrier gas stream. [CHMO]

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defined in:

membrane extraction with a sorbent interface-gas chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000534)

synonyms: MESI-GC, membrane extraction with sorbent interface gas chromatography, membrane extraction with sorbent interface-gas chromatography

A separation method where the sample is first transferred from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a non-porous non-polar polymer membrane. The membrane extracts the analytes from their matrix, and these are subsequently trapped on a polymeric trap with a porous sorbent using a carrier gas stream. In the second step, the mixture in the carrier gas stream is further separated by gas chromatography. [CHMO]

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defined in:

membrane introduction mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002370)

synonyms: MIMS, membrane inlet mass spectrometry , membrane-inlet MS, membrane-inlet mass spectrometry, membrane-introduction MS, membrane-introduction mass spectrometry

Mass spectrometry measurement that uses a semi-permeable membrane separator that permits the passage of analytes directly from solutions or ambient air to the mass spectrometer ion source. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

membrane introduction mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002370)

synonyms: MIMS, membrane inlet mass spectrometry , membrane-inlet MS, membrane-inlet mass spectrometry, membrane-introduction MS, membrane-introduction mass spectrometry

Mass spectrometry measurement that uses a semi-permeable membrane separator that permits the passage of analytes directly from solutions or ambient air to the mass spectrometer ion source. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

mental process

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003452)

synonyms: cognitive process

A physical process that occurs in the mind of a sentient being and is processing information. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

mereo-topological process

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003400)

A process that affects the topological connectedness or parthood of two or more flows. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

mereotopological process

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003400)

A process that affects the topological connectedness or parthood of two or more flows. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

mereotopological state

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003824)

A mereotopological state is a state that is expressed by the mereotopological connectedness or parthood of participants in the state. [Allotrope]

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metal evaporation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002208)

synonyms: ME, MET, metal evaporation technique, metal shadowing

A synthesis technique where the substrate is placed in a vacuum (<10^{-4} Pa) and a metal electrode (e.g. Au, Cr, Zn or Pt) is melted and evaporated by passing a current through it. When the metal atoms hit the (much cooler) substrate they condense into nanoscale particles, forming a thin deposit on the surface. [CHMO]

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defined in:

metal oxide affinity chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000680)

synonyms: MOAC, MOC, metal oxide chromatography, metal oxides chromatography, metal-oxide chromatography

A chromatography method where the separation is caused by differing analyte-ligand interactions. Phosphorylated proteins and peptides are retained by metal oxide particles because of their affinity for the phosphate group. [CHMO]

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metal-ion deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001732)

synonyms: metal ion deposition

The process of the settling of metal ions from a solution or suspension onto a pre-existing surface. [CHMO]

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defined in:

metal-organic chemical vapor deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002214)

synonyms: MOCVD, OMCVD, metalorganic CVD, metalorganic chemical vapor deposition, metalorganic chemical vapour deposition, organometallic chemical vapor deposition, organometallic chemical vapour deposition

A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to volatile precursors (one of which is an organometallic compound) which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. [CHMO]

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metal-organic molecular beam epitaxy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000375)

synonyms: metal-organic molecular beam epitaxy, MOMBE, metal-organic MBE

A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from a molecular beam of organometallic precursors) on a monocrystalline substrate under high vacuum (<10^{-8} Pa). Molecular beam epitaxy is very slow, with a deposition rate of <1000 nm per hour. [CHMO]

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defined in:

metal-organic vapor-phase epitaxy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001422)

synonyms: MOVPE, OMVPE, metal organic vapor phase epitaxy, metal organic vapour phase epitaxy, metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy, metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy, organometallic vapor phase epitaxy, organometallic vapour phase epitaxy

A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film, from organometallic vapour-phase precursors, on a monocrystalline substrate. [CHMO]

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metallization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001823)

synonyms: metal deposition, metalisation, metalization

The deposition of a layer of metal on a substrate (usually to provide electrical contacts in devices). A number of techniques may be used for metallization including evaporation and sputter coating. [CHMO]

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metastable de-excitation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000299)

synonyms: MDS, metastable de-excitation spectrometry, metastable deexcitation spectrometry, metastable deexcitation spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where energy transfer from a metastable atom in close proximity to (~5 ) the sample gives rise to a characteristic ejected electron energy spectrum. [CHMO]

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metastable transfer emission spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000873)

synonyms: MTES, metastable transfer emission spectroscopy

A type of atomic emission spectrometry where atoms are excited by energy transfer from metastable N2 species in a nitrogen plasma. [CHMO]

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metastable-quenched electron spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001173)

synonyms: MQES, metastable-quenched electron spectrometry

Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with metastable atoms resulting in the emission of two or more particles (electrons, photons or ions) which are detected as a function of energy. [CHMO]

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methoxyamination derivatization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002194)

Derivatization of a metabolite by addition of pyridinic methoxyamine to stabilise carbonyl moieties. [CHMO]

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defined in:

micellar electrokinetic chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002127)

synonyms: MECC, MEKC, micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography

Micellar electrokinetic chromatography is a 2D separation process consisting of electrophoresis and chromatography, in which the separation of net neutrally charged molecules is achieved by the use of surfactants. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

micellar electrokinetic chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002127)

synonyms: MECC, MEKC, micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography

Micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) is a hybrid of electrophoresis and chromatography. The separation of neutral species by MEKC is accomplished by the use of surfactants in the running buffer. [HPCE]

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micro infrared spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002447)

synonyms: infrared microanalysis, micro infra-red spectrometry, micro-infrared spectrometry, micro-infrared spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from a finely focused beam (<10 µm diameter) of infrared light (0.78-1000 µm). [CHMO]

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micro laser-induced breakdown atomic emission spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001844)

synonyms: LIBS, micro LIBS

A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a finely focused (<10 m diameter) high energy laser pulse is used to generate a plasma which acts as the excitation source. [CHMO]

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defined in:

micro-dialysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000537)

synonyms: microdialysis

The separation of molecules in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion across a semipermeable membrane. The membrane is attached to a small probe (<10 µm diameter) which is inserted into the sample. [CHMO]

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micro-dissection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001693)

synonyms: microdissection

The disassembly of a small part of an object (<10 µm diameter) to determine its internal structure. [CHMO]

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defined in:

micro-extraction in a packed syringe

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001602)

synonyms: MEPS, micro extraction by packed sorbent, micro-extraction in packed syringe, microextraction in a packed syringe, microextraction in packed syringe, packed syringe micro-extraction, packed syringe microextraction, packed-syringe micro-extraction, packed-syringe microextraction

The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the liquid sample through a stationary phase (1 mg) packed into a microlitre syringe. [CHMO]

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micro-filtration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000707)

synonyms: microfiltration

A pressure-driven membrane-based separation process in which particles and dissolved macromolecules larger than 0.1 micrometre are rejected. [CHMO]

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microbeam particle-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001424)

synonyms: PIXE, PIXE microanalysis, microbeam PIXE

Any type of X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding the sample with a finely focused (<10 m diameter) beam of high-energy particles. [CHMO]

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microcontact printing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000909)

synonyms: mCP, micro CP, micro contact printing, micro-contact printing

A synthesis method for transferring a pattern to a gold surface. A PDMS stamp is coated in an alkanethiol and then brought into contact with a gold surface. Thiol from the wet region generates patterned features of SAMs on the gold surface. [CHMO]

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microelectrospray

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001708)

Electrospray ionization at a low solvent flow rate, typically several microliters per minute or lower, where a pump is used to provide the sample flow. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

microelectrospray

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001708)

Electrospray ionization at a low solvent flow rate, typically several microliters per minute or lower, where a pump is used to provide the sample flow. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

microelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000102)

synonyms: micro-ESI-MS, microESI-MS, microelectrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy, microelectrospray ionization mass spectroscopy

A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. [CHMO]

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defined in:

microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001194)

synonyms: MEECC, MEEKC

Electrokinetic chromatography where the secondary phase is a microemulsion. [CHMO]

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microemulsion method

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001218)

synonyms: microemulsion methods, microemulsion technique

A method for dispersing two or more immiscible liquids as µm-sized droplets by shaking, stirring or homogenising the mixture. [CHMO]

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microemulsion polymerization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000514)

synonyms: micro-emulsion polymerisation, micro-emulsion polymerization

A polymer preparation technique in which monomer (usually acrylic) <100 nm droplets are dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase and are kept colloidally stable through the use of a surfactant and a cosurfactant e.g. hexanol. [CHMO]

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microgravimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003555)

Microgravimetry is a type of gravimetry that analyzes very small differences of masses. [Allotrope]

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microlithography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000956)

Any synthesis technique involving the transfer of a microsized pattern to a material (a 'resist') by selective exposure to a radiation source (e.g. light or X-rays) or to a beam of charged particles. Upon irradiation, the material experiences a change in its physical properties which changes its response to a developer solution (making it either soluble or insoluble). The desired pattern is then obtained by removing any excess resist with the developer. [CHMO]

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micromolding

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001639)

A process for shaping pliable polymer material using a microsized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The polymer material (in liquid form) is injected into a mould using a small diameter piston and then allowed to harden or set inside the mould, adopting its shape. [CHMO]

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micromolding in capillaries

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002078)

synonyms: MIMIC

A process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a microsized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The mould is brought into contact with a rigid substrate, forming microchannels. The polymer material (in fluid form) fills these microchannels by capillary action. The polymer material is then cooled or cross-linked. [CHMO]

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micropen lithography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000343)

synonyms: MPL, micro-pen lithography

A synthesis method where a pattern or ink layer is dpolymern on a substrate using a liquid dispensed through a microsized conical nozzle. The movement of the 'micropen' is controlled by a computer program. [CHMO]

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microphotoluminescence spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000358)

synonyms: micro-PL spectroscopy, micro-photoluminescence spectroscopy, µ-PL spectroscopy, µPL spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the luminesence (the emission of visible light) from a small area (<10 microns diameter) of a sample which has been illuminated with light, is detected. [CHMO]

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microporous membrane liquid-liquid extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001089)

synonyms: microporous membrane liquid-liquid extraction, MMLLE, microporous membrane solvent extraction

The transfer of a solute from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (organic) phase (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a porous hydrophobic membrane the pores of which are filled with the same acceptor phase. [CHMO]

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microscope projection photolithography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002360)

synonyms: MPP, MPPL, microscope-projection photolithography

A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90-100 deg. C. A reduced image of the desired pattern is then projected on the photoresist using a microscope and the substrate is exposed to intense (typically UV) light. A post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120-180 deg. C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. [CHMO]

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microscopic kinetics assay

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003690)

synonyms: microscopy kinetics

Microscopic kinetics assay is a kinetics assay in which the emphasis is on the interpretation of the behaviour in terms of elementary reactions. [IUPAC]

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microscopic particle-image velocimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002079)

synonyms: microPIV, microscopic particle image velocimetry , microscopic particle imaging velocimetry , microscopic particle-imaging velocimetry , µPIV

A method for determining the velocity of fluids by pulsing a planar laser light sheet twice, and recording images of microscopic particles lying in the light sheet using a video camera or a photograph. [CHMO]

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microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000044)

Microscopy is a imaging assay where a microscope is used to view a small object (or specimen) by producing a magnified image. [CHMO]

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microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000044)

Any technique where a microscope is used to view a small object (or specimen) by producing a magnified image. [CHMO]

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microspectrofluorometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001322)

synonyms: fluorescence imaging

A type of chemical imaging where an optical microscope is used to image the sample and locate a small area for fluorescence spectroscopy. [CHMO]

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microspectrophotometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001330)

synonyms: MSP

A type of spectroscopy where an optical microscope is used to image the sample and locate a small area for spectral analysis with radiation in the ultraviolet to near infrared range. [CHMO]

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microspectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000942)

synonyms: microspectrometry

Any type of chemical imaging spectroscopy where an optical microscope is used to image the sample and locate a small area for spectral analysis. [CHMO]

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microtransfer molding

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000935)

synonyms: micro TM, micro-transfer molding, micro-transfer moulding

A process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a microsized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The mould is filled with a prepolymer then the whole assembly is transferred to a flat substrate where the prepolymer is cross-linked and the mould removed. [CHMO]

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microwave digestion

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002315)

synonyms: MAD, MOD, microwave oven digestion, microwave-assisted digestion

The assisted solubilization of a sample by the application of radiation in the 1-1000 mm region. [CHMO]

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microwave induced plasma atomic emission detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001205)

synonyms: MIP-AED, MIP/AED, microwave-induced plasma atomic emission detection

A detection method that is sensitive to individual elements. The sample is both atomised and excited by a microwave-induced plasma (a partially ionized gas containing free electrons and radicals). The characteristic radiation emitted by the atoms in the sample is then detected using a photodiode array. [CHMO]

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microwave induced plasma atomic emission spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000841)

synonyms: MIP AES, MIP-AES, microwave-induced plasma atomic emission spectroscopy

A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a plasma generated by microwave bombardment is used as the excitation source. [CHMO]

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microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001098)

synonyms: MPCVD, microwave plasma assisted CVD, microwave plasma enhanced CVD, microwave plasma-assisted CVD, microwave plasma-enhanced CVD

A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, in the presence of a microwave-induced plasma (a partially ionized gas containing free electrons), which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. The plasma enhances the rate of reaction on the substrate surface. [CHMO]

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microwave scanning near-field microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002414)

synonyms: NSMM, SNMM, microwave near-field scanning microscopy, near-field scanning microwave microscopy

A type of microscopy where a probe consisting of a microwave radiation source transmitted through a tapered optical fibre is positioned very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen. The tip is coated with metal (to prevent light from escaping from the sides) and near-field (or evanescent field) microwave radiation is emitted through a small opening or 'aperture' (50-100 nm in diameter) at the apex of the probe. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the disturbance of the microwave near-field as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. [CHMO]

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microwave spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002022)

synonyms: microwave spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with radiation in the microwave region (1-1000 mm). [CHMO]

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microwave velocimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000592)

synonyms: microwave Doppler velocimetry

A method for determining the velocity of a sample by measuring the Doppler shift experienced by microwave radiation. This is the method used by police to measure the speed of a vehicle using a radar gun. [CHMO]

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microwave-assisted extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000663)

synonyms: MAE, microwave extraction

The process of transferring the organic components of a solid to an organic liquid phase. The process is accelerated by directing radiation in the microwave region (1-1000 mm) at the sample. [CHMO]

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microwave-detected photoinduced current transient spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001397)

synonyms: MD-PICTS, microwave detected PICTS, microwave detected photoinduced current transient spectroscopy, microwave-detected PICTS, microwave-detected photo-induced current transient spectroscopy

A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the current produced by applying a microwave pulse to the semiconductor junction at different temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit peaks, the height of which are proportional to the defect density, and the emission rate and temperature dependence are characteristic for each type of defect. [CHMO]

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microwave-polyol method

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001912)

synonyms: microwave-polyol method, MW-polyol method, microwave-assisted polyol method

The synthesis of metal-containing compounds in poly(ethylene glycol)s heated by microwave irradiation. The ethylene glycols act as both the solvent and reducing agent. [CHMO]

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mid

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002714)

synonyms: medium feedback, mid FB, mid feedback

The code of feedback mode of DSC measurements that have medium active compensation of differences of cell temperatures. [Allotrope]

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mid-infrared emission spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002114)

synonyms: mid-infrared emission spectroscopy, MIRES, mid-infra-red emission spectrometry, mid-infrared emission spectrometry

A type of vibrational spectroscopy where the sample is heated and the mid infrared radiation (0.78-1000 µm) emitted during cooling is detected. [CHMO]

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mid-infrared microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002433)

synonyms: mid infra red chemical imaging spectrometry, mid infra red chemical imaging spectroscopy, mid infra-red chemical imaging spectrometry, mid infra-red chemical imaging spectroscopy, mid infra-red microscopy, mid infrared microscopy spectroscopy, mid infrared optical microscopy, mid-IR microscopy, mid-IR spectromicroscopy, mid-infra-red microscopy, mid-infrared spectromicroscopy

The collection of spatially resolved mid-infrared spectra (3-8 µm) of a sample during microscopy. [CHMO]

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mid-infrared spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000213)

synonyms: mid infrared spectroscopy, mid-IR, mid-IR spectroscopy, mid-infra-red spectrometry, mid-infrared spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation in the mid infrared region (3-8 µm). [CHMO]

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miniemulsion polymerization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001851)

synonyms: mini-emulsion polymerisation, mini-emulsion polymerization

A polymer preparation technique in which monomer (usually acrylic) 50-500 nm droplets are dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase and are kept colloidally stable through the use of a surfactant and are stablised against Ostwald ripening using a costabiliser such as hexadecane. [CHMO]

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mixed-mode chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002655)

synonyms: multimodal chromatography

Mixed-mode chromatography (MMC), or multimodal chromatography, refers to chromatographic methods that utilize more than one form of interaction between the stationary phase and analytes in order to achieve separation. [Wikipedia]

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mixing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001135)

synonyms: mixing material

The combining of components, particles or layers into a more homogeneous state. The mixing may be achieved manually or mechanically by shifting the material with stirrers or pumps or by revolving or shaking the container. The process must not permit segregation of particles of different size or properties. Homogeneity may be considered to have been achieved in a practical sense when the sampling error of the processed portion is negligible compared to the total error of the measurement system. [CHMO]

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mixing material

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003355)

Mixing material is a type of connecting that mixes materials with the goal to create a new combined material where all component materials are evenly distributed. [Allotrope]

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mobile phase composition profile

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003288)

A quality process profile that tracks the composition of some material that plays the role of a mobile phase in chromatography. [Allotrope]

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mobile phase delivery

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003289)

Mobile phase delivery is a process performed by a liquid chromatography system in which the solvent of the liquid phase are mixed and transported through the instrument for separation and detection. [Allotrope]

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mobile phase delivery

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003289)

Mobile phase delivery is a process performed by a chromatography system in which the mobile phase is mixed and transported through the instrument for separation and detection. [Allotrope]

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mobilization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002431)

Mobilization is the last step of IEF that makes the focused compounds migrate to one of the electrodes. [Allotrope]

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modulated differential scanning calorimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002132)

synonyms: MDSC

The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction of both a sample and a reference, by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of temperature whilst a second variable is kept constant. The power input is in the form of a sine wave. [CHMO]

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modulation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003697)

A data transformation that varies one or more properties of a waveform with a modulating signal. [Allotrope]

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modulus addition using spatially separated echo spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001852)

synonyms: MASSEY, MASSEY NMR

An NMR experiment used to measure self-diffusion coefficients via signal attenuation which occurs due to diffusion during the application of pulsed field gradients. This experiment also corrects for the effects of imperfect pulsed field gradients. [CHMO]

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molding

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001494)

Any process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The polymer material (in liquid form) hardens or sets inside the mould, adopting its shape. [CHMO]

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molecular beam Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000239)

synonyms: MB-FTMW spectrometry, MB-FTMW spectroscopy, molecular beam Fourier transform microwave spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the sample (in the form of a molecular beam) is irradiated with a single pulse of radiation in the microwave region (1-1000 mm) and the spectrum is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]

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molecular beam epitaxy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001003)

synonyms: MBE, molecular-beam epitaxy

A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from a molecular beam) on a monocrystalline substrate under high vacuum (<10^{-8} Pa). Molecular beam epitaxy is very slow, with a deposition rate of <1000 nm per hour. [CHMO]

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molecular beam mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000666)

synonyms: MBMS

Mass spectrometry measurement in which the sample is introduced into the ion source of the mass spectrometer as a collimated beam of molecules with a narrow velocity distribution. [IUPAC MS REC]

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molecular beam mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000666)

synonyms: MBMS

Mass spectrometry measurement in which the sample is introduced into the ion source of the mass spectrometer as a collimated beam of molecules with a narrow velocity distribution. [IUPAC]

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molecular distillation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001012)

A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a high-boiling-point sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat at low pressure (< 0.01 Torr) and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. [CHMO]

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molecular kinetics assay

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003688)

synonyms: molecular kinetics

A molecular kinetics assay is a kinetics assay in which there is emphasis on the behaviour of the system at the molecular level. [IUPAC]

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molecular nonthermal excitation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002401)

synonyms: MONES, molecular non-thermal excitation spectrometry, molecular non-thermal excitation spectroscopy, molecular nonthermal excitation spectrometry

A type of molecular spectroscopy where the sample is placed in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it, then excited using a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas). [CHMO]

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molecular self assembly

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001163)

synonyms: molecular self-assembly

A process where molecules spontaneously adopt a defined arrangement. [CHMO]

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momentum-resolved bremsstrahlung spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000915)

synonyms: BS, momentum-resolved bremsstrahlung spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation which is detected as a function of photon momentum. [CHMO]

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monitoring

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003681)

Monitoring is an observing of a quality important for the successful and/or safe operation of a controlled process. [Allotrope]

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moving

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003464)

synonyms: flowing

A state when material is changing its position in space. [Allotrope]

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moving average smoothing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002009)

synonyms: box smoothing, boxcar smoothing, sliding average smoothing

Definition pending. [0]

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moving average smoothing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002009)

synonyms: box smoothing, boxcar smoothing, sliding average smoothing

Moving average smoothing is a smoothing that uses moving averages to smooth data. [Allotrope]

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multi analyte profiling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003843)

A multi analyte profiling is a biological measurement method to quantify multiple analytes from a sample using beads coated with antibodies or primers targeted at specific analytes. After conjugation of the captured analyte to the bead, the beads are differentiated by their size and their spectral signature, allowing quantitation of analyte concentration in the sample. [Allotrope, NCI]

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multi-angle light scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001694)

synonyms: MALS, MALLS, multi angle light scattering, multi-angle laser light scattering, multi-angle light scattering spectrometry, multi-angle light scattering spectroscopy, multiangle light scattering, multiple angle laser light scattering, multiple angle laser light scattering spectrometry, multiple angle laser light scattering spectroscopy, multiple angle light scattering, multiple angle light scattering spectroscopy, multiple light scattering spectrometry

A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered visible light at a number of different angles, none of which are close to the angle of incidence of the light. [CHMO]

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multi-dimensional chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000967)

A multi-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are all chromatography. [CHMO]

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multi-dimensional electrophoresis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000673)

A multi-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are all electrophoresis. [CHMO]

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multi-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002163)

synonyms: multi-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography, multi-dimensional HPLC, multidimensional HPLC, multidimensional high-pressure liquid chromatography

A type of column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles and the inlet pressure is relatively high. An initial separation proceeds in a primary column and parts of the eluent from this column are directed into one or more secondary columns. [CHMO]

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multi-dimensional separation method

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001179)

A method that results in the separation of two or more components along two physical axes. [CHMO]

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multi-layer micromolding

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000551)

synonyms: MMM, multi layer micromolding, multi layer micromoulding, multi-layer micromoulding

A process for shaping pliable polymer material using multiple microsized rigid frames or models called 'moulds'. The polymer material (in liquid form) is injected into a mould using a small diameter piston and then allowed to harden or set inside the mould, adopting its shape. [CHMO]

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multi-layer soft lithography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001389)

synonyms: MSL, multi layer soft lithography

Any synthesis technique which uses elastomeric stamps, molds, and conformable photomasks prepared from multiple liquid polymer precursors. [CHMO]

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multi-metal deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000702)

synonyms: MMD, multi-metal-deposition, multimetal deposition

A development method where the substrate is first immersed in a colloidal gold solution (containing negatively charged gold particles) at low pH. Gold subsequently deposits on any organic molecules containing postively charged groups at this pH. In the second step, the surface is treated with a solution containing silver acetate and hydroquinone which causes the reduction of silver ions, producing a silver deposit on the exisiting gold layer. Multi-metal deposition is used to enhance latent fingermarks. [CHMO]

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multi-photon laser scanning microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002310)

synonyms: MPLSM, multi photon laser scanning microscopy, multiphoton laser scanning fluorescence microscopy , multiphoton laser scanning microscopy

A type of microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by scanning a solid-state (Ti sapphire) laser spot of specific wavelength over its surface to produce multi-photon fluorescence (i.e. the fluorophore simultaneously absorbs multiple photons of typically one half to one third of the energy required for single-photon excitation). [CHMO]

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multiphoton dissociation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001591)

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser and molecules in the sample dissociate following the absorption of two or more high-energy photons. [CHMO]

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multiphoton fluorescence microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000418)

synonyms: multiphoton fluorescence microscopy, multi-photon excitation microscopy , multi-photon fluorescence imaging, multi-photon fluorescence microscopy, multiphoton excitation microscopy , multiphoton fluorescence imaging

A type of microscopy where fluorophores in the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by absorption of two or more photons. [CHMO]

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multiphoton ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000014)

synonyms: MPI

Photoionization of an atom or molecule in which two or more photons are absorbed. [IUPAC MS REC]

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multiphoton ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000014)

synonyms: MPI

Photoionization of an atom or molecule in which two or more photons are absorbed. [IUPAC]

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multiphoton ionization mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002046)

synonyms: MPI-MS, MPIMS, MUPI-MS, multi photon ionisation mass spectroscopy, multi photon ionization mass spectroscopy, multiphoton ionisation mass spectroscopy, multiphoton ionization mass spectroscopy

A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is irradiated with an ultraviolet laser. The sample absorbs two or more photons resulting in ionization. [CHMO]

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multiple headspace extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000303)

The process of transferring a substance from a solid or liquid matrix to the vapour phase by heating. Once the concentration of the analyte in the headspace is in equilibrium with the concentration in the sample matrix, the headspace is removed. The process is repeated multiple times, allowing the new equilibrium to form at each stage. [CHMO]

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multiple isomorphous replacement

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002372)

synonyms: MIR, multiple isomorphous replacement (MIR) phasing

A method for providing phasing necessary for X-ray crystallography information by growing a number of crystals of the sample substituted with different heavy metal atoms and analysing the X-ray data for each crystal. [CHMO]

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defined in:

multiple isomorphous replacement with anomalous scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000069)

synonyms: MIRAS

A method for providing phasing necessary for X-ray crystallography information by growing a number of crystals of the sample substituted with different heavy metal atoms and analysing the X-ray data for each crystal. When the absorption edge of an atom in the crystals is close to the wavelength of the incident radiation the atom becomes an anomalous scatterer. Anomalous scattering can be used for phase determination and also for determining the absolute configuration. [CHMO]

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multiple quantum filter

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000408)

synonyms: MQF

An NMR technique used to edit the NMR response from a sample by selecting particular spin systems of interest according to the number of nuclei present within them. Usually achieved by appropriate cycling of the phase (direction of application) of the pulses in an experiment and of the receiver. [CHMO]

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multiple reaction monitoring

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002535)

synonyms: MRM

Multiple reaction monitoring is a selected reaction monitoring applied to multiple product ions from one or more precursor ions. [IUPAC]

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multiple reaction monitoring

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002535)

synonyms: MRM

Application of selected reaction monitoring to multiple product ions from one or more precursor ions. [IUPAC MS REC]

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multiple-laser-beam interference lithography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000009)

A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90-100 deg. C. The photoresist is then exposed to a pattern of intense UV light generated by the interference of multiple coherent lasers. A post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120-180 deg. C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. [CHMO]

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multiple-modulation multiple-echo velocimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002112)

synonyms: MMMEV, multiple modulation multiple echo velocimetry

A method for determining the velocity of fluids by encoding it into an NMR signal. The NMR signal is produced using multiple spin echoes from several radio frequency pulses in the presence of a constant magnetic field gradient. [CHMO]

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multiple-quantum excitation in combination with magic angle spinning

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000691)

synonyms: MQMAS, MQMAS NMR, multiple-quantum MAS, multiple-quantum excitation in combination with magic-angle spinning

An NMR experiment used for half-integer quadrupolar nuclei, involving transitions between non-consecutive energy levels during the excitation of the spin system by multiple-quantum excitation pulses. [CHMO]

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multiple-stage mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001707)

synonyms: MSn, MSn spectrometry, MSn spectroscopy, multiple-stage mass spectroscopy

Multiple-stage mass spectrometry is a mass spectrometry where multiple stages of precursor ion m/z selection are followed by product ion detection for successive nth-generation product ions. [IUPAC]

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multiple-stage mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001707)

synonyms: MSn, MSn spectrometry, MSn spectroscopy, multiple-stage mass spectroscopy

Multiple stages of precursor ion m/z selection followed by product ion detection for successive nth-generation product ions. [IUPAC MS REC]

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nano electrospray ionization gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002426)

synonyms: nESI-GEMMA, nanoESI-GEMMA

A separation method where singly-charged complexes move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in air under the influence of an electric field. The sample is ionized by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of nL min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. [CHMO]

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nano-filtration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000718)

synonyms: NF, nanofiltration

A pressure-driven membrane-based separation process in which particles and dissolved macromolecules larger 200 Da are rejected. [CHMO]

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nanoelectrospray

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000350)

synonyms: NanoESI, nanospray

Electrospray ionization at a very low solvent flow rate, typically hundreds of nanoliters per minute of sample solution or lower, often without the use of an external solvent delivery system. [IUPAC MS REC]

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nanoelectrospray

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000350)

synonyms: NanoESI, nanospray

Electrospray ionization at a very low solvent flow rate, typically hundreds of nanoliters per minute of sample solution or lower, often without the use of an external solvent delivery system. [IUPAC]

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nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000802)

synonyms: nano-ESI-MS, nano-electrospray mass spectrometry, nanoESI-MS, nanoelectrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy, nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectroscopy

A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of nL min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. [CHMO]

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nanoflow high-performance liquid chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000698)

synonyms: nHPLC, nano HPLC, nano flow HPLC, nano high performance liquid chromatography, nano high pressure liquid chromatography, nano high-performance liquid chromatography, nano high-pressure liquid chromatography, nano-HPLC, nanoHPLC, nanoflow HPLC, nanoflow high performance liquid chromatography, nanoflow high pressure liquid chromatography, nanoflow high-pressure liquid chromatography, nanoflow-HPLC, nanoflowHPLC

Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles, the inlet pressure is relatively high and the flow rate is nL min-1. [CHMO]

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nanoimprint lithography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001779)

synonyms: NIL, nano-imprinting lithography, nanoimprinting lithography

A synthesis technique that uses mechanical deformation to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of resist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. A mould containing the desired (nanosized) pattern on its surface is then pressed into the resist and any residual resist in the cast area is removed by an anisotropic etching process such as reactive ion etching. [CHMO]

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nanolithography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000554)

Any synthesis technique involving the transfer of a nanosized pattern to a material. [CHMO]

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nanoparticle synthesis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003536)

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nanosecond laser flash photolysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001073)

synonyms: ns laser flash photolysis

A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong nanosecond pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The absorption of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse. [CHMO]

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nanosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000289)

synonyms: nanosecond LIBS, nanosecond laser induced breakdown spectrometry, ns-LIBS

A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a high energy nanosecond laser pulse is used to generate a plasma which acts as the excitation source. [CHMO]

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nanosphere lithography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001624)

synonyms: NSL

A patterning technique that involves the self-assembly of nanospheres into a two-dimensional mask (by e.g. spin coating or drop coating). Following self-assembly, a metal is then deposited (e.g. by thermal evaporation, electron beam deposition or pulsed laser deposition) and the nanosphere mask is removed by sonicating the entire sample in a solvent, leaving behind the pattern. [CHMO]

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nanostructure synthesis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003537)

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nanotransfer molding

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000394)

synonyms: nTM, nano TM, nano-transfer molding, nano-transfer moulding, nanotransfer moulding

A process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a nanosized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The mould is filled with a prepolymer then the whole assembly is transferred to a flat substrate where the prepolymer is cross-linked and the mould removed. [CHMO]

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nanowire electron scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001136)

synonyms: NESS, nanowire electron scattering spectrometry, nanowire electron scattering spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, extended range of kinetic energies is scattered by a sample supported on a nano-sized wire (such as a carbon nanotube) and the energy loss the electrons suffer upon scattering is measured. [CHMO]

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native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002133)

synonyms: N-PAGE, NPAGE, native PAGE

A separation method where protein molecules move at different speeds, in non-denaturing conditions, according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of polyacrylamide gel, across which an electric field is applied. [CHMO]

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native-native two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000186)

synonyms: native-native 2D PAGE

A two-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are both native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis protein molecules move at different speeds, in non-denaturing conditions, according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of polyacrylamide gel, across which an electric field is applied. [CHMO]

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near infrared absorption spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002421)

synonyms: near-infrared absorption spectroscopy, near infrared absorption spectroscopy, NIR absorbance spectrometry, NIR absorbance spectroscopy, NIRS, near infra-red absorbance spectrometry, near infra-red absorbance spectroscopy, near infra-red absorption spectrometry, near infra-red spectrometry, near infrared absorbance spectrometry, near infrared absorbance spectroscopy, near infrared absorption spectrometry, near infrared spectrometry, near infrared spectroscopy

Near infrared absorption spectroscopy is a type of vibrational spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the near infrared region (0.8-2 µm). [CHMO]

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near infrared transmission spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003787)

synonyms: near infra-red spectrometry, near infrared spectrometry, near infrared spectroscopy, NIR, NIR spectrometry, NIR spectrophotometry, NIR spectroscopy, NIR transmission spectrometry, NIR transmission spectroscopy, near infra-red spectrophotometry, near infra-red transmission spectrometry, near infra-red transmission spectroscopy, near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, near infrared spectrophotometry, near infrared transmission spectrometry

Near infrared transmission spectroscopy is a type of vibrational spectroscopy where the transmission of near infrared radiation (0.8-2 µm) through a sample is detected. [CHMO]

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near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000339)

synonyms: NEXAFS microscopy, near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) microscopy, near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) microscopy

An imaging technique where soft X-rays (100-1000 eV) are directed at the specimen, and the difference in the X-ray absorption coefficient measured within 40 eV of the absorption edge by different elements (mainly O and C) produces an image. [CHMO]

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near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002043)

synonyms: NEXAF spectroscopy, NEXAFS, NEXAFS spectrometry, NEXAFSS, X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy, X-ray absorption near edge structure spectrometry, X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy, X-ray absorption near-edge structure, XANES, XANES spectrometry, XANES spectroscopy, near edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy, near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry

A type of X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient measured within 40 eV of the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are determined as a function of incident X-ray energy. [CHMO]

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near-field phase shift lithography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000917)

synonyms: NFPSL, near field optical lithography, near field phase shift lithography, near field photolithography, near-field conformational photolithography, near-field optical lithography, near-field phase-shift lithography, near-field photolithography

A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. A transparent PDMS mask with the desired pattern (in relief) on its surface is placed in contact with the photoresist layer. UV light (300-460 nm) is then used to cross-link the polymer. Light passing through the stamp is modulated in the near-field by the relief of the mask such that the edges of the relief structures correspond to nulls in the intensity of the light. The polymer is cross-linked in the remaining areas. [CHMO]

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near-infrared Raman spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000360)

synonyms: NIR Raman, near-infrared Raman

A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of near-infrared radiation (radiation in the range 0.8-2 µm) is detected. [CHMO]

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near-infrared absorption spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002421)

synonyms: near-infrared absorption spectroscopy, near infrared absorption spectroscopy, NIR absorbance spectrometry, NIR absorbance spectroscopy, NIRS, near infra-red absorbance spectrometry, near infra-red absorbance spectroscopy, near infra-red absorption spectrometry, near infra-red spectrometry, near infrared absorbance spectrometry, near infrared absorbance spectroscopy, near infrared absorption spectrometry, near infrared spectrometry, near infrared spectroscopy

A type of vibrational spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the near infrared region (0.8-2 µm). [CHMO]

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near-infrared fluorescence microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001269)

synonyms: near-infrared fluorescence microscopy, NIRF microscopy, NIRFM, near infra-red fluorescence microscopy

A type of microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with radiation in the near infra-red region (0.8-2.5 μm). [CHMO]

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near-infrared magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001099)

synonyms: NIR-MCD, NIR-MCD spectrometry, NIR-MCD spectroscopy, NIRMCD, near-infrared magnetic circular dichroism spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarized near-infrared radiation in the presence of a magnetic field. [CHMO]

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near-infrared microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000594)

synonyms: near-infrared microscopy, NIR chemical imaging spectrometry, NIR chemical imaging spectroscopy, NOIM, near infra red chemical imaging spectrometry, near infra red chemical imaging spectroscopy, near infra-red chemical imaging spectrometry, near infra-red chemical imaging spectroscopy, near infra-red microscopy, near infrared microscopy spectroscopy, near infrared optical microscopy, near-IR spectromicroscopy, near-infra-red microscopy, near-infrared spectromicroscopy

The collection of spatially resolved near-infrared spectra (0.8-2 µm) of a sample during microscopy. [CHMO]

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near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001255)

synonyms: NIRS, NIR reflectance spectrometry, NIR reflectance spectroscopy, near infra-red reflectance spectrometry, near infrared reflectance spectroscopy

A type of vibrational spectroscopy where the reflection or scattering of near infrared radiation (0.8-2 µm) by a sample is detected. [CHMO]

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near-infrared surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000903)

synonyms: NIR SPR, near-infrared SPR

A type of spectroscopy where the resonant excitation of surface plasmons (usually on a noble metal e.g. Au or Ag surface) by radiation from the near infrared region (0.8-2 µm) is measured. [CHMO]

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near-resonance Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001336)

synonyms: NRRLS, NRRS, near-Rayleigh resonance scattering, near-Rayleigh resonant scattering, near-resonance Rayleigh light scattering, near-resonance Rayleigh scattering, near-resonance Rayleigh scattering spectrometry, near-resonant Rayleigh light scattering, near-resonant Rayleigh scattering

A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light, where the wavelength of the incident light corresponds to an energy which is near to an absorption band in the scattering molecules. [CHMO]

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nebulisation inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000803)

synonyms: nebulisation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, nebulization inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry

A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample mixture is first passed through a nebulizer to form a mist of finely dispersed droplets (using compressed air) and then excited using a plasma generated by electromagnetic inductance. [CHMO]

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nebulizing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003719)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebulizer

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nebulizing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003719)

Nebulizing is converting by of breaking up solutions and suspensions into small aerosol droplets. [Wikipedia]

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needle washing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003663)

synonyms: needle washing

Needle washing is the washing of the injection needle. [Allotrope]

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negative ion chemical ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000016)

synonyms: NICI

Chemical ionization that results in the formation of negative ions. [IUPAC MS REC]

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negative ion chemical ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000016)

synonyms: NICI

Chemical ionization that results in the formation of negative ions. [IUPAC]

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negative-stain electron microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000334)

synonyms: negative stain EM, negative stain electron microscopy, negative-stain EM

A type of microscopy where the specimen is stained with heavy metals salts (to improve contrast) before being bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. [CHMO]

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negative-staining transmission electron microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002123)

synonyms: negative staining TEM, negative staining transmission electron microscopy, negative-staining TEM

A type of microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen, that has been stained with heavy metals salts (e.g. uranyl acetate), is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. [CHMO]

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nephelometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003762)

Nephelometry is a measuring of suspended particulates in a liquid or gas colloid usually by employing a light beam (source beam) and a light detector set to one side (often 90°) of the source beam [Allotrope]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/domain/REC/2020/09/turbidity

nephelometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003762)

Nephelometry is a measuring of suspended particulates in a liquid or gas colloid usually by employing a light beam (source beam) and a light detector set to one side (often 90°) of the source beam. [Allotrope]

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neutral buoyancy densitometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002037)

synonyms: neutral buoyancy densiometry, neutral-buoyancy densiometry, neutral-buoyancy densitometry

The measurement of the density of a solution by determining the neutral buoyancy of an object (the point at which it maintains a constant depth) in the solution. [CHMO]

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neutral loss

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002554)

Loss of an uncharged species from an ion during dissociation. [IUPAC MS REC]

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neutral loss

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002554)

Loss of an uncharged species from an ion during dissociation. [IUPAC]

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neutral loss scan

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000931)

synonyms: NL

Scan used to generate a constant neutral loss spectrum. [IUPAC MS REC]

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neutral loss scan

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000931)

synonyms: NL

Scan used to generate a constant neutral loss spectrum. [IUPAC]

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neutralization-reionization mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000744)

Procedure by which neutral species are formed from m/z selected ions by charge transfer to a collision gas or by dissociation. The neutral species are separated from the remaining ions and ionized through collisions with a second gas. [IUPAC MS REC]

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neutralization-reionization mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000744)

Procedure by which neutral species are formed from m/z selected ions by charge transfer to a collision gas or by dissociation. The neutral species are separated from the remaining ions and ionized through collisions with a second gas. [IUPAC]

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neutron activation analysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001752)

synonyms: NAA

A type of activation analysis where a sample is bombarded with neutrons, the capture of which results in the generation of radioactive nuclei for most elements in the sample. These activated nuclei then decay according to their characteristic half-lives. [CHMO]

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neutron backscattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000549)

synonyms: neutron backscattering, neutron backscattering spectrometry, neutron backscattering spectroscopy

A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of backscattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, and suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions. [CHMO]

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neutron diffraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000570)

synonyms: neutron crystallography, neutron diffraction analysis, neutron diffractometry

A method for determining structure by directing a beam of cold or thermal neutrons at a sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. [CHMO]

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neutron powder diffraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002359)

synonyms: NPD, powder neutron diffraction

A method for determining structure by directing a beam of cold or thermal neutrons at a powdered solid sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted neutrons. [CHMO]

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neutron reflectometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000479)

synonyms: neutron reflection, neutron reflectivity, specular neutron reflectivity, specular neutron reflectrometry

A method for determining structure by directing a beam of neutrons onto an extremely flat surface and measuring the intensity of the reflected neutrons as a function of angle and neutron wavelength. [CHMO]

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neutron scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002278)

synonyms: neutron scattering spectrometry, neutron scattering spectroscopy

A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample and the intensity of the scattering is given by the scattering vector Q = (4/)sin(pi/2). [CHMO]

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neutron spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000664)

synonyms: inelastic neutron scattering, neutron absorption spectrometry, neutron absorption spectroscopy, neutron spectrometry, slow neutron spectrometry, slow neutron spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where a beam of neutrons is used to probe atomic and magnetic dynamics. [CHMO]

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neutron time-of-flight scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001777)

A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons and the time since the indicent pulse ('time-of-flight') for each neutron. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, and suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions. [CHMO]

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nitrogen chemiluminescence detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003834)

synonyms: NCD, nitrogen chemiluminescence measurement, nitrogen chemiluminescence process

The detection of luminescence emitted from nitrogen in a sample as a result of a chemical reaction. [CHMO]

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nitrogen sorption measurements

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000407)

synonyms: N2 adsorption measurements, N2 sorption, nitrogen adsorption measurements, nitrogen sorptions

A method for determining surface area by measuring the amount of N2 that adsorbs onto the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'). Regression analysis is then applied to the data, resulting in an isotherm. [CHMO]

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nitrogen sorption-desorption measurements

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001429)

synonyms: N2 sorption-desorption experiments, N2 sorption-desorption measurements

A method for determining surface area by measuring the amount of an N2 which adsorbs onto the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'), and the subsequent amount that desorbs at a constant temperature. Regression analysis is then applied to the data, resulting in an isotherm. [CHMO]

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nitrogen-phosphorus detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003833)

synonyms: NPD, nitrogen phosphorus detection, nitrogen phosphorus measurement, nitrogen phosphorus process, nitrogen-phosphorus measurement, nitrogen-phosphorus process

A detection method that is sensitive to compounds containing N and P. A flow of carrier gas containing the sample is mixed with H2 and air in the presence of a small, heated bead of an alkali salt such as Rb2SO4. Any positively-charged radicals resulting from this process are collected at a cathode allowing the current to be measured. [CHMO]

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nitrogen-phosphorus detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001977)

synonyms: NPD, nitrogen-phosphorus detection

A detection method that is sensitive to compounds containing N and P. A flow of carrier gas containing the sample is mixed with H2 and air in the presence of a small, heated bead of an alkali salt such as Rb2SO4. Any positively-charged radicals resulting from this process are collected at a cathode allowing the current to be measured. [CHMO]

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defined in:

no combination deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001609)

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2019/06/aft

no combination

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001609)

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

non-contact mode atomic force microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001680)

synonyms: DFM-AR, DFMAR, DSFM-AR, DSFMA, DSFMAR, NC-AFM, NC-SFM, attractive dynamic scanning force microscopy, dynamic AFM, dynamic force microscopy in attractive regime, dynamic mode AFM, dynamic scanning force microscopy in attractive regime, dynamic-mode AFM, non-contact mode AFM, noncontact atomic force microscopy, noncontact mode AFM, noncontact mode scanning force microscopy, noncontact scanning force microscopy

A type of microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. The tip oscillates in the 'attractive' force region, i.e. avoiding sample contact. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. [CHMO]

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non-dispersive infrared spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000619)

synonyms: NDIR, NDIR spectrometry, NDIR spectroscopy, non-dispersive infra-red spectrometry, non-dispersive infra-red spectroscopy, non-dispersive infrared spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the difference in infrared radiation (0.78-1000 µm) absorption of a sample cell against a reference cell is measured. [CHMO]

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non-resonance Raman spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000995)

synonyms: non resonance Raman spectroscopy, non resonant Raman spectroscopy, non-resonance Raman, non-resonant Raman, non-resonant Raman spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, usually from a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range by a sample is detected. The energy of the incoming laser is adjusted such that it or the scattered light does not coincide with an electronic transition in the sample. [CHMO]

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non-resonance Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000387)

synonyms: non-resonance Rayleigh scattering, non-resonance Rayleigh scattering spectrometry, non-resonant Rayleigh scattering, off-resonance Rayleigh scattering

A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light, where the wavelength of the incident light does not correspond to any absorption bands in the scattering molecules. [CHMO]

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non-resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000866)

synonyms: NRIXS, NRXES, NXES, non-resonant X-ray emission spectrometry

A type of X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with incident X-rays of a wavelength which does not correspond to a specific electronic transition within the atoms of the sample, and the energies and intensities of the emitted X-rays are measured. [CHMO]

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none

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002765)

synonyms: no feedback, passive, passive feedback

The code of feedback mode of DSC measurements that have no active compensation of differences of cell temperatures. [Allotrope]

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normal photoelectron diffraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000863)

synonyms: NPD, NPED, normal-photoelectron diffraction

A method for determining structure during photoelectron spectroscopy. Photons are directed at a sample and diffraction patterns resulting from the emission of electrons at 90 deg. from the surface are recorded. [CHMO]

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normal pulse polarography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000845)

An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. The potential is varied using pulses of linearly increasing amplitude (one pulse during each drop lifetime) and the current is sampled after each voltage pulse. [CHMO]

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normal pulse voltammetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000676)

synonyms: NPV, normal-pulse voltammetry

An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied using pulses of increasing amplitude and the current is sampled after each voltage pulse. [CHMO]

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normal-phase chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001183)

synonyms: NPC, normal phase chromatography

A separation method where the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary and polar, while the other is non-polar and moves in a definite direction. [CHMO]

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normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002033)

synonyms: NP-HPLC, normal phase HPLC, normal-phase HPLC

Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles, and the inlet pressure is relatively high. In normal-phase HPLC, the stationary phase is more polar than the mobile phase. [CHMO]

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normal-phase liquid chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002328)

Liquid chromatography where the stationary phase is more polar than the mobile phase. This is the default for liquid chromatography. [CHMO]

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normal-phase solid-phase extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002242)

synonyms: normal phase SPE, normal phase solid-phase extraction, normal-phase SPE

The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the (polar) liquid sample through a (non-polar) stationary phase. [CHMO]

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normalized isothermal capacitance transient spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001710)

synonyms: N-ICTS, NICTS, normalised ICTS, normalised-ICTS, normalized ICTS, normalized-ICTS

A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the normalised capacitance produced by applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at constant different temperatures, spectra are generated that exhibit peaks, the height of which are proportional to time constant for the emission rate. [CHMO]

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nozzle-skimmer dissociation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001323)

synonyms: in-source collision-induced dissociation, in-source collisionally activated dissociation

Collisionally activated dissociation that is caused by collisions in the region between the nozzle and skimmer of an atmospheric pressure ionization source such as electrospray or atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. [IUPAC MS REC]

Copyright Notice and License Terms for IUPAC terms

defined in:

nozzle-skimmer dissociation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001323)

synonyms: in-source collision-induced dissociation, in-source collisionally activated dissociation

Collisionally activated dissociation that is caused by collisions in the region between the nozzle and skimmer of an atmospheric pressure ionization source such as electrospray or atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

nuclear Overhauser effect difference spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001578)

synonyms: 1D NOE Difference, 1D NOE difference spectroscopy, NOE DIFF, NOE Difference, NOE-DIFF, NOE-Difference, NOE-difference, NOEd

A 1D NMR experiment in which a 1D spectrum is subtracted from a spectrum acquired under steady-state NOE conditions. [CHMO]

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nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001060)

synonyms: 2D EXSY, 2D exchange spectroscopy, EXSY, NOE experiments, NOESY, NOESY NMR, NOEsy, exchange spectrometry, exchange spectroscopy, nOesy, nuclear Overhauser effect spectrometry, nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy, nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectrometry

A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (<= 6 Angstrom apart). [CHMO]

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nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy including chemical and conformational change

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002486)

synonyms: EXSY, exchange spectroscopy, nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectrometry including chemical and conformational change

A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which through space spin-lattice correlations are made between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (<= 6 Angstrom apart) but not directly bonded. The technique differs from the traditional NoE experiment in that it is also used to detect chemical and conformational change within the chemical moiety being examined. [Allotrope]

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nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy with paramagnetic signals enhancement

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001525)

synonyms: PASE NOESY, PASE-NOE, PASE-NOESY

A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (<= 6 Angstrom apart). Spectra recorded with suppression of the diamagnetic window by the PASE pulse sequence. [CHMO]

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nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy-correlation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000557)

synonyms: 3D NOESY-COSY, 3D-NOESY-COSY, NOESY-COSY

A type of homonuclear three-dimensional NMR experiment in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (<= 6 Angstrom apart). These signals are then correlated with those protons to which they are J-coupled (usually <= 3 bonds apart). [CHMO]

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nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy-total correlation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001315)

synonyms: 3D NOESY-TOCSY, 3D-NOESY-TOCSY, NOESY-TOCSY

A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy which reveal correlations between all nuclei of a spin-system. These signals are then correlated to nuclei that are spatially proximate within the molecule (<= 6 Angstrom apart). [CHMO]

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nuclear activation analysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000868)

synonyms: NAA

A type of activation analysis where atomic nuclei are excited (by a heavy ion beam or by collision with another nucleus) and their decaying gamma-ray emissions are measured and compared to reference spectra. [CHMO]

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nuclear magnetic resonance assay

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000759)

synonyms: nuclear magnetic resonance method

A nuclear magnetic resonance assay is magnetic resonance assay that applies a technique which detects the response of nuclear spins to a perturbing magnetic field. [Allotrope]

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nuclear magnetic resonance composite pulse sequence

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001558)

A set of finely tuned RF pulses that achieve the same result with greater precision and fewer imperfections as a result of field inhomogeneity and off-resonance effects than a single RF pulse. [Allotrope]

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nuclear magnetic resonance decoupling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000681)

synonyms: NMR decoupling

Nuclear magnetic resonance decoupling (NMR decoupling for short) is a special method used in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy where a sample to be analyzed is irradiated at a certain frequency or frequency range to eliminate fully or partially the effect of coupling between certain nuclei. NMR coupling refers to the effect of nuclei on each other in atoms within a couple of bonds distance of each other in molecules. This effect causes NMR signals in a spectrum to be split into multiple peaks which are up to several hertz (or tens or hundreds of hertz) frequency from each other. Decoupling fully or partially eliminates splitting of the signal between the nuclei irradiated and other nuclei such as the nuclei being analyzed in a certain spectrum. NMR spectroscopy and sometimes decoupling can help determine structures of chemical compounds. [nmrML]

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nuclear magnetic resonance decoupling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000681)

synonyms: NMR decoupling

Nuclear magnetic resonance decoupling (NMR decoupling for short) is a special method used in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy where a sample to be analyzed is irradiated at a certain frequency or frequency range to eliminate fully or partially the effect of coupling between certain nuclei. NMR coupling refers to the effect of nuclei on each other in atoms within a couple of bonds distance of each other in molecules. This effect causes NMR signals in a spectrum to be split into multiple peaks which are up to several hertz (or tens or hundreds of hertz) frequency from each other. Decoupling fully or partially eliminates splitting of the signal between the nuclei irradiated and other nuclei such as the nuclei being analyzed in a certain spectrum. NMR spectroscopy and sometimes decoupling can help determine structures of chemical compounds. [Wikipedia]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/domain/WD/2024/09/nmr

nuclear magnetic resonance diffusometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000305)

synonyms: NMR diffusometry

Any type of NMR spectroscopy used to measure diffusion coefficients. [CHMO]

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defined in:

nuclear magnetic resonance method

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000759)

synonyms: nuclear magnetic resonance method

A technique or procedure applied in nuclear magnetic resonance experiments. [CHMO]

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nuclear magnetic resonance pulse sequence

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001888)

synonyms: pulse sequence, NMR pulse sequence

A series of short (microsecond) bursts (pulses) of RF radiation separated by delays (of defined duration) designed to interact with, and manipulate the magnetic moments of spin-active nuclei during NMR spectroscopy. [CHMO]

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defined in:

nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000326)

synonyms: NMR, NMR spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. [CHMO]

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nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy data processing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000743)

Data processing on nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy spectra or nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy FID. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

nuclear magnetic resonance titration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002377)

synonyms: NMR titration

The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point is reached. The titration is monitored by observing the changes in sucessive NMR spectra, taken after each addition of titrant. [CHMO]

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nuclear magnetic resonance velocimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000104)

synonyms: NMR velocimetry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) velocimetry

The measurement of the velocity of a moving object or medium using an NMR signal. [CHMO]

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defined in:

nuclear spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000203)

synonyms: nuclear spectrometry

A type of gamma-ray emission spectroscopy where atomic nuclei are excited (by a heavy ion beam or by collision with another nucleus) and their decaying gamma-ray emissions are measured. [CHMO]

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null ellipsometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000755)

A method for determining structure where the sample is illuminated with light and the ellipsometric angles of the reflected light are measured from the configuration of the analyzer and the compensator for which no reflected light is detected. [CHMO]

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number density measurement

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003627)

A measuring that targets the number density. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

observing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003305)

synonyms: observation, sensing

Observation is the active acquisition of information from a primary source. In living beings, observation employs the senses. [Wikipedia]

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off-line pyrolysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001956)

synonyms: offline pyrolysis

The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy in which the products of a reaction are trapped before analysis. [CHMO]

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defined in:

off-resonance decoupling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001742)

Selected nuclei of a specified isotope are unselectively irradiated with a soft RF pulse. The frequency range for the nuclei being irradiated typically differs from the frequency range for the nuclei relaxing back to their bulk magnetisation relaxation state. [Allotrope]

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one-dimensional 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000987)

synonyms: 1D 1H NMR, 1D proton NMR

A type of spectroscopy where the energy states of 1H nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them, and the spectrum is obtained by plotting chemical shift vs. frequency. 1D 1H NMR usually uses one pulse (90 or 30 degree pulse) for excitation. [CHMO, AMGEN]

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defined in:

one-dimensional 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000987)

synonyms: 1D 1H NMR, 1D proton NMR

A type of spectroscopy where the energy states of 1H nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them, and the spectrum is obtained by plotting chemical shift vs. frequency. 1D 1H NMR usually uses one pulse (90 or 30 degree pulse) for excitation. [CHMO]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/domain/WD/2024/09/nmr

one-dimensional nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001320)

synonyms: NOESY NMR, 1D NOESY, 1D nOesy, 1D nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy, 1D-NOESY, 1D-nOesy

A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where only one frequency dimension is employed, based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (<=6 Angstrom apart). [CHMO]

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defined in:

one-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002408)

synonyms: one-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, 1-D NMR, 1D NMR, 1D NMR spectrometry, 1D NMR spectroscopy, 1D nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, 1D nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, one-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them, and the spectrum is obtained by plotting intensity vs. chemical shift or frequency. [CHMO]

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defined in:

one-dimensional total correlation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002263)

synonyms: 1D TOCSY, 1D-TOCSY, one-dimensional TOCSY

A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy which reveal correlations between all nuclei of a spin-system. An individual 1H resonance is selected and inverted to yield a spectrum of all hydrogens directly or indirectly scalar coupled to it. [CHMO]

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only para-hydrogen spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001446)

synonyms: OPSY, OPSY NMR

An NMR experiment where pulsed field gradients are used to filter thermal signals from NMR spectra whilst leaving those derived from para-hydrogen-derived protons intact. [CHMO]

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defined in:

only para-hydrogen spectroscopy correlation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000495)

synonyms: OPSY-COSY

A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between nuclei which are J-coupled (usually <= 3 bonds apart). Thermal signals in the resulting spectra are then removed, whilst keeping the signals from para-hydrogen-derived protons intact. [CHMO]

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open loop vapor generation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002785)

synonyms: open loop

The open loop uses predefined tabulated values based on solvent and temperature for the regulation of the vapour generation. [Allotrope]

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optical coherence-domain reflectometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001058)

synonyms: OCDR, OLCR, optical coherence-domain reflectivity, optical low-coherence domain reflectivity, optical low-coherence domain reflectometry

A method for determining structure by illuminating an extremely flat surface with visible light and interfering the light reflected from the sample at the Brewster angle with light reflected from a reference mirror. Intereference only occurs when the difference in the optical path lengths between the two mirrors is within the coherence length of the optical source. [CHMO]

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optical density measurement

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000080)

synonyms: O.D. measurement, OD measurement, optical densiometry, optical densitometry

The measurement of the light transmitted through a sample for a given wavelength. [CHMO]

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optical extinction spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000598)

synonyms: extinction spectroscopy, optical transmission spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the amount of light transmitted through a sample is measured. [CHMO]

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optical feedback cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001445)

synonyms: OF-CEAS, optical feedback cavity enhanced absorption spectrometry

A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside a v-shaped optical cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. The laser light is allowed to feed back to the laser diode. [CHMO]

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optical frequency-domain reflectometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000608)

synonyms: OFDR, optical frequency domain reflectivity, optical frequency domain reflectometry, optical frequency-domain reflectivity

A method for determining structure by illuminating an extremely flat surface with light from a pulsed laser and interfering the light reflected from the sample at the Brewster angle with light reflected from a reference mirror. Intereference only occurs when the difference in the optical path lengths between the two mirrors is within the coherence length of the optical source. The frequency of the laser pulse is proportional to the time delay between each of the signals returning. [CHMO]

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optical heterodyne detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001521)

The measurement of the intensity of the light resulting from the interference of two lasers of different wavelength at the beat frequency. [CHMO]

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optical interference microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002280)

synonyms: IOM, OIM, interference optical microscopy

A type of microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with visible light split into two beams, which then interfere to produce fringes whose spacing is proportional to the height of the specimen. [CHMO]

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defined in:

optical microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001404)

synonyms: OM, light microscopy

A type of microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with visible light and a system of lenses is used to produce an image. [CHMO]

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optical profilometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000054)

synonyms: non-contact profilometry

A method where the profile of a surface is determined by illuminating the sample with a beam of light which has been split into two paths, one of which is directed at the sample and the other at a reference mirror. When the reflections are recombined any interference contains information about the contours of the surface. [CHMO]

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optical reflectometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000997)

synonyms: OR, light laser reflectivity, light laser reflectometry, light reflectivity, light reflectometry, optical laser reflectivity, optical reflectivity

A method for determining structure by illuminating an extremely flat surface with visible light and measuring the intensity of the reflected light as a function of angle. The reflected light has two polarised components, s (perpendicular) and p (parallel). The reflectivity of s-polarized light depends on the angle of incidence, but the reflectivity of p-polarized light vanishes at the Brewster angle. [CHMO]

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optical rotatory dispersion

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002218)

synonyms: ORD

The measurement of light rotation as a function of wavelength. [CHMO]

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optical time-domain reflectometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001665)

synonyms: optical time-domain reflectometry, OTDR, optical time domain reflectivity, optical time domain reflectometry, optical time-domain reflectivity

A method for determining structure by directing an optical pulse through an optical fibre and measuring the intensity of light reflected at the Brewster angle as a function of time. [CHMO]

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optical tweezers Raman spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000532)

synonyms: OTRS, Raman tweezers

A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, usually from a laser, by a sample (e.g. a biological cell) constrained using optical tweezers is detected. [CHMO]

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optical velocimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000705)

The measurement of the velocity of a moving object or medium using light. [CHMO]

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defined in:

optically detected magnetic resonance

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001211)

synonyms: ODMR

A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels are detected by optical means (i.e. the polarization or the intensity of light emitted or absorbed by the sample depends on the population distribution in the spin levels). Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves. [CHMO]

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defined in:

optically induced electrokinetic patterning

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002232)

synonyms: optically-induced electrokinetic patterning, opto-electrokinetic patterning, optoelectrokinetic patterning

Any technique that utlilises the movement of particles under the influence of an electric field (e.g. electroosmosis or electrophoresis) in conjunction with illumination of a photosensitive substrate to form a pattern. [CHMO]

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optically-heterodyned Kerr effect spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001161)

synonyms: HOKE spectroscopy, HOKES, OHD-OKE, heterodyne optical Kerr effect (HOKE) spectroscopy, heterodyne optical Kerr effect spectroscopy, heterodyne-detected optical Kerr effect spectroscopy, optically heterodyne detected optical Kerr effect spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the refractive index change of the sample induced by two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) under the influence of an electric field (the 'optical Kerr effect') is measured. The polarizing filters are rotated slightly, giving rise to a heterodyne at the detector, improving the signal-to-noise ratio compared to optical Kerr effect spectroscopy. [CHMO]

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optically-heterodyned Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001730)

synonyms: OHD-RIKES, OHRIKE spectroscopy, OHRIKES, optical heterodyne-detected Raman-induced Kerr-effect spectroscopy, optically heterodyned Raman induced Kerr effect spectroscopy, optically heterodyned Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy, optically heterodyned Raman-induced Kerr-effect spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) with a frequency difference close to a Raman-mode frequency in the sample induce a refractive index change in the sample. By scanning the frequency difference of the two beams and recording simultaneously the polarization change of the probe beam, the Raman spectral structure of the sample can be obtained. The polarizing filters are rotated slightly, giving rise to a heterodyne at the detector, improving the signal-to-noise ratio compared to Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy. [CHMO]

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optics alignment

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002766)

The alignment of optics is a process of preparing the correct setup of the optical parts of a device. [Allotrope]

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optogalvanic spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000355)

synonyms: optogalvanic spectrometry

Any type of spectroscopy where the current passing through a gas discharge is monitored as a laser light source is tuned through the frequencies of allowed transitions for excited atoms in the discharge. [CHMO]

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ordering data

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003582)

Ordering data is the process of arranging data items systematically. [Allotrope]

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orthogonal acceleration mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001697)

synonyms: oa-MS, orthogonal accelerator mass spectrometry

A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized and the ions are accelerated to very high kinetic energies by an ion source that works by sampling an ion beam travelling in a direction orthogonal to the axis of the flight path in the mass-to-charge analyser. [CHMO]

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orthogonal electrospray ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002549)

Electrospray ionization in which the axis of the spray is at a right angle to the axis of the sampling cone. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

orthogonal electrospray ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002549)

Electrospray ionization in which the axis of the spray is at a right angle to the axis of the sampling cone. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

orthogonal extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002563)

synonyms: orthogonal acceleration

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

orthogonal extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002563)

synonyms: orthogonal acceleration

Pulsed acceleration of ions perpendicular to their original direction of travel into a mass spectrometer, typically time-of-flight. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

oscillo polarography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000321)

synonyms: oscillo-polography, oscillopolography

An *obsolete* electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes using an oscillograph. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. [CHMO]

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oscillographic potentiometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001911)

synonyms: oscillo potentiometry

An *obsolete* electrochemical technique where the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured using an oscillograph under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. [CHMO]

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osmometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000620)

synonyms: osometry

The measurement of the osmotic strength of a substance which often used to determine its molecular weight. [CHMO]

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osmosis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002641)

synonyms: osmotic process

Osmosis is the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a semi-permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides. [Wikipedia]

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oven drying

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002237)

The removal of solvent from a sample by heating in an oven. [CHMO]

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overhead stirring

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003749)

Overhead stirring is stirring that is achieved by rotating a stirring rod with a paddle, anchor or propellor end by an overhead motor in a solution. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

overhead stirring

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003749)

Overhead stirring is stirring that is achieved by rotating a stirring rod with a paddle, anchor or propeller end by an overhead motor in a solution. [Allotrope]

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overlay spectra

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001985)

Spectra are overlayed on plot. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

oxidation-reduction titration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001292)

synonyms: oxidation-reduction titration, redox titration, oxidation/reduction titration

Oxidation-reduction titration is the process of determining the quantity of a sample by monitoring a redox process until the endpoint, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. [CHMO]

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oxidation-reduction titration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001292)

synonyms: oxidation-reduction titration, redox titration, oxidation/reduction titration

The process of determining the quantity of a sample by monitoring a redox process until the endpoint, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. [CHMO]

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oxidative pyrolysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000625)

The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy in the presence of an oxidative atmosphere. [CHMO]

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defined in:

oximetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002216)

Any technique used to measure the levels of oxygen in a sample. [CHMO]

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oxygen plasma etching

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000829)

synonyms: O2 plasma etching

The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface using short pulses of an oxygen plasma (a partially ionized gas containing free electrons and radicals e.g. O, O+ and O2+). [CHMO]

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pH measurement

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001861)

synonyms: measurement of pH, pH sensing, sensing of pH

The measurement of pH is the negative logarithm to base ten of the hydrogen ion activity in a solution, this measures the degree of acidity or alkalinity. Operationally the pH of a solution X, pH(X), is measured relative to that of a standard reference solution, pH(S), and defined as pH(X) = pH(S) - (E(X) - E(S))/(RT/F)ln 10, where E(X) and E(S) are the electromotive forces measured in cells containing the solution X and the reference solution respectively. [CHMO]

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pH meter calibration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000195)

Calibration of a pH meter using special data point positions. [Allotrope]

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pH meter calibration point deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002302)

A calibration point in a pH meter calibration. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

pH meter calibration point

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002302)

A calibration point in a pH meter calibration. [Allotrope]

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pH process profile

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003798)

synonyms: pH profile

A pH process profile is a quality process profile that tracks some pH. [Allotrope]

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pH-induced gelation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002446)

The formation of a gel from a solution by altering the pH of the solution. [CHMO]

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packed injection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003686)

Packed injection is a GC injection type whereby all of the volatilized sample is swept onto the GC column. [Allotrope]

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packing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002792)

Packing is the process of transferring an object into a container as a densely packed phase. [Allotrope]

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paired emitter-detector diode detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001592)

synonyms: paired emitter-detector diode detection, PEDD

A detection method that is based on light emitting diodes (LEDs). One LED functions as a light source and the other LED is reverse biased to function as a light detector. Light from the source LED is passed through the sample and the intensity received by the detector LED is measured. [CHMO]

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paper chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002023)

A chromatography method where the stationary phase is or is impregnated in a sheet of paper. [CHMO]

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paper spray mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000290)

synonyms: PS-MS, PS/MS, paper-spray MS, paper-spray mass spectrometry, paper-spray mass spectroscopy

A type of spectrometry where the sample spotted onto paper then solvent is applied and an electrically charged solvent is generated upon application of a high voltage. The ions are then characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. [CHMO]

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para-hydrogen induced polarization enhanced nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000686)

synonyms: PHIP NMR, PHIP-NMR, PHIP-enhanced NMR, para-hydrogen induced polarisation enhanced NMR spectroscopy, para-hydrogen induced polarization enhanced NMR spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the energy states of protons derived from para-hydrogen (dihydrogen with an antisymmetric nuclear spin arrangement) placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. The non-Boltzmann spin population generated by para-hydrogen-derived protons gives rise to signal enhancement in the spectra, facilitating the detection of species present at low concentration. [CHMO]

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paramagnetic relaxation enhancement

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001068)

synonyms: PRE, paramagnetic relaxation enhancements

An NMR technique whereby paramagnetic ions are introduced to a sample which cause enhanced relaxation of the spins in proximity of the paramagnetic spin label, giving long-range (up to 24 Angstrom) structural information. Also used in binding studies, allowing identification of the atoms involved in binding. [CHMO]

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paramagnetic signals enhancement

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001432)

synonyms: PASE, PASE NMR, PAramagneticSignalsEnhancement, paramagnetic signals enhancement NMR , paramagneticsignalsenhancement

A method for NMR spectra acquisition of paramagnetic proteins, based on the use of homonuclear broadband decoupling of the diamagnetic region. [CHMO]

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partial charge transfer reaction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002553)

synonyms: partial charge exchange reaction

Reaction of an ion with a neutral species in which some but not all of the ion charge is transferred to the neutral. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

partial charge transfer reaction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002553)

synonyms: partial charge exchange reaction

Reaction of an ion with a neutral species in which some but not all of the ion charge is transferred to the neutral. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

partial isotopic scrambling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002543)

Partial random mixing of isotopes among specified atom positions in an ion or neutral species. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

partial isotopic scrambling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002543)

Partial random mixing of isotopes among specified atom positions in an ion or neutral species. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

partial pressure control

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002657)

A process that regulates the partial pressure of a solvent. [Allotrope]

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partial sample digestion

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001149)

The decomposition of only part of a sample by the addition of liquid reagents to solubilise it. [CHMO]

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partial-yield spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000395)

synonyms: PYS, partial photoyield spectroscopy, partial yield spectrometry, partial yield spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray-ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons. All of the photoelectrons emitted within a certain energy interval are detected. [CHMO]

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particle beam

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002465)

synonyms: PB

A technique where analyte molecules are desolvated before they enter an EI or CI source. [Allotrope]

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particle beam mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001477)

synonyms: PB MS, PB-MS, particle beam mass spectroscopy, particle-beam mass spectrometry, particle-beam mass spectroscopy

A type of mass spectrometry where a liquid sample passes through a desolvation chamber producing a beam of microscopic solid particles. [CHMO]

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particle dispersion

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001590)

synonyms: sample dispersion

The distribution of particles of one phase in a continuous phase of a different nature. [CHMO]

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particle model

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002754)

synonyms: analysis model

The particle model is the mathematical model for the calculation of particle sizes. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

particle sizing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002716)

synonyms: particle size analysis, particle size measurement

Particle sizing is an experimental method for the investigation of particle sizes in a sample. [Allotrope]

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particle sizing by image analysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002820)

Image analysis is a process of particle size measurement by analysis of images of particles. [Allotrope]

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particle sizing by laser diffraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002775)

synonyms: laser diffraction

Laser diffraction is a process of particle size measurement by observation of the angular variation in intensity of scattered laser light. [Allotrope]

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particle sizing by multi-angle light scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002808)

synonyms: MALS

Multiangle light scattering (MALS) is a technique for determining, independently, the absolute molar mass and the average size of particles in solution, by detecting how they scatter light. [Wikipedia]

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particle-beam lithography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000613)

A type of lithography where electrons or ions are used to generate pattern, which is transferred to a resist. [CHMO]

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particle-beam/hollow-cathode atomic emission spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002340)

synonyms: PB/HC-AES, PB/HC-OES, PC-HC-AES, PC-HC-OES, particle beam/hollow cathode atomic emission spectroscopy, particle beam/hollow cathode optical emission spectroscopy, particle beam/hollow-cathode atomic emission spectroscopy, particle beam/hollow-cathode optical emission spectroscopy, particle-beam/hollow-cathode optical emission spectroscopy

A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas) is used to excite the sample. A nebuliser is used to generate a finely dispersed aerosol containing the sample, which is desolvated, and a momentum separator is used to inject dry particles of the analyte (the 'particle beam') into the plasma source (which consists of a hollow cylindrical metal cathode containing the metal for excitation, and an anode). [CHMO]

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particle-image velocimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000075)

synonyms: PIV, particle image velocimetry, particle imaging velocimetry, particle-imaging velocimetry

A method for determining the velocity of fluids by pulsing a planar laser light sheet twice, and recording images of fine particles lying in the light sheet using a video camera or a photograph. [CHMO]

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particle-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000521)

synonyms: PIXE, PIXES, particle-induced X-ray emission spectrometry

Any type of X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding the sample with a focused beam of high-energy particles. [CHMO]

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defined in:

particle-induced gamma-ray emission spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002091)

synonyms: PIGE, PIGE spectrometry, PIGE spectroscopy, particle induced gamma-ray emission spectroscopy, particle-induced prompt-photon spectrometry, particle-induced prompt-photon spectroscopy

A type of gamma-ray emission spectroscopy where the gamma-rays are produced by bombarding the sample with a focused beam of ions. [CHMO]

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particle-tracking velocimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002406)

synonyms: PTV, particle tracking velocimetry

A method for determining the velocity of fluids by tracking the diffracted or fluorescent light emitted from individual particles in successive digital camera images. [CHMO]

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particles from gas-saturated solutions

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002251)

synonyms: PGSS, expansion from gas saturated solutions, particles from gas saturated solutions

A solid sample is heated above its melting point and combining the molten material with a supercritical fluid. The solution is then expanded through a nozzle, causing the precipitation of the solid as a fine powder. [CHMO]

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partition chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000131)

Chromatography in which separation is based mainly on differences between the solubility of the sample components in the stationary phase (gas chromatography), or on differences between the solubilities of the components in the mobile and stationary phases (liquid chromatography). [CHMO]

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partitioning

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003403)

synonyms: distribution, distributing

A processing that causes a flow to break up into disconnected partitions. The individual bits are similar to each other and the undistributed material. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

partitioning

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003403)

synonyms: distribution, distributing

A processing that causes a flow to break up into disconnected partitions. The individual bits are similar to each other and the undistributed material. [OSTHUS, NIST]

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passaging

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002204)

synonyms: subculturing

In biology, a subculture is a new cell or microbiological culture made by transferring some or all cells from a previous culture to fresh growth medium. This action is called subculturing or passaging the cells. Subculture is used to prolong the life and/or expand the number of cells or microorganisms in the culture. [Wikipedia]

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passivation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001031)

Any process that makes one sample unreactive to another, prior to using the samples together. [CHMO]

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patterning

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001662)

Any synthesis technique involving the transfer of a pattern to a sample. [CHMO]

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defined in:

patterning by etching at the nanoscale

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001564)

synonyms: PENs

A process for shaping pliable polymer material using a microsized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. A PDMS mould is etched with a fluoride-containing substance (breaking Si-O bonds at the surface). The fresh PDMS surface then reacts with a prepolymer. [CHMO]

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defined in:

pause command deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002013)

synonyms: wait

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2018/11/aft

pause command

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002013)

synonyms: wait

Definition pending. [0]

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paused state

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003669)

synonyms: is paused, paused

A paused state is a state during which a device or service waits for being resumed to continue a planned process. [Allotrope]

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peak analysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003290)

A peak analysis is a data transformation on a peak that analyzes peak facets. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

peak area integration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001127)

synonyms: peak integration

An operation applied to a spectra to determine the area under a peak or set of peaks. [Allotrope]

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peak assigning

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003618)

synonyms: peak assignment, peak assigning

Peak assignment is the assigning of a peak to a related material that the peak depends on. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/REC/2018/04/aft

peak assigning

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003609)

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/WD/2018/04/afo

peak assignment

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003618)

synonyms: peak assignment, peak assigning

Peak assignment is the assertion of a dependency relation between a peak and a material or a chemical moiety. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/WD/2018/04/aft

peak detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003619)

Peak detection is a data transformation that finds peaks in a data distribution function. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

peak detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003619)

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

peak height analysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003570)

A peak analysis that determines the peak height following a specified algorithm. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

peak height based threshold deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002628)

A condition that is valid if a peak has a peak height within a range. The threshold value is either the maximum or the minimum of the range. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2019/06/aft

peak height based threshold

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002628)

A condition that is valid if a peak has a peak height within a range. The threshold value is either the maximum or the minimum of the range. [Allotrope]

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peak identification

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003618)

synonyms: peak assignment, peak assigning

Peak identification is an assigning of a peak to an analyte or portion of an analyte of interest. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

peak matching

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002547)

Definition pending. [0]

Copyright Notice and License Terms for IUPAC terms

defined in:

peak matching

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002547)

Peak matching is a mass analysis measuring the accurate mass of an ion using scanning mass spectrometers, in which the peak corresponding to the unknown ion and that for a reference ion of known m/z are displayed alternately and caused to overlap by adjusting appropriate electric fields. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

peak parking

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002548)

Method used to extend the amount of time available for mass spectrometric analysis of the components in a narrow chromatographic peak. The eluent flow rate is reduced to an ultra-low level at the leading edge of the peak and held at this low flow rate for the duration of compound elution, thus enabling collection of sufficient data for reliable statistical analysis. [IUPAC MS REC]

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peak parking

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002548)

Method used to extend the amount of time available for mass spectrometric analysis of the components in a narrow chromatographic peak. The eluent flow rate is reduced to an ultra-low level at the leading edge of the peak and held at this low flow rate for the duration of compound elution, thus enabling collection of sufficient data for reliable statistical analysis. [IUPAC]

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peak picking

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000516)

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

peak picking

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000516)

Peak picking is a data transformation to convert profile spectral data into centroided spectral data. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

peak separation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000979)

synonyms: peak resolution method, peak separation method, resolution measurement method

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

peak separation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000979)

synonyms: peak resolution method, peak separation method, resolution measurement method

Peak separation is a data transformation that allows to distinguish between two peaks. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

peak slope based threshold deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002629)

A condition that is valid if a peak has a slope within a range. The threshold value is either the maximum or the minimum of the range. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2019/06/aft

peak slope based threshold

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002629)

A condition that is valid if a peak has a slope within a range. The threshold value is either the maximum or the minimum of the range. [Allotrope]

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peak stripping

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002555)

Data analysis technique used in elemental mass spectrometry to correct the intensity of an unresolved multiplet peak monitored for a specific element for contributions from a multi-isotopic contaminant.The correction is calculated from the measured intensity of a different isotopic peak of the contaminant and the known natural isotopic abundance ratio. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

peak stripping

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002555)

Data analysis technique used in elemental mass spectrometry to correct the intensity of an unresolved multiplet peak monitored for a specific element for contributions from a multi-isotopic contaminant.The correction is calculated from the measured intensity of a different isotopic peak of the contaminant and the known natural isotopic abundance ratio. [IUPAC]

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peak width analysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003571)

A peak analysis that determines the peak width following a specified algorithm. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

pendant-drop tensiometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000168)

synonyms: pendant drop dynamic tensiometry, pendant drop tensiometry, pendant tensiometry, pending drop tensiometry

The measurement of surface tension by determining the distortion of drop by gravity, which elongates or flattens otherwise spherical drops. [CHMO]

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penning ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001379)

Ionization via electron removal that occurs through the energy transfer from a neutral species (N) internally excited to a metastable state (such as a high Rydberg state) to a neutral species (M) with lower ionization energy, as represented by the following reaction: N* + M → N + M+• + e–. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

penning ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001379)

Ionization via electron removal that occurs through the energy transfer from a neutral species (N) internally excited to a metastable state (such as a high Rydberg state) to a neutral species (M) with lower ionization energy, as represented by the following reaction: N* + M → N + M+• + e–. [IUPAC]

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peptization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002275)

synonyms: deflocculation

Reversal of coagulation or flocculation, i.e., the dispersion of aggregates to form a colloidally stable suspension or emulsion. [CHMO]

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pervaporation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000040)

A method for the separation of liquid mixtures based on diffusion rate and membrane affinity. The sample mixture is placed in contact with one side of a non-porous polymeric membrane while a vacuum is applied to the other side. The components in the liquid stream permeate through the membrane, evaporate, and are then condensed. [CHMO]

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phase alternated rotation of magnetization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002153)

synonyms: PAR, PAR pulse sequence, PAR sequence, phase-alternated rotation of magnetisation, phase-alternated rotation of magnetization

A sequence of composite pulses designed to remove signal splitting due to heteronuclear J-couplings in multinuclear liquid NMR experiments. [CHMO]

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phase contrast microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002157)

synonyms: PCM, phase-contrast microscopy

A type of microscopy where a transparent specimen is illuminated with visible light and small phase shifts in the light passing through the specimen are used to produce an image. [CHMO]

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defined in:

phase correction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002455)

Application of a trigonometric mathematical operation to both the real and imaginary parts of the complex numbers represented by the FID recorded as the sample magnetization vector relaxes from its excited state vector back to its equilibrium bulk magnetization population. [Allotrope]

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phase cycle

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002056)

synonyms: phase sequence

A technique used in FT NMR experiments whereby the sense of application (or phase) of the RF pulses is altered on repeating the experiment such that addition of the resulting signals results in increased intensity for the signals of interest, elimination of artefacts and more effective noise reduction. [CHMO]

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phase inversion technique

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000483)

synonyms: phase inversion method, phase inversion precipitation technique, phase-inversion method, phase-inversion technique

Any method for the synthesis of polymer membranes that involves the polymer transforming from the liquid phase of the cast solution to the solid phase. [CHMO]

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phase profilometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000511)

synonyms: PP

A method where the profile of a surface is determined by illuminating the sample with a beam of light which has been split into two paths, one of which is directed at the sample and the other at a reference mirror. When the reflections are recombined any distortions of periodic shadows due to interference contain information about the contours of the surface. [CHMO]

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phase-contrast velocimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002019)

synonyms: PC velocimetry, phase contrast velocimetry, phase-contrast NMR velocimetry, phase-contrast nuclear magnetic resonance velocimetry

A method for determining the velocity of fluids by using magnetic field gradients to encode velocity information into the phase of an NMR signal. [CHMO]

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phosphorescence detected magnetic resonance

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001233)

synonyms: PDMR

A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels are detected by phosphorescence. Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves. [CHMO]

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phosphorescence detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000223)

The detection of luminescence emitted over a long timescale from a sample, as a result of irradiation with light. [CHMO]

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defined in:

phosphorescence spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002336)

The detection of luminescence emitted over a long timescale from a sample, as a result of irradiation with light, as a function of wavelength or time. [CHMO]

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phosphoresent labeling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001940)

synonyms: phosphorescence labeling, phosphorescence labelling

The process of covalently attaching a phosphorescent molecule to another molecule, such as a protein or nucleic acid. [CHMO]

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photo analysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003539)

synonyms: photoanalysis

Photo analysis refers to the study of pictures to compile various types of data, for example, to measure the size distribution of virtually anything that can be captured by photo. [Wikipedia]

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photo etching

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000251)

synonyms: PCM, photo-etching, photochemical etching, photochemical machining, photochemical milling, photoetching

The process of generating a pattern in a photosensitive sample by irradiating it with UV light. After exposure, the plate is 'developed' by washing away the unexposed resist. [CHMO]

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photo nanoimprint lithography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000464)

synonyms: P-NIL

A synthesis technique that uses mechanical deformation and cross-linking to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photosensitive resist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. A transparent stamp (e.g. fused silica) containing the desired (nanosized) pattern on its surface is then pressed into the resist, which is exposed to UV light. Any unexposed areas of polymer are removed by reactive ion etching. [CHMO]

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photoacoustic Raman spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000750)

synonyms: PARS

A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light by a sample is detected. Two lasers ('pump and 'probe') are mixed and focused on the sample cell. When the frequency difference between the lasers corresponds to a Raman transition, an acoustic signal (a sound wave produced by an increase in pressure) is generated and detected by a sensitive microphone. [CHMO]

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photoacoustic spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001918)

synonyms: LIOAS, OAS, PAS, laser-induced optoacoustic spectrometry, laser-induced optoacoustic spectroscopy, optoacoustic spectrometry, optoacoustic spectroscopy, photoacoustic spectrometry, pulsed laser OAS, pulsed laser PAS, pulsed laser optoacoustic spectrometry, pulsed laser optoacoustic spectroscopy, pulsed laser photoacoustic spectrometry, pulsed laser photoacoustic spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the sound emitted when a gaseous sample is exposed to an intense laser beam, which is rapidly interrupted by a rotating slotted disk, is measured. [CHMO]

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photochemical curing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000821)

synonyms: photocuring

A chemical process in which a prepolymer is converted into a polymer and then into a network, upon irradiation with light. [CHMO]

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photocurrent spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000220)

synonyms: photo-current spectrometry, photo-current spectroscopy, photocurrent spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where light energy absorbed by the sample results in the production of a current (the 'photocurrent') which is measured at different spectral intervals. [CHMO]

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photodegradation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001091)

synonyms: photo-degradation

The photochemical transformation of a molecule into lower molecular weight fragments, usually in an oxidation process. [CHMO]

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photodeposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001374)

synonyms: PD

A synthesis technique where a monomer is irradiated with UV light, causing cross-linking and the deposition of a polymer film on a substrate. [CHMO]

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photodetachment photoelectron spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001164)

synonyms: PD-PES, PD/PES, photo-detachment photoelectron spectroscopy, photodetachment PES, photodetachment-photoelectron spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a fixed-energy light source resulting in the detachment of electrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]

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photodiode array detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001535)

synonyms: DAD, PDA, photodiode array detection

Photodiode array detection is a type of detection that uses an array of photodiodes to detect changes of the incoming light. [Allotrope]

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photodiode array detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001535)

synonyms: DAD, PDA, photodiode array detection

Photodiode array detection is a type of detection that uses an array of photodiodes to detect changes of the incoming light. [OSTHUS]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/domain/WD/2019/06/detection

photodiode array measurement

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001535)

synonyms: DAD, PDA, photodiode array detection

Photodiode array detection is a type of detection that uses an array of photodiodes to detect changes of the incoming light. [Allotrope]

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photodissociation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000117)

synonyms: multiphoton dissociation

A process wherein the reactant ion is dissociated as a result of absorption of one or more photons. [PSI-MS]

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defined in:

photoelectrochemical deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000730)

A synthesis method in which a film of solid metal is deposited from a solution of ions onto an electrically conducting surface (an electrode). Three electrodes are required (working, counter and reference) and when sufficient current is passed through the solution, accompanied by irradiation with UV light, metal ions are reduced at the working electrode. [CHMO]

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photoelectron diffraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000020)

synonyms: PD, PED, PhD

A method for determining structure during photoelectron spectroscopy. Photons are directed at the sample and diffraction patterns resulting from the emission of electrons are recorded. [CHMO]

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photoelectron extended fine structure spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001028)

synonyms: PEFS, PEFS spectrometry, PEFS spectroscopy, PEFSS

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected as a function of energy. The spectrum is recorded over an extended energy range, from the photon absorption edge onset to several hundred eV above it. [CHMO]

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photoelectron microspectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001152)

synonyms: PEMS, PESM, photoelectron micro-spectrometry, photoelectron micro-spectroscopy, photoelectron microspectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a finely focused (<10 m) photon beam causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]

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defined in:

photoelectron spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001339)

synonyms: PES, PS, photo emission spectrometry, photo emission spectroscopy, photoelectron emission spectroscopy, photoelectron spectrometry, photoemission spectrometry, photoemission spectroscopy

Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. The energy of the incident photons is usually greater than the ionization energy of the sample and the photoelectrons are emitted with the excess in the form of kinetic energy. [CHMO]

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photoelectron spectroscopy of adsorbed xenon

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001496)

synonyms: PAX, photoelectron spectrometry of adsorbed xenon, photoemission spectrometry of adsorbed xenon, photoemission spectroscopy of adsorbed xenon

A type of spectroscopy where Xe atoms adsorbed on the surface of a sample are illuminated with photons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected. The binding energy of the core or valence levels of Xe weakly bound to the surface, relative to the Fermi level of the substrate, depends on the local work function of its adsorption site. [CHMO]

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photoelectron yield spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000231)

synonyms: PEYS, photoelectron yield spectrometry, total yield spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray-ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons. All photoelectrons emitted at a particular photon energy are detected. [CHMO]

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photoemission electron microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000818)

synonyms: PEEM, PEM, photo-electron microscopy, photo-emission microscopy, photoelectron microscopy

A type of electron microscopy where the distribution of electrons emitted by a specimen sample following excitation by UV light, synchrotron radiation or X-ray sources is used to produce an image. [CHMO]

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photographic plate recording

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002552)

Recording of ion currents by allowing them to strike a photographic plate, which is subsequently developed. [IUPAC MS REC]

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photographic plate recording

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002552)

Recording of ion currents by allowing them to strike a photographic plate, which is subsequently developed. [IUPAC]

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photographing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001743)

synonyms: snapping, taking photo, taking picture

Photographing is the process of creating a recorded image. [Allotrope]

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photoinduced carrier extraction in a linearly increasing voltage

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001987)

synonyms: photo-CELIV, photoinduced CELIV, photoinduced charge-carrier extraction in a linearly increasing voltage

A method for measuring charge carrier mobilities and conductivities by applying a short (ns) laser pulse to generate charge carriers. These charge carriers are then detected by applying a linearly increasing voltage and measuring the resulting current. [CHMO]

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photoinduced current transient spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000012)

synonyms: PICTS, photo induced current transient spectroscopy, photo-induced current transient spectroscopy

A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the current produced by applying an optical pulse to the semiconductor junction at different temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit peaks, the height of which are proportional to the defect density, and the emission rate and temperature dependence are characteristic for each type of defect. [CHMO]

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photoion-photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002270)

synonyms: PIPECO, photoion photoelectron coincidence spectrometry, photoion photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy, photoion-photoelectron coincidence spectrometry, photoionphotoelectron coincidence spectrometry, photoionphotoelectron coincidence spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of a photoelectron and its corresponding ion which are detected as a function of energy. [CHMO]

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photoionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000822)

synonyms: PI, photon impact

Ionization of an atom or molecule by a photon, written M + hν → M+• + e–. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

photoionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000822)

synonyms: PI, photon impact

Ionization of an atom or molecule by a photon, written M + hν → M+• + e–. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

photoionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000822)

synonyms: PI, photon impact

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defined in:

photoionization detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001613)

synonyms: PID

A detection method that is sensitive to volatile organic compounds. A carrier gas (e.g. methane) containing the sample is bombarded with high-energy (UV) photons, resulting in ionization. The current generated by these gaseous ions is then measured. [CHMO]

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photoionization mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000219)

synonyms: PI-MS, PI/MS, PIMS, photoionisation mass spectroscopy, photoionization mass spectroscopy

A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is irradiated with an ultraviolet laser. The sample absorbs one or more photons resulting in ionization. [CHMO]

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photolithography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002120)

synonyms: optical lithography

A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90-100 deg. C. The photoresist is then exposed to a pattern of intense (typically UV) light and a post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120-180 deg. C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. [CHMO]

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photoluminescence detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001619)

synonyms: PL detection

The detection of luminescence emitted from a sample as a result of irradiation with light. Photoluminescence includes both fluorescence and phosphorescence. [CHMO]

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photoluminescence spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002141)

synonyms: PL spectrometry, PL spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectrometry

Any type of spectroscopy where luminesence (the emission of visible light) from molecules irradiated with light, is detected as a function of wavelength. [CHMO]

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photon cross correlation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000882)

synonyms: PCCS

A method for determining the size distribution of a sample of small particles in concentrated or opaque solutions by illuminating the sample with two laser beams and cross-correlating the time-dependent fluctuations in the intensity of the scattered light caused by Brownian motion. [CHMO]

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photon scanning tunnelling microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000218)

synonyms: PSTM, photon scanning tunneling microscopy, photon-scanning tunneling microscopy, photon-scanning tunnelling microscopy

A type of microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with a near-field of photons. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving an optical fibre probe in a raster scan over the specimen, line by line, and detecting any photons which tunnel from the specimen to the probe as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the optical fibre probe and surface during scanning. [CHMO]

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photonic force microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002250)

synonyms: PFM, photonic-force microscopy

A type of microscopy where optical tweezers are used to trap a small fluorescent latex bead which is then scanned across biological specimens in aqueous solution. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the bead in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the fluorescence intensity as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the bead and surface during scanning. [CHMO]

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photothermal infrared microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000093)

synonyms: PTMS, photothermal IR micro-spectroscopy, photothermal IR microscopy, photothermal IR microspectroscopy, photothermal infrared microspectroscopy

The measurement of the photothermal response (temperature fluctuations) of a specimen exposed to the beam of a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, using an atomic force microscope tip as the thermal probe. [CHMO]

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photothermal spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002387)

synonyms: photothermal spectrometry

Any type of spectroscopy where light energy absorbed by the sample results in heating and the subsequent change in temperature, pressure or density is measured. [CHMO]

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photovoltage spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000587)

synonyms: photo-voltage spectrometry, photo-voltage spectroscopy, photovoltage spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where light energy absorbed by the sample results in the production of a potential difference (the 'photovoltage') which is measured at different spectral intervals. [CHMO]

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physical blending

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001457)

The process of making a polymer blend by mechanically mixing different polymers together in the melt. [CHMO]

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physical characterization assay

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003556)

An assay that examines physical qualities of material. [Allotrope]

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physical vapor deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001700)

synonyms: PVD

A synthesis technique where vaporized molecules or atoms condense on a surface, forming a thin layer. The process is purely physical; no chemical reaction occurs at the surface. [CHMO]

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picosecond laser flash photolysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000230)

synonyms: ps laser flash photolysis

A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong picosecond pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The absorption of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse. [CHMO]

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piece counting

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001645)

Piece counting is determining the number of objects in an object aggregate. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

piece counting by weighing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001991)

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

piece counting by weighing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001991)

Piece counting by weighing is piece counting by weighing an uniform aggregate and an indivual of the aggregate. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

piezoresponse force microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000500)

synonyms: PFM, piezo-force microscopy

A type of microscopy where an electric field is applied to a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') which is mounted on the end of a cantilever. The tip scans the surface of a piezoelectric specimen and the distortion of the electric field by the specimen is measured as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. [CHMO]

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pipeting

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002397)

Pipeting transfers a given amount of liquid solution using a pipette, dropper or pipettor. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

plan specification deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002039)

synonyms: plan, recipe

A directive information entity with action specifications and objective specifications as parts that, when concretized, is realized in a process in which the bearer tries to achieve the objectives by taking the actions specified. [IAO]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2018/07/aft

plan specification

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002039)

synonyms: plan, recipe

A directive information entity with action specifications and objective specifications as parts that, when concretized, is realized in a process in which the bearer tries to achieve the objectives by taking the actions specified. [IAO]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/REC/2018/04/aft

planar array infrared emission spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000775)

synonyms: planar array infrared emission spectroscopy, PA IR, PA IRES, PA-IR, PA-IRES, planar array IR emission spectrometry, planar array IR emission spectroscopy, planar array IRES, planar array infra-red emission spectrometry, planar array infrared emission spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is heated and the infrared radiation (0.78-1000 µm) emitted during cooling is detected with a two-dimensional focal plane array infrared camera. [CHMO]

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planar chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002014)

synonyms: open bed chromatography, open-bed chromatography

A chromatography method where the stationary phase is present as or on a plane. [CHMO]

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defined in:

planning

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000498)

A process of creating or modifying a plan specification. [OBI]

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defined in:

plasma activation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001781)

synonyms: plasma functionalisation, plasma functionalization

A process that involves improving the adhesion properties of a sample using short pulses of a plasma (a partially ionized gas containing free electrons and radicals). [CHMO]

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plasma atomic emission spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000558)

synonyms: plasma AES

Any type of atomic emission spectrometry where a plasma is used as the excitation source. [CHMO]

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defined in:

plasma atomic fluorescence spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000163)

synonyms: plasma AFS, plasma atomic fluorescence spectrometry

A type of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy where a plasma is used to excite the atoms in the sample. [CHMO]

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defined in:

plasma desorption

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001272)

synonyms: PD, fission fragment ionization

The ionization of material in a solid sample by bombarding it with ionic or neutral atoms formed as a result of the fission of a suitable nuclide, typically 252Cf. [PSI-MS]

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defined in:

plasma desorption ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000589)

synonyms: fission fragment ionisation, fission fragment ionization

The ionization of material in a solid sample by bombarding it with ionic or neutral atoms formed as a result of the fission of a suitable nuclide, typically 252Cf. [PSI-MS]

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defined in:

plasma etching

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001460)

synonyms: RIE, reactive ion etching, reactive-ion etching

The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface using short pulses of a plasma (a partially ionized gas containing free electrons and radicals). [CHMO]

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defined in:

plasma ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001037)

Any ionization method when the sample is ionized in a plasma - a partially ionized gas (such as Ar) containing free electrons. [CHMO]

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defined in:

plasma jet deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000828)

synonyms: plasma JD

A synthesis method where a plasma (a partially ionized gas containing free electrons) containing precursors is projected onto a surface, resulting in a deposit. [CHMO]

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defined in:

plasma mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002148)

synonyms: PS-MS, plasma source mass spectroscopy

Any type of mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized in a plasma (a partially ionized gas - such as Ar - containing free electrons). [CHMO]

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defined in:

plasma protein fractionation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000827)

synonyms: plasma-protein fractionation

A method for separating proteins from plasma by changing the conditions (e.g. temperature or acidity) of the plasma, causing precipitation of the proteins, which can then be removed by centrifugation. [CHMO]

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plasma sputter deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000622)

synonyms: plasma sputter coating, plasma sputtering

A synthesis technique where a solid target is bombarded with energetic ions (e.g. Ar+) causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate. Ionization of the neutral gas atoms requires a plasma (a partially ionized gas containing free electrons) source to be generated by passing an electrical discharge through the chamber, with the target acting as the cathode. [CHMO]

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plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001016)

synonyms: PACVD, PECVD, plasma assisted CVD, plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition, plasma assisted chemical vapour deposition, plasma enhanced CVD, plasma-assisted CVD, plasma-enhanced CVD, plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition

A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, in the presence of a plasma (a partially ionized gas, containing free electrons), which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. The plasma enhances the rate of reaction on the substrate surface. [CHMO]

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defined in:

plasma-assisted desorption ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000810)

synonyms: PADI

An ionization method where a plasma (a partially ionized gas - such as Ar - containing free electrons) is directed onto the sample surface causing desorption of sample molecules from the surface and subsequent ionization. [CHMO]

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defined in:

plasmon resonance energy transfer

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002353)

synonyms: PRET, plasmonic resonance energy transfer

A type of spectroscopy where by intentionally matching the plasmon resonance frequency of a gold nanoparticle with the frequency of the electronic transition energy of a biomolecule, energy transfer occurs which gives rise to resonant quenching dips in the Rayleigh scattering spectrum of the particle. [CHMO]

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platinum sputter deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000169)

synonyms: Pt sputtering, platinum sputtering

A synthesis technique where a Pt metal target is bombarded with energetic ions (e.g. Ar+) causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin film of Pt, on a substrate. [CHMO]

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defined in:

pneumatically assisted electrospray ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001210)

Spray ionization process in which either cations or anions in solution are transferred to the gas phase via formation and desolvation at atmospheric pressure of a stream of highly charged droplets that result from applying a potential difference between the tip of the electrospray needle containing the solution and a counter electrode. When a pressurized gas is used to aid in the formation of a stable spray, the term pneumatically assisted electrospray ionization is used. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

pneumatically assisted electrospray ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001210)

Spray ionization process in which either cations or anions in solution are transferred to the gas phase via formation and desolvation at atmospheric pressure of a stream of highly charged droplets that result from applying a potential difference between the tip of the electrospray needle containing the solution and a counter electrode. When a pressurized gas is used to aid in the formation of a stable spray, the term pneumatically assisted electrospray ionization is used. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

point assigning

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003611)

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

point assigning

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003611)

Point assigning is the assigning of a geometrical point to something. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

polarimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001134)

synonyms: optical rotation measurement

The measurement of the extent to which a sample interacts with polarized electromagnetic radiation by transmission, reflection, refraction, or diffraction. [CHMO]

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defined in:

polarimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001134)

synonyms: optical rotation measurement

Polarimetry is a measurement of the extent to which a sample interacts with polarized electromagnetic radiation by transmission, reflection, refraction, or diffraction. [CHMO]

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defined in:

polarity control

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003810)

synonyms: polarity adjustment, polarity adjustment process

Polarity control is a changing process that changes the polarity of some material. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

polarization inversion and spin exchange at the magic angle

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000943)

synonyms: PISEMA, dipolar recoupling distance experiment, dipolar recoupling experiment

Magic angle spinning NMR experiments in which dipolar coupling is reintroduced to obtain information on the proximity of nuclei within the sample. [CHMO]

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defined in:

polarization modulation infrared reflection-adsorption spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002067)

synonyms: PM-IRRAS, polarisation modulation infrared reflection adsorption spectroscopy, polarisation modulation-infrared reflection-adsorption spectroscopy, polarization modulation infrared reflection adsorption spectroscopy, polarization modulation-infrared reflection-adsorption spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the differential absorption and reflection of low incident angle p- and s-polarized infrared light by the surface molecules of a highly reflective or polished sample is measured. The ultra-thin layers on metal surfaces interact with the p-polarized component of light, but not with the s-polarized component. [CHMO]

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defined in:

polarization optical time domain reflectometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002038)

synonyms: PODTR, polarisation OTDR, polarisation optical time domain reflectivity, polarisation optical time-domain reflectivity, polarisation optical time-domain reflectometry, polarization OTDR, polarization optical time domain reflectivity, polarization optical time-domain reflectivity, polarization optical time-domain reflectometry

A method for determining structure by directing an optical pulse through an optical fibre and measuring the polarization state of light reflected at the Brewster angle as a function of time. [CHMO]

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defined in:

polarization spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002045)

synonyms: PS

Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is irradiated with an initial pulse of polarized laser light (the 'pump') and the change in polarization of a second laser pulse (the 'probe') is determined. [CHMO]

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defined in:

polarized Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002346)

synonyms: polarised Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, polarised FTIR, polarised Fourier transform infra-red absorption spectroscopy, polarised Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry, polarised Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, polarised Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, polarized FTIR, polarized Fourier transform infra-red absorption spectroscopy, polarized Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry, polarized Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, polarized Fourier transform infrared spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the sample absorbs a single pulse of polarized radiation from the infrared region (0.78-1000 µm) and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]

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polarized Raman spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002443)

synonyms: polarised Raman spectrometry, polarized Raman spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the polarization of light which has been subjected to Raman scattering by a sample is determined. [CHMO]

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defined in:

polarized neutron reflectometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001167)

synonyms: PNR, polarised neutron reflection, polarised neutron reflectivity, polarized neutron reflection, polarized neutron reflectivity, spin polarised neutron reflectivity , spin polarized neutron reflectivity , spin-polarised reflection measurements, spin-polarized reflection measurements

A method for determining structure by directing polarized neutrons onto an extremely flat surface and measuring the intensity of the reflected neutrons as a function of angle and neutron wavelength. [CHMO]

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defined in:

polarizing light microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000122)

synonyms: PLM, POM, optical polarisation microscopy, optical polarising microscopy, optical polarization microscopy, polarised light microscopy, polarised optical microscopy, polarized light microscopy, polarized light optical microscopy, polarized optical microscopy, polarizing optical microscopy

A type of microscopy where the specimen placed between two orthogonal polarizing filters and illuminated with visible light. [CHMO]

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defined in:

polarography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000774)

An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. [CHMO]

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defined in:

pole figure measurement

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000306)

A method for determining crystal orientation, using X-ray diffraction, which involves systematically rotating the sample about well defined angles until all possible lattice planes are reflected, and measuring the reflection intensity as a function of angle. The results are plotted as a pole figure. [CHMO]

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defined in:

polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001043)

synonyms: PAGE

A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of polyacrylamide gel, across which an electric field is applied. [CHMO]

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defined in:

polymer co-precipitation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001562)

The simultaneous precipitation of a normally soluble component with a polymer component from the same solution by the formation of a composite by adsorption, occlusion or mechanical entrapment. [CHMO]

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defined in:

polymer precipitation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001947)

A technique used to isolate and purify polymers. The polymer sample is dissolved in a 'good' organic solvent, and this solution is then poured into a 'poor' solvent . Introduction of the polymer to the poor solvent causes the polymer chains to collapse, aggregate and come out of solution. [CHMO]

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defined in:

polymer preparation method

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001735)

Any experimental method used to prepare polymer samples. [CHMO]

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defined in:

polymer synthesis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000200)

synonyms: polymer synthesis method

Any method used to prepare a polymer. [CHMO]

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defined in:

polymerase chain reaction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003770)

synonyms: PCR

Polymerase chain reaction is a synthesis to rapidly amplify pre-determined regions of double-stranded DNA. Generally involves the use of a heat-stable DNA polymerase. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

polymeric membrane extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002076)

synonyms: PME

The transfer of a solute from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a nonporous sillicon rubber membrane. [CHMO]

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defined in:

polynomial calibration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003695)

A polynomial calibration is an analyte calibration that applies curve fitting of the calibration curve to a polynomial function. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

polyol method

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000545)

synonyms: polyol process

The synthesis of metal-containing compounds in poly(ethylene glycol)s. The ethylene glycol acts as both the solvent and reducing agent. [CHMO]

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defined in:

porosimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000260)

The measurement of the pore diameter, pore-size distribution and total pore volume of a sample. [CHMO]

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defined in:

positioning

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003409)

synonyms: orienting, spatial alignment

An achievenent that aims for a specific the spatial location and orientation of a material entity. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

positioning

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003409)

synonyms: orienting, spatial alignment

An achievement that aims for a specific the spatial location and orientation of a material entity. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

positioning

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003409)

synonyms: orienting, spatial alignment

Positioning is a localization that changes a specific spatial location and orientation of an object relative to another. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001786)

synonyms: PALS, positron lifetime spectroscopy

A method for probing the free volume between polymer chains in which the anti-particle of an electron (a positron) is injected, from a radioactive source into the sample. When the positron is annihilated a characteristic energy is emitted, and the time from injection to energy emission is measured. [CHMO]

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post injection needle washing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003661)

Post injection needle washing is a needle washing that is done after using the needle for an injection. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

post injection needle washing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003661)

Post injection needle washing is an injection needle washing that is done after using the needle for an injection. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

post-acquisition water suppression

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001892)

A data processing technique used to suppress the water peak in a spectrum in order to get clearer results. [nmrML]

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defined in:

post-acquisition water suppression

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001892)

Post-acquisition water suppression is a data processing used to suppress the signal from the water solvent after data acquisition. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/domain/WD/2024/09/nmr

post-column derivatization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001504)

synonyms: post column derivatisation, post column derivatization

The transformation of a chemical compound (the 'educt') following column chromatography into another similar compound (the 'derivative') by altering one or more of its functional groups. Derviatization is generally perfomed to alter reactivity or change a physical property such as solubility, boiling point, melting point, thermal stability etc. [CHMO]

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post-source decay

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001309)

synonyms: PSD

A technique specific to reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometers where product ions of metastable transitions or collision-induced dissociations generated in the drift tube prior to entering the reflectron are m/z separated to yield product ion spectra. [PSI-MS]

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postprecipitation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001005)

The subsequent precipitation of a chemically different species upon the surface of an initial precipitate usually, but not necessarily, including a common ion. [CHMO]

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potential barrier field-flow fractionation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001032)

synonyms: PBGFFF, potential barrier GFFF, potential barrier GrFFF

A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel, such that the Earth's gravitational field is perpendicular to the channel, and varying the ionic strength of the solution or Hamaker constant/surface potential of the particles. [CHMO]

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potential sputter etching

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000035)

synonyms: potential sputtering

The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface by bombarding it with high-energy or highly charged heavy ions. When the multiply charged ions recombine on the sample surface their potential energy is liberated, accelerating the process. [CHMO]

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potential step chrono-amperometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001311)

synonyms: potential step chronoamperometry

An electrochemical technique where the time dependence of the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is varied as a step function. [CHMO]

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potentiometric titration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002390)

The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the potential difference between indicator and reference electrodes under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. [CHMO]

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defined in:

potentiometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001597)

synonyms: potentiometric method

An electrochemical technique where the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. [CHMO]

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potentiostatic coulometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002238)

synonyms: bulk electrolysis, controlled potential coulometry, controlled-potential coulometry

An electrochemical technique where the total Coulombs of electricity required to complete (fully oxidise or fully reduce the sample in) an electrochemical reaction is measured whilst the potential of the working electrode is held at a constant value. [CHMO]

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powder X-ray diffraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000645)

synonyms: PXD, PXRD, X-ray powder diffraction, XRPD, powder XRD

A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at a powdered solid sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. [CHMO]

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powder bulk density

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003783)

A bulk density for untapped powder sample. [Allotrope]

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powder tap density

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003782)

A bulk density obtained by mechanically tapping a cylinder containing the powder sample until no more change in volume occurs. [NCI]

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powdering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003793)

Powdering is a process of transformation of a solid substance into the form of tiny loose particles. [Allotrope]

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power-compensation differential scanning calorimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000427)

synonyms: power-compensation DSC

The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction of both a sample and a reference, by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of one variable, whilst a second is kept constant using a power compensation differential scanning calorimeter. [CHMO]

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pre injection needle washing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003660)

Post injection needle washing is a needle washing that is done before using the needle for an injection. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

pre injection needle washing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003660)

Post injection needle washing is an injection needle washing that is done before using the needle for an injection. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

precipitation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001571)

The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') from a liquid solution in which the material is present in amounts greater than its solubility in the liquid. [CHMO]

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precipitation titration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003738)

A precipitation titration is a titration in which the analyte is precipitated by the titrant. [Allotrope]

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precipitation with compressed antisolvent

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001897)

synonyms: PCA, precipitation using compressed anti-solvent, precipitation using compressed antisolvent, precipitation with compressed anti-solvent

A technique where a solid sample is dissolved in a common (organic or inorganic) solvent then sprayed into a vessel pressurised with a dense gas (e.g. supercritical CO2) This results in a large decrease in solution density and precipitation. [CHMO]

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precursor activation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001442)

synonyms: activation

Activation of the precursor ion in mass spectrometry. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

preparation process

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003309)

Given a process that needs some requirements (a realized situation) to properly work towards an object the preparation process procedes this process to achieve the requirements. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

preparation process

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003309)

Given a process that needs some requirements (a realized situation) to properly work towards an objective, the preparation process procedes this process to achieve the requirements. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

preparative centrifugation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002068)

A method where a sample is purified by removing impurities on the basis of their density in a centrifuge. [CHMO]

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defined in:

preparative column chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002395)

synonyms: preparative-column chromatography

A chromatography method where the stationary bed is within a tube (of standard length 25 cm). Preparative column chromatography involves the collection of eluted pure samples (following synthesis or for subsequent biological testing). [CHMO]

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defined in:

presaturation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001365)

An NMR technique whereby particular resonances are saturated (their spin-state populations are equalised). Commonly used to suppress solvent signals. [CHMO]

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defined in:

presence/absence qPCR experiment

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003780)

synonyms: presence/absence, presence/absence experiment

A presence/absence qPCR experiment is an experiment using qPCR that identifies if DNA targets are present in samples. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

pressure control

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002832)

A pressure control is a controlling process that controls pressure of some material. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

pressure control

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002832)

A process that regulates pressure. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

pressure injection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000986)

synonyms: pump injection

The introduction of a sample or reagent into a continuous stream by use of a rapid delivery device. [IUPAC]

Copyright Notice and License Terms for IUPAC terms

defined in:

pressure measurement

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002677)

A measurement that targets the pressure of some material entity. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

pressure perturbation calorimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001150)

synonyms: PPC, pressure-perturbation calorimetry

The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of the temperature, whilst the pressure (10-100 atm) is kept constant. [CHMO]

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defined in:

pressure process profile

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003294)

synonyms: pressure profile

A pressure process profile is a quality process profile that tracks some pressure. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

pressure profile

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003294)

synonyms: pressure profile

A quality process profile that tracks some pressure. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

pressure-controlled scanning calorimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001103)

synonyms: PCSC

The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of the pressure, whilst the temperature is kept constant. [CHMO]

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defined in:

pressure-monitored pyrolysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001536)

synonyms: pressure monitored pyrolysis

The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy during which the pressure of the volatile pyrolysates is recorded. [CHMO]

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defined in:

pressure-pulsed chemical vapor infiltration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000517)

synonyms: P-CVI, pressure pulsed CVI, pressure-pulsed CVI, pressure-pulsed chemical vapour infiltration

The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from, a vapour which is applied as a series of high pressure pulses. This results in a multilayer structure. [CHMO]

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defined in:

pressureless sintering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002448)

The fusing together of small particles by heating the powder sample below its melting point (without applied pressure) until its particles adhere to each other. [CHMO]

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defined in:

pressurized fluid extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001845)

synonyms: PFE, PLE, PSE, accelerated solvent extraction, accelerated-solvent extraction, pressurised liquid extraction, pressurised solvent extraction, pressurised-fluid extraction, pressurised-liquid extraction, pressurised-solvent extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, pressurized solvent extraction, pressurized-fluid extraction, pressurized-liquid extraction, pressurized-solvent extraction

The process of transferring a dissolved substance from one liquid phase to another (immiscible or partially miscible) liquid phase in contact with it using solvents at elevated temperature (50-200 deg. C) and pressure (7-20 MPa). [CHMO]

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defined in:

pressurized fluid extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001845)

synonyms: PFE, PLE, PSE, accelerated solvent extraction, accelerated-solvent extraction, pressurised liquid extraction, pressurised solvent extraction, pressurised-fluid extraction, pressurised-liquid extraction, pressurised-solvent extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, pressurized solvent extraction, pressurized-fluid extraction, pressurized-liquid extraction, pressurized-solvent extraction

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defined in:

preventative maintenance

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003739)

Preventative maintenance is a proactive maintenance of a device involving inspection, testing and preemptive replacement of parts likely to fail before the preventative maintenance activity. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

preventing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003597)

Keeping a flow from happening. [NIST]

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defined in:

primer extension

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003841)

Primer extension is a method to synthesize cDNA for determining the 5'-untranslated region of a specific mRNA molecule through reverse transcription reaction using complementary oligonucleotides as primers. [NCI]

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defined in:

priming

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001951)

Priming is a type of cleaning that happens at the beginning of a period of time and results in the device being filled with the appropriate reagents. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

probe matching

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002686)

synonyms: matching

Probe matching is a process of adjustment of an NMR probe that makes sure that only a minimal part of the power at the probe is wasted. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

probe tuning

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002660)

synonyms: tuning

Probe tuning is the process of adjustment of an NMR probe in order to use the probe at its most sensitive frequency. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

process controlling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003613)

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

process controlling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003613)

Process controlling is a process that directly influences the behavior of another process, that is being controlled. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

process dependency after end deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000471)

The code of a process dependency that encodes the dependency of after end. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2019/06/afo

process dependency after end

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000471)

The code of a process dependency that encodes the dependency of after end. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

process dependency after start deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001268)

The code of a process dependency that encodes the dependency of after start. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2019/06/afo

process dependency after start

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001268)

The code of a process dependency that encodes the dependency of after start. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

process dependency at start deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001100)

The code of a process dependency that encodes the dependency of at start. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2019/06/afo

process dependency at start

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001100)

The code of a process dependency that encodes the dependency of at start. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

process dependency code deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000028)

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2019/06/afo

process dependency code

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000028)

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

process dependency no earlier after end deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000424)

The code of a process dependency that encodes the dependency of no earlier after end. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2019/06/afo

process dependency no earlier after end

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000424)

The code of a process dependency that encodes the dependency of no earlier after end. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

process dependency no earlier after start deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001434)

The code of a process dependency that encodes the dependency of no earlier after start. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2019/06/afo

process dependency no earlier after start

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001434)

The code of a process dependency that encodes the dependency of no earlier after start. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

process dependency no later after end deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000068)

The code of a process dependency that encodes the dependency of no later after end. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2019/06/afo

process dependency no later after end

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000068)

The code of a process dependency that encodes the dependency of no later after end. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

process dependency no later after start deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000814)

The code of a process dependency that encodes the dependency of no later after start. [Allotrope]

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License

defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2019/06/afo

process dependency no later after start

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000814)

The code of a process dependency that encodes the dependency of no later after start. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

process dependency not follow deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001685)

The code of a process dependency that encodes the dependency of no follow. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2019/06/afo

process dependency not follow

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001685)

The code of a process dependency that encodes the dependency of no follow. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

process dependency not in parallel deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001669)

The code of a process dependency that encodes the dependency of not in parallel. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2019/06/afo

process dependency not in parallel

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001669)

The code of a process dependency that encodes the dependency of not in parallel. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

process dependency possible parallel deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000050)

The code of a process dependency that encodes the dependency of possible parallel. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2019/06/afo

process dependency possible parallel

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000050)

The code of a process dependency that encodes the dependency of possible parallel. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

process raman spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002663)

Process Raman spectroscopy is a type of Raman spectroscopy that applies the technique to monitoring processes. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

process state

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003673)

A process state is a state where a device or service is executing a planned process or is in a specific configuration. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

process state aborted deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001463)

The code of a process state that encodes the state of aborted. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2019/06/afo

process state aborted

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001463)

The code of a process state that encodes the state of aborted. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

process state aborting deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000720)

The code of a process state that encodes the state of aborting. [Allotrope]

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License

defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2019/06/afo

process state aborting

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000720)

The code of a process state that encodes the state of aborting. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

process state code deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002413)

Code denoting a process state. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2019/06/afo

process state code

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002413)

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

process state completed deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002450)

The code of a process state that encodes the state of completed. [Allotrope]

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License

defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2019/06/afo

process state completed

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002450)

The code of a process state that encodes the state of completed. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

process state held deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002025)

The code of a process state that encodes the state of held. [Allotrope]

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License

defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2019/06/afo

process state held

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002025)

The code of a process state that encodes the state of held. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

process state holding deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002006)

The code of a process state that encodes the state of holding. [Allotrope]

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License

defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2019/06/afo

process state holding

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002006)

The code of a process state that encodes the state of holding. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

process state idle deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001627)

The code of a process state that encodes the state of idle. [Allotrope]

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License

defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2019/06/afo

process state idle

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001627)

The code of a process state that encodes the state of idle. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

process state paused deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000157)

The code of a process state that encodes the state of paused. [Allotrope]

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License

defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2019/06/afo

process state paused

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000157)

The code of a process state that encodes the state of paused. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

process state pausing deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000518)

The code of a process state that encodes the state of pausing. [Allotrope]

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License

defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2019/06/afo

process state pausing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000518)

The code of a process state that encodes the state of pausing. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

process state restarting deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000242)

The code of a process state that encodes the state of restarting. [Allotrope]

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License

defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2019/06/afo

process state restarting

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000242)

The code of a process state that encodes the state of restarting. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

process state running deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000460)

The code of a process state that encodes the state of running. [Allotrope]

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License

defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2019/06/afo

process state running

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000460)

The code of a process state that encodes the state of running. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

process state stopped deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002162)

The code of a process state that encodes the state of stopped. [Allotrope]

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License

defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2019/06/afo

process state stopped

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002162)

The code of a process state that encodes the state of stopped. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

process state stopping deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000735)

The code of a process state that encodes the state of stopping. [Allotrope]

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License

defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2019/06/afo

process state stopping

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000735)

The code of a process state that encodes the state of stopping. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

process state trigger condition deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002630)

A process state trigger condition is a condition that triggers a state. [Allotrope]

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License

defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2019/06/aft

process state trigger condition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002630)

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

producing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003315)

synonyms: creating, creation, production

A process where some new material entity or information content entity does not exists at the start of the process but is existing at the end by way of the process. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

producing energy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003319)

synonyms: energy production

Producing energy is the producing of energy (from an unspecified energy source). [Allotrope]

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License

defined in:

producing material

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003307)

synonyms: material creation, material production

Producing material is the producing of new material (from other material). [Allotrope]

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defined in:

product ion analysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002583)

Process whereby a precursor ion of a particular m/z is selected by m/z, fragmentation is induced, and the mass spectrum of the resulting product ions is recorded. [IUPAC MS REC]

Copyright Notice and License Terms for IUPAC terms

defined in:

product ion analysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002583)

Process whereby a precursor ion of a particular m/z is selected by m/z, fragmentation is induced, and the mass spectrum of the resulting product ions is recorded. [IUPAC]

Copyright Notice and License Terms for IUPAC terms

defined in:

production

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002767)

Production mode of compaction. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

profilometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002149)

synonyms: SP, surface profilometry

The measurement of the profile of a surface in order to quantify its roughness. [CHMO]

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defined in:

programmed temperature vaporization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002147)

synonyms: PTV, programmed-temperature vaporisation, programmed-temperature vaporization

A sample preparation method for gas chromatography in which the sample is deposited into the inlet of the chromatograph at a low temperature, then the inlet temperature is rapidly raised to vaporise the desired components and cause their transfer onto the column. [CHMO]

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defined in:

project

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003730)

A project is a planned process that is undertaken or attempted to meet some requirement. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

projection reduction exposure with variable axis immersion lenses

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002139)

synonyms: PREVAIL

A synthesis technique that uses electrons to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a beam of electrons (100 keV) is scanned across a patterned mask. The electrons induce chemical reactions in the resist and the desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). The lens system used to focus the electron beam has a 4-times magnification and a 250 µm2 exposure field, and was developed by IBM and Nikon. [CHMO]

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defined in:

proper changing quality process profile

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003822)

A proper changing quality process profile is a changing process profile where the tracked quality at the start of the process is different from the tracked quality at the end of the process. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

protein complex immunoprecipitation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001679)

The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') consisting of a protein-specific antibody complex (where the protein is attached to a arger protein complex) from solution. [CHMO]

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defined in:

protein precipitation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001228)

The sedimentation of a solid protein (a 'precipitate') from an aqueous solution caused by the addition of an organic solvent (e.g. methanol), a polyelectrolyte (e.g. alginate) or a salt (e.g. ammonium sulfate) in a process known as 'salting out'. [CHMO]

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defined in:

protein purification

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002847)

Protein purification is a series of processes intended to isolate one or a few proteins from a complex mixture, usually cells, tissues or whole organisms. [Wikipedia]

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defined in:

proton detected separated local field spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001361)

synonyms: PDLF, proton detected local field spectroscopy, proton-detected SLF, proton-detected separated local field spectroscopy

An NMR experiment for the measurement of heteronuclear dipolar couplings. 1H-1H interactions are decoupled and proton magnetization is passed through 13C nuclei present at natural abundance to simplify a dipolarly coupled spectrum. [CHMO]

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proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002186)

synonyms: PTR-MS, PTR/MS, PTRMS, proton transfer reaction mass spectroscopy

A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by introducing it into a tube containing fast flowing He gas and H3O+ ions. [CHMO]

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proton-decoupled nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001867)

synonyms: proton-decoupled NMR, proton-decoupled NMR spectroscopy

A type of NMR spectroscopy where (J/scalar) couplings to 1H nuclei are cancelled by applying radio frequency radiation to saturate or otherwise manipulate the 1H spins such that no evolution of the coupling occurs. [CHMO]

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proton-induced Auger electron spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000539)

synonyms: PAES, proton-induced Auger electron spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the bombardment of a sample with protons results in the ionization of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected as a function of incident proton energy. [CHMO]

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proton-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000637)

synonyms: proton-induced X-ray emission spectrometry, proton-induced XES

Any type of X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding the sample with a focused beam of high-energy protons. [CHMO]

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providing state

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003563)

synonyms: providing

Providing is the state of accumulating or supplying a material or energy flow. [NIST]

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pseudo polarography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002071)

synonyms: pseudo-polarography, pseudopolarography

An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by applying an oxidising potential. During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. A plot of stripping peak current versus deposition potential resembles a polarogram. [CHMO]

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pulse

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002530)

A short burst of electical or magnetic energy. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

pulse oximetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000444)

A technique used to determine the extent of oxygenation of haemoglobin based on the red (600-750 nm) and infrared (800-1000 nm) light absorption characteristics of the oxygenated and deoxygenated forms. [CHMO]

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pulse program

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002796)

A pulse program is a programmatic plan that defines the pulse sequence that is applied to the excitation of a sample. [Allotrope]

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pulse radiolysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000791)

The cleavage of one or more bonds resulting from exposure to a beam of highly accelerated (10 MeV) electrons. Pulse radiolysis is a method of initiating reactions which occur on a timescale faster than 100 µs. [CHMO]

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pulse radiolysis time-resolved microwave conductivity

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000861)

synonyms: pulse radiolysis TRMC, pulse radiolysis time resolved microwave conductivity, pulse-radiolysis TRMC, pulse-radiolysis time-resolved microwave conductivity

A technique allowing the quantitative and qualitative detection of radiation-induced charge separation by time-resolved measurement of the changes in microwave absorption resulting from the production and decay of charged and dipolar molecular entities. In a typical pulse-radiolysis TRMC experiment, separated charge carriers, which are generated by a nanosecond pulse of 3-MeV electrons, lead to a perturbation of the initial microwave absorbance. The temporal decay of the conductivity signal (i.e. microwave absorbance) reflects the lifetime of the electrogenerated carriers. [CHMO]

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pulse sequence

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002536)

synonyms: 2016-03-21 subclass under list [OSTHUS], 2016-03-21 subclass under list [Allotrope]

A sequence of one or more pulses with defined powers, timings, and phases for excitation and detection of nuclear spins. [Allotrope]

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pulse voltammetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000008)

An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied using pulses of increasing amplitude. [CHMO]

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pulse-discharge detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000302)

synonyms: PDD, pulse discharge detection, pulsed discharge detection, pulsed-discharge detection

A detection method where a DC voltage pulse is passed through a carrier gas (e.g. helium) and the current generated by this ionization is measured. [CHMO]

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pulse-discharge photoionization detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000831)

synonyms: PDPID, pulse discharge photoionisation detection, pulse discharge photoionization detection, pulsed discharge photoionisation detection, pulsed discharge photoionization detection, pulsed-discharge photoionisation detection, pulses-discharge photoionization detection

A detection method where a DC voltage pulse is passed through a carrier gas generating high-energy (13.5-17.5 eV) photons which photoionize the elements in the sample mixture, and the current generated by this ionization is measured. [CHMO]

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pulsed discharge helium ionization detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000603)

synonyms: PDHID, pulse-discharge helium ionisation detection, pulse-discharge helium ionization detection

A detection method that is sensitive to small gas molecules (e.g. O2, N2, CO2). A low-power, pulsed DC discharge is used to ionize the sample (which is held in He carrier gas). The resulting electrons are focused toward a collector electrode and the current is measured. [CHMO]

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pulsed electrochemical detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000027)

synonyms: PED

A detection method that is sensitive to compounds which can be either reduced or oxidised. A liquid containing the sample passes directly over the working electrode, which is subject to a periodic potential. The current produced is then measured. [CHMO]

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pulsed electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000038)

synonyms: pulse ENDOR, pulse ENDOR spectroscopy, pulsed ENDOR, pulsed ENDOR spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where a microwave frequency pulse is used to saturate the electron resonance transitions in a sample, and a radio frequency pulse is used excite a nuclear transition. [CHMO]

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pulsed electron spin resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001547)

synonyms: pulsed electron spin resonance spectroscopy, pulse EPR, pulse ESR, pulse electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, pulse electron spin resonance spectrometry, pulsed EPR, pulsed ESR

A type of spectroscopy where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to short (ns) pulses of microwave radiation in a magnetic field is measured. [CHMO]

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pulsed electron-electron double resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000489)

synonyms: pulsed electron-electron double resonance spectroscopy, PELDOR, PELDOR spectroscopy, pulse ELDOR, pulsed ELDOR, pulsed electron double resonance, pulsed electron double resonance spectroscopy, pulsed electron-electron double resonance

A type of spectroscopy where two microwave frequency pulse sequences are used to excite two electron resonance transitions and the effect of the first transition on the second is measured. [CHMO]

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pulsed field gradient

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000926)

synonyms: PFG, ge-NMR, gradient NMR, gradient-enhanced NMR, gradient-selected NMR, gs-NMR, pulsed-field gradient

A tool employed in NMR experiments; spatially inhomogeneous magnetic fields applied with a defined gradient. Used to either select a particular signal or to render unwanted signals undetectable. [CHMO]

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pulsed field-gradient spin echo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000127)

synonyms: PFG-SE NMR, PFGSE, PFGSE-NMR, PGSE, pulsed field gradient (PFG) spin echo, pulsed field gradient spin-echo, pulsed field gradient-spin echo, pulsed field-gradient spin echo, pulsed-field-gradient spin-echo NMR spectroscopy

An NMR experiment in which pulsed field gradients are applied to a spin echo sequence to cleanly and precisely excite particular resonances. Additionally, attenuation of signals occurs related to molecular diffusion allowing this technique to be used to determine self-diffusion coefficients. [CHMO]

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pulsed gradient non-linear spin echo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001534)

synonyms: PGNE, PGNE NMR, PGNE-NMR, pulsed gradient non-linear echo, pulsed gradient nonlinear echo, pulsed gradient nonlinear spin echo

An NMR experiment used to measure small diffusion coefficients via the attenuation of signals occurring due to molecular diffusion during the application of pulsed field gradients. [CHMO]

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pulsed laser deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000147)

synonyms: PLA deposition, PLD, laser ablation growth, pulsed laser ablation deposition, pulsed-laser ablation deposition, pulsed-laser deposition

A synthesis technique where a high-power pulsed laser beam is focused (inside a vacuum chamber) onto a target of the desired composition. Material is then vaporized from the target ('ablation') and deposited as a thin film on a substrate facing the target. [CHMO]

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pulsed laser polymerization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001090)

synonyms: PLP, pulsed-laser polymerisation, pulsed-laser polymerization

A polymerization which is initiated by laser pulses at a constant repetition rate. [CHMO]

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pulsed laser polymerization-size-exclusion chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000436)

synonyms: PLP-SEC, PLP/SEC, pulsed laser polymerisation size exclusion chromatography, pulsed laser polymerisation-size exclusion chromatography, pulsed laser polymerization size exclusion chromatography, pulsed laser polymerization-size exclusion chromatography, pulsed-laser polymerisation-size-exclusion chromatography, pulsed-laser polymerization-size-exclusion chromatography

A technique for measuring the propagation rate coefficient during polymerization reactions. The polymerization is initiated by laser irradiation and the chain length distribution is subsequently determined by size-exclusion chromatography. [CHMO]

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pulsed laser polymerization-size-exclusion chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000630)

synonyms: pulsed-laser polymerisation-size-exclusion chromatography, pulsed-laser polymerization-size-exclusion chromatography, PLP-SEC-NMR, PLP/SEC/NMR, pulsed laser polymerisation size exclusion chromatography nuclear magnetic resonance, pulsed laser polymerisation-size exclusion chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance, pulsed laser polymerization size exclusion chromatography nuclear magnetic resonance

A technique for measuring the propagation rate coefficient during polymerization reactions. The polymerization is initiated by laser irradiation and the chain length distribution is subsequently determined by size-exclusion chromatography and the composition of the copolymer products is determined by NMR. [CHMO]

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pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002044)

synonyms: nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, NMR, NMR spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. [CHMO]

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pulsed q dissociation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002187)

synonyms: PQD

A process that involves precursor ion activation at high Q, a time delay to allow the precursor to fragment, then a rapid pulse to low Q where all fragment ions are trapped. The product ions can then be scanned out of the ion trap and detected. [PSI-MS]

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pulsed-field electrophoresis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002297)

A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium, across which a pulsed electric field is applied (a field in which the voltage changes direction). [CHMO]

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pulsed-field gel electrophoresis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002081)

synonyms: PFGE, pulsed field gel electrophoresis

A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium consisting of gel, across which a pulsed electric field is applied (one in which the voltage direction is periodically switched among three directions; one that runs through the central axis of the gel and two that run at an angle of 120 deg. either side). [CHMO]

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pulsed-field gradient nuclear magnetic spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000522)

synonyms: PFG-NMR

A type of NMR spectroscopy where a spatially inhomogeneous magnetic field with a defined gradient is used, either to select a particular signal or to render unwanted signals undetectable. [CHMO]

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pulsed-field gradient velocimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000140)

synonyms: pulsed gradient spin echo NMR velocimetry, pulsed gradient spin echo nuclear magnetic resonance velocimetry, pulsed gradient spin echo velocimetry

A method for determining the velocity of fluids by using a pulsed-field gradient spin echo sequence to encode the velocity into an NMR signal. Both flow and Brownian motion components of the velocity are measured. [CHMO]

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pump system process

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003677)

synonyms: pumping system process

A process executed by a pump system. [Allotrope]

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pump-dump-probe spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001444)

synonyms: PDP spectroscopy, pump-dump-probe (PDP) spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with an initial laser pulse (the 'pump') which causes excitations within the sample. This is followed by a second laser pulse which is tuned to the correct frequency to excite transitions resonantly back down to the lower electronic state (the 'dump'). After a short delay a third laser pulse (the 'probe') is used to sense changes in the sample. [CHMO]

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pump-probe spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000148)

synonyms: PP spectroscopy, pump probe spectroscopy, pump-probe (PP) spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with an initial laser pulse (the 'pump') followed by a second laser pulse (the 'probe') after a short delay. The pump pulse creates excitations in the sample, which are sensed by the probe pulse. [CHMO]

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pump-repump-probe spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000413)

synonyms: pump-repump-probe spectroscopy, PREP spectroscopy, PrPP spectroscopy, double-pump pump-probe spectroscopy, pump re-pump probe spectroscopy, pump repump probe spectroscopy, pump-pump-probe spectroscopy, pump-repump-probe (PREP) spectroscopy, pump-repump-probe (PrPP) spectroscopy, two pump and probe spectroscopy, two pump-probe spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with an initial laser pulse (the 'pump') followed by a second pump laser pulse, and finally a third laser pulse (the 'probe') after a short delay. The two pump pulses create excitations in the sample, which are sensed by the probe pulse. [CHMO]

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pumping

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003577)

Pumping is a material transport of fluids by suction or pressure or both. [Allotrope]

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purification

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000812)

A purification is a removing process that is used to physically separate an analyte from byproducts, reagents or contaminating substances. [Allotrope, CHMO]

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purification

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000812)

Any technique used to physically separate an analyte from byproducts, reagents or contaminating substances. [CHMO]

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pyrolysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001317)

synonyms: destructive distillation, dry distillation

The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy. The term pyrolysis generally refers to heating in an inert environment. [CHMO]

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pyrolysis Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001795)

synonyms: P-FTIR, P/FTIR, PFTIR, Py-FTIR, Py/FTIR, py-FTIR, pyrolysis FTIR, pyrolysis-FTIR

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is first chemically degraded by heating then its absorption of radiation from the infrared region (0.78-1000 µm) is measured and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]

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pyrolysis field desorption mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001387)

synonyms: Py-FDMS, PyFDMS, py-FDMS, pyFDMS, pyrolysis field desorption mass spectroscopy, pyrolysis-field desorption mass spectrometry, pyrolysis-field desorption mass spectroscopy

A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is pyrolysed then deposited on a solid surface known as an 'emitter' and ionized by interaction with a high electric field. [CHMO]

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pyrolysis field ionization mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001798)

synonyms: Py-FIMS, PyFIMS, py-FIMS, pyFIMS, pyrolysis field ionisation mass spectroscopy, pyrolysis field ionization mass spectroscopy, pyrolysis-field ionisation mass spectrometry, pyrolysis-field ionisation mass spectroscopy, pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectrometry, pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectroscopy

A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is pyrolyzed then ionized by interaction with a high electric field. [CHMO]

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pyrolysis gas chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000716)

synonyms: Py-GC, py-GC, pyrolysis GC, pyrolysis-GC, pyrolysis-gas chromatography

The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy where the volatile pyrolysates are then separated by column chromatography where the mobile phase is a gas. [CHMO]

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pyrolysis infrared spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000978)

synonyms: Py-IR, Py/IR, py-IR, pyrolysis IR, pyrolysis-IR

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is first chemically degraded by heating then its absorption of radiation from the infrared region (0.78-1000 µm) is measured. [CHMO]

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pyrolysis mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000921)

synonyms: Py-MS, Py/MS, PyMS, py-MS, py/MS, pyrolysis mass spectroscopy, pyrolysis-mass spectrometry, pyrolysis-mass spectroscopy

Mass spectrometry technique in which the sample is heated to the point of decomposition and the gasphase decomposition products are characterized by mass spectrometry. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

pyrolysis mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000921)

synonyms: Py-MS, Py/MS, PyMS, py-MS, py/MS, pyrolysis mass spectroscopy, pyrolysis-mass spectrometry, pyrolysis-mass spectroscopy

Mass spectrometry technique in which the sample is heated to the point of decomposition and the gasphase decomposition products are characterized by mass spectrometry. [IUPAC]

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qPCR experiment

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003784)

A qPCR experiment is an experiment that uses qPCR to achieve its goals. [Allotrope]

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qPCR experiment

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003784)

A qPCR experiment is a PCR experiment that uses qPCR to achieve its goals. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

quadratic deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001093)

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2019/06/aft

quadratic

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001093)

Definition pending. [0]

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quadrupolar Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill pulse sequence

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001612)

synonyms: QCPMG, QCPMG NMR, QCPMG pulse sequence, QCPMG sequence, quadrupolar Carr, Purcell,Meiboom, Gill pulse sequence, quadrupolar Carr-Purcell Meiboom-Gill pulse sequence

A pulse sequence which is applied during nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of quadrupolar nuclei, to measure spin-spin (T2) relaxation times. In the solid state, the sequence is used to achieve sensitivity enhancement for nuclei with low gyromagnetic ratios. For the pulse sequence see J. Phys. Chem. A, (1997), 101, pg 8597. [CHMO]

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quadrupolar axialization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002582)

Technique for axialization in Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometers in which magnetron motion is converted into cyclotron motion by subjecting the trapped ions to a quadrupolar excitation field while they undergo collisions. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

quadrupolar axialization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002582)

Technique for axialization in Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometers in which magnetron motion is converted into cyclotron motion by subjecting the trapped ions to a quadrupolar excitation field while they undergo collisions. [IUPAC]

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quadrupole Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill experiment

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000318)

synonyms: QCPMG experiment

An NMR experiment used to measure spin-spin (T2) relaxation times of quadropolar nucei by acquiring multiple spin echos with the intensity decay of the echos proportional to T2. In the solid state, this is also used to enhance sensitivity of low gyromagnetic ratio nuclei by collapsing the intensity of the 'full' spectrum into discrete 'spikelets'/peaks. The intensities of the peaks vary according to T2 and the envelope described by these peaks represents the full, static spectrum. [CHMO]

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quadrupole Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill using magic-angle spinning

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000212)

synonyms: MAS QCPMG, MAS-QCPMG, QCPMG MAS, QCPMG-MAS

An NMR experiment used to enhance the sensitivity of low gyromagnetic ratio nuclei by collapsing the intensity of the 'full' spectrum into discrete 'spikelets'/peaks. The intensities of the peaks vary according to the spin-spin relaxation rate (T2) and the envelope described by these peaks represents the full, static spectrum. The solid sample is spun rapidly at the magic angle (54.74 deg. with respect to the direction of the magnetic field) to reduce line broadening. [CHMO]

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quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001013)

synonyms: QMS, quadrupole ion trap mass spectroscopy, quadrupole ion-trap mass spectrometry, quadrupole ion-trap mass spectroscopy

A type of mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is measured whilst the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric field generated by four parallel electrodes. The voltage is a combination of Radio Frequency (RF) and Direct Current (DC). [BI, CHMO]

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quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001013)

synonyms: QMS, quadrupole ion trap mass spectroscopy, quadrupole ion-trap mass spectrometry, quadrupole ion-trap mass spectroscopy

A type of mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is measured whilst the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric field generated by four parallel electrodes. The voltage is a combination of Radio Frequency (RF) and Direct Current (DC). [CHMO]

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quadrupole mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001109)

synonyms: QMS, quadrapole mass spectrometry, quadrupolar mass spectrometry, quadrupolar mass spectroscopy, quadrupole mass spectroscopy

Quadrapole mass spectrometry is a type of mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is measured using an electric field generated by four parallel electrodes. [Allotrope]

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quadrupole mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001109)

synonyms: QMS, quadrapole mass spectrometry, quadrupolar mass spectrometry, quadrupolar mass spectroscopy, quadrupole mass spectroscopy

A type of mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is measured using an electric field generated by four parallel electrodes. [Allotrope]

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quadrupole time-of-flight ion mobility spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002365)

synonyms: IMS-Q-TOF, Q-TOF IMS

Ion mobility spectroscopy using a Q-TOF analyzer. [OSTHUS]

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quadrupole time-of-flight ion mobility spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002365)

synonyms: IMS-Q-TOF, Q-TOF IMS

Ion mobility spectroscopy using a Q-TOF analyzer. [Allotrope]

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quality controlling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003614)

Definition pending. [0]

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quality controlling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003614)

Quality controlling is controlling the differential change or keeping of a determinate quality of something. [Allotrope]

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quality process profile

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003281)

synonyms: quality profile

A quality process profile is a process profile that covers the change of a quality of an independent continuant that is participant of the profiles process. [Allotrope]

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quality profile controlling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003615)

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

quality profile controlling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003615)

Quality profile controlling is controlling the change of a determinate quality of time. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

quality state

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003825)

A quality state is a state that is expressed by a quality of some material participating in the state. [Allotrope]

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quantification

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002849)

synonyms: quantitation

In mathematics and empirical science, quantification (or quantitation) is the act of counting and measuring that maps human sense observations and experiences into members of some set of numbers. [Wikipedia]

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quantitative analysis assay

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001185)

synonyms: quantitative analysis, quantitative determination method

A measurement method which obtains the concentration or quantity of a specified substance in an analyte. [CHMO]

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defined in:

quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003767)

synonyms: qNMR

Quantitative NMR spectroscopy is an analytic assay that applies nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for quantity analysis. [Allotrope]

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quantitative polymerase chain reaction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003769)

synonyms: qPCR, real-time PCR, real-time polymerase chain reaction

Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is a quantitative analytical assay based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). It monitors the amplification of a targeted DNA molecule during the PCR. [Allotrope]

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quantitative preparative native continuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000928)

synonyms: CN-PAGE, clear native PAGE, clear-native PAGE, colorless native PAGE , colorless-native PAGE

A separation method where metalloprotein molecules move at different speeds, in a buffer with pH 10, according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of polyacrylamide gel, across which an electric field is applied. This method does not use a dye to transfer charge to the protein molecules and the concentration of metal atoms from the metallproteins is determined by ICP-MS. [CHMO]

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quarter-logarithmic dilution

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000382)

synonyms: quarter-log dilution

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

quarter-logarithmic dilution

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000382)

synonyms: quarter-log dilution

A half-logarithmic dilution is a serial dilution with a 1.78-fold (10^0.25) dilution for each step. [Wikipedia]

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quartz crystal microgravimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001010)

synonyms: QCM measurements, QCM technique

A method used to measure the mass (micrograms) per unit area of a sample using a quartz crystal microbalance (a piece of apparatus that measures the change in frequency of a quartz crystal sandwiched between a pair of electrodes as a function of the mass of the sample). [CHMO]

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quartz tube atomic absorption spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000085)

synonyms: QT-AAS, QTAAS, quartz tube atomic absorption spectrometry

A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where a solid sample is atomised by placing it in a small quartz tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. [CHMO]

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quasi-elastic neutron scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002374)

synonyms: QENS, QINS, quasi elastic neutron scattering, quasi elastic neutron scattering spectrometry, quasi elastic neutron scattering spectroscopy, quasi-elastic neutron scattering spectrometry, quasi-elastic neutron scattering spectroscopy

A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in a liquid sample which is in thermal motion. Phase is not conserved and although the neutrons retain all of their kinetic energy during collisions, the thermal motion of the sample causes a broadening of the energy range of the scattered neutrons. [CHMO]

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quick extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001485)

synonyms: QEXAFS spectrometry, QEXAFS spectroscopy, QEXAFSS, quick extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry, quick-scanning EXAFS, quick-scanning EXAFSS, quick-scanning extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry, quick-scanning extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy

A type of X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient measured 500-1000 eV below the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are determined as a function of incident X-ray energy. A monochromator is scanned continuously and rapidly around the absorption edge resulting in measurement times of seconds (normal EXAFS measurements take minutes). [CHMO]

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radial ejection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002579)

Ejection of an ion from an ion trap in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the trap. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

radial ejection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002579)

Ejection of an ion from an ion trap in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the trap. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

radio frequency pulse

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001084)

A short (microsecond to second) period of radio frequency wavelength radiation. [CHMO]

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radio frequency spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000368)

synonyms: RF spectroscopy, radio frequency (RF) spectroscopy, radiofrequency (RF) spectroscopy, radiofrequency spectroscopy, rf spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy using short pulses of radiation from the radio frequency (MHz) range. Radio frequency spectroscopy is used to probe cold gas atoms and single ions. [CHMO]

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radio frequency sputter deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001519)

synonyms: RF sputter deposition, RF sputtering

A synthesis technique where a solid target is bombarded with energetic ions (e.g. Ar+) generated in a magnetron (a device that uses electrical and magnetic fields to generate heat) causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate. The sign of the anode-cathode bias is varied at a high rate to avoid charge build-up on insulating targets. [CHMO]

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radioactive labeling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000692)

synonyms: radio isotopic labeling, radio isotopic labelling, radio labeling, radio labelling, radioisotopic labeling, radioisotopic labelling

The substitution of an atom or an ion (present in the form of its stable isotope) by a radioactive isotope of the same element. [CHMO]

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radioactive labeling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000692)

synonyms: radio isotopic labeling, radio isotopic labelling, radio labeling, radio labelling, radioisotopic labeling, radioisotopic labelling

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radiolysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001598)

The cleavage of one or more bonds resulting from exposure to high-energy radiation. [CHMO]

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defined in:

ramp flow deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001121)

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2019/06/aft

ramp flow

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001121)

Definition pending. [0]

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ramp pressure deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000963)

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2019/06/aft

ramp pressure

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000963)

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

rapid electrokinetic patterning

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000644)

synonyms: REP

A technique that utlilises the movement of particles under the influence of an electric field (e.g. electroosmosis or electrophoresis) in conjunction with illumination of a photosensitive substrate to form a pattern. Particles suspended in DI water are placed between two parallel ITO electrodes biased with an AC signal. Light of wavelength 1064 nm is used to heat the fluid sample and induce an electrohydrodynamic microvortex, bringing the particles towards its centre, forming a pattern. [CHMO]

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rapid expansion of supercritical solutions

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001593)

synonyms: RESS

A technique where a solid sample is dissolved in a supercritical fluid and this mixture is then expanded using a restrictor, causing the solid to precipitate. [CHMO]

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rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000173)

synonyms: RTCVD, rapid thermal CVD

A synthesis method where a rapidly heated substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. [CHMO]

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rapid-scan infrared absorption spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002001)

synonyms: rapid scan IR, rapid scan IR spectroscopy, rapid scan infrared absorption spectroscopy, rapid scan infrared spectroscopy, rapid-scan IR, rapid-scan IR spectroscopy, rapid-scan infrared spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the infrared region (0.78-1000 µm). Spectra are collected at a rate of approx. 0.05 s per spectrum. [CHMO]

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raster image correlation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000890)

synonyms: RICS, raster-scanning image correlation spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample are measured and correlated within a very small detection volume which is moving with respect to the sample. The temporal and spatial correlation between adjacent pixels, lines and frames is calculated allowing for the mapping of local translational diffusion coefficients. [CHMO]

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rate process profile

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003454)

synonyms: rate profile

A rate profile is a process profile, which are changes to ratios of determinate quality magnitudes over time. [Allotrope]

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rate profile

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003454)

synonyms: rate profile

A rate profile is a process profile, which are the targets ratios of determinate quality magnitudes plotted over time. [Allotrope]

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rate profile

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003454)

synonyms: rate profile

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

rate-zonal centrifugation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001242)

synonyms: rate zonal centrifugation

A method where the components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density, in a density gradient of e.g. CsCl in a centrifuge, according to mass. The species in the sample move through the gradient until they reach a point where their density and that of the gradient are identical. [CHMO]

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ratio calculation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003297)

A ratio calculation is the process of performing the mathematical exercise of dividing a quotient of one quantity by another quotient to demonstrate the quantitative relation between two amounts showing the number of times one value contains or is contained within the other. [Allotrope]

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ratio variable angle polarized absorption spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000752)

synonyms: RVAPAS, VAPRAS, ratio variable angle polarised absorption spectroscopy, ratio variable-angle polarized absorption spectroscopy, variable angle polarised-referenced absorption spectroscopy, variable angle polarization referenced absorbtion spectroscopy, variable angle polarized-referenced absorption spectroscopy, variable-angle polarised-referenced absorption spectroscopy, variable-angle polarized-referenced absorption spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the absorption of linearly (p-) polarized UV-vis light by the sample, as it is rotated about the vertical axis, is recorded at incremental angles of incidence. The angle-independent s-polarization of the light is also measured as a reference. [CHMO]

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reaction yield detected magnetic resonance

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002272)

synonyms: RYDMR

A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels are detected by means of reaction yield. Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves. [CHMO]

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reactive distillation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001054)

A method of separating a lower-boiling-point product from its reactants in a reaction mixture. The product is vaporised by the application of heat and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. [CHMO]

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reactive spray deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001064)

synonyms: RSD, flame-assisted deposition

A synthesis technique where a metal-containing precursor, dissolved in a solvent, is atomised and ignited. During combustion the flame is directed at the substrate resulting in the deposition of a thin layer of metal. [CHMO]

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reactive sputter deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000439)

synonyms: reactive sputtering

A synthesis technique where a solid target is bombarded with energetic ions (e.g. Ar+) causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then react with a gas that is introduced into the chamber and the products deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate. [CHMO]

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read

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003805)

A read is a process boundary within a measuring where a data about the measured object is captured. [Allotrope]

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receiving

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003431)

synonyms: importing signal

A process that transports a signal across a system boundary into the system. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

reception

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003450)

The accomplishment that a transferred signal reaches at its designated target. [Allotrope]

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reciprocal-space method

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001753)

Any detection or measurement method for a set of points in reciprocal space. [CHMO]

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recording

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003325)

The process of copying the information in a signal into a persistent information bearer. [Allotrope]

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recrystallization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002412)

synonyms: re-crystallisation, re-crystallization

A technique for purifying a crystalline sample where the impure sample is dissolved in a small volume of solvent, forming a supersaturated solution. As the temperature of the solution drops, pure crystals form, the impurities remaining dissolved in the solvent. [CHMO]

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reductive pyrolysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002288)

The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy in the presence of an reductive atmosphere. [CHMO]

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referencing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003330)

Referencing is the process of mentioning or referring to an entity by using a denotation of the entity. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

reflectance circular dichroism spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000824)

synonyms: RCD, reflectance CD, reflectance circular dichroism, reflection CD, reflection circular dichroism, reflection circular dichroism spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy based on the differential reflectance of left- and right-handed circularly polarized light by a sample. [CHMO]

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reflectance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000526)

synonyms: reflectance spectrometry, reflection spectrometry, reflection spectroscopy

The study of radiation as a function of wavelength that has been reflected from or scattered by a sample. [CHMO]

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reflectance ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001106)

synonyms: reflectance UV-VIS spectrometry, reflectance UV-VIS spectroscopy, reflectance UV/VIS spectrometry, reflectance UV/VIS spectroscopy, reflectance ultra-violet-visible spectrometry, reflectance ultra-violet-visible spectrophotometry, reflectance ultra-violet-visible spectroscopy, reflectance ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, reflection UV-VIS spectrometry, reflection UV-VIS spectroscopy, reflection UV/VIS spectrometry, reflection UV/VIS spectroscopy, reflection ultra-violet-visible spectrometry, reflection ultra-violet-visible spectroscopy, reflection ultraviolet-visible spectrometry, reflection ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy

Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy where the reflection or scattering of radiation from the sample surface is detected. [CHMO]

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reflection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003591)

synonyms: reflecting

Reflection is the change in direction of a wavefront at an interface between two different media so that the wavefront returns into the medium from which it originated. [Wikipedia]

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reflection electron microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000631)

synonyms: REM, reflection EM

A type of microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The electrons elastically scattered by the specimen are detected. [CHMO]

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reflection extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000372)

synonyms: REFLEXAFS, REFLEXAFS spectrometry, REFLEXAFS spectroscopy, reflEXAFS, reflEXAFSS, reflection extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry

A type of X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient measured 500-1000 eV below the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are determined as a function of incident X-ray energy. Measurements are taken under total reflection conditions. [CHMO]

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reflection high energy electron diffraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002125)

synonyms: RHEED, reflection high-energy electron diffraction

A method for determining structure by directing a beam of high energy (10-200 keV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any reflected or elastically scattered electrons. [CHMO]

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reflection interference contrast microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000272)

synonyms: RIC microscopy, RICM, reflection interference contrast (RIC) microscopy, reflection interference contrast (RIC-) microscopy

A type of microscopy that determines the specimen's shape and distance awaynfrom a nearby, usually flat, reflective surface from the interference pattern produced by light reflecting from both the object and the surface. A microscope objective focusses a laser on the fluorescent specimen, and the same objective collects fluorescence. The interference between the fluorescence directly emitted by the specimen and the fluorescence reflected by the surface is observed by measuring the intensity of fluorescence passing through a confocal pinhole. [CHMO]

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reflection-absorption Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002145)

synonyms: reflection-absorption Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy, FT-IRAS, FT-IRRAS, Fourier transform infrared reflection absorption spectrometry, RA FT-IR, RA FTIR, RA-FTIR, reflection absorption (RA) FT-IR, reflection absorption Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry, reflection absorption Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, reflection absorption Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the absorption and reflection of low-incident-angle infrared light by the surface molecules of a highly reflective or polished sample is measured. The sample absorbs a single pulse of radiation and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]

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defined in:

reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001789)

synonyms: reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy, IRAS, IRRAS, RA-IR, RAIRS, infrared reflection absorption spectrometry, infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy, reflection absorption (RA) IR, reflection absorption infra-red spectrometry, reflection absorption infrared spectrometry, reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the absorption and reflection of low incident angle infrared light by the surface molecules of a highly reflective or polished sample is measured. [CHMO]

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defined in:

reflectometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000229)

synonyms: reflectivity measurement

Any method for determining structure by directing a beam of particles or X-rays onto an extremely flat surface and measuring the intensity of the reflected radiation as a function of angle. [CHMO]

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defined in:

reforming

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000036)

Any process in which the molecular structure of a hydrocarbon is rearranged to alter its properties (e.g. its combustion characteristics). [CHMO]

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defined in:

refractive index detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002239)

synonyms: refractive index detection, RI detection, RID, refractive index measuring

A detection method based on the change in refractive index of a solution. Light is passed through a hollow prism and focused on a photocell. When a liquid containing the sample is allowed to flow through the prism, the light diverges from its original path and the change in intensity and angle of the transmitted light is measured. [CHMO]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/REC/2018/04/aft

refractive index measurement

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002239)

synonyms: refractive index detection, RI detection, RID, refractive index measuring

A measuring based on the change in refractive index of a solution. Light is passed through a hollow prism and focused on a photocell. When a liquid containing the sample is allowed to flow through the prism, the light diverges from its original path and the change in intensity and angle of the transmitted light is measured. [CHMO]

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defined in:

refractive index measurement

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002239)

synonyms: refractive index detection, RI detection, RID, refractive index measuring

A refractive index measurement is a measuring based on the change in refractive index of a solution. Light is passed through a hollow prism and focused on a photocell. When a liquid containing the sample is allowed to flow through the prism, the light diverges from its original path and the change in intensity and angle of the transmitted light is measured. [CHMO]

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defined in:

regulating

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003485)

Regulating is the adjusting of a flow in response to a control signal. [NIST]

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defined in:

regulating energy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003421)

Regulating is the adjusting of the flow of energy in response to a control signal, such as a characteristic of a flow. [NIST]

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defined in:

regulating material

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003361)

Regulating material is adjusting a quality of material in response to a control signal. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

regulating material

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003361)

Regulating is the adjusting a quality of material in response to a control signal. [OSTHUS, NIST]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/WD/2018/04/afo

relative X-ray reflectometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001244)

synonyms: RXR, RXRR, relative X-ray reflectivity

A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at an extremely flat surface (at a grazing angle) and measuring the intensity of the reflected X-rays as a function of angle. [CHMO]

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defined in:

relative retention calculation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003298)

The relative retention calculation is a process of performing the mathematical ratio quantification of the time a substance and a standard that remain in the stationary phase of a chromatography process. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

relative standard curve qPCR experiment

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003776)

synonyms: relative standard curve, relative standard curve experiment

A relative standard curve qPCR experiment is an experiment using qPCR that measures relative quantity by comparison of diluted samples and known target DNA. [Allotrope]

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relaxometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001069)

synonyms: relaxometric analysis

The measurement of relaxation variables in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. [CHMO]

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defined in:

remote plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001642)

synonyms: RPECVD, remote plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition, remote plasma assisted chemical vapour deposition, remote plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition, remote plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition, remote plasma-assisted CVD, remote plasma-enhanced CVD

A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors which react or decompose in a plasma (a partially ionized gas, containing free electrons) and are then transferred to the surface to produce a deposit. The plasma enhances the rate of reaction. [CHMO]

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defined in:

removing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003473)

synonyms: removal

Taking away a part of a flow from its prefixed place. [NIST]

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defined in:

removing data

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000983)

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

removing data

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000983)

Removing data is a data transformation that removes parts from an aggregate of data. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

removing material

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003574)

synonyms: extracting material

A spatial process of removing a material from a site. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

removing material

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003397)

A spatial process of removing a material from a site. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

repeated process

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003727)

synonyms: repetition

A repeated process is a composite process that has occurrent parts of subprocesses following the same plan. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

repelling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003394)

synonyms: keeping separated

A spatial change processing the increases the spatial distance from the start. [Allotrope]

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replica molding

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001937)

synonyms: REM

A process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a microsized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. A mould is cast from the object to be replicated. This mould is then filled with a prepolymer, which is cross-linked and the resulting polymer is peeled off the mould. Using a mould, rather than the object itself, allows multiple copies to be made without damaging the original. [CHMO]

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reporting

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003729)

Reporting is an information process that produces a report. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

reprecipitation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000294)

The planned repetition of a precipitation to remove impurities from a precipitate or improve its stoichiometry. [CHMO]

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defined in:

reset command deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002616)

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2018/11/aft

reset command

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002616)

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

resonance Raman spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001108)

synonyms: RRS, RR spectrometry, RR spectroscopy, resonance Raman spectrometry, resonant Raman spectrometry, resonant Raman spectroscopy

Raman spectroscopy where the energy of the incoming laser is adjusted such that it or the scattered light coincides with an electronic transition in the sample. [CHMO]

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resonance Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001466)

synonyms: RRLS, RRS, RRS detection, RRSD, resonance Rayleigh light scattering, resonance Rayleigh scattering, resonance Rayleigh scattering spectrometry

A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light, where the wavelength of the incident light corresponds to an absorption band in the scattering molecules. [CHMO]

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resonance energy transfer

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000579)

synonyms: RET

Any method where a biological sample is illuminated with a light source and the energy transfer between molecules can be used for imaging and to measure inter-molecular distances. [CHMO]

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resonance enhanced multiphoton dissociation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001475)

synonyms: REMPD spectrometry, REMPD spectroscopy, resonance enhanced multiphoton dissociation spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a resonant laser (a laser which is tuned to match a transition within the sample) and molecules in the sample dissociate following the absorption of two or more high-energy photons. [CHMO]

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resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000895)

synonyms: REMPI, RI, resonance ionization

Multiphoton ionization in which the ionization cross section is significantly enhanced because theenergy of the incident photons is resonant with an intermediate excited state of the neutral. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000895)

synonyms: REMPI, RI, resonance ionization

Multiphoton ionization in which the ionization cross section is significantly enhanced because theenergy of the incident photons is resonant with an intermediate excited state of the neutral. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001074)

synonyms: REMPI, REMPI spectrometry, REMPI spectroscopy, resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionisation spectrometry, resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionisation spectroscopy, resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization spectrometry, resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization spectroscopy

Any type of spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with resonant laser light (using a laser which is tuned to match an electronic transitions within the sample) and photoexcitation (by the absorption of two or more photons) is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionization potential to create an ion. [CHMO]

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resonance ion dissociation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001601)

synonyms: RID spectrometry, RID spectroscopy, resonance ion dissociation spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where a sample in the form of ions is illuminated with a resonant laser (a laser which is tuned to match a transition within the sample) and molecules in the sample dissociate following the absorption of one or more high-energy photons. [CHMO]

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resonance ion ejection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002589)

Mode of ion ejection in an ion trap that relies on an auxiliary radio frequency potential that is applied to the end-cap or trapping electrodes. The potential is tuned to the classical oscillation frequency of a particular ion to eject it. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

resonance ion ejection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002589)

Mode of ion ejection in an ion trap that relies on an auxiliary radio frequency potential that is applied to the end-cap or trapping electrodes. The potential is tuned to the classical oscillation frequency of a particular ion to eject it. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

resonance ionization mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000136)

synonyms: RIMS, resonance ionisation mass spectroscopy, resonance ionization mass spectroscopy, resonance-ionisation mass spectrometry, resonance-ionisation mass spectroscopy, resonance-ionization mass spectrometry, resonance-ionization mass spectroscopy

A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is irradiated with a resonant laser (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample). The sample absorbs two or more photons resulting in ionization. [CHMO]

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resonance ionization spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000433)

synonyms: RIS, resonance enhanced ionisation spectrometry, resonance enhanced ionisation spectroscopy, resonance enhanced ionization spectrometry, resonance enhanced ionization spectroscopy, resonance ionisation spectrometry, resonance ionization spectrometry, resonance-ionisation spectrometry, resonance-ionisation spectroscopy, resonance-ionization spectrometry, resonance-ionization spectroscopy

Any type of spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with resonant laser light (using a laser which is tuned to match an electronic transition within the sample) and photoexcitation is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionization potential to create an ion. [CHMO]

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resonance light scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002121)

synonyms: resonant light scattering

Resonance light scattering is a measurement method of light scattering that exploits submicroscopical particles that scatter incident light to produce monochromatic light that appears as highly intense fluorescence. [Allotrope]

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resonance-enhanced laser microprobe spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000197)

synonyms: resonance-enhanced laser microprobe spectroscopy, resonance enhanced laser microanalysis, resonance-enchanced laser micro-probe spectrometry, resonance-enhanced laser microprobe spectrometry

Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more finely focused (<10 m diameter) resonant laser beams (lasers which have been tuned to match an electronic transition within the sample) and the absorption or emission of light by the sample is measured. [CHMO]

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resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002195)

synonyms: REMPI MS, resonance-enhanced mass spectrometry

A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is irradiated with a resonant laser (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample). The sample absorbs one or more photons resulting in ionization. [CHMO]

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resonance-enhanced photoelectron spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001190)

synonyms: REPS, resonance-enhanced photoelectron spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray-ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons. The energy of the incoming photons is adjusted such that it coincides with an electronic transition of the molecule. [CHMO]

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resonant Auger electron spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002325)

synonyms: RAES, resonance AES, resonance Auger electron spectrometry, resonance Auger electron spectroscopy, resonance Auger spectrometry, resonance Auger spectroscopy, resonant AES, resonant Auger electron spectrometry, resonant Auger spectrometry, resonant Auger spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionization of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The wavelength of the incident photons is scanned over an absorption edge in the sample and the Auger electrons emitted are detected as a function of energy. [CHMO]

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resonant inelastic X-ray scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001271)

synonyms: RIXES, RIXS, resonant inelastic X-ray emission spectrometry, resonant inelastic X-ray emission spectroscopy, resonant inelastic X-ray scattering spectrometry, resonant inelastic X-ray scattering spectroscopy

A method for determining structure by measuring the energy loss of X-rays scattered by a sample where the incident X-ray energy is chosen to coincide with an electronic transition in the sample. [CHMO]

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resonant infrared multiphoton dissociation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000292)

synonyms: IR REMPD, IR REMPD spectrometry, IR REMPD spectroscopy, IR-REMPD, resonance-enhanced infrared multiphoton dissociation spectrometry, resonance-enhanced infrared multiphoton dissociation spectroscopy, resonant infra-red multiphoton dissociation spectrometry, resonant infra-red multiphoton dissociation spectroscopy, resonant infrared multiphoton dissociation spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the sample absorbs resonant radiation from the infrared region (0.78-1000 µm) with sufficient energy to cause photodissociation by the absorption of two or more photons. [CHMO]

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resonant soft X-ray reflectometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000823)

synonyms: RSoXR, resonant soft X-ray reflectivity

A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at a surface (e.g. a thin film) and measuring the complex index of refraction as a function of incident X-ray energy, near the absorption edge. [CHMO]

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defined in:

restart command deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002614)

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2018/11/aft

restart command

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002614)

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

resting state

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003395)

synonyms: staying in place

A state when material object keeps its spatial location and orientation. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

resume command deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002618)

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2018/11/aft

resume command

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002618)

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

retention time alignment

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001487)

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

retention time alignment

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001487)

Retention time alignment is a chromatography data processing in which retention time of chromatograms is aligned to compare samples. [Allotrope]

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retro Diels–Alder reaction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002575)

Ion fragmentation mechanism in which the molecular ion M+• of a cyclic alkene fragments to form a neutral diene and an alkene radical cation or a diene radical cation and an alkene. The reaction is the reverse of the Diels–Alder reaction of organic synthesis. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

retro Diels–Alder reaction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002575)

Ion fragmentation mechanism in which the molecular ion M+• of a cyclic alkene fragments to form a neutral diene and an alkene radical cation or a diene radical cation and an alkene. The reaction is the reverse of the Diels–Alder reaction of organic synthesis. [IUPAC]

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reverse micelle polymerization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001130)

A polymerization process where the hydrophilic monomer is solubilised inside surfactant reverse micelle structures. [CHMO]

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reverse osmosis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000359)

synonyms: RO

A separation process which involves using pressure to force a solution through a membrane, retaining the solute on one side and allowing the pure solvent to pass to the other side. (This is the reverse of the normal osmosis process, which is the natural movement of solvent from an area of low solute concentration, through a membrane, to an area of high solute concentration.). [CHMO]

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reversed-phase chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002361)

synonyms: RPC, reverse phase chromatography, reverse-phase chromatography, reversed phase chromatography

A separation method where the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary and non-polar, while the other is polar and moves in a definite direction. [CHMO]

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reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001719)

synonyms: RHPLC, RP-HPLC, gradient reverse HPLC, gradient reverse high-performance liquid chromatography, reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography, reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography, reversed-phase HPLC, reversed-phase high pressure liquid chromatography, reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography

Liquid chromatography where the inlet pressure is relatively high and the mobile phase is significantly more polar than the stationary phase (which consists of very small particles), for example a microporous silica-based material with chemically bonded alkyl chains. [CHMO]

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reversed-phase liquid chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001410)

synonyms: RPLC, reversed phase liquid chromatography

Liquid chromatography where the mobile phase is significantly more polar than the stationary phase, for example a microporous silica-based material with chemically bonded alkyl chains. [CHMO]

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reversed-phase nanoflow high-performance liquid chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001126)

synonyms: reversed phase nano high performance liquid chromatography, reversed phase nano high pressure liquid chromatography, reversed phase nanoflow high performance liquid chromatography, reversed phase nanoflow high pressure liquid chromatography, reversed-phase nHPLC, reversed-phase nano HPLC, reversed-phase nano flow HPLC, reversed-phase nano high-performance liquid chromatography, reversed-phase nano high-pressure liquid chromatography, reversed-phase nano-HPLC, reversed-phase nanoHPLC, reversed-phase nanoflow HPLC, reversed-phase nanoflow high-pressure liquid chromatography, reversed-phase nanoflow-HPLC, reversed-phase nanoflowHPLC

Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid and is significantly more polar than the stationary phase, which consists of very small particles, the inlet pressure is relatively high and the flow rate is nL min-1. [CHMO]

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reversed-phase solid-phase extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001902)

synonyms: reverse phase SPE, reverse phase solid-phase extraction, reverse-phase SPE, reverse-phase solid-phase extraction, reversed phase SPE, reversed-phase SPE

The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the (non-polar) liquid sample through a (polar) stationary phase. [CHMO]

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rheometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000840)

synonyms: rheological measurements, rheology

The study of the flow of fluids which cannot be defined by a single value of viscosity. Rheometry is the measurement of the relationship between deformation and stress for these liquids. [CHMO]

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ribonucleic acid immunoprecipitation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002398)

synonyms: RIP, RNA immunoprecipitation

The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') consisting of a protein-specific antibody complex (where the protein is part of a protein-RNA complex) from solution. This method is used to determine the location of RNA binding sites for particular proteins of interest. [CHMO]

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rinsing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001750)

synonyms: flushing, purging

Rinsing is the process of washing quickly a device with a solution. [Allotrope]

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roller compaction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002736)

Roller compaction is a process where a formed solid or powder solid is compressed between two rolls expressed in kN/cm where the cm value is the measurement of the roll diameter. [Allotrope]

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roller nanoimprint lithography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001838)

A synthesis technique that uses mechanical deformation to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of resist (a thermoplastic polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. A stamp containing the desired (nanosized) pattern on its surface is placed on the substrate. A roller, heated to the glass transition temperature of the resist, is then used to press the stamp into the resist. The resist is cooled and any residual resist in the cast area is removed by an anisotropic etching process such as reactive ion etching. [CHMO]

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roller press compaction mode code

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002705)

The compaction mode code encodes different modes of a roller press. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

rotary evaporation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000098)

The removal of solvent from a sample by applying heat and lowering the pressure above the sample whilst rotating it at 10-300 rpm. [CHMO]

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rotating frame Overhauser effect spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001944)

synonyms: CAMELPSIN, ROESY, ROESY NMR, cross-relaxation appropriate for minimolecules emulated by locked spins, rOesy, rotating frame Overhauser effect spectrometry, rotating frame Overhauser enhancement spectrometry, rotating frame Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy, rotational Overhauser effect spectroscopy

A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed, based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE) effect in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (<= 6 Angstrom apart). Spin-locking is employed to ensure that correlation between spins, which are close in space but have zero NOE, are seen. This technique is used for molecules whose tumbling regime lies at the border of positive and negative NOE responses. [CHMO]

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rotating-disk voltammetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000649)

synonyms: rotating disk voltammetry, voltammetry with a rotating disk electrode, voltammetry with a rotating-disk electrode

An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The indicator electrode (e.g. a Pt disc of 1.0 mm diameter sealed in a Teflon carrier ) spins at high speed during the experiment, and the rotational motion sets up a well-defined flow of analyte towards its surface. [CHMO]

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rotating-field mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000648)

synonyms: RFMS, rotating field MS, rotating field mass spectrometry

A type of mass spectrometry that uses sinusoidal radio frequency fields (in the x- and y- direction, differing in phase by 90 deg.) during ion detection. The ions of a particular mass travel in a helix and impact an ion detector, generating a pattern consisting of a set of concentric circles. [CHMO]

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defined in:

rotating-field mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000648)

synonyms: RFMS, rotating field MS, rotating field mass spectrometry

A type of mass spectrometry that uses sinusoidal radio frequency fields (in the x- and y- direction, differing in phase by 90 deg.) during ion detection. The ions of a particular mass travel in a helix and impact an ion detector, generating a pattern consisting of a set of concentric circles. [CHMO]

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defined in:

rotational molding

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000723)

synonyms: rotomolding, rotomoulding

A process for shaping pliable thermoplastic or thermosetting plastics using a rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The plastic is placed in a heated mould, which is slowly rotated causing the melted plastic to flow into to the mould and stick to its walls. [CHMO]

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rotational spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000245)

A type of spectroscopy which probes the rotational degrees of freedom of a molecule. [CHMO]

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rotational-echo double-resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001393)

synonyms: REDOR, rotational echo double resonance spectroscopy, rotational echo double-resonance (REDOR) spectroscopy

A magic angle spinning NMR experiment in which the evolution of dipolar couplings between nuclei is controlled by applying pulses at appropriate points in the rotational period, allowing the determination of the size of the coupling and, thus, yielding distance information. [CHMO]

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running state

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003665)

synonyms: executing, executing state, is executing, is running, running

A running state is a state during which a device or service performs its specified function in normal operation. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

sample digestion

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002052)

The decomposition of a sample into liquid form by treatment with enzymes or strong acids or alkalis. [CHMO]

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sample introduction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003813)

A sample introduction is a loading of some sample into a system. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

sample preparation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001159)

synonyms: sample processing, preparative method, sample preparation step, sample preparative method, sample transformation method

Sample preparation is a planned preparation process that synthesizes, converts or changes a sample. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

sample processing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001159)

synonyms: sample processing, preparative method, sample preparation step, sample preparative method, sample transformation method

A sample processing method is any technique used to synthesize or change a sample. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

sampling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003634)

Sampling is the process of taking parts or partitions of an object aggregate or data set for the interest for studying it. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

sampling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001319)

synonyms: sampling, sample taking

Sampling is the process of taking parts or units of a population or material of interest for studying. [Allotrope]

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sampling data

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003635)

Sampling data is sampling on a set of data items. [Allotrope]

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sampling material

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001319)

synonyms: sampling, sample taking

Sampling material is sampling of a material of interest for studying. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

sandwich sublimation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002213)

synonyms: SSM, close space sublimation, close-space sublimation, sandwich sublimation method, sandwich sublimation technique, sandwich-sublimation method, sublimation sandwich method, sublimation-sandwich method

A technique for growing thick (µm) epitaxial layers of SiC by heating a source (polycrystalline SiC or powder) at high temperature (1800-2600 deg. C) and low pressure in an Ar atmosphere causing it to sublime. The vapours then condense on a single crystal of SiC (the 'seed') placed a few mm away. [CHMO]

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satellite transition magic angle spinning

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000467)

synonyms: STMAS, satellite-transition MAS, satellite-transition magic angle spinning, satellite-transition magic-angle spinning

An NMR experiment where the selective excitation of central and satellite transitions during magic angle spinning is used for recording high-resolution NMR spectra of quadrupolar nuclei in solids. Central transitions are detected first, followed by satellite transitions. [CHMO]

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satellite transition magic angle spinning with self-compensation for the magic angle misset

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001456)

synonyms: SCAM-STMAS

An NMR experiment where the selective excitation of satellite transitions during magic angle spinning is used for recording high-resolution NMR spectra of quadrupolar nuclei in solids. In conventional magic angle spinning the spinning angle must be very accurate, but this technique can self-compensate magic-angle errors of up to (+/- 1.0 deg.). [CHMO]

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saturation recovery

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002838)

A saturation recovery experiment is used to measure T1, especially if the line has a very broad shape or if inversion is impossible. A pulse sequence is applied that keeps the magnetization in the x-y plane until saturation is reached and then magnetization recovers during T1. [Allotrope]

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saturation transfer difference nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002445)

synonyms: STD, STD-NMR , STD-NMR spectroscopy , nuclear magnetic resonance saturation transfer difference (STD) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance saturation transfer difference spectroscopy, saturation transfer difference (STD) nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

A type of NMR spectroscopy where radio frequency pulses are used to induce an equal population of upper and lower spin states in ('saturate') certain selected protons, removing their signal from the NMR spectrum. The resulting spectrum is then subtracted from a reference spectrum obtained without saturation. Saturation-transfer NMR is used to detect the transient binding of small molecule ligands to macromolecular receptors. [CHMO]

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saturation transfer double difference nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002368)

synonyms: STDD-NMR, saturation-transfer double-difference nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

A type of NMR spectroscopy where radio frequency pulses are used to induce an equal population of upper and lower spin states in ('saturate') certain selected protons, removing their signal from the NMR spectrum. The signal from two different samples is obtained simultaneously and common signals are cancelled automatically. Saturation-transfer double-difference NMR is used to detect the transient binding of small molecule ligands to macromolecular receptors. [CHMO]

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saturation-transfer electron spin resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001764)

synonyms: ST-EPR, ST-ESR, saturation transfer electron spin resonance spectroscopy, saturation transfer spectroscopy, saturation-transfer EPR, saturation-transfer ESR, saturation-transfer spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy used to measure very slow rotational motions where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to short (ns) pulses of microwave radiation in a magnetic field is measured. The microwave energy absorbed by the spins is such that there is an equal population of upper and lower spin states (described as 'saturated'). [CHMO]

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scan

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001146)

synonyms: scan

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

scan direction code deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001656)

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2019/06/aft

scan direction code

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001656)

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

scan law code deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001875)

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2019/06/aft

scan law code

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001875)

Definition pending. [0]

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scanning

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001146)

synonyms: scan

Scanning is measuring repeatedly or sweepingly. [Allotrope]

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scanning Auger electron spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002266)

synonyms: SAES, scanning Auger electron spectrometry, scanning Auger spectrometry, scanning Auger spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where a high-energy photon beam is scanned over the surface of a sample resulting in the ionization of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of incident photon energy. [CHMO]

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scanning Auger microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002281)

synonyms: SAM, scanning Auger electron microscopy

A type of microscopy where a focused electron beam of small diameter is used to produce Auger electrons which are detected. [CHMO]

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scanning X-ray microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002399)

synonyms: SXM, SXRM, scanning XM, scanning XRM

An imaging technique where soft X-rays (100-1000 eV) are scanned across a specimen, and the difference in absorption of the X-rays by different elements (mainly O and C) produces an image. [CHMO]

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scanning angle reflectometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000990)

synonyms: scanning angle reflectivity, scanning-angle reflectivity, scanning-angle reflectometry

A method for determining structure by illuminating an extremely flat surface with visible light and measuring the intensity of light reflected at different angles around the Brewster angle. [CHMO]

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scanning calorimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001936)

The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of one variable, whilst a second is kept constant. [CHMO]

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scanning capacitance microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001253)

synonyms: SCAM, scanning-capacitance microscopy

A type of microscopy which uses a small electrode to scan the surface of the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the electrostatic capacitance of the surface as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the electrode and surface during scanning. [CHMO]

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scanning electrochemical microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001193)

synonyms: SECM, scanning-electrochemical microscopy

A type of microscopy where an electrode probe is positioned very close to the surface of the specimen (in the near-field). The surface is mechanically scanned by the electrode in a raster scan and the height required by a feedback loop in order to maintain a constant electrical conductance between the electrode and the specimen is recorded as a function of position. [CHMO]

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scanning electron acoustic microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000409)

synonyms: SEAM

A type of microscopy where a pulsed electron beam is scanned over the surface of the specimen in order to generate elastic waves which are reflected and detected. [CHMO]

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scanning electron microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000496)

synonyms: SEM, scanning electronic microscopy

A type of microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across the specimen under vacuum and the interaction of the electrons with the specimen is determined. [CHMO]

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scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002069)

synonyms: SEM EDX, SEM-EDX, SEM-EDXA, SEM/EDX, SEM/EDXA, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray analysis, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy

A type of microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across the specimen under vacuum. The interaction of electrons with the specimen produces X-rays (with energies characteristic of atomic number) which are detected as a function of wavelength. [CHMO]

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scanning fluorescence correlation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000211)

synonyms: scanning FCS

A type of spectroscopy where the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample are measured and correlated within a very small detection volume which is moving with respect to the sample. [CHMO]

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scanning ion conductance microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001398)

synonyms: SICM, scanning-ion conductance microscopy

A type of microscopy where a probe consisting of a glass nano- or micro- pipette filled with electrolyte is positioned very close to (in the near-field of) a specimen which is held in an oppositely charge electrolyte. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the pipette in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the ion conductance as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. [CHMO]

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scanning ion microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002131)

synonyms: SIM

A type of microscopy where an ion beam is scanned over the specimen surface and the secondary electrons emitted are detected. [CHMO]

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scanning near-field acoustic microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001435)

synonyms: NSAM, SNAM, near-field scanning acoustic microscopy

A type of microscopy where a probe vibrating at its resonant frequency is positioned very close to the surface of the specimen (in the near-field). An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the resonant frequency (or amplitude of vibration) of the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. [CHMO]

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scanning near-field ellipsometric microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000540)

synonyms: SNEM

A type of microscopy where a metal-coated AFM tip is positioned very close to the surface of the specimen (in the near-field) and an image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the tip in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the change in the polarization of incident light when it is reflected from a surface as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. [CHMO]

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scanning near-field microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002405)

synonyms: near-field scanning microscopy

Any type of microscopy where a probe is positioned very close to the surface of the specimen (in the near-field). An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the probe-surface interaction as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. [CHMO]

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scanning near-field optical microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001096)

synonyms: NSOM, SNOM, aperture NSOM, aperture SNOM, aperture scanning near-field optical microscopy, aperture-NSOM, aperture-SNOM, near-field scanning optical microscopy

A type of microscopy where a probe consisting of a laser transmitted through a tapered optical fibre is positioned very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen. The tip is coated with metal (to prevent light from escaping from the sides) and near-field (or evanescent field) light is emitted through a small opening or 'aperture' (50-100 nm in diameter) at the apex of the probe. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the disturbance of the near-field as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. [CHMO]

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scanning near-field photolithography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002030)

synonyms: SNP

A synthesis method which uses light and a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of an alkanethiol is deposited on the substrate, forming a SAM. UV light (244 nm) from a scanning near-field optical microscope (aperture size = 50 nm) is then used to oxidise the SAM in certain areas. Either the oxidised areas of the SAM, or the gold corresponding to those areas, is then removed by etching. [CHMO]

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scanning near-field thermal microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000004)

synonyms: NSThM, SNThM, near-field scanning thermal microscopy

A type of microscopy where a thermocouple probe is positioned very close to the surface of the specimen (in the near-field). An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the thermocouple probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the surface-probe heat transfer as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. [CHMO]

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scanning photocurrent microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000206)

synonyms: SPCM

A type of microscopy where a laser is scanned over the surface of the specimen and the photocurrent is recorded as a function of position. [CHMO]

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scanning plasmon near-field microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001039)

synonyms: SPNM, scanning-plasmon near-field microscopy

A type of microscopy where a laser spot is focused on a solid sharp noble metal probe very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen. The laser spot excites plasmons at the probe-surface interface and an image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the electromagnetic field as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. [CHMO]

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scanning probe X-ray diffraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001139)

A method for determining structure by scanning a finely focused (<10 µm2) beam of X-rays over the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. [CHMO]

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scanning probe acoustic microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000295)

synonyms: SAM, SPAM, scanning acoustic microscopy

A type of microscopy where a probe vibrating at its resonant frequency is scanned over the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the resonant frequency (or the amplitude of vibration) of the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. [CHMO]

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scanning probe lithography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001353)

synonyms: SPL

Any synthesis technique where a scanning probe microscope is used to pattern surfaces either constructively (by depositing a substance) or destructively (by etching a pattern in a surface). [CHMO]

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scanning probe microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000945)

synonyms: SPM, scanning-probe microscopy

A type of microscopy which uses a probe to scan the surface of the specimen and measure some form of interaction between surface and probe. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the probe-surface interaction as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. [CHMO]

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scanning spreading resistance microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001569)

synonyms: SSRM

A type of microscopy which uses a sharp conductive spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. A two-dimensional map of the carrier concentration profile (resistance) of the semiconducting specimen is obtained by applying a DC bias between the probe and specimen and mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan line-by-line, and recording the current as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. [CHMO]

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scanning thermal microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001282)

synonyms: SThM, scanning-thermal microscopy

A type of microscopy where an Wollaston wire probe is scanned over the surface of the specimen and the height required by a feedback loop in order to maintain a constant temperature between the probe and the specimen is recorded as a function of position. [CHMO]

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scanning transmission X-ray microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000221)

synonyms: STXM, STXRM, scanning TXM, scanning transmission XM

An imaging technique where a finely focused (20-50 nm) beam of X-rays is scanned over the surface of the specimen, and the energies and intensities of the transmitted X-rays are measured as a function of position. [CHMO]

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scanning transmission electron microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001515)

synonyms: STEM, scanning TEM

A type of microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. [CHMO]

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scanning tunnelling microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002262)

synonyms: STM, scanning tunneling electron microscopy, scanning tunnelling electron microscopy, scanning-tunneling electron microscopy, scanning-tunnelling microscopy

A type of microscopy which uses a sharp conducting probe (or 'tip') held very close (1 nm) to the surface of the specimen. A bias voltage is applied between the tip and specimen which causes a tunnelling current to flow. An image is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the tunnelling current as a function of position. [CHMO]

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scanning tunnelling spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001843)

synonyms: STS, scanning tunneling spectrometry, scanning tunneling spectroscopy, scanning tunnelling spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where a scanning tunnelling microscope is used to measure the I-V characteristics of the sample. [CHMO]

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scanning vibrating electrode technique

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000475)

synonyms: CDP technique, SVET, SVP technique, current density probe technique, scanning vibrating probe technique

A technique that operates by mechanically vibrating a probe at a fixed amplitude, frequency and height over an electrochemically active sample in solution measuring and mapping the electric field generated by the sample. This technique is used to probe the nature of corrosion processes. [CHMO]

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scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003594)

Scattering is a general physical process where some forms of radiation, such as light, sound, or moving particles, are forced to deviate from a straight trajectory by one or more paths due to localized non-uniformities in the medium through which they pass. [Wikipedia]

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scattering method

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002130)

Any detection or measurement method where reciprocal space structure can be determined by measuring the change in direction or energy of incident particles or radiation scattered by a sample. [CHMO]

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scattering near-field optical microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000476)

synonyms: SNIM, s-SNOM, sSNOM, scattering SNOM, scattering near-field microscopy, scattering-type SNOM, scattering-type near-field microscopy, scattering-type near-field optical microscopy

A type of microscopy where a probe consisting of a laser transmitted through a tapered optical fibre is positioned very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen and focused to a diffraction-limited spot size. A vibrating metallic AFM cantilever tip periodically and locally modifies the electromagnetic field distribution of the excitation laser. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the scattered light from the tip as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. [CHMO]

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scattering spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001462)

Any method that measures the amount of light that a substance scatters at certain wavelengths, incident angles, and polarization angles. [CHMO]

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scattering with angular limitation projection electron-beam lithography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001599)

synonyms: SCALPEL

A synthesis technique that uses electrons to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a beam of electrons (100 keV) is scanned across an ultrathin (<150 nm thickness) low-atomic-number patterned mask. Many of the electrons are scattered by the mask, so the image is formed only by those electrons that pass through the membrane without scattering. The electrons induce chemical reactions in the resist and the desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). [CHMO]

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second harmonic generation circular dichroism spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002246)

synonyms: second harmonic generation circular dichroism spectroscopy, SHG-CD, second harmonic generation-circular dichroism, second-harmonic generation-circular dichroism

A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarized light by a sample. Laser light of frequency f is converted to light of frequency 2f by a non-linear interaction with the sample, and the polarization of this light (the 'second harmonic') is determined. [CHMO]

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secondary electron emission mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001872)

synonyms: SEEM-MS, SEEM/MS, secondary electron emission mass spectroscopy

Any type of mass spectrometry where a surface is bombarded with sample ions and the secondary electrons emitted are detected. [CHMO]

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secondary electron spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002400)

synonyms: SES

Any type of spectroscopy where primary electrons interact with a sample and the electrons emitted as a result of the interaction (secondary electrons) are detected. [CHMO]

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secondary electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002264)

synonyms: SESI, secondary electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy, secondary electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy

A type of mass spectrometry where the sample ionized by spraying it with a very fine mist of charged droplets which was produced by forcing a solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min-1) into an electric field. [CHMO]

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secondary ion mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001254)

synonyms: SIMS, secondary ion mass spectroscopy

Technique in which a focused beam of primary ions produces secondary ions by sputtering from a solid surface. The secondary ions are analyzed by mass spectrometry. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

secondary ion mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001254)

synonyms: SIMS, secondary ion mass spectroscopy

Technique in which a focused beam of primary ions produces secondary ions by sputtering from a solid surface. The secondary ions are analyzed by mass spectrometry. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001097)

synonyms: SIMS imaging, SIMS microscopy, secondary ion mass spectroscopy imaging

The collection of spatially resolved mass spectra of a sample during microscopy where the sample is bombarded with a stream of primary mass-selected particles and the secondary ions ejected from the sample are detected. The spectra are used to visualise the spatial distribution of compounds by their molecular masses. [CHMO]

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secondary ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001622)

Process in which ions are ejected from a sample surface as a result of bombardment by a primary beam of atoms or ions. [IUPAC MS REC]

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secondary ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001622)

Process in which ions are ejected from a sample surface as a result of bombardment by a primary beam of atoms or ions. [IUPAC]

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secondary neutral atom mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000816)

synonyms: SNMS, dynamic neutral atom mass spectrometry, dynamic neutral atom mass spectroscopy, dynamic neutral particle mass spectrometry, dynamic neutral particle mass spectroscopy, secondary neutral atom mass spectroscopy, secondary neutral particle mass spectrometry, secondary neutral particle mass spectroscopy, sputtered neutral atom mass spectrometry, sputtered neutral atom mass spectroscopy, sputtered neutral particle mass spectroscopy

Mass spectrometry technique in which neutral species ejected from a sample surface as a result of bombardment by a primary beam of atoms or ions are ionized, most often by photoionization, prior to analysis. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

secondary neutral atom mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000816)

synonyms: SNMS, dynamic neutral atom mass spectrometry, dynamic neutral atom mass spectroscopy, dynamic neutral particle mass spectrometry, dynamic neutral particle mass spectroscopy, secondary neutral atom mass spectroscopy, secondary neutral particle mass spectrometry, secondary neutral particle mass spectroscopy, sputtered neutral atom mass spectrometry, sputtered neutral atom mass spectroscopy, sputtered neutral particle mass spectroscopy

Mass spectrometry technique in which neutral species ejected from a sample surface as a result of bombardment by a primary beam of atoms or ions are ionized, most often by photoionization, prior to analysis. [IUPAC]

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sector field mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001370)

synonyms: SF-MS, SFMS, magnetic sector mass spectrometry, sector field mass spectroscopy, sector-field mass spectrometry, sector-field mass spectroscopy

Any type of mass spectrometry where the sample ions are directed into magnetic field, the orientation of which is perpendicular to the beam. The magnetic field forces the charged particles into different circular trajectories, the radii of which depend on the strength of the magnetic field, the accelerating voltage, and the mass of the ion. [CHMO]

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sedimentation field-flow fractionation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000706)

synonyms: SdFFF, sedimentation FFF, sedimentation field flow fractionation

A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel within a centrifuge such that the centripetal force is applied perpendicular to the flow stream (driving the particles towards the walls of the channel). A carrier liquid is then passed through the channel removing the smallest particles first. [CHMO]

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defined in:

seeded sublimation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000837)

synonyms: modified Lely method, seed sublimation, seeded sublimation method, seeded sublimation technique, seeded-sublimation growth technique, seeded-sublimation method, seeded-sublimation technique

A technique for growing crystals of SiC by heating a source (polycrystalline SiC or powder) at high temperature (1800-2600 deg. C) and low pressure in an Ar atmosphere causing it to sublime. The vapours then condense on a single crystal of SiC (the 'seed'). [CHMO]

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defined in:

seeing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003465)

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

seeing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003465)

Seeing is sensing with the visual sense. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000108)

synonyms: SIFT-MS, selected ion flow tube mass spectroscopy

A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by introducing it into a tube containing fast flowing He gas and ions such as H3O+, NO+ and O2+. [CHMO]

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selected ion monitoring

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002437)

synonyms: SIM, SIR, selected ion recording

Selected ion monitoring is mass spectrometry where the abundances of ions of one or more specific m/z values are recorded rather than the entire mass spectrum. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

selected ion monitoring

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002437)

synonyms: SIM, SIR, selected ion recording

Operation of a mass spectrometer in which the abundances of ions of one or more specific m/z values are recorded rather than the entire mass spectrum. [IUPAC MS REC]

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selected reaction monitoring

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002008)

synonyms: SRM

Selected reaction monitoring is a multiple-stage mass spectrometry where data acquired from one or more specific product ions corresponding to m/z selected precursor ions are recorded via two or more stages of mass spectrometry. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

selected reaction monitoring

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002008)

synonyms: SRM

Data acquired from one or more specific product ions corresponding to m/z selected precursor ions recorded via two or more stages of mass spectrometry. [IUPAC MS REC]

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selecting

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003329)

synonyms: material selection

The partitioning of some object aggregate. [Allotrope]

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selecting

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003329)

synonyms: material selection

The partioning of some object aggregate. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

selective insensitive nuclei enhancement by polarization transfer

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000024)

synonyms: selective INEPT

A heteronuclear NMR experiment in which magnetization arising from 1H nuclei is transferred to covalently bound heteronuclei, thereby enhancing the NMR signal of the heteronuclei. Selective pulses, that only excite or 'select' some of the signals in the spectrum are used in this experiment. [CHMO]

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selective laser sintering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002021)

synonyms: SLS

The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample below its melting point, using a high-energy laser, until its particles adhere to each other. [CHMO]

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self-assembly

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001549)

synonyms: SA

A process where the components of a sample spontaneously (and reversibly) associate by non-covalent interactions, forming an organised structure or pattern. Individual building blocks associate into more complex (higher-order) structures during self-assembly. [CHMO]

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self-chemical ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002584)

synonyms: self-CI

Chemical ionization of an analyte where the reagent ion is an ionized form of the analyte or one of its product ions. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

self-chemical ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002584)

synonyms: self-CI

Chemical ionization of an analyte where the reagent ion is an ionized form of the analyte or one of its product ions. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

sending

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003432)

synonyms: exporting signal

A process that transports a signal across a system boundary out of the system. [Allotrope]

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sensing state

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003433)

The state of perceiving or becoming aware of a signal. [Allotrope]

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separated-local-field nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000742)

synonyms: 2D SLF, 2D SLF NMR, 2D separated local field NMR, 2D-SLF, 2D-SLF NMR, SLF NMR, SLF spectroscopy, separate local field NMR, separate-local-field NMR, separated local field (SLF) NMR, separated local field NMR, separated local field spectroscopy, separated-local field (SLF) NMR, separated-local field NMR, separated-local-field spectroscopy

A two-dimensional NMR experiment which exploits the differential dipolar couplings which nuclei exhibit to their neighboring protons within local magnetic fields. The experiment consist of two time intervals: during the first time period the dipolar couplings are encoded in the NMR signal, while in the detection period the signals of different nuclei are separated on the basis of their differences in chemical shift. [CHMO]

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separating

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000422)

synonyms: separation

A branching process that isolates flows into distinct component flows. The separated components are distinct from the flow before separation, as well as each other. [NIST]

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separating material

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003533)

A separating of materials. [Allotrope]

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separation method-detection method

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002224)

An experiment in which a separation method is coupled to a detection method in order to detect one or more different components of a sample. [CHMO]

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sequential analysis process

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003692)

synonyms: analysis sequence

A sequential analysis process is a planned sequential process that has analytical subprocesses as sequential occurrent parts. [Allotrope]

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sequential centrifugation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001678)

A separation method where the components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density in a centrifuge according to the centrifugal force they experience. The sample is centrifuged in a number of separate, sequential steps. [CHMO]

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sequential extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000033)

synonyms: sequential chemical extraction

An analytical process that sequentially chemically leaches metals from soils, sludges or sediments. [CHMO]

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sequential process

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003691)

synonyms: sequence

A sequential process is a composite process that has sequential subprocesses as occurrent parts. The starts of all subprocesses occur in sequential order. The ends of all subprocesses occur at the end of the sequential process at the latest. [Allotrope]

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sequential pyrolysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000379)

The repeated chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy under the same conditions of time, temperature etc. [CHMO]

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serial dilution

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001885)

A serial dilution is the stepwise dilution of a substance in solution. Usually the dilution factor at each step is constant, resulting in a geometric progression of the concentration in a logarithmic fashion. [Wikipedia]

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sessile-drop tensiometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001586)

synonyms: sessile-drop tensiometry

The measurement of surface tension by determining the shape of a droplet of liquid (with known surface energy) and the contact angle it makes with the surface of interest. [CHMO]

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shake-flask extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002128)

synonyms: shake flask extraction

The process of transferring a substance from any matrix to an appropriate liquid phase, during which the sample and solvent are kept in contact in a mechanical shaker. [CHMO]

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shaking

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003802)

Shaking is a mixing process involving short rapid motions of the material inside a container. [Allotrope]

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shaking

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003794)

A process of repeating a movement of a part of an object with higher frequency than the repeating movement of the total object. [Allotrope]

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shaped radio frequency pulse

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001927)

synonyms: soft pulse

A selective or shaped pulse, which is designed to excite only a specific region of a spectrum. [CHMO]

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shaping

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003364)

synonyms: forming, molding

Shaping is changing the material in regard to spatial form. [Allotrope]

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shaping

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003364)

synonyms: forming, molding

Shaping is changing the material in regard to spatial form. [OSTHUS, NIST]

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shear force microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002034)

synonyms: SMFM, ShFM, dynamic shear force microscopy, shear force AFM, shear force atomic force microscopy, shear force modulation microscopy , shear force modulation mode AFM, shear force modulation mode atomic force microscopy, shear-force AFM, shear-force atomic force microscopy, shear-force controlled AFM, shear-force microscopy

A type of microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. The tip oscillates parallel to the surface. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. [CHMO]

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shear rheometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001198)

synonyms: shear rheology

The characterization of flow or deformation of a liquid, which cannot be defined by a single value of viscosity, as a result of shear stress. [CHMO]

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shimming

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002752)

Shimming is the process of adjusting the signal of an NMR spectrometer by changing the uniformity of the magnetic field. [Allotrope]

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short-column chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001841)

synonyms: short column chromatography

A chromatography method where the stationary bed is within a tube (of less than the standard length of 25 cm). The particles of the solid stationary phase or support coated with a liquid stationary phase may fill the whole inside volume of the tube (packed column) or be concentrated on or along the inside tube wall leaving an open, unrestricted path for the mobile phase in the middle part of the tube (open-tubular column). [CHMO]

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short-path distillation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001312)

synonyms: short path distillation

A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture under reduced pressure. As the sample mixture to be purified is heated, its vapours rise a short distance into a vertical condenser where they are cooled by water. This technique is used for compounds which are unstable at high temperatures because it allows a lower boiling temperature to be used. [CHMO]

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sieve analysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002715)

Sieve analysis is a process of particle sizing by filtering particles according to their size through sieves with decreasing pore size. [Allotrope]

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sieving electrophoresis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000268)

An electrophoresis method where the separation medium contains a reticulated system, for example an entangled polymer network, that further separates the analytes according to their size and shape. [CHMO]

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signal averaging

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002662)

Signal averaging is a process of combining spectra of repeated measurements in order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. [Allotrope]

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signal process

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003427)

A processing that involves a signal. [Allotrope]

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signaling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003552)

synonyms: producing signal

Signaling is the process of providing information on a material, energy or signal flow as an output signal. [NIST]

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signing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003645)

synonyms: A signing is attaching a signature to an information content entity. The signature is an identifier for the agent doing the signing. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/CR/2018/07/aft

signing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003645)

synonyms: A signing is attaching a signature to an information content entity. The signature is an identifier for the agent doing the signing. [Allotrope]

A signing is attaching a signature to an information content entity. The signature is an identifier for the agent doing the signing. [Allotrope]

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silanization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002220)

The deposition of a layer of silane-like molecules on a surface (e.g. glass or mica) through self-assembly. [CHMO]

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simple distillation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000399)

A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat and then immediately cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. This method can only be used to separate mixtures where the components differ widely in boiling point (by approx. 25 deg.). [CHMO]

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single crystal X-ray diffraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000061)

synonyms: single crystal X-ray crystallography, single-crystal X-ray diffraction

A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at a single crystal sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. Single crystal X-ray diffraction is used for protein crystallography. [CHMO]

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single isomorphous replacement

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000958)

synonyms: SIR

A method for providing phasing necessary for X-ray crystallography information by growing a crystal of the sample substituted with heavy metal atoms and analysing the X-ray data for both the original crystal and the isomorph. [CHMO]

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single isomorphous replacement with anomalous scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001928)

synonyms: SIRAS

A method for providing phasing necessary for X-ray crystallography information by growing a crystal of the sample substituted with heavy metal atoms and analysing the X-ray data for both the original crystal and the isomorph. When the absorption edge of an atom in the crystals is close to the wavelength of the incident radiation the atom becomes an anomalous scatterer. Anomalous scattering can be used for phase determination and also for determining the absolute configuration. [CHMO]

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single molecule surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002138)

synonyms: single molecule surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, SM SERS, SM-SERRS, SM-SERS, SM-SERS spectroscopy , SMSERS, single molecule surface enhanced Raman scattering, single molecule surface enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy, single molecule surface-enhanced Raman scattering, single molecule surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a visible laser, by a single molecule sample adsorbed onto a metal (Au, Ag or Cu) surface is detected. [CHMO]

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single pulse-pulsed laser polymerization-electron spin resonance

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002167)

synonyms: SP-PLP-EPR, SP-PLP-ESR, single pulse-pulsed laser polymerization-electron paramagnetic resonance , single pulse-pulsed laser polymerization-electron spin resonance

A technique for measuring the time-resolved concentration of radicals during polymerization reactions. The polymerization is initiated by a single pulse of laser radiation and the radical concentration is monitored by measuring response of the unpaired electrons to short (ns) pulses of microwave radiation in a magnetic field. [CHMO]

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single pulse-pulsed laser polymerization-near-infrared technique

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001568)

synonyms: SP-PLP-NIR, single pulse-pulsed laser polymerisation-near-infrared, single pulse-pulsed laser polymerization-near-infrared

A technique for measuring the time-resolved concentration of monomer during polymerization reactions. The polymerization is initiated by a single pulse of laser radiation and the monomer concentration is monitored by measuring absorbance in the near-infrared (0.8-2 µm) region. [CHMO]

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single quadrupole mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003747)

synonyms: SQDMS

Single quadrupole mass spectrometry is a quadrupole mass spectrometry using a single quadrupole mass analyzer. [Allotrope]

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single quantum filter

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001880)

synonyms: SQF

An NMR technique used to edit the NMR response from a sample by selecting only uncoupled spins (singlets), usually achieved by appropriate cycling of the phase (direction of application) of the pulses in an experiment and of the receiver. [CHMO]

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single-drop micro-extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000621)

synonyms: SDME, single drop microextraction, single-drop microextraction

The process of transferring a dissolved substance from one liquid phase to another (immiscible or partially miscible) liquid phase in contact with it. A microdrop of organic solvent (8 µL), is suspended from the end of Teflon rod immersed in a stirred aqueous solution of the sample. The sample solution is stirred until equilibrium is reached, after which, the drop is retracted into the Teflon rod. [CHMO]

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single-metal deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000279)

synonyms: SMD

A development method where the substrate is first immersed in a colloidal gold solution (containing negatively charged gold particles) at low pH. Gold subsequently deposits on any organic molecules containing postively charged groups at this pH. In the second step, the surface is treated with another solution containing gold chloride and hydroxylamine which causes the reduction of gold ion, producing a further gold deposit on the exisiting gold layer. Single-metal deposition is used to enhance latent fingermarks. [CHMO]

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single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000738)

synonyms: single molecule fluorescence spectrometry, single molecule fluorimetry, single molecule fluorometry, single molecule spectrofluorometry, single-molecule fluorescence spectrometry, single-molecule fluorimetry, single-molecule fluorometry, single-molecule spectrofluorometry

A type of spectroscopy where the fluorescence of a single molecule excited by ultraviolet light is detected as a function of wavelength. [CHMO]

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single-particle energy-dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001600)

synonyms: single particle EDS, single particle EDX, single particle X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy, single particle energy dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy, single-particle EDS, single-particle EDS analysis, single-particle EDX, single-particle EDX analysis, single-particle X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy, single-particle X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy, single-particle energy dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy, single-particle energy-dispersive X-ray emission analysis

A type of X-ray emission spectroscopy where the energy spectrum of the X-rays emitted, by a single particle, due to core-to-core transitions is measured using a semiconductor detector. [CHMO]

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single-photon infrared emission spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000541)

synonyms: single-photon infrared emission spectroscopy, SPIRES, single photon infra-red emission spectrometry, single photon infra-red emission spectroscopy, single-photon infra-red emission spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is heated using ultraviolet excitation (single photon) and the infrared radiation (0.78-1000 µm) emitted during cooling is detected. [CHMO]

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single-photon laser scanning microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000512)

synonyms: single photon LSM, single photon laser scanning microscopy, single-photon LSM

A type of microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by scanning a solid-state (Ti sapphire) laser spot of specific wavelength over its surface to produce single-photon fluorescence. [CHMO]

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single-wavelength ellipsometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000977)

A method for determining structure by illuminating a sample with a monochromatic light source and measuring the intensity and change in polarization of the reflected light. [CHMO]

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sintering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000190)

The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample below its melting point until its particles adhere to each other. [CHMO]

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site-selection spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000573)

A type spectroscopy where a sub-ensemble of molecules within an inhomogeneously broadened absorption band is selectively excited by means of a narrow-band laser and the fluorescence and phosphorescence signal is detected with a monochromator or interferometer. [CHMO]

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site-specific infrared dichroism spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000614)

synonyms: SSID, site specific infrared dichroism, site-specific ID, site-specific infrared dichroism

A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of polarized infrared light by a set of isotopically labelled sites in a sample. The introduction of a labelled atom e.g. 13C=16O, results in a shift of the corresponding absorption frequency. [CHMO]

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size-exclusion chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000843)

synonyms: SEC, size exclusion chromatography

Column chromatography where the separation is achieved based on differences in molecular size. [CHMO]

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skull melting

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001022)

synonyms: skull melting process, skull melting technique

The melting of a material within a frozen shell of the same substance. This technique is used for materials which are very corrosive when molten e.g. cubic zirconia. [CHMO]

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slugging

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002667)

Slugging is a process where a formed solid or powder solid is compressed in a tablet press as opposed to a roller compactor. [Allotrope]

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slurry sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002245)

synonyms: slurry sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy

A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where a solid sample is ground into a fine powder and suspensed in a diluent such as 0.1% HNO3 to form a 'slurry'. The sample is then atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. [CHMO]

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small-angle X-ray diffraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001791)

synonyms: SAXD, SAXRD, X-ray SAD, X-ray small angle diffraction, small angle X-ray diffraction, small angle XRD, small-angle XRD

A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. The incident X-ray beam strikes the sample at a small angle (0-10 deg.). [CHMO]

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small-angle X-ray scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001200)

synonyms: SAXS, small angle X-ray scattering

A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample at low angles (0-10 deg.). [CHMO]

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small-angle light scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002217)

synonyms: LALLS, LALLSS, LALS, LALSS, SALS, SALSS, low angle laser light scattering, low angle laser light scattering spectroscopy, low angle light scattering, low angle light scattering spectrometry, low angle light scattering spectroscopy, small angle light scattering

A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of visible light scattered at a small angle (0.1-10 deg.) to the incident light. [CHMO]

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small-angle neutron scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001768)

synonyms: SANS, low-Q neutron scattering, small angle neutron scattering

A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons at small angles (corresponding to a scattering vector Q = (4/)sin(π/2) = 0.005-0.2 inverse degrees). [CHMO]

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defined in:

smoothing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000612)

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

smoothing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000612)

Smooting is a data apodization in statistics and image processing to create an approximating function that attempts to capture important patterns in the data, while leaving out noise or other fine-scale structures/rapid phenomena. [Wikipedia]

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sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000419)

synonyms: SDS PAGE, SDS-PAGE

A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of polyacrylamide gel, across which an electric field is applied, and the electrophoretic mobility of the analytes, usually proteins is altered by their binding to sodium dodecyl sulfate. [CHMO]

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defined in:

soft X-ray emission spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001280)

synonyms: SXES, VBXES, soft X-ray emission spectrometry, soft X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, soft X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, valence band X-ray emission spectrometry, valence band X-ray emission spectroscopy, valence band X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, valence band X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, valence to core X-ray emission spectrometry, valence to core X-ray emission spectroscopy, valence to core X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, valence to core X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, valence to core XES, valence to core XFS, valence-to-core X-ray emission spectrometry, valence-to-core X-ray emission spectroscopy, valence-to-core X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, valence-to-core X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, valence-to-core XES, valence-to-core XFS

A type of X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with low energy X-rays and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to valence-to-core transitions are detected. [CHMO]

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soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001502)

synonyms: SXPS, soft X-ray photoelectron spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with 'soft' (<300 eV) X-rays causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]

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defined in:

soft ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001464)

The formation of gas-phase ions without extensive fragmentation. [PSI-MS, IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

soft ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001464)

The formation of gas-phase ions without extensive fragmentation. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

soft lithography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000961)

Any synthesis technique which uses elastomeric stamps, moulds, and conformable photomasks prepared from liquid polymer precursors. [CHMO]

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defined in:

software deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001570)

Software is a plan specification composed of a series of instructions that can be interpreted by or directly executed by a processing unit. [IAO]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2018/07/aft

software

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001570)

Software is a plan specification composed of a series of instructions that can be interpreted by or directly executed by a processing unit. [IAO]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/WD/2018/04/aft

sol-gel capillary micro-extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000762)

synonyms: sol-gel capillary micro-extraction, sgCME, sol-gel CME, sol-gel capillary microextraction, solgel CME, solgel capillary microextraction

The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the liquid sample through a small sol-gel-coated fused-silica capillary. [CHMO]

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sol-gel method

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001533)

synonyms: sol-gel method, colloid process, colloidal processing, sol-gel process, sol-gel processing, solgel method, solgel process, solgel processing

The process of the settling of (nm sized) particles from a colloidal suspension onto a pre-existing surface, resulting in ceramic materials. The desired solid particles (e.g. metal alkoxides) are suspended in a liquid, forming the 'sol', which is deposited on a substrate by spinning, dipping or coating, or transferred to a mould. The particles in the sol are polymerised by partial evaporation of the solvent, or addition of an initiator, forming the 'gel', which is then heated at high temperature to give the final solid product. [CHMO]

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sol-gel template synthesis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001386)

synonyms: sol-gel template synthesis, sol-gel template synthesis method, sol-gel templating

The process of the settling of (nm sized) particles from a colloidal suspension onto a pre-existing surface, resulting in a ceramic thin film. The desired solid particles (e.g. metal alkoxides) are suspended in a liquid, forming the 'sol', which is deposited on a membrane template or mould by spinning, dipping or coating, The particles in the sol are polymerised by partial evaporation of the solvent, or addition of an initiator, forming the 'gel', which is then heated at high temperature to give the final solid product. [CHMO]

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sol-gel-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000769)

synonyms: SGALDI MS, SGALDI-MS

A type of mass spectrometry where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporized and ionized using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is held in a sol-gel matrix to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. [CHMO]

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solid phase extraction inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000450)

synonyms: SPE-ICP-AES

A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample mixture is first separated by solid phase extraction and then excited using a plasma generated by electromagnetic inductance. [CHMO]

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solid sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000520)

synonyms: solid sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, SS-GF-AAS, SS-GFAAS, direct solid samples graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, direct solid samples graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy, direct solid sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, direct solid sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy, solid samples graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, solid samples graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy

A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where a solid sample is atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. [CHMO]

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solid-liquid extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001123)

synonyms: solid-liquid extraction dry extraction

The process of transferring the soluble components of a solid to the liquid phase using a solvent. [CHMO]

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solid-phase epitaxy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002268)

synonyms: SPE, solid phase epitaxy

A synthesis method which consists of depositing an amorphous film on a monocrystalline substrate, then heating the substrate to crystallise the film. [CHMO]

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solid-phase micro-extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000214)

synonyms: SPME, solid phase microextraction, solid-phase microextraction

The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the liquid sample through a small fibre containing a stationary phase bonded to a silica needle (<10 µm diameter). [CHMO]

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solid-source molecular beam epitaxy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001360)

synonyms: solid-source molecular beam epitaxy, solid source MBE, solid-source MBE, solid-source molecular-beam epitaxy

A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from a beam of evapourated metal particles) on a monocrystalline substrate under high vacuum (<10^{-8} Pa). Molecular beam epitaxy is very slow, with a deposition rate of <1000 nm per hour. [CHMO]

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solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002261)

synonyms: SS-NMR, SSNMR, solid state NMR, solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, solid-state NMR

A type of spectroscopy where the response of nuclei with non-zero spin, in a solid sample, to a perturbing magnetic field is detected. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. [CHMO]

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solid-state sintering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001204)

synonyms: solid state sintering

The fusing together of small particles by heating a powder sample below its melting point until its particles adhere to each other. [CHMO]

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solidifying

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003459)

The state of material becoming solid from liquid. [Allotrope]

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solution X-ray diffraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001784)

synonyms: SXD, SXRD, solution state X-ray diffraction, solution-state X-ray diffraction

A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at a sample solution and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. [CHMO]

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solution-enhanced dispersion by supercritical fluids

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000661)

synonyms: SEDS, solution enhanced dispersion by supercritical fluids, solution-enhanced dispersion of solids

A solid sample is dissolved in a common (organic or inorganic) solvent mixed with a supercritical fluid and sprayed into an autoclave (using a nozzle with two or three coaxial channels) resulting in precipitation. [CHMO]

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solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003844)

synonyms: solution-state NMR, solution-state NMR spectroscopy

A solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy where the response of nuclei with non-zero spin, in a sample dissolved in a deuterated solvent, to a perturbing magnetic field is detected. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. [CHMO]

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solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001637)

synonyms: solution NMR, solution-state NMR

A type of spectroscopy where the response of nuclei with non-zero spin, in a sample dissolved in a deuterated solvent, to a perturbing magnetic field is detected. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. [CHMO]

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solvent casting

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000874)

A process for forming thermoplastic polymer samples by dipping a mould into a solution of the polymer and drawing off the solvent to leave a polymer film adhering to the mould. [CHMO]

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solvent casting and particulate leaching

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002282)

synonyms: SCPL

A process for forming thermoplastic polymer samples by dipping a mould into a solution of the polymer and particles of known dimension, and drawing off the solvent to leave a composite polymer-particle film adhering to the mould. [CHMO]

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solvent evaporation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001809)

synonyms: drying

The removal of solvent from a sample, usually by the application of heat. [CHMO]

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solvent extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000665)

The process of transferring a substance from any matrix to an appropriate liquid phase. [CHMO]

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solvent precipitation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001509)

The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') from a liquid solution caused by the addition of an additional different solvent. [CHMO]

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solvent suppression pulse sequence

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000833)

An NMR pulse sequence that is used to suppress or remove the solvent signal. [CHMO]

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solvent vapor annealing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000685)

synonyms: SVA

A method applied to polymer films to increase polymer chain mobility. The film is exposed to a solvent atmosphere at room-temperature causing it to swell. [CHMO]

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solvent-assisted micromolding

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001621)

synonyms: SAMIM

A process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a microsized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The mould is wetted with a thin layer of solvent. When the polymer is brought into contact with the mould, the top layer of polymer dissolves and expands, filling the mould. The solvent is then allowed to evaporate. [CHMO]

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solvothermal synthesis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001740)

synonyms: solvothermal method, solvothermal process, solvothermal reaction, solvothermal treatment

A synthesis method for growing single crystals from a non-aqueous solution in an autoclave (a thick-walled steel vessel) at high temperature (400 deg. C) and pressure. [CHMO]

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sonic spray ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002569)

synonyms: SSI

Process in which both anions and cations are produced at atmospheric pressure from an ionic solution due to a statistically unbalanced charge distribution in the minute droplets formed by the action of a sonic atomizer. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

sonic spray ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002569)

synonyms: SSI

Process in which both anions and cations are produced at atmospheric pressure from an ionic solution due to a statistically unbalanced charge distribution in the minute droplets formed by the action of a sonic atomizer. [IUPAC]

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sonic spray mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002339)

synonyms: SSI-MS, SSI/MS, sonic spray ionisation mass spectrometry, sonic spray ionization mass spectrometry, sonic spray mass spectroscopy

A type of mass spectrometry where ionization is achieved using a pneumatic nebuliser which turns the sample solution into a supersonic spray of small droplets. Ions are formed when the solvent evaporates and the statistically unbalanced charge distribution on the droplets leads to a net charge. [CHMO]

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sonication

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002293)

The irradiation of a liquid sample with sound (20-20 000 Hz) waves resulting in agitation. Sound waves propagate into the liquid media result in alternating high-pressure (compression) and low-pressure (rarefaction) cycles. During rarefaction, high-intensity sonic waves create small vacuum bubbles or voids in the liquid, which then collapse violently (cavitation) during compression, creating very high local temperatures. [CHMO]

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sonochemiluminescence detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000088)

synonyms: SCL detection, sono chemiluminescence detection, sono-chemiluminescence detection, sonodynamic chemiluminescence detection

The detection of chemiluminescence caused the emission of light by tiny bubbles in a liquid excited by sound. [CHMO]

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sonoluminescence detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001314)

synonyms: SL detection

The detection of short bursts of light emitted from a liquid sample excited by sound. [CHMO]

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sorption

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002749)

Sorption is a phenomenon whereby a substance is attached to or through a surface of a sample. This occurs in a system being in the state of sorption equilibrium between bulk phase (fluid, i.e. gas or liquid solution) and an adsorbing surface (solid or boundary separating two fluids). When the concentration (or pressure) of substance in the bulk phase is increased, some of the substance moves to the adsorbing surface. [Allotrope]

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sorption measurements

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000975)

synonyms: adsorption measurements, adsorptions, sorptions

A method for determining surface area by measuring the amount of an inert gaseous or liquid substance (the 'sorbent', usually H2 or N2) which adsorbs onto the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'). Regression analysis is then applied to the data, resulting in an isotherm. [CHMO]

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sorption-desorption measurements

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000855)

synonyms: adsorption-desorption, adsorption/desorption, sorption-desorption, sorption/desorption

A method for determining surface area by measuring the amount of an inert gaseous or liquid substance (the 'sorbent', usually H2 or N2) which adsorbs onto the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'), and the subsequent amount that desorbs at a constant temperature. Regression analysis is then applied to the data, resulting in an isotherm. [CHMO]

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sorting

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003573)

Sorting is distributing flows based on some associated physical quality or entity into distinct fractions according to a defined order. [Allotrope]

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sorting material

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003472)

Sorting is the dividing of material by an ordering criteria. [Allotrope]

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sound-induced gelation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002458)

The formation of a gel from a solution by the application of ultrasound (sound waves >20 kHz frequency). [CHMO]

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space-charge-limited current method

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000453)

synonyms: SCLC method, SCLC technique, space charge limited current, space-charge-limited current

A method for measuring density-of-state (DOS) distributions by injecting a nonequilibrium density of charges and measuring the resulting current. [CHMO]

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sparging

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002595)

In chemistry, sparging, also known as gas flushing in metallurgy, is a technique which involves bubbling a chemically inert gas, such as nitrogen, argon, or helium, through a liquid. This can be used to remove dissolved gases (e.g. oxygen) from the liquid. [Wikipedia]

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spark atomic emission spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000740)

synonyms: spark AES, spark OES, spark atomic emission spectroscopy, spark optical emission spectrometry, spark optical emission spectroscopy, spark-AES, spark-OES, spark-atomic emission spectrometry, spark-excitation atomic emission spectrometry, spark-excitation atomic emission spectroscopy, spark-optical emission spectrometry, spark-optical emission spectroscopy

A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is excited by an arc or spark between two electrodes. [CHMO]

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spark ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001390)

Formation of ions from a solid material by an intermittent electric discharge. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

spark ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001390)

Formation of ions from a solid material by an intermittent electric discharge. [IUPAC]

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spark plasma sintering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001550)

synonyms: FAST, PECS, SPS, field assisted sintering technique, field-assisted sintering technique, pulsed electric current sintering

The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample below its melting point, using a direct current, until its particles adhere to each other. [CHMO]

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spark source mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000202)

synonyms: SSMS, spark ionisation mass spectrometry, spark ionization mass spectrometry, spark source mass spectroscopy, spark-source mass spectrometry, spark-source mass spectroscopy

A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by a vacuum spark discharge, which is generated by a pulsed high (25-100 kV) potential difference between two electrodes. [CHMO]

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spatial state

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003826)

A spatial state is a state that is expressed by a spatial location or orientation of some material participating in the state. [Allotrope]

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spatially-offset Raman spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001175)

synonyms: SORS, SORSS, spatially offset Raman scattering spectrometry, spatially offset Raman scattering spectroscopy , spatially offset Raman spectrometry, spatially offset Raman spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a laser, by a sample is detected. Scattered light is collected from regions laterally offset from the excitation laser spot. [CHMO]

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specific heat capacity process profile

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003754)

synonyms: specific heat capacity profile

Definition pending. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/CR/2020/12/afo

specific heat capacity process profile

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003754)

synonyms: specific heat capacity profile

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specific proton decoupling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001307)

synonyms: band selective decoupling, narrow band decoupling, specific band decoupling, specific decoupling

A specified narrow frequency band associated with a specific nuclei of a specified isotope is selectively irradiated with a weak RF pulse. [Allotrope]

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specifying

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003299)

Specifying is a process that produces an information object which describes constraints or objectives on characteristics like qualities, functions, dispositions, facets of continuants or processes. [Allotrope]

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spectra combination

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000801)

Definition pending. [0]

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spectra combination

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000801)

Spectra combination is a data transformation that combines multiple spectra. [Allotrope]

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spectra combination

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000801)

Method used to combine the mass spectra. [PSI-MS]

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spectral referencing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001454)

Standardizing an NMR spectra setting the reference point to a known value. [Allotrope]

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spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000527)

synonyms: spectrometry, spectroscopy

The study of the interaction of a sample with radiation or particles for measurement or detection. [CHMO]

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spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000527)

synonyms: spectrometry, spectroscopy

Spectrometry is the measurement of such radiations as a means of obtaining information about the systems and their components. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/REC/2024/09/aft

spectrophotometric titration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001604)

The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the absorbance of radiation in the range ultraviolet to near-infrared (0.1-2.5 µm) by the sample. [CHMO]

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spectrophotometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000266)

synonyms: MAS, molecular absorption spectrophotometry, molecular electronic absorption spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation in the range ultraviolet to near-infrared (0.1-2.5 µm) resulting in electronic transitions within the sample. [CHMO]

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spectroscopic ellipsometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001181)

synonyms: SE, spectral ellipsometry

A method for determining structure by illuminating a sample with a continuous-wavelength light source and measuring the intensity and change in polarization of the reflected light as a function of wavelength. [CHMO]

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spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000527)

synonyms: spectrometry, spectroscopy

The study of the interaction of a sample with radiation or particles for measurement or detection. [CHMO]

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specular X-ray reflectometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000076)

synonyms: specular X-ray reflectivity, specular XRR

A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at an extremely flat surface (at angle theta to the surface) and measuring the intensity of the X-rays which undergo specular reflection (and are emitted at angle theta from the surface). [CHMO]

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specular reflection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003592)

synonyms: regular reflection

Specular reflection is the mirror-like reflection of waves, such as light, from a surface. In this process, each incident ray is reflected, with the reflected ray having the same angle to the surface normal as the incident ray. [Wikipedia]

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spin coating

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000677)

synonyms: spin casting, spin-casting, spin-coating

A process for applying a thin (<1 µm thickness) cover to flat substrates. An excess amount of coating solution (in a volatile solvent) is placed on the substrate, which is then rotated at high speed (8000 rpm) for approximately 30 s in order to spread the solution by centripetal force. The solvent then evaporates, leaving a thin film. [CHMO]

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spin counting experiment

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000656)

An NMR experiment which measures the variation in amplitude of signals from dipolar-coupled nuclei over time, yielding information about the number of coupled nuclei in the system. [CHMO]

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spin decoupling employing ultra-broadband-inversion sequences generated via simulated annealing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001589)

synonyms: SUSAN, SUSAN pulse sequence, SUSAN sequence

A sequence of composite pulses designed to remove signal splitting due to heteronuclear J-couplings in multinuclear liquid NMR experiments. For the pulse sequence see J. Magn. Reson. A, (1994), 106, pg 241. [CHMO]

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spin diffusion experiment

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001443)

An NMR experiment which exploits the increased efficiency of energy (magnetization) transfer between nuclei via dipolar coupling in rigid or semi-rigid samples. The rate at which polarization is transferred between spins is measured giving information on the proximity and orientation of the interacting spins within the sample. [CHMO]

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spin echo pulse sequence

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001414)

synonyms: spin echo sequence, spin-echo pulse sequence, spin-echo sequence

A pulse cluster used in NMR experiments which manipulates signals such that, at the end of the sequence, the effects of chemical shift differences have been compensated/removed. Used most simply to compensate for inhomogeneities in the magnetic field but delays in the sequence also permit various possible manipulations of the magnetization. For the pulse sequence see Phys. Rev., (1950), 80, pg 580. [CHMO]

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spin tagging velocimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000123)

synonyms: ST, spin tagging, spin tagging NMR velocimetry, spin tagging nuclear magnetic resonance velocimetry

A method for determining the velocity of a fluid by tagging (presaturating the magnetization in) a particular group of spins and tracking them in a fluid flow using NMR spectroscopy. [CHMO]

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spin-echo neutron scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000071)

synonyms: neutron spin echo spectrometry, neutron spin echo spectroscopy, neutron spin-echo spectrometry, neutron spin-echo spectroscopy, spin-echo neutrons scattering

A method for determining structure by measuring the velocity of neutrons in known magnetic fields before and after scattering by the sample. The neutrons are scattered by the interaction of neutron spin with spins in the sample ('spin echo'). [CHMO]

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spin-echo small angle neutron scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001672)

synonyms: spin-echo small angle neutron scattering, SEANS, non-magnetic SEANS, non-magnetic spin-echo SANS, non-magnetic spin-echo small angle neutron scattering, spin-echo SANS

A method for determining structure by measuring the velocity of neutrons in known magnetic fields before and after scattering at small angles by the sample. The neutrons are scattered by the interaction of neutron spin with spins in the sample ('spin echo'). [CHMO]

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spin-echo wide angle neutron scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001476)

A method for determining structure by measuring the velocity of neutrons in known magnetic fields before and after scattering at wide angles by the sample. The neutrons are scattered by the interaction of neutron spin with spins in the sample ('spin echo'). [CHMO]

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spin-polarised metastable de-excitation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000345)

synonyms: spin-polarized metastable de-excitation spectroscopy, SP-MDS, SPMDS, spin-polarised metastable deexcitation spectrometry, spin-polarised metastable deexcitation spectroscopy, spin-polarized metastable de-excitation spectrometry, spin-polarized metastable de-excitation spectrometry, spin-polarized metastable deexcitation spectrometry, spin-polarized metastable deexcitation spectroscopy, spin-polarised metastable de-excitation spectrometry

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defined in:

spin-polarized Auger electron spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000885)

synonyms: SPAES

A type of spectroscopy where the bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionization of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of incident photon energy and a magnet is used to align all electron spins parallel to the emitting surface. [CHMO]

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defined in:

spin-polarized angle-resolved Auger electron spectometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002036)

synonyms: SPARPES

A type of spectroscopy where the bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionization of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of emission angle and a magnet is used to align all electron spins parallel to the emitting surface. [CHMO]

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defined in:

spin-polarized inverse photoelectron spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001938)

synonyms: SPIPES

A type of spectroscopy where a magnetised ferromagnetic sample is bombarded with electrons of a specific spin polarization which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation. [CHMO]

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defined in:

spin-polarized low-energy electron microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001055)

synonyms: SPLEEM, spin polarised LEEM, spin polarised low energy electron microscopy, spin polarized LEEM, spin-polarised LEEM, spin-polarised low-energy electron microscopy, spin-polarized LEEM

A type of microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) low energy (1-100 eV) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. A magnet is used to align all electron spins parallel to the sample surface. [CHMO]

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defined in:

spin-polarized metastable de-excitation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000345)

synonyms: spin-polarized metastable de-excitation spectroscopy, SP-MDS, SPMDS, spin-polarised metastable deexcitation spectrometry, spin-polarised metastable deexcitation spectroscopy, spin-polarized metastable de-excitation spectrometry, spin-polarized metastable de-excitation spectrometry, spin-polarized metastable deexcitation spectrometry, spin-polarized metastable deexcitation spectroscopy, spin-polarised metastable de-excitation spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where energy transfer from a metastable atom in close proximity to (~5 ) the sample gives rise to a characteristic ejected electron energy spectrum. A magnet is used to align all the electron spins parallel to the surface. [CHMO]

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defined in:

spin-polarized secondary electron spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001490)

synonyms: spin-polarised secondary electron spectroscopy, polarised secondary electron spectrometry, polarized secondary electron spectrometry, polarized secondary electron spectroscopy, spin-polarised secondary electron spectrometry, spin-polarized secondary electron spectrometry, spin-resolved secondary electron spectrometry, spin-resolved secondary electron spectroscopy

Any type of spectroscopy where primary electrons interact with a sample and the electrons emitted as a result of the interaction (secondary electrons) are detected. A manget is used to align all electron spins parallel to the surface of the sample. [CHMO]

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defined in:

spin-trap electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002002)

synonyms: spin trap EPR, spin trap ESR, spin-trap EPR, spin-trap ESR, spin-trap electron spin resonance spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the response of an unstable free radical to short (ns) pulses of microwave radiation in a magnetic field is measured by first forming a more stable radical adduct (e.g. a nitroxide radical) with a nitrone or nitroso compound (the 'spin trap'). [CHMO]

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defined in:

spinning

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001343)

A process used to create polymer fibers using a spinneret (a multi-pored device similar to a shower head) to form multiple continuous filaments. [CHMO]

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defined in:

spinodal decomposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001774)

A clustering reaction in a homogeneous, supersaturated solution (solid or liquid) which is unstable against infinitesimal fluctuations in density or composition. The solution therefore separates spontaneously into two phases, starting with small fluctuations and proceeding with a decrease in the Gibbs energy without a nucleation barrier. [CHMO]

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defined in:

split flow thin fractionation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002388)

synonyms: SPLITT fractionation, split flow thin (SPLITT) fractionation

A technique for separating magnetic and nonmagentic particles by placing the sample in a narrow channel and applying a magnetic field. Magnetic particles are dragged away from their stream into a separate buffer stream, leaving the nonmagnetic particles behind. [CHMO]

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defined in:

split injection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003685)

Split injection is a GC injection whereby a fraction of the volatilized sample is swept onto the GC column with the remaining split/swept to waste. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

splitless injection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003684)

Splitless injection is a GC injection whereby the carrier gas sweeps the volatilized sample onto the GC column for a specified period of time before diverting the remaining sample to waste. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

spray coating

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001529)

synonyms: spray-coating

The application of a thin cover to sample by converting the coating solution to an aerosol then allowing the droplets to settle on the sample surface under the influence of gravity or using an electrostatic field. [CHMO]

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defined in:

spray drying

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000938)

synonyms: spray-drying

The removal of water from a liquid sample by pumping it through an atomiser (to produce a spray of fine droplets) then passing a hot gas (e.g. air or N2) through it. [CHMO]

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defined in:

spray ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002573)

Spray ionization is a ionization that involve dispersing the liquid into fine droplets as a component step. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

spray ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002573)

General term used to describe a range of ionization techniques for analytes in solution that involve dispersing the liquid into fine droplets as a component step. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

spray pyrolysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001168)

The chemical degradation of a sample caused by spraying it, as a liquid mixture, onto a heated substrate. [CHMO]

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defined in:

sputter deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000712)

synonyms: sputtering, sputter coating

A synthesis technique where a solid target is bombarded with electrons or energetic ions (e.g. Ar+) causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate. [CHMO]

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sputter etching

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001077)

synonyms: ion etching, ion milling, sputtering

The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface by bombarding it with energetic ions. [CHMO]

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defined in:

square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000091)

synonyms: SWASV, square wave anodic stripping voltammetry, square-wave ASV

An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by applying an oxidising potential. During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied as a square wave superimposed on a linear sweep. [CHMO]

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defined in:

square-wave polarography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001945)

synonyms: square wave polarography

An electrochemical technique where the ac component of the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the ac potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. The cell current is sampled (only once per drop lifetime) on alternate half cycles and the potential is applied as a large amplitude square wave superimposed on a linear sweep. [CHMO]

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defined in:

square-wave voltammetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000515)

synonyms: SWV, square wave voltammetry

An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied as a square wave and the current is measured at the end of each half-wave, just prior to potential change. [CHMO]

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defined in:

stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001431)

synonyms: S-IRMS, SIRMS, stable isotope ratio mass spectroscopy

A type of mass spectrometry where the relative abundance of non-radioactive isotopes in a sample is determined. [CHMO]

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stacking injection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001377)

A stacking injection introduces the sample in a stacked way. Sample stacking in the capillary is caused by injection from a solution that has a lower ionic strength than the buffer inside the capillary. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

stacking injection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001377)

A stacking injection introduces the sample in a stacked way. Sample stacking in the capillary is caused by injection from a solution that has a lower ionic strength than the buffer inside the capillary. [OSTHUS]

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stagnation point adsorption reflectometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001488)

synonyms: SPAR, stagnation point adsorption reflectivity

A method for determining structure by illuminating an extremely flat surface with visible light and monitoring the intensity of light reflected at the Brewster angle during the adsorption of particles on the surface. [CHMO]

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defined in:

standard atomic force infrared microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000787)

synonyms: standard AFMIR, standard atomic force microscopy infrared microscopy

The simultaneous collection of AFM topography data and spatially-resolved infrared spectra by measuring the infrared absorption via transient deformation of the AFM cantilever induced by an infrared pulsed laser (tuned to a wavelength that corresponds to a vibrational absorbing wavelength in the specimen) as a function of AFM tip position. The specimen is deposited on an ATR-compatible ZnSe prism and infrared light is introduced into the prism at an angle exceeding the critical angle for internal reflection. This produces an evanescent wave at the reflecting surface. [CHMO]

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standard curve qPCR experiment

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003775)

synonyms: standard curve, standard curve experiment

A standard curve qPCR experiment is an experiment using qPCR that measures prepared samples and standards to determine absolute DNA target quantity in samples. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

standard preparation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003704)

synonyms: standard processing

A sample preparation process is a planned process that prepares a portion of material for being used in a calibration standard role. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

start

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003328)

The process boundary when the process starts. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

start command deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002613)

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2018/07/aft

start command

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002613)

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/REC/2018/04/aft

state

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003374)

A state is a homeomeric, cumulative process in which all the temporal parts are described by the same expression used for the whole. [Allotrope]

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state

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003374)

A state is a homomeric, cumulative process in which all the temporal parts are described by the same expression used for the whole. [Allotrope]

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state of matter state

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003823)

A changing state of matter is a quality state that is expressed by the state of matter of some material participating in the state. [Allotrope]

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states acquisition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002273)

A technique used in multidimensional NMR experiments to achieve frequency discrimination of the signals in the additional dimensions. [CHMO]

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defined in:

states-time proportional phase incrementation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001297)

synonyms: states-TPPI, states-TPPI acquisition

A technique used in multidimensional NMR experiments to achieve frequency discrimination of the signals in the additional dimensions. [CHMO]

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static headspace extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002323)

synonyms: SHE, equilibrium headspace extraction

The process of transferring a substance from a solid or liquid matrix to the vapour phase by heating. Once the concentration of the analyte in the headspace is in equilibrium with the concentration in the sample matrix, the headspace is removed. [CHMO]

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static light scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001471)

synonyms: static light scattering, DLSS, SLS, TILS, classical light scattering, differential light scattering, differential light-scattering spectroscopy, differential static light scattering, integrated light scattering, static light scattering spectrometry, static light scattering spectroscopy, total intensity light scattering, traditional light scattering

A method for determining structure by measuring the total or time-averaged scattering intensity of scattered visible light as a function of angle. [CHMO]

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static liquid-phase micro-extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001304)

synonyms: static LPME, static liquid-phase microextraction

The process of transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase (or vice versa) by suspending a microlitre-sized drop of the organic phase in a large volume of the aqueous phase. [CHMO]

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defined in:

static secondary ion mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002587)

synonyms: SSIMS

Method of secondary ion mass spectrometry using low current densities for analysis of sample surface components, in contrast with dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry. which is used for analysis of components in the depth direction. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

static secondary ion mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002587)

synonyms: SSIMS

Method of secondary ion mass spectrometry using low current densities for analysis of sample surface components, in contrast with dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry. which is used for analysis of components in the depth direction. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

statistical inference

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003638)

Statistical inference is the process of using data analysis to deduce properties of an underlying probability distribution. [Wikipedia]

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defined in:

statistical total correlation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002012)

synonyms: STOCSY, STOCSY NMR, statistical COSY

A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy which reveal correlations between all nuclei of a spin-system. This technique exploits the correlations seen between the intensities of spectral features of multiple spectra so as to obtain a statistically derived spectrum. This technique is of particular value for metabolic profiling. [CHMO]

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defined in:

steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002117)

synonyms: steady state fluorescence spectroscopy, steady state fluorimetry, steady state fluorometry, steady state spectrofluorometry, steady-state fluorimetry, steady-state fluorometry, steady-state spectrofluorometry

A type of spectroscopy where the intensity of the fluorescence emitted by molecules excited by constant illumination of ultraviolet light is detected as a function of wavelength. [CHMO]

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steady-state nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001630)

synonyms: steady state NOESY, steady state nOesy, steady-state NOESY, steady-state nOesy, steady-state nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectrometry

A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed, based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (<= 6 Angstrom apart). In this technique, the saturation of a particular proton resonance (signal) perturbs the intensities of signals from spatially proximate nuclei. [CHMO, AMGEN]

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defined in:

steady-state nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001630)

synonyms: steady state NOESY, steady state nOesy, steady-state NOESY, steady-state nOesy, steady-state nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectrometry

A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed, based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (<= 6 Angstrom apart). In this technique, the saturation of a particular proton resonance (signal) perturbs the intensities of signals from spatially proximate nuclei. [CHMO]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/domain/WD/2024/09/nmr

steam distillation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001120)

A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a sample mixture are vaporised by bubbling steam through it and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. [CHMO]

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defined in:

steam methane reforming

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001461)

synonyms: SMR

The reaction of natural gas with steam at high temperature (700-1000 deg. C) in the presence of a nickel catalyst, in order to produce hydrogen. [CHMO]

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defined in:

steam pyrolysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001988)

The chemical degradation of a sample caused by heating it, as a vapour, with steam. [CHMO]

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defined in:

steam reforming

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000699)

synonyms: SR, hydrogen reforming

The reaction of hydrocarbons with steam at high temperature (700-1000 deg. C) in order to produce hydrogen. [CHMO]

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defined in:

step-and-flash imprint lithography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000793)

synonyms: SFIL, step and flash imprint lithography

A synthesis technique that uses mechanical deformation and cross-linking to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photosensitive organosilicon resist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. A transparent stamp (e.g. quartz) containing the desired (nanosized) pattern on its surface is then pressed into the resist, which is exposed to UV light. Any unexposed areas of polymer are removed by reactive ion etching. [CHMO]

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defined in:

step-wise elution chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000805)

synonyms: stepwise elution chromatography, stepwise-elution chromatography

A separation method where the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary, while the other moves in a definite direction (the 'mobile' phase). In stepwise elution chromatography the elution solvent strength of the mobile phase is increased during the separation as a series of discrete steps. [CHMO]

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defined in:

stepwise pyrolysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001691)

The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy where the temperature is raised in a stepwise manner and the pyrolysates are recorded between each step. [CHMO]

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defined in:

steric field-flow fractionation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001246)

synonyms: StFFF, steric FFF, steric field flow fractionation

A technique for separating large (= channel width) particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel. Normally particles migrate towards the walls of the channel but large particles are unable to approach the walls and when a carrier liquid is passed through the channel, these particles are removed first. [CHMO]

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defined in:

sterilization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002646)

Sterilization is a term referring to any process that eliminates (removes) or kills (deactivates) all forms of life and other biological agents (such as prions, as well as viruses which some do not consider to be alive but are biological pathogens nonetheless), including transmissible agents (such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, prions, spore forms, unicellular eukaryotic organisms such as Plasmodium, etc.) present in a specified region, such as a surface, a volume of fluid, medication, or in a compound such as biological culture media. [Wikipedia]

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defined in:

stimulated Raman gain spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002092)

synonyms: Raman gain spectroscopy, SRGS

A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light from two lasers ('pump' and 'probe') by a sample is detected. In stimulated Raman gain spectroscopy the probe laser has a lower frequency than the pump laser. [CHMO]

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defined in:

stimulated Raman loss spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000058)

synonyms: IRS, IRGS, Raman loss spectroscopy, SRLS, inverse Raman gain spectroscopy, inverse Raman spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light from two lasers ('pump' and 'probe') by a sample is detected. In stimulated Raman gain spectroscopy the pump laser has a lower frequency than the probe laser. [CHMO]

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defined in:

stimulated Raman spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001440)

synonyms: SRS, stimulated Raman scattering spectroscopy, stimulated Raman spectrometry, stimulated scattering spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from two lasers ('pump' and 'probe') by a sample is detected. [CHMO]

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defined in:

stir-bar solid-phase extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000936)

synonyms: SBSE, solid phase stir bar extraction, solid phase stir-bar extraction, solid-phase stir bar extraction, solid-phase stir-bar extraction, stir bar extraction, stir bar solid phase extraction, stir bar solid-phase extraction, stir bar sorptive extraction, stir-bar solid phase extraction, stir-bar sorptive extraction

The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by attaching a stationary phase to a stir bar which moves throughout the liquid sample. [CHMO]

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defined in:

stirring

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001698)

A preparative step involving the agitation of a solution through circular motion. [CHMO]

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defined in:

stirring

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001698)

Stirring is a mixing involving the agitation of a solution through circular motion. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

stirring rate process profile

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003750)

A stirring rate process profile is a cyclic rate process profile of the changing rotation speed of the stirrer in the liquid. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

stop command deprecated

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001299)

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/OLD/2018/11/aft

stop command

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001299)

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

stop-flow lithography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001455)

synonyms: SFL, stop flow lithography

A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. Shuttered pulses (30-100 ms) of mask-defined UV (365 nm) light are flashed into a stationery layer of monomer, which is sandwiched inside a microchannel before being flushed out. The process is then repeated in a cyclic manner. [CHMO]

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defined in:

stopped state

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003671)

synonyms: is stopped, stopped

A completed state is a state during which a planned process has run to an end and the device or service is waiting for a reset that cause the state to change to an idle state. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

stopping

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003424)

synonyms: deactivating, impeding, turning off

Stopping it the process of ceasing or preventing the transfer of a flow. [NIST]

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defined in:

stopping material

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003363)

Stopping material is controlling a flow of material such that it ceases, or prevents, the transfer of a flow. [NIST]

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defined in:

stored waveform inverse fourier transform

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002017)

synonyms: SWIFT

Technique to create excitation waveforms for ions in Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometers or Paul ion traps. An excitation waveform in the time-domain is generated by taking the inverse Fourier transform of an appropriate frequency-domain programmed excitation spectrum, in which the resonance frequencies of ions to be excited are included. [IUPAC MS REC]

Copyright Notice and License Terms for IUPAC terms

defined in:

stored waveform inverse fourier transform

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002017)

synonyms: SWIFT

Technique to create excitation waveforms for ions in Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometers or Paul ion traps. An excitation waveform in the time-domain is generated by taking the inverse Fourier transform of an appropriate frequency-domain programmed excitation spectrum, in which the resonance frequencies of ions to be excited are included. [IUPAC]

Copyright Notice and License Terms for IUPAC terms

defined in:

storing energy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003324)

synonyms: conserving energy

Storing energy is the storing of energy. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

storing material

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003323)

Storing material is the storing of material. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

storing state

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003551)

synonyms: storing

Storing is containing or collecting flows to accumulate. [NIST]

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defined in:

storing state

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003551)

synonyms: storing

Storing is containing or collecting flows to accumulate. [NIST, OSTHUS]

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stripping potentiometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001949)

synonyms: SP, chronopotentiometric stripping

An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped'. During removal the time-dependence of the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. [CHMO]

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stripping voltammetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000390)

synonyms: SV

An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first deposited (usually by electroplating) onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped'. During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. [CHMO]

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strong-anion-exchange chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000991)

synonyms: SAX chromatography

Column chromatography where anions are retained by positively charged functional groups that have a permanent positive charge in aqueous solution, such as quaternary ammonium groups, in the stationary phase. [CHMO]

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strong-cation-exchange chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000207)

Column chromatography where cations are retained by functional groups that are permanently negatively charged in aqueous conditions, for example aliphatic sulfonic acid groups, in the stationary phase. [CHMO]

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structure determination

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003274)

A chemical structure determination includes a chemist's specifying the molecular geometry and, when feasible and necessary, the electronic structure of the target molecule or other solid. [Wikipedia]

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sublimation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001430)

Any technique used to purify samples by forcing it to pass from the solid to gas phase without passing through an intermediate liquid phase. [CHMO]

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submitting

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003646)

synonyms: submission

Submitting is the transfering of a material or information from a sender (the submitter) to a receiver with the intent that the receiver acts on the transferred entity towards an objective stated by the submitter.

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/CR/2018/07/afo

submitting

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003646)

synonyms: submission

Submitting is the transferring of a material or information from a sender (the submitter) to a receiver with the intent that the receiver acts on the transferred entity towards an objective stated by the submitter. [Allotrope]

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substoichiometric extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000933)

The process of transferring a substance from any matrix to another where the amount of reagent used is lower than that dictated by stoichiometry. [CHMO]

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suction filtration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000263)

synonyms: vacuum filtration

The separation of a solid phase from a liquid phase by passing the sample through a porous medium under pressure. [CHMO]

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sulfur chemiluminescence detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003835)

synonyms: SCD, sulfur chemiluminescence measurement, sulfur chemiluminescence process

The detection of luminescence emitted from sulfur in a sample as a result of a chemical reaction. [Allotrope]

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sum of spectra

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001302)

Spectra Sum. [PSI-MS]

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sum-frequency generation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000156)

synonyms: SFG, SFG spectroscopy, SFG vibrational spectroscopy, VSFG spectroscopy, sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy, sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy, sum frequency generation spectroscopy, vibrational sum-frequency generation (VSFG) spectroscopy, vibrational sum-frequency generation spectroscopy

A method for generating surface-specific vibrational spectra by mixing two light beams at a surface and detecting the output beam, which has frequency equal to the sum of the two input frequencies. [CHMO]

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summarizing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003654)

Shortening a passage or a write-up without changing its meaning but by using different words and sentences. [Wikipedia]

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super continuum cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001794)

synonyms: SC-CEAS, super continuum cavity enhanced absorption spectrometry

A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside a highly reflective laser cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of a supercontinuum light source is detected. The light source is tuned to match the frequency of the cavity bandwidth. [CHMO]

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super-resolution bright-field microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000194)

synonyms: super resolution bright field microscopy, super resolution bright field optical microscopy, super-resolution bright-field optical microscopy

A type of microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with light transmitted from a source on the opposite side of the specimen from the objective, and image resolution (which is normally limited by diffraction) is enhanced by processing the images with image restoration algorithms. [CHMO]

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superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001291)

synonyms: SQUID magnetometry, SQUID measurements

The measurement of very small magnetic fields (5 x 10-18 T) using a superconducting quantum interference device. [CHMO]

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supercritical angle fluorescence correlation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001894)

synonyms: SA-FCS, supercritical angle FCS

A type of spectroscopy where the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample emitted at supercritical angles are measured and correlated within a very small detection volume. Ultra-violet light is used to stimulate fluorescence. [CHMO]

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supercritical antisolvent precipitation with enhanced mass transfer

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002048)

synonyms: SAS-EM, SAS/EM, SASEM, supercritical anti-solvent precipitation with enhanced mass transfer, supercritical anti-solvent with enhanced mass transfer, supercritical antisolvent with enhanced mass transfer

A solid sample is dissolved in a common (organic or inorganic) solvent then sprayed into a supercritical fluid (held under pressure) resulting in a large decrease in solution density. This effect leads to the reduction in solubility of the solid and precipitation. A surface vibrating at an ultrasonic frequency is used to atomise the solution jet into microdroplets during spraying, increasing turbulence and mixing (resulting in higher mass transfer and smaller particles). [CHMO]

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supercritical antisolvent technique

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002178)

synonyms: SAS, SF antisolvent process, supercritical anti-solvent fractionation, supercritical anti-solvent precipitation, supercritical anti-solvent process, supercritical antisolvent fractionation, supercritical antisolvent precipitation, supercritical fluid antisolvent process

A solid sample is dissolved in a common (organic or inorganic) solvent then injected into a supercritical fluid (held under pressure) resulting in a large decrease in solution density. This effect leads to the reduction in solubility of the solid and precipitation. [CHMO]

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supercritical carbon dioxide drying

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001588)

synonyms: CO2 critical point drying, CO2 critical-point drying, CO2 super-critical point drying, supercritical CO2 drying

The removal of solvent from a sample without passing through the liquid-gas boundary, by immersion in supercritical CO2 and de-pressurization. [CHMO]

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supercritical drying

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002193)

synonyms: critical point drying, critical-point drying, super-critical point drying

The removal of solvent from a sample without passing through the liquid-gas boundary, by immersion in a supercritical fluid and de-pressurization. [CHMO]

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supercritical fluid extraction-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002028)

synonyms: SFE-FTIR, supercritical fluid extraction-Fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy

A method in which the sample is transferred from any matrix to a liquid phase using a supercritical fluid. The sample is then subject to a type of spectroscopy where a single pulse of radiation, from the infrared region, is absorbed, and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]

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supercritical fluid method

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001125)

Any material processing that uses a supercritical fluid. [OSTHUS,CHMO]

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supercritical fluid method

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001125)

Any material processing that uses a supercritical fluid. [CHMO]

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supercritical spray deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001256)

synonyms: supercritical fluid molecular spray film deposition

A synthesis method where a solid material is dissolved in a supercritical fluid (at elevated pressure) which is forced through a small orifice into a region of relatively low pressure. This produces a molecular spray which is directed against a substrate where it deposits as a thin film. [CHMO]

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supercritical-fluid chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000253)

synonyms: SFC

Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a fluid above and relatively close to its critical temperature and pressure. [CHMO]

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supercritical-fluid extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001573)

synonyms: SCFE, SFE, supercritical extraction, supercritical fluid extraction

The process of transferring a substance from any matrix to a liquid phase using a supercritical fluid. [CHMO]

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supplying

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003553)

synonyms: supplying

A state that makes energy or material available for processing or consumption. [Allotrope]

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supplying state

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003553)

synonyms: supplying

A supplying state is a providing state that makes energy or material available for processing or consumption. [Allotrope]

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supported liquid membrane extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000067)

synonyms: SLM extraction, SLME, supported liquid membrane (SLM) extraction

The transfer of a solute from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a non-porous liquid membrane. [CHMO]

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surface Penning-ionization electron spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000442)

synonyms: SPIES, surface Penning-ionisation electron spectrometry, surface Penning-ionization electron spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with metastable atoms resulting in the emission of an electron (by Penning ionization) and an Auger electron. [CHMO]

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surface atomic force infrared microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000492)

synonyms: s-AFMIR, surface AFMIR, surface atomic force microscopy infrared microscopy

The simultaneous collection of AFM topography data and spatially-resolved infrared spectra by measuring the infrared absorption via transient deformation of the AFM cantilever induced by an infrared pulsed laser (tuned to a wavelength that corresponds to a vibrational absorbing wavelength in the specimen) as a function of AFM tip position. Mid-IR radiation, generated using a periodically poled LiNbO3 crystal emitting tuneable laser is focussed directly on the specimen surface. [CHMO]

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surface enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000623)

synonyms: SEIRA, SEIRA spectrometry, SEIRA spectroscopy, surface enhanced infra-red absorption spectrometry, surface enhanced infra-red absorption spectroscopy, surface enhanced infrared absorption spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the rough metal surface of a sample absorbs radiation in the infrared region (0.78-1000 µm). [CHMO]

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surface extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000764)

synonyms: SEXAFS, SEXAFS spectrometry, SEXAFS spectroscopy, SEXAFSS

A type of X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient and the Auger emission of the sample are measured 500-1000 eV below the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) as a function of incident X-ray energy. [CHMO]

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surface extended electron energy loss fine structure spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001539)

synonyms: EXFAS, SEELFS, extended fine Auger structures

A type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, extended range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the Auger emission is measured. Measurements are taken from the absorption edge onset to several hundred eV above it. [CHMO]

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surface ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002283)

synonyms: SI

Ionization of a neutral when it interacts with a solid surface with an appropriate work function and temperature. [IUPAC MS REC]

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surface ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002283)

synonyms: SI

Ionization of a neutral when it interacts with a solid surface with an appropriate work function and temperature. [IUPAC]

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surface plasmon resonance imaging

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001273)

synonyms: SPRI, SPRi

A type of spectroscopy where the resonant excitation of surface plasmons (usually on a Au or Ag surface) by ultraviolet or visible light is measured, during which the reflectivity of the sample is measured at a fixed angle or wavelength. [CHMO]

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surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000501)

synonyms: SPR, SPR spectrometry, SPR spectroscopy, SPRS, surface plasmon resonance, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy, surface plasmon resonance spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the resonant excitation of surface plasmons (usually on a noble metal e.g. Au or Ag surface) by ultraviolet or visible light is measured. The light source is incident on the noble metal surface through a prism, at a range of angles that are above the critical angle where total internal reflection occurs. At a certain angle excitation of the surface plasmons occurs, leading to a minimum in the reflected light. The resonance angle shifts whenever the optical density of the sample in contact with the noble metal undergoes a change, and thus it allows detection of the adsorption or desorption of molecules. [CHMO]

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surface-assisted chemical vapor transport

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002101)

synonyms: SA-CVT, SACVT, surface assisted CVT, surface assisted chemical vapor transport, surface assisted chemical vapour transport, surface-assisted CVT, surface-assisted chemical-vapor-transport, surface-assisted chemical-vapour-transport

A crystal growth method for metal dichalcogenides in which the starting materials (high-purity metal and chalcogen powders) are placed in one half of a quartz ampoule together with a transport agent (e.g. iodine) and heated in a furnace under a temperature gradient. The product crystals are grown on the surface of a sheet of high-purity metal in the other half of the ampoule. [CHMO]

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surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002189)

synonyms: SALDI

Class of matrix-free laser desorption ionization techniques for biological macromolecules. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002189)

synonyms: SALDI

Class of matrix-free laser desorption ionization techniques for biological macromolecules. [IUPAC]

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surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000523)

synonyms: surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, SERS, SERS spectroscopy, surface enhanced Raman scattering, surface enhanced Raman spectrometry, surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy, surface-enhanced Raman spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a visible laser, by a sample adsorbed onto a metal (Au, Ag or Cu) surface is detected. [CHMO]

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surface-enhanced chiral Raman spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000796)

synonyms: SEROA, surface enhanced Raman optical activity, surface enhanced chiral Raman spectroscopy, surface-enhanced Raman optical activity

A type of spectroscopy where vibrational optical activity from a sample absorbed onto a metal (Au, Ag or Cu) surface is measured by means of a small difference in the intensity of Raman scattering from chiral molecules of right- and left-circularly polarized incident light. [CHMO]

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surface-enhanced laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002070)

synonyms: SALDI MS, SELDI MS, SELDI-MS, surface-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry, surface-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry

A type of mass spectrometry where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporized and ionized using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is mixed with a matrix compound (such as crystallised dihydrobenzoic acid) and deposited on a surface, with some chemical functionality, to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. [CHMO]

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surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002271)

synonyms: SEAC, SELDI, surface enhanced laser desorption ionization, surface-enhanced affinity capture, surface-enhanced laser desorption-ionisation, surface enhanced laser desorption ionisation

Variant of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) in which the matrix is replaced by a surface coating of a chromatographic stationary phase designed to selectively retain different subsets of proteins or peptides from a mixture depending on their physico-chemical properties or biochemical affinity characteristics. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002271)

synonyms: SEAC, SELDI, surface enhanced laser desorption ionization, surface-enhanced affinity capture, surface-enhanced laser desorption-ionisation, surface enhanced laser desorption ionisation

Variant of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) in which the matrix is replaced by a surface coating of a chromatographic stationary phase designed to selectively retain different subsets of proteins or peptides from a mixture depending on their physico-chemical properties or biochemical affinity characteristics. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

surface-enhanced neat desorption

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001528)

synonyms: SEND

Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization in which the matrix is covalently linked to the target surface. [PSI-MS]

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surface-enhanced non-resonance Raman spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002219)

A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a visible laser, by a sample adsorbed onto a metal (Au, Ag or Cu) surface is detected. The energy of the incoming laser is adjusted such that it or the scattered light does not coincide with an electronic transition within the sample. [CHMO]

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surface-enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000567)

synonyms: SERRS, surface enhanced resonance Raman scattering spectrometry, surface enhanced resonance Raman scattering spectroscopy, surface enhanced resonance Raman spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a visible laser, by a sample adsorbed onto a metal (Au, Ag or Cu) surface is detected. The energy of the incoming laser is adjusted such that it or the scattered light coincides with an electronic transition within the sample. [CHMO]

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surface-induced dissociation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001770)

synonyms: SID

Fragmentation that results from the collision of an ion with a surface. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

surface-induced dissociation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001770)

synonyms: SID

Fragmentation that results from the collision of an ion with a surface. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

surface-induced reaction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002577)

synonyms: SIR

Process wherein a reactant ion interacts with a surface to produce either chemically different species or a change in the internal energy of the reactant ion. [IUPAC MS REC]

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surface-induced reaction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002577)

synonyms: SIR

Process wherein a reactant ion interacts with a surface to produce either chemically different species or a change in the internal energy of the reactant ion. [IUPAC]

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surface-initiated polymerization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000105)

synonyms: SIP, surface initiated polymerisation, surface initiated polymerization

An experimental method used to prepare polymer samples (e.g. polymer brushes) using a surface-imobilised monomer. [CHMO]

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suspension polymerization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001170)

Any experimental method used to prepare polymer samples where the monomer is suspended as liquid droplets in a continuous water phase by means of strong agitation and the presence of a suspending agent. [CHMO]

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sustained off-resonance irradiation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001107)

synonyms: SORI

Procedure associated with Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometers to facilitate ion/neutral reactions such as low-energy collision-induced dissociation in which a radio-frequency electric field, slightly off-resonance with respect to the cyclotron frequency of the reactant ion, cyclically accelerates and decelerates the reactant ion that is confined in the Penning ion trap. As a consequence, the orbit does not exceed the dimensions of the ion trap but maintains a high average translational energy for an extended time that activates an ion/neutral process. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

sustained off-resonance irradiation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001107)

synonyms: SORI

Procedure associated with Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometers to facilitate ion/neutral reactions such as low-energy collision-induced dissociation in which a radio-frequency electric field, slightly off-resonance with respect to the cyclotron frequency of the reactant ion, cyclically accelerates and decelerates the reactant ion that is confined in the Penning ion trap. As a consequence, the orbit does not exceed the dimensions of the ion trap but maintains a high average translational energy for an extended time that activates an ion/neutral process. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

synchrotron Fourier transform infrared microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000336)

synonyms: synchrotron Fourier transform infrared microscopy, S-FTIR imaging, S-FTIR mapping, S-FTIR microscopy, S-FTIR microspectroscopy, SFT-IR imaging, SFT-IR microscopy, SFTIR-MSP, synchrotron FTIR microspectroscopy, synchrotron Fourier transform infra-red microscopy, synchrotron Fourier transform infra-red microspectrometry, synchrotron Fourier transform infra-red microspectroscopy, synchrotron Fourier transform infrared microspectrometry, synchrotron Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy, synchrotron-based FTIR microscopy, synchrotron-based Fourier transform infrared microscopy

The collection of spatially resolved infrared spectra of a sample during optical microscopy. The infrared spectra are obtained by single pulse of infrared radiation, produced in a synchrotron, and are subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]

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synchrotron Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002440)

synonyms: synchrotron Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, S-FTIR, S-FTIR spectrometry, S-FTIR spectroscopy, SFT-IR, SFTIR, synchrotron Fourier transform infra-red absorption spectroscopy, synchrotron Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry, synchrotron Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, synchrotron Fourier transform infrared (S-FTIR), synchrotron Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, synchrotron-based FTIR

A type of spectroscopy where the sample absorbs a single pulse of radiation from the infrared region (0.78-1000 µm), produced in a synchrotron, and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]

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synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000561)

synonyms: SR-PXD, SR-XRPD

A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at a powder sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. The X-rays are generated by the acceleration of charged particles through magnetic fields. [CHMO]

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synchrotron X-ray scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001133)

synonyms: synchrotron XRS

A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample. X-Rays are generated in a synchrotron. [CHMO]

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synchrotron circular dichroism spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000037)

synonyms: SRCD, SRCD spectrometry, SRCD spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarized synchrotron radiation (radiation produced by the movement of charged particles in a magnetic field). [CHMO]

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synchrotron infrared microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002441)

synonyms: S-IR imaging, S-IR microscopy, S-IR spectromicroscopy, SIR imaging, SIR microscopy, SIR microspectroscopy, SIR-MSP, SIRM, synchrotron infra-red microspectrometry, synchrotron infra-red microspectroscopy, synchrotron infrared microspectrometry, synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy, synchrotron infrared spectromicroscopy

The collection of spatially resolved infrared spectra of a sample during optical microscopy. The infrared spectra are obtained by single pulse of infrared radiation, produced in a synchrotron, and are subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]

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synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001717)

synonyms: SR-XRD, synchrotron X-ray diffraction, synchrotron XRD

A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. The X-rays are generated by the acceleration of charged particles through magnetic fields. [CHMO]

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synchrotron radiation X-ray emission spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001209)

synonyms: synchrotron radiation X-ray emission spectroscopy, SR-XES, SR-XRF , SXRF, synchrotron X-ray fluorescence, synchrotron-based X-ray radiation fluorescence

A type of X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with synchrotron radiation (radiation produced by the movement of charged particles in a magnetic field) and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions (known as 'X-ray fluorescence') are detected. [CHMO]

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synchrotron radiation excited X-ray spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002436)

synonyms: synchrotron radiation excited X-ray spectrometry

Any type of X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with radiation is generated in a synchrotron and the energies and intensities of the emitted X-rays are detected. [CHMO]

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synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001071)

synonyms: SRPES, SRPS, synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray-ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]

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synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001788)

synonyms: synchrotron SAXS, synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS)

A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays (generated in a synchrotron) scattered by a sample at low angles (0-10 deg.). [CHMO]

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synthesis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001348)

synonyms: combining material, material combination, synthesis method

Synthesis is a planned material process that combines, changes or converts material to produce a new material. [Allotrope]

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synthesis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001348)

synonyms: combining material, material combination, synthesis method

Material combination is a material processing that combines two or more material entities as input into a single material entity as output. [Allotrope]

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t-test

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002693)

synonyms: T-test

The t-test is a process of quantifying the closeness of two sets of data points. It is defined as the ratio of the difference between the means of the two sets divided by the standard error of the difference. [Allotrope]

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tablet compression

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002821)

synonyms: tablet pressing

Tablet compression is a process of compression of powders using a tablet press. [Wikipedia]

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defined in:

taking

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003576)

synonyms: exporting material, taking material

Taking material is the exporting of material from a location or site. [Allotrope]

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tandem mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000559)

synonyms: MS/MS, MS2, MS-MS, double mass spectrometry, mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry, tandem MS, tandem mass spectroscopy, tandem-MS

Acquisition and study of the spectra of the product ions or precursor ions of m/z selected ions, or of precursor ions of a selected neutral mass loss. [IUPAC MS REC]

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tandem mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000559)

synonyms: MS/MS, MS2, MS-MS, double mass spectrometry, mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry, tandem MS, tandem mass spectroscopy, tandem-MS

Acquisition and study of the spectra of the product ions or precursor ions of m/z selected ions, or of precursor ions of a selected neutral mass loss. [IUPAC]

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tandem mass spectrometry in space

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002568)

Tandem mass spectrometry procedure in which product ion spectra are recorded for ion beams in m/z analyzers separated in space. Specific m/z separation functions are designed so that in one section of the instrument ions are selected, dissociated in an intermediate region, and the product ions are then transmitted to another analyzer for m/z separation and data acquisition. [IUPAC MS REC]

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tandem mass spectrometry in space

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002568)

Tandem mass spectrometry procedure in which product ion spectra are recorded for ion beams in m/z analyzers separated in space. Specific m/z separation functions are designed so that in one section of the instrument ions are selected, dissociated in an intermediate region, and the product ions are then transmitted to another analyzer for m/z separation and data acquisition. [IUPAC]

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tandem mass spectrometry in time

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002580)

Tandem mass spectrometry procedure in which product ion spectra are recorded in a single m/z analyzer (such as a Paul ion trap, linear ion trap, or Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometer) in discrete steps over time. Ions in a specific m/z range are selected, dissociated, and the product ions analyzed sequentially in time. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

tandem mass spectrometry in time

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002580)

Tandem mass spectrometry procedure in which product ion spectra are recorded in a single m/z analyzer (such as a Paul ion trap, linear ion trap, or Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometer) in discrete steps over time. Ions in a specific m/z range are selected, dissociated, and the product ions analyzed sequentially in time. [IUPAC]

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taring

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000640)

Taring is the process of removing a defined weight usually the weighing container in order to zero a scale. This allows one to see the pure weight of the material without additional weight of a container. [Allotrope]

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taring

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000640)

Taring is the process of removing a defined weight usually the weighing container in order to zero a scale. This allows one to see the pure weight of the material without additional weight of a container. [OSTHUS]

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taring

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003800)

Taring is a step of weighing that sets the value of measured weight to zero. [Allotrope]

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tast polarography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000672)

An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. The current is sampled only during a specific time interval of the life of each drop of the droppping mercury electrode. [CHMO]

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temperature control

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002833)

A temperature control is a controlling process that controls the temperature of some material. [Allotrope]

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temperature control

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002833)

A process that regulates a temperature. [Allotrope]

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temperature gradient gel electrophoresis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001548)

synonyms: TGGE

A separation method where colloidal particles consisting of polynucleotides move at different speeds according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of a gel, across which an electric field is applied and across which there is a gradient of temperatures that cause double-stranded DNA to unzip. [CHMO]

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temperature measurement

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003541)

A measurement that targets the temperature of some material entity. [Allotrope]

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temperature measurement

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003541)

A temperature measurement is a measurement that targets the temperature of some material entity. [Allotrope]

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temperature process profile

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003300)

synonyms: temperature profile

Temperature profile is a quality process profile that tracks temperature. [Allotrope]

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temperature profile

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003300)

synonyms: temperature profile

Temperature profile is a quality process profile that tracks temperature. [Allotrope]

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temperature-controlled scanning calorimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000642)

synonyms: TCSC

The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of the temperature, whilst the pressure is kept constant. [CHMO]

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temperature-dependent rheometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000208)

synonyms: temperature dependent rheology, temperature dependent rheometry, temperature-dependent rheological measurements, temperature-dependent rheology

The study of the temperature dependence of the relationship between deformation and stress for fluids which cannot be defined by a single value of viscosity. [CHMO]

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temperature-gradient chemical vapor infiltration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000929)

synonyms: TG-CVI, temperature gradient CVI, temperature gradient chemical vapor infiltration, temperature gradient chemical vapour infiltration, temperature-gradient CVI

The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from a vapour, accelerated by a temperature gradient. [CHMO]

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temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000595)

synonyms: TMDSC

The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction of both a sample and a reference, by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of temperature whilst a second variable is kept constant. [CHMO]

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temperature-resolved X-ray diffraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000282)

synonyms: VT-XRD, X-ray thermodiffractometry, temperature-resolved XRD, variable-temperature X-ray diffraction

A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate as a function of temperature. [CHMO]

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template-directed synthesis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001337)

synonyms: supramolecular assistance to covalent synthesis, template-directed covalent synthesis

A synthesis method which relies on the use of reversible noncovalent bonding interactions between molecular building blocks in order to preorganise them into a certain relative geometry as a prelude to covalent bond formation. [CHMO]

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templated self-assembly

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001855)

synonyms: TSA, templated self assembly

A synthesis method in which the components of the sample spontaneously (and reversibly) associate by non-covalent interactions, forming a organised structure or pattern on a physical template. Individual building blocks associate into more complex (higher-order) structures during self-assembly. [CHMO]

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tensiometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002122)

synonyms: surface tensiometry

The measurement of the surface tension of a liquid. [CHMO]

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terahertz four-wave mixing spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000150)

A type of spectroscopy where three incident terahertz laser beams are mixed. [CHMO]

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terahertz time-domain spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000596)

synonyms: Thz-TDS, terahertz time-domain spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy using short pulses of radiation from the teraherz range (1 mm-100 µ m). [CHMO]

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test

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002834)

A test can be considered a technical operation or procedure that consists of determination of one or more characteristics of a given product, process or service according to a specified procedure. Often a test is part of an experiment. The test result can be qualitative (yes/no), categorical, or quantitative (a measured value). It can be a personal observation or the output of a precision measuring instrument. [Wikipedia]

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defined in:

test

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002834)

A test can be considered a technical operation or procedure that consists of determination of one or more characteristics of a given product, process or service according to a specified procedure. Often a test is part of an experiment.The test result can be qualitative (yes/no), categorical, or quantitative (a measured value). It can be a personal observation or the output of a precision measuring instrument. [Wikipedia]

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testing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002704)

Testing mode of compaction. [Allotrope]

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thermal analysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002313)

synonyms: thermal analysis method

Thermal analysis is any measurement technique in which a physical property of the sample is measured as a function of temperature. [CHMO]

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defined in:

thermal analysis method

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002313)

synonyms: thermal analysis method

Any measurement technique in which a physical property of the sample is measured as a function of temperature. [CHMO]

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thermal chemical vapor deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001036)

synonyms: TCVD, thermal CVD

A synthesis method where a substrate is placed in a heated atmosphere (600-800 deg. C) and exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. [CHMO]

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thermal conductivity detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002206)

synonyms: TCD, thermal conductivity detection, thermal conductivity measuring

A detection method that is sensitive to inorganic gases. A hot (450 deg. C) filament is used to heat a carrier gas containing the sample and the difference in thermal conductivity caused by the presence of the sample is measured. [CHMO]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/REC/2018/04/aft

thermal conductivity measurement

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002206)

synonyms: TCD, thermal conductivity detection, thermal conductivity measuring

A measuring that is sensitive to inorganic gases. A hot (450 deg. C) filament is used to heat a carrier gas containing the sample and the difference in thermal conductivity caused by the presence of the sample is measured. [CHMO]

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thermal curing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000410)

synonyms: thermocuring

A chemical process in which a prepolymer is converted into a polymer and then into a network, upon application of heat. [CHMO]

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thermal decomposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001670)

The separation of a chemical compound into elements or smaller compounds by heating it to a high temperature (approx. 1000 deg. C). [CHMO]

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thermal desorption spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002047)

synonyms: TDS, TPD, temperature programmed desorption, temperature-programmed desorption

A method of observing desorbed molecules from a surface when the surface temperature is increased. The sample is heated slowly in a vacuum and residual gas in the vacuum is detected as a change in pressure. [CHMO]

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thermal diffusion forced Rayleigh scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002449)

synonyms: thermal diffusion forced Rayleigh scattering, S-FRS, S-FRSM, SFRS, SFRSM, Soret forced Rayleigh scattering method, TDFRS, TDFRS analysis, TDFRS method, thermal-diffusion forced Rayleigh scattering

A method for determining structure where a grating created by the interference of two laser beams is written into a sample which contains a small amount of dye. The intensity grating is converted into a temperature grating which, in turn, causes a concentration grating by thermal diffusion. A further laser beam is Rayleigh scattered by the grating and the change in direction or energy of the light and the temporal evolution of the scattered beam are measured. [CHMO]

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thermal energy analyzer detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001634)

synonyms: TEA, thermal energy analyser detection

A detection method that is sensitive to molecules containing NO and NO2 groups. The sample is pyrolysed (at 275 deg. C) producing radicals, which react with ozone under low pressure to produce chemiluminescence. [CHMO]

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thermal evaporation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000948)

synonyms: TE, evaporative deposition), filament evaporation, thermal deposition, vacuum condensation, vacuum thermal evporation

A synthesis technique where the material to be deposited is heated until evaporation in a vacuum (<10^{-4} Pa) and eventually deposits as a thin film by condensing on a (cold) substrate. [CHMO]

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thermal event

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003736)

A thermal event is an event where a significant change of some material quality occurs at a temperature of that material or that of its environment. [Allotrope]

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thermal field-flow fractionation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001310)

synonyms: ThFFF, thermal FFF, thermal field flow fractionation

A technique for separating polymer particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel and heating one end, whilst cooling the other. The polymer particles migrate towards the cooler plate and are then removed with a carrier liquid. [CHMO]

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thermal gelation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001086)

synonyms: heat-induced gelation

The formation of a gel from a solution by heating. [CHMO]

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thermal ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002234)

synonyms: TI

Ionization of a neutral through contact with a high-temperature surface. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

thermal ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002234)

synonyms: TI

Ionization of a neutral through contact with a high-temperature surface. [IUPAC]

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thermal ionization mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000778)

synonyms: TIMS, surface ionisation mass spectrometry, surface ionisation mass spectroscopy, surface ionization mass spectrometry, surface ionization mass spectroscopy, thermal ionisation mass spectrometry, thermal ionization mass spectroscopy, thermal-ionisation mass spectrometry, thermal-ionisation mass spectroscopy, thermal-ionization mass spectrometry, thermal-ionization mass spectroscopy, surface ionization mass spectrometry

A type of mass spectrometry where ionization is achieved by loading the sample onto a heated filament. [CHMO]

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thermal lens microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002427)

synonyms: TLM, thermal-lens microscopy

A type of microscopy where and excitation laser and probe a laser are focused onto a specimen forming a refractive index distribution which results in a concave excitation beam. The strength of this lens is proportional to the sample concentration and is detected by a change in transmittance in the probe beam. [CHMO]

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thermal lens spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002254)

synonyms: TLS, thermal lens spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the energy generated by nonradiative thermal relaxation after laser light absorption is measured. [CHMO]

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thermal reforming

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000807)

Any process in which the molecular structure of a hydrocarbon is rearranged to alter its properties (e.g. its combustion characteristics) by exposing the hydrocarbons to high pressures and temperatures. [CHMO]

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thermally induced phase separation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001826)

synonyms: TIPS, thermally-induced phase separation

A method for preparing a polymer membrane by mixing the polymer with a substance that acts as a solvent a high temperature and casting the solution into a film. When the solution is cooled, solidification occurs. [CHMO]

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thermoacoustimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001747)

Thermal analysis where the characteristics of imposed acoustic wave passing through the sample are measured. [CHMO]

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thermodilatometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001035)

The measurement of a dimension of the sample under negligible load as a function of temperature. [CHMO]

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thermoelectrically cooled angle coating

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001561)

synonyms: thermo-electric cooled angle coating, thermo-electrically cooled angle coating

A process for applying a thin cover to flat substrates by placing a drop of the coating solution on the substrate and then placing it inside a cooled box (to control the speed of evaporation) at an angle of 9 deg. (to initiate evaporation evaporation from the top of the substrate). [CHMO]

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thermography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001802)

synonyms: IR imaging, IR thermography, infrared imaging, infrared thermography, thermal imaging, thermographic imaging

An imaging method that uses infrared (900-14 000 nm) radiation and allows variation in temperature to be observed (typically brighter areas in the image represent higher temperatures). [CHMO]

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thermogravimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000508)

synonyms: TG, TGA, TG analysis, TG measurements, thermal gravimetric analysis, thermo-gravimetric analysis, thermogravimetric (TG) analyses, thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis, thermogravimetric analysis

The measurement of the mass of a sample as a function of temperature. [CHMO]

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thermogravimetry gas chromagraphy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002108)

synonyms: TG/GC, TGA-GC, TGA/GC, thermogravimetric analysis gas chromatography, thermogravimetry coupled to gas chromatography

Thermogravimetry coupled with a gas chromatography. When the sample is heated on the TGA it causes gases to be released. These gases are then transferred to the GC where the components can be collected. [Allotrope]

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thermogravimetry-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000953)

synonyms: TG-FT-IR, TG-FTIR, TG/FTIR, TGA-FT-IR, TGA-FTIR, thermogravimetry coupled to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry-FTIR

The FTIR analysis of volatile compounds released during the measurement of the mass of a sample as a function of temperature. [CHMO]

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thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000376)

synonyms: DTA-TG, DTA-TGA, DTA/TG, DTA/TGA, TG-DTA, TGA-DTA, TGDTA, differential thermal analysis and thermal gravimetry analysis, differential thermalgravimetric analysis, thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis, thermogravimetry coupled to differential thermal analysis

The measurement of the temperature difference between the sample and a reference material during the measurement of the mass of the sample as a function of temperature. [CHMO]

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thermogravimetry-mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001362)

synonyms: TG-MS, TG/MS, TGA-MS, TGA/MS, thermogravimetry coupled to mass spectrometry

The MS analysis of volatile compounds released during the measurement of the mass of a sample as a function of temperature. [CHMO]

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thermoluminescence

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000330)

The measurement of the luminescence of a sample as a function of temperature. [CHMO]

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thermoluminescence detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002369)

synonyms: TL detection

The detection of luminescence exhibited by certain crystalline materials, such as some minerals, when previously absorbed energy from electromagnetic radiation or other ionizing radiation is re-emitted as light upon heating of the material. [CHMO]

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thermoluminescence spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000329)

synonyms: TL spectrometry, TL spectroscopy, thermoluminescence (TL) spectroscopy, thermoluminescence spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where thermoluminescence (visible light emitted by certain crystalline materials when previously absorbed energy from electromagnetic radiation or other ionizing radiation is re-emitted as light upon heating of the material) is detected as a function of wavelength. [CHMO]

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defined in:

thermolysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002135)

The uncatalysed cleavage of one or more covalent bonds resulting from exposure of a compound to a raised temperature, or a process in which such cleavage is an essential part. [CHMO]

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thermomagnetometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000760)

The measurement of the magnetic susceptibility of a sample as a function of temperature. [CHMO]

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defined in:

thermophoresis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000524)

synonyms: thermophoretic analysis

A separation method where particles move at different speeds according to their thermal conductivity in a separation medium, across which a thermal gradient is applied. [CHMO]

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defined in:

thermophotometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001647)

The measurement of the total light, or the light of a specific wavelength emitted by a sample as a function of temperature. [CHMO]

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defined in:

thermoplastic nanoimprint lithography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000134)

synonyms: T-NIL

A synthesis technique that uses mechanical deformation to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of resist (a thermoplastic polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. A mould containing the desired (nanosized) pattern on its surface is then pressed into the resist, whilst both the substrate and mould are heated to the glass transition temperature of the polymer. The resist is then cooled and any residual resist in the cast area is removed by an anisotropic etching process such as reactive ion etching. [CHMO]

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thermoptometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000717)

The measurement of an optical characteristic of a sample as a function of temperature. [CHMO]

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thermorefractometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001659)

The measurement of the refractive index of a sample as a function of temperature. [CHMO]

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thermosonimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002407)

The measurement of the sound emitted by a sample as a function of temperature. [CHMO]

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thermospray flame furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001995)

synonyms: (TS-FF)-AAS, TS-FF-AAS, thermospray flame furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy

A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where sample is forced through a heated metal capillary tip before atomization in a flame. [CHMO]

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thermospray ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001157)

Spray ionization in which a liquid is flowed through a heated capillary to produce a spray of droplets and solvent vapor. Ions are formed due to the statistical imbalance of charges in the droplets or by a heated filament. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

thermospray ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001157)

Spray ionization in which a liquid is flowed through a heated capillary to produce a spray of droplets and solvent vapor. Ions are formed due to the statistical imbalance of charges in the droplets or by a heated filament. [IUPAC]

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thermospray mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002371)

synonyms: TMS, TSP MS, TSP-MS, thermospray mass spectroscopy

A type of mass spectrometry where a pressurised solution of the sample is forced through a heated metal capillary tip. Ions are formed when the solvent evaporates and the statistically unbalanced charge distribution on the droplets leads to a net charge. [CHMO]

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thickness test

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002725)

A thickness test is a process in order to check the thickness of an object. [Allotrope]

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thin-film X-ray diffraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001907)

synonyms: thin film X-ray diffraction, thin film XRD, thin-film XRD

A range of techniques used to determine the structure of thin films by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. Techniques include glancing-incidence X-ray reflectivity and pole figure measurements. [CHMO]

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thin-film deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000601)

synonyms: thin film deposition

Any technique for depositing a thin film of material onto a substrate or onto previously deposited layers. [CHMO]

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thin-layer chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001814)

synonyms: TLC

A chromatography method where the stationary phase is a thin (0.10 to 0.25 mm) layer of sorbent applied to a firm backing such as glass, aluminium or plastic sheet. An eluent ( single solvent or solvent mixture) is allowed to flow by capillary action through the sorbent starting at a point just below the applied samples. As the eluent front migrates through the sorbent the components of the sample also migrate, but at different rates resulting in separation. [CHMO]

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three-dimensional diffusion-ordered spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002384)

synonyms: 3D DOSY, 3D DOSY NMR, 3D-DOSY

A type of three-dimensional NMR experiment in which the signals of a 2D NMR experiment are dispersed along a third frequency axis according to diffusion coefficient. [CHMO]

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three-dimensional nuclear Overhauser spectroscopy-heteronuclear single quantum coherence

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002350)

synonyms: 3D NOESY-HSQC

A 3D NMR experiment in which the chemical shifts of protons are correlated with the chemical shifts of spatially proximate protons (<6 Angstrom) and with the shifts of the heteronuclei bound to these proximate protons. [CHMO]

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three-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000308)

synonyms: 3D NMR, 3D NMR spectroscopy, 3D-NMR, 3D-NMR spectroscopy, three-dimensional (3D) NMR, three-dimensional NMR, three-dimensional NMR spectroscopy

Any type of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in which three independent frequency dimensions are employed for the correlation and dispersal of signals (by employing two magnetization transfer steps). Each signal is described by three frequencies, thus effecting the distribution of signals within a cube. [CHMO]

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three-pulse electron spin-echo envelope modulation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000369)

synonyms: three pulse ESEEM, three pulse electron spin echo envelope modulation, three-pulse ESEEM

A type of pulsed EPR spectroscopy which is used to observe the electron spin echo in a paramagnetic system as a function of the time that separates the three pulses causing the echo. This technique is a powerful probe of the radial distribution of magnetic nuclear spins in the environment of the electron spins producing the echo. [CHMO]

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time delayed fragmentation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000962)

synonyms: TDF

Mass spectrometry in which the product ions are collected after a time delay, which allows the observation of lower energy fragmentation processes after precursor ion activation. [PSI-MS]

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time domain zero padding

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003682)

synonyms: time domain zero filling, zero filling, zero padding

Time domain zero padding is a data transformation used in fourier transformation by padding the time domain with zero values. [Allotrope]

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time domain zero padding

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003682)

synonyms: time domain zero filling, zero filling, zero padding

Time domain zero padding is a data transformation used in Fourier transformation by padding the time domain with zero values. [Allotrope]

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time lag focusing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002096)

synonyms: TLF

Energy focusing of ions formed in the gas phase in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer that is accomplished by introducing a time delay between the formation of the ions and the application of the accelerating potential pulse. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

time lag focusing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002096)

synonyms: TLF

Energy focusing of ions formed in the gas phase in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer that is accomplished by introducing a time delay between the formation of the ions and the application of the accelerating potential pulse. [IUPAC]

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defined in:

time measurement

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003700)

synonyms: duration measurement, duration measuring, time measuring

A time measurement is a measurement of the duration of some process which is a quantification of the magnitude of the time region between the start and the end of the process in relation to some recurring process involving a clock. [Allotrope]

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time proportional phase incrementation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001356)

synonyms: TPPI

A technique used in multidimensional NMR experiments to achieve frequency discrimination of the signals in the additional dimensions. [CHMO]

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time-correlated single photon counting

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000528)

synonyms: TC-SPC, TCSPC, time correlated single photon counting

A method that is used to measure the relaxation rate of molecules in fluorescent samples. A laser pulse excites the molecule, and the time taken for it to emit a single photon is measured. [CHMO]

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time-lapse fluorescence microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002430)

synonyms: time-lapse fluorescence imaging

A type of microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) and the specimen is imaged at regular time intervals over several hours. [CHMO]

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time-lapse microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000270)

Microscopy in which the same object (e.g., a cell) is imaged at regular time intervals over several hours. [CHMO]

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time-of-flight ion moblity spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001306)

synonyms: IMS-TOF, TOFIMS

Ion mobility spectroscopy using a TOF analyzer. [Allotrope]

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time-of-flight ion moblity spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001306)

synonyms: IMS-TOF, TOFIMS

Ion mobility spectroscopy using a TOF analyzer. [OSTHUS]

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time-of-flight mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001893)

synonyms: TOF-MS, TOFMS, ToF-MS, time-of-flight mass spectroscopy

Any type of mass spectrometry where sample ions with different masses are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. [CHMO]

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time-of-flight method

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002093)

synonyms: TOF, TOF method, TOF technique, time-of-flight technique

A method for measuring charge transport by sandwhiching the sample between two parallel electrodes, one of which has to be semitransparent. A short light pulse is applied to the sample giving rise to charge carriers, which traverse through the sample generating a current which is then measured. [CHMO]

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time-resolved X-ray diffraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000005)

synonyms: TR-XRD, TRXRD, time resolved X-ray diffraction

A method for determining structure by directing a short (ns or ps) pulse beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate as a function of time. [CHMO]

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time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001467)

synonyms: TRFA, time resolved FA, time resolved fluorescence anisotropy, time-resolved FA, time-resolved fluorescence polarisation spectroscopy, time-resolved fluorescence polarization spectroscopy

A method for measuring the binding interaction between two labelled molecules. The sample is excited with vertically polarized light and the decay time and polarization of the fluorescence is measured. [CHMO]

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time-resolved fluorescence quenching

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002164)

synonyms: TRFQ, TRFQ analysis, TRFQ measurements, TRFQ spectrometry, TRFQ spectroscopy, time resolved fluorescence quenching, time resolved fluorescence quenching spectrometry, time-resolved fluorescence quenching spectrometry, time-resolved fluorescence quenching spectroscopy

The measurement of the fluorescence decay time of probes solubilised in micellar surfactant solutions in the presence of quenchers. [CHMO]

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time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001217)

synonyms: time resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, time resolved fluorimetry, time resolved fluorometry, time resolved spectrofluorometry, time-resolved fluorimetry, time-resolved fluorometry, time-resolved spectrofluorometry

A type of spectroscopy where the time decay of the fluorescence of molecules excited using ultraviolet light is detected. [CHMO]

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time-resolved microwave conductivity

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002382)

synonyms: TRMC, time resolved microwave conductivity

A technique allowing the quantitative and qualitative detection of radiation-induced charge separation by time-resolved measurement of the changes in microwave absorption resulting from the production and decay of charged and dipolar molecular entities. In a typical TRMC experiment, separated charge carriers, which are generated by a laser pulse, lead to a perturbation of the initial microwave absorbance. The temporal decay of the conductivity signal (i.e. microwave absorbance) reflects the lifetime of the photogenerated carriers. [CHMO]

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time-resolved optical Kerr effect spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002259)

synonyms: TR-OKE spectroscopy, TROKE spectroscopy, TROKES, time resolved optical Kerr effect spectroscopy, time-resolved OKE spectroscopy, time-resolved OKES

A type of spectroscopy where time response of a transient birefringence induced in the sample by two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) under the influence of an electric field (the 'optical Kerr effect') is measured. [CHMO]

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time-resolved polarized Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001660)

synonyms: time-resolved polarised Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, time-resolved polarised FTIR, time-resolved polarised Fourier transform infra-red absorption spectroscopy, time-resolved polarised Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry, time-resolved polarised Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, time-resolved polarised Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, time-resolved polarized FTIR, time-resolved polarized Fourier transform infra-red absorption spectroscopy, time-resolved polarized Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry, time-resolved polarized Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, time-resolved polarized Fourier transform infrared spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the sample absorbs a single pulse of polarized radiation from the infrared region (0.78-1000 µm) and the spectrum obtained, recorded as a function of time, is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]

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time-resolved resonance Rayleigh scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002011)

synonyms: time resolved resonance Rayleigh scattering spectrometry, time resolved resonance Rayleigh spectroscopy, time resolved resonant Rayleigh scattering spectrometry, time resolved resonant Rayleigh spectroscopy, time-resolved resonant Rayleigh scattering, time-resolved resonant Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy

A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light, as a function of time, where the wavelength of the incident light corresponds to an absorption band in the scattering molecules. [CHMO]

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time-resolved ultrasonic speckle velocimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001959)

synonyms: USV, ultrasonic speckle velocity measurement

A method for measuring the velocity of a sample by detecting and analysing successive ultrasonic speckle signals that result from the interference of backscattered echoes of successive incident pulses of ultrasonic radiation (36 MHz) as a function of time. [CHMO]

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tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000578)

synonyms: TERS, tip-enhanced Raman scattering spectrometry, tip-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a visible laser (500-650 nm), by metal surfaces, where scattering is enhanced by the optical near-field of a metal-coated scanning probe microscopy tip, is detected. [CHMO]

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titer testing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000079)

synonyms: standard solution testing, titre testing

A titer (or titre) is a way of expressing concentration. Titer testing employs serial dilution to obtain approximate quantitative information from an analytical procedure that inherently only evaluates as positive or negative. The titer corresponds to the highest dilution factor that still yields a positive reading. [Wikipedia]

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titrant standardization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003740)

Titrant standardization is the accurate and precise determination of the concentration of a titrant. [Allotrope]

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titration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001916)

synonyms: titrimetic analysis, titrimetry

Titration is the process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. [CHMO]

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titration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001916)

synonyms: titrimetic analysis, titrimetry

The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. [CHMO]

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total correlation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001122)

synonyms: HOHAHA spectrometry, HOHAHA spectroscopy, TOCSY, homonuclear Hartmann Hahn spectroscopy, homonuclear Hartmann,Hahn spectroscopy, homonuclear Hartmann-Hahn spectroscopy, total correlated spectroscopy, total correlation spectrometry

A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy which reveal correlations between all nuclei of a spin-system. [CHMO]

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total correlation spectroscopy-nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000776)

synonyms: 3D TOCSY-NOESY, 3D-TOCSY-NOESY, TOCSY-NOESY

A type of homonuclear three-dimensional NMR experiment spectroscopy which reveals correlations between all nuclei of a spin-system. These signals are then correlated to nuclei that are spatially proximate within the molecule (<= 6 Angstrom apart). [CHMO]

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total current spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001771)

synonyms: TCS, target current spectrometry, target current spectroscopy, total current spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is determined by measuring the total electron current incident on the sample target. [CHMO]

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total internal reflection fluorescence correlation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002144)

synonyms: TIR-FCS, total internal reflection FCS

A type of spectroscopy where ultraviolet light is used to stimulate fluorescence in a sample, and the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations are measured and correlated within a very small detection volume. To generate total internal reflection the UV light is either passed through a prism to generate high enough incident angles, or the UV light is focused through the periphery of a high numerical aperture objective which is directly coupled to the sample surface. [CHMO]

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total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001676)

synonyms: TIRF microscopy, TIRFM

A type of microscopy where the specimen (a fluorophore) can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with light of specific wavelength. The light is totally internally reflected to generate an evanescent wave at the glass microscope slide-water interface. The evanescent wave selectively illuminates and excites fluorophores in a restricted region of the specimen allowing fluorophores on the surface to be imaged (normally the fluorescence of surface fluorophores is overwhelmed by background fluorescence). [CHMO]

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total internal reflection microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002053)

synonyms: TIRM

A type of optical microscopy which is used to monitor Brownian fluctuations in the separation between a single microscopic sphere and a flat plate in aqueous media. The sphere is levitated above the plate by colloidal forces such as double-layer or steric repulsion. Changes in elevation as small as 1 nm can be detected by measuring the light scattered by a single sphere when illuminated by an evanescent wave. [CHMO]

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total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000425)

synonyms: TXRF, total reflection X-ray fluorescence analysis, total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays and the energies of totally reflected X-rays are measured. [CHMO]

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total suppression of sidebands pulse sequence

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001469)

synonyms: TOSS, TOSS pulse sequence, TOSS sequence

A pulse sequence used in magic angle spinning NMR experiments to remove additional signals resulting from spinning the sample too slowly to obtain a response composed solely of isotropic chemical shifts. [CHMO]

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total-reflection X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001119)

synonyms: TR-XAFS, TR-XAFSS, TRXAFS, TRXAFSS, total-reflection X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry

A type of X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient around the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are measured as a function of incident X-ray energy. Measurements are taken under total reflection conditions. [CHMO]

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totaling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003572)

synonyms: adding, summing

Totaling is the calculation of a sum or an integral. [Allotrope]

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tracking

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003471)

synonyms: signal acquisition

The process of sensing signals and recording the information in the signals. [Allotrope]

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transfer molding

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002236)

synonyms: TM

A process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The mould is filled with a prepolymer then the whole assembly is transferred to a flat substrate where the prepolymer is cross-linked and the mould removed. [CHMO]

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transferring

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003312)

synonyms: deliver, transmitting

Transferring is channeling a flow (material, energy, signal) from one place to another. [NIST]

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transient infrared spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000509)

synonyms: transient infrared spectroscopy, IR laser transient absorption spectroscopy, IR transient absorption spectroscopy, TIRS, infrared laser transient absorption spectroscopy, infrared transient absorption spectroscopy, transient infrared spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where transient species such as radicals, ions or reactive intermediates are studied using pulses from an infrared laser. The infrared absorbance of the sample before and after an excitation laser pulse is measured. [CHMO]

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transmission Raman spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002155)

synonyms: TRS, transmission Raman, transmission Raman scattering spectroscopy, transmission Raman spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, usually from a laser, by a sample is detected. The light is collected from the non-illuminated side of the sample. [CHMO]

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transmission X-ray microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002032)

synonyms: TXM, transmission XM

An imaging technique where a finely focused beam of X-rays is directed at the specimen and the energies and intensities of the transmitted X-rays are measured as a function of position. [CHMO]

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transmission electron energy loss spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001257)

synonyms: ETS, TEELS, electron transmission spectrometry, electron transmission spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies is transmitted through a sample and the energy distribution of the transmitted electrons is measured. [CHMO]

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transmission electron microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001395)

synonyms: TEM

A type of microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. [CHMO]

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transmission electron microscopy energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002319)

synonyms: TEM-EDS, TEM-EDX, TEM/EDS, TEM/EDX analysis

A type of microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The interaction of electrons with the specimen produces X-rays (with energies characteristic of atomic number) which are detected as a function of wavelength. [CHMO]

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transmission electron microscopy selected area electron diffraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001629)

synonyms: TEM SAD, TEM SAED, TEM-SAD, TEM-SAED

A method for determining structure by directing a beam of high energy (10-200 keV) electrons at the sample within a transmission electron microscope and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any electrons transmitted through the sample. [CHMO]

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transmission high energy electron diffraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000538)

synonyms: SADP, SAED, THEED, selected area electron diffraction, selected-area electron diffraction, transmission high-energy electron diffraction

A method for determining structure by directing a beam of high energy (10-200 keV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any electrons transmitted through the sample. [CHMO]

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transmission low energy electron diffraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001283)

synonyms: TLEED, transmission low-energy electron diffraction

A method for determining structure by directing a beam of high energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any electrons transmitted through the sample. [CHMO]

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transmission spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002190)

synonyms: transmission spectrometry, transmittance spectrometry, transmittance spectroscopy

The study of radiation as a function of wavelength that has been transmitted through a sample. [CHMO]

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transmitted polarizing light microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002354)

synonyms: TPLM, TPOM, transmitted optical polarising microscopy, transmitted polarised light microscopy, transmitted polarised optical microscopy, transmitted polarized light microscopy, transmitted polarized light optical microscopy, transmitted polarized optical microscopy, transmitted polarized-light optical microscopy, transmitted polarizing optical microscopy

A type of microscopy where the specimen placed between two orthogonal polarising filters and illuminated with visible light transmitted from a source on the opposite side of the specimen from the objective. [CHMO]

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transmitting energy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003313)

synonyms: channeling energy, conducting energy, energy transmission

Transmitting energy is transferring an energy from one place to another. [OSTHUS, NIST]

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transmitting energy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003313)

synonyms: channeling energy, conducting energy, energy transmission

Transmitting energy is transferring an energy from one place to another. [Allotrope, NIST]

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transporting material

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003469)

synonyms: conveying, material transportation, shifting, transferring material

Transporting is channeling by shifting, or conveying, a material from one place to another. [NIST]

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transverse relaxation optimised spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000790)

synonyms: TROSY, TROSY NMR, transverse relaxation optimized spectroscopy

A type of NMR experiment employed for protein samples in which relaxation mechanisms are optimised in order to suppress transverse relaxation times (T2) and deliver only the sharpest signal present in a multiplet. [CHMO]

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trapping

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001373)

synonyms: trapping method

Any method used to trap a sample for further analysis. [CHMO]

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trimethylsilyl derivatization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001736)

synonyms: TMS derivatisation, TMS derivatization

Derivatization of a metabolite by addition of a trimethylsilyl reagent to protect functional groups such as hydroxy, carboxylic acid, thio and amine groups. [CHMO]

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triple quadrupole mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000806)

synonyms: TQMS

A triple quadrupole mass spectrometry is tandam mass spectrometry using two quadropole mass analyzers in series with a (non-mass-resolving) radio frequency (RF)–only quadrupole between them to act as a cell for collision-induced dissociation. This configuration is often abbreviated QqQ. [Wikipedia]

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triple quadrupole mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000806)

synonyms: TQMS

A triple quadrupole mass spectrometry is tandem mass spectrometry using two quadropole mass analyzers in series with a (non-mass-resolving) radio frequency (RF)–only quadrupole between them to act as a cell for collision-induced dissociation. This configuration is often abbreviated QqQ. [Wikipedia]

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triple quantum filter

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001705)

synonyms: TQF

An NMR technique used to edit the NMR response from a sample by selecting only three-spin coupled systems, usually achieved by appropriate cycling of the phase (direction of application) of the pulses in an experiment and of the receiver. [CHMO]

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triple-axis neutron scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001512)

synonyms: triple-axis neutron scattering, TAS, triple-axis neutron scattering spectrometry, triple-axis neutron spectrometry, triple-axis neutron spectroscopy

A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction, energy and momentum of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, and suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions. [CHMO]

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triple-quantum excitation in combination with magic angle spinning

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000965)

synonyms: 3QMAS, 3QMAS NMR, TQMAS, TQMAS-NMR, triple-quantum MAS, triple-quantum excitation in combination with magic-angle spinning

An NMR experiment used for 3/2-spin quadrupolar nuclei, involving transitions between non-consecutive energy levels during the excitation of the spin system by triple-quantum excitation pulses. [CHMO]

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triple-resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000325)

synonyms: triple-resonance spectroscopy, backbone assignment experiment, triple resonance NMR, triple resonance NMR spectroscopy, triple resonance nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, triple resonance nuclear magnetic spectroscopy, triple resonance spectroscopy, triple-resonance NMR

A type of NMR experiment in which excitation of the spin states of three different types of nuclei (1H, 13C and 15N) is employed. [CHMO]

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trituration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001235)

A process used to purify crude chemical compounds containing solid impurities. A solvent is chosen in which the desired product is insoluble and the undesired by-products are very soluble (or vice versa). The crude material is washed with the solvent and filtered away, leaving the purified product in solid form and any impurities in solution. [CHMO]

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tube breeding

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002764)

Tube breeding is a process of cleaning vacuum tubes in order to remove any impurities. [Allotrope]

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tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000591)

synonyms: TDLAS, tunable diode laser absorbance spectrometry, tunable diode laser absorbance spectroscopy, tunable diode laser absorption spectrometry

A type of laser spectroscopy where a diode laser is tuned to a specific absorption line of interest in the sample and the intensity of the transmitted radiation is measured. [CHMO]

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two dimensional gel electrophoresis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000454)

synonyms: 2-DGE, 2D gel electrophoresis, 2DGE

A two-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are both gel electrophoresis. [CHMO]

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two photon fluorescence microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001513)

synonyms: two photon excitation microscopy, two photon fluorescence imaging, two-photon excitation imaging, two-photon fluorescence imaging, two-photon fluorescence microscopy

A type of microscopy where fluorophores in the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by the near-simultaneous absorption of two photons. [CHMO]

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two pulse phase modulation pulse sequence

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000103)

synonyms: TPPM, TPPM pulse sequence, TPPM sequence, two pulse phase modulation, two-pulse phase modulation

A continuous sequence of pulses used in magic angle spinning NMR to remove the effects of heteronuclear dipolar coupling. For the pulse sequence see J. Chem. Phys., (1996), 103, pg 6951. [CHMO]

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two-colour four-wave mixing spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001628)

synonyms: TC-FWM spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where three incident laser beams are mixed, two 'pump' beams of the same frequency and one 'probe' beam of a different frequency. [CHMO]

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two-dimensional J-spectroscopy-diffusion-ordered spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001973)

synonyms: 2DJ-DOSY, 3D 2DJ-DOSY, 3D DOSY-2DJ, DOSY-2DJ, diffusion-ordered spectroscopy-two-dimensional J-spectroscopy

A type of three-dimensional NMR experiment in which the signals of a 2D J-spectrum are dispersed along a third frequency axis according to diffusion coefficient. [CHMO]

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two-dimensional capillary electrophoresis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002317)

synonyms: 2D CE, 2D-CE, CE-CE, CE/CE

A two-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are both capillary electrophoresis. [CHMO]

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two-dimensional chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001489)

synonyms: 2D chromatography

A two-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are both chromatography. initial separation proceeds in a primary column and 'cuts' of the eluent from this column are directed into one or more secondary columns. [CHMO]

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two-dimensional column chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000726)

A type of chromatography where an initial separation proceeds in a primary column and parts of the eluent from this column are directed into a secondary column. [CHMO]

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two-dimensional electrophoresis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001969)

synonyms: 2-DE, 2D electrophoresis, 2DE

A two-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are both electrophoresis. Separation occurs in one plane, that plane is rotated by 90 deg. and the next separation step is carried out. [CHMO]

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two-dimensional gas chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001541)

synonyms: 2D GC, GCxGC, 2D gas chromatography

In GC × GC two columns are connected sequentially, typically the first dimension is a conventional column and the second dimension is a short fast GC type, with a modulator positioned between them. [Wikipedia]

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two-dimensional heteronuclear single quantum coherence-nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000651)

synonyms: 2D HSQC-NOESY, 2D NOESY-HSQC, two-dimensional heteronuclear single quantum coherence nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy

A 2D NMR experiment which correlates the chemical shifts of spatially proximate protons with the chemical shifts of all (of one type of) their covalently bound heteronuclei. [CHMO]

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two-dimensional heteronuclear single quantum coherence-total correlation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001723)

synonyms: 2D HSQC-TOCSY, two-dimensional heteronuclear single quantum coherence spectroscopy

A 2D NMR experiment that correlates chemical shifts of a heteronucleus and proton via 1J(X-H) heteronuclear coupling showing two different spectra cross-peaks, one for direct 1H-heteronuclear connectivity (HSQC cross-peak) and the second relayed 1H-heteronucleus connectivities due to cumulative transfer. [Allotrope]

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two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000405)

synonyms: 2D IR, 2D-IR, 2DIR, two dimensional infrared spectroscopy, two-dimensional IR spectroscopy , two-dimensional infrared (2D-IR) spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the infrared region (0.78-1000 µm) over two frequency axes. Cross peaks in the spectrum encode the couplings and orientation between vibrations. [CHMO]

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two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000657)

synonyms: 2D NOESY, 2D NOESY NMR, 2D homonuclear NOESY , 2D nOesy, 2D nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy, 2D-NOESY, 2D-nOesy

A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed, based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (<=6 Angstrom apart). [CHMO]

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two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002063)

synonyms: two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, 2-D NMR, 2D NMR, 2D NMR spectrometry, 2D NMR spectroscopy, 2D nuclear magnetic resonance, 2D nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, two-dimensional NMR, two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry

An NMR experiment in which a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between interacting nuclei. [CHMO]

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two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000781)

synonyms: 2D PAGE, two dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

A two-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are both polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. [CHMO]

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two-dimensional separation method

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000768)

A method that results in the separation of two components along two physical axes. [CHMO]

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two-dimensional small-angle X-ray scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000481)

synonyms: 2-D SAXS, 2-dimensional SAXS, 2-dimensional small-angle X-ray scattering, 2D SAXS, 2D-SAXS, SAXS with 2D detection, two-dimensional SAXS

A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of two separate beams of X-rays scattered by a sample at low angles (0-10 deg.). [CHMO]

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two-dimensional total correlation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002054)

synonyms: 2D TOCSY, 2D-TOCSY, two-dimensional TOCSY

A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and which reveal correlations between all nuclei of a spin-system. [CHMO]

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two-photon laser scanning microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002115)

synonyms: two photon LSM, two photon laser scanning microscopy, two-photon LSM

A type of microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by scanning a solid-state (Ti sapphire) laser spot of specific wavelength over its surface to produce multi-photon fluorescence (i.e. the fluorophore simultaneously absorbs two photons, each one half of the energy required for single-photon excitation). [CHMO]

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two-pulse electron spin-echo envelope modulation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000398)

synonyms: two pulse ESEEM, two pulse electron spin echo envelope modulation, two-pulse ESEEM

A type of pulsed EPR spectroscopy which is used to observe the electron spin echo in a paramagnetic system as a function of the time that separates the two pulses causing the echo. This technique is a powerful probe of the radial distribution of magnetic nuclear spins in the environment of the electron spins producing the echo. [CHMO]

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two-step UV-assisted capillary force lithography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000255)

synonyms: two-step UV-assisted capillary force lithography, two-step UV-assisted CFL, two-step UV-assisted capillary force lithography (CFL)

A process for shaping pliable thermoplastic polymers. An elastomeric (polyurethane acrylate) mould is placed on a UV-curable polymer that has been spin- or drop-coated onto a substrate and partially cured using UV light (200-400 nm). Capillary force allows the polymer melt to fill up the void space between the polymer and the mould, generating a negative replica of the mould pattern. The process is repeated with a second mould and exposure to UV light. Two-step UV-assisted capillary force lithography is used to generate micro/nanoscale combined hierarchical structures. [CHMO]

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ultra high-performance liquid chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002059)

synonyms: RRLC, RSLC, UFLC, UHPLC, UPLC, rapid resolution liquid chromatography, rapid separation liquid chromatography, ultra fast liquid chromatography, ultra performance liquid chromatography

Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small (< 2 µm) particles and the inlet pressure is relatively high. [CHMO]

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ultra small angle neutron scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002175)

synonyms: USANS, ultra-high resolution small-angle neutron scattering

A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons at ultra-small angles (corresponding to Q = 0.000003-0.01 inverse degrees). [CHMO]

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ultra soft X-ray emission spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001930)

synonyms: USX, USX spectrometry, USX spectroscopy, USXES, USXS, ultra soft X-ray emission spectrometry, ultra soft X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, ultra soft X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, ultra-soft X-ray emission spectrometry, ultra-soft X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, ultra-soft X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy

A type of X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with ultra-low energy (<1 keV) X-rays and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to valence-to-core transitions are detected. [CHMO]

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ultra-fast laser spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002105)

synonyms: ultrafast laser spectroscopy

Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more laser beams and the absorption or emission of light by the sample is measured in the following fs-ns timescale is measured. [CHMO]

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ultra-filtration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000351)

synonyms: UF, ultrafiltration

A separation process whereby a solution containing a solute of molecular size significantly greater than that of the solvent molecule is removed from the solvent by the application of hydraulic pressure which forces only the solvent to flow through a suitable membrane, usually having a pore size in the range 0.001-0.1 µm. [CHMO]

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ultra-high vacuum tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000177)

synonyms: UHV-TERS

A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of visible laser light, by metal surfaces, where scattering is enhanced by the optical near field of a scanning tunnelling tip, under ultra-high vacuum is detected. [CHMO]

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ultra-high-field nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002290)

synonyms: ultra high field NMR, ultra high-field NMR, ultrahigh-field NMR

A type of spectroscopy where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static (>900 MHz) magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. [CHMO]

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ultra-rapid-scan infrared absorption spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002177)

synonyms: ultra rapid scan IR, ultra rapid scan IR spectroscopy, ultra rapid scan infrared absorption spectroscopy, ultra rapid scan infrared spectroscopy, ultra-rapid-scan IR, ultra-rapid-scan IR spectroscopy, ultra-rapid-scan infrared spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the infrared region (0.78-1000 µm). Spectra are collected at a rate of approx. 0.001 s per spectrum. [CHMO]

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ultra-small angle X-ray scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001919)

synonyms: USAXS, ultra small angle X-ray scattering, ultra small-angle X-ray scattering, ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering

A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample at ultra-low angles (corresponding to Q = 0.00005-0.005 inverse deg.). [CHMO]

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ultra-violet thermal lens microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001904)

synonyms: UV-TLM, ultra-violet thermal-lens microscopy, ultraviolet thermal lens microscopy, ultraviolet thermal-lens microscopy

A type of microscopy where a probe laser and a pulsed ultra-violet excitation laser and are focused onto a specimen forming a refractive index distribution resulting in a concave excitation beam. The strength of this lens is proportional to the sample concentration and is detected by a change in transmittance in the probe beam. [CHMO]

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ultracentrifugation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000825)

synonyms: ultra-centrifugation

A method where components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density in an ultracentrifuge according to the centrifugal force they experience. Samples are spun at speeds of up to 150,000 rpm. [CHMO]

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ultrasonic dispersion

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000274)

The distribution of particles of one phase in a continuous phase of a different nature, assisted by sound waves (>20 KHz in frequency). [CHMO]

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ultrasonic gas jet deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000125)

synonyms: ultrasonic GJD, ultrasonic JVD, ultrasonic VJD, ultrasonic jet vapor deposition, ultrasonic jet vapour deposition, ultrasonic vapor jet deposition, ultrasonic vapour jet deposition

A synthesis method where a flow of carrier gas (moving faster than the speed of sound) containing vaporised precursors is projected onto a surface, resulting in a deposit. [CHMO]

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ultrasonic nebulization inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002356)

synonyms: USN-ICP-AES, USN-ICP-OES, ultrasonic nebulisation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, ultrasonic nebulisation inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, ultrasonic nebulisation inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, ultrasonic nebulization inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, ultrasonic nebulization inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, ultrasonic nebulization inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy

A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample mixture is first passed through a nebulizer to form a mist of finely dispersed droplets (using high frequency vibrations) and then excited using a plasma generated by electromagnetic inductance. [CHMO]

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ultrasonic speckle velocimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001030)

synonyms: USV, ultrasonic speckle velocity measurement

A method for measuring the velocity of a sample by detecting and analysing successive ultrasonic speckle signals that result from the interference of backscattered echoes of successive incident pulses of ultrasonic radiation (36 MHz). [CHMO]

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ultrasonic velocimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000340)

synonyms: ADV, UDV, acoustic Doppler velocimetry, acoustic velocimetry, sonic velocimetry, ultrasound Doppler velocimetry , ultrasound-Doppler velocimetry , velocity measurement using ultrasound

A method for determining the velocity of a sample by measuring the Doppler shift experienced by ultrasound radiation. [CHMO]

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ultrasonication

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000795)

synonyms: ultra-sonication

The irradiation of a liquid sample with ultrasonic (>20 kHz) waves resulting in agitation. Sound waves propagate into the liquid media result in alternating high-pressure (compression) and low-pressure (rarefaction) cycles. During rarefaction, high-intensity sonic waves create small vacuum bubbles or voids in the liquid, which then collapse violently (cavitation) during compression, creating very high local temperatures. [CHMO]

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ultrasound extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001327)

synonyms: UE, ultrasonic accelerated extraction, ultrasonic assisted extraction, ultrasonic extraction, ultrasonic-accelerated extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction

The process of transferring a substance from any matrix to an appropriate liquid phase, assisted by sound waves (>20 KHz in frequency) that propagate through the liquid media. [CHMO]

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ultrasound-assisted polyol method

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000209)

synonyms: ultrasonically-assisted polyol method

The synthesis of metal-containing compounds in poly(ethylene glycol) which is irradiated with ultrasonic (>20 kHz) waves. The ethylene glycols act as both the solvent and reducing agent. [CHMO]

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ultraviolet Raman spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000653)

synonyms: ultraviolet Raman spectroscopy, UVR, ultra-violet Raman spectrometry, ultra-violet Raman spectroscopy, ultraviolet Raman spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from an ultraviolet laser, by a sample is detected. [CHMO]

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ultraviolet absorbance measurement

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000246)

synonyms: ultraviolet detection, UV detection, ultra-violet detection, UV measurement, ultra-violet measurement, ultraviolet measurement

Ultraviolet absorbance measurement is electronic absorbance measurement of light in the wavelength region of 190-350 nm. [Allotrope]

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ultraviolet bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002231)

synonyms: ultraviolet bremsstrahlung spectrometry, ultraviolet bremsstrahlung spectroscopy, ultraviolet bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy, UVBIS, ultra-violet bremsstrahlung isochromat spectrometry, ultra-violet bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy, ultra-violet bremsstrahlung spectrometry, ultraviolet bremsstrahlung isochromat spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation in the ultraviolet region. [CHMO]

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ultraviolet curing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001186)

synonyms: UV curing, UV irradiation curing, UV-assisted curing

A chemical process in which a prepolymer is converted into a polymer and then into a network, upon irradiation with light in the range 190-400 nm. [CHMO]

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ultraviolet detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000246)

synonyms: ultraviolet detection, UV detection, ultra-violet detection, UV measurement, ultra-violet measurement, ultraviolet measurement

A detection method which is sensitive to unsaturated organic compounds. As the sample passes through a cell it is illuminated with light in the region 190-350nm and any absorption is detected. [CHMO]

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ultraviolet detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000246)

synonyms: ultraviolet detection, UV detection, ultra-violet detection, UV measurement, ultra-violet measurement, ultraviolet measurement

A detection method which is sensitive to unsaturated organic compounds. As the sample passes through a cell it is illuminated with light in the region 190-350 nm and any absorption is detected. [CHMO]

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ultraviolet fluorescence microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000030)

synonyms: ultraviolet fluorescence microscopy, UV fluorescence microscopy, UVF microscopy, UVFM, ultra-violet fluorescence microscopy

A type of microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with radiation in the ultra-violet region (4-380 nm). [CHMO]

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ultraviolet lithography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000553)

A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90-100 deg. C. The photoresist is then exposed to a pattern of intense UV light and a post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120-180 deg. C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. [CHMO]

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ultraviolet melting

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002425)

synonyms: UV melting, ultra-violet melting

The process of heating a substance by irradiation with ultraviolet light (190-400 nm) to cause the solid-liquid phase change. [CHMO]

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ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000937)

synonyms: ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, UPES, UPS, UVPES, UVPS, ultra-violet photoelectron spectrometry, ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy, ultra-violet photoemission spectroscopy ultra-violet photoemission spectrometry, ultraviolet photoelectron spectrometry, ultraviolet photoemission spectrometry, ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with ultraviolet (10-400 nm) photons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]

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ultraviolet photolysis digestion

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001931)

synonyms: UV photolysis digestion, UVPD, ultra-vioelt photolysis digestion

The decomposition of a sample by placing it in an organic matrix and irradiating the matrix with radiation in the range 200-435 nm (indirectly, using a mirror). OH radicals generated from the matrix react with the sample, degrading it. [CHMO]

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ultraviolet resonance Raman spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001967)

synonyms: UVRR, UVRRS, ultra-violet resonance Raman spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from an ultraviolet laser, by a sample is detected. The energy of the incoming laser is adjusted such that it or the scattered light coincides with an electronic transition within the sample. [CHMO]

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ultraviolet spectrophotometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000896)

synonyms: ultraviolet spectrometry, UV spectrophotometry, UV spectroscopic measurements, UV spectroscopy, ultra-violet spectrometry, ultra-violet spectrophotometry, ultra-violet spectroscopy, ultraviolet spectroscopy

Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the ultraviolet region (190-400 nm) resulting in electronic transitions within the sample. [CHMO]

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ultraviolet thermal lens spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000201)

synonyms: ultraviolet thermal lens spectroscopy, UV TLS, UV-TLS, ultra-violet thermal lens spectrometry, ultra-violet thermal lens spectroscopy, ultraviolet thermal lens spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the energy generated by nonradiative thermal relaxation after ultraviolet laser light absorption is measured. [CHMO]

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ultraviolet titration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000897)

synonyms: UV titration, ultra-violet titration

The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the absorbance of radiation in the ultraviolet range (190-400 nm) by the sample. [CHMO]

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ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000955)

synonyms: molecular electronic absorption spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, UV spectrometry, UV-VIS, UV-VIS absorption spectrophotometry, UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy, UV-VIS spectrophotometry, UV-VIS spectroscopy, UV-Vis molecular absorption spectrometry, UV-Vis molecular absorption spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, UV-vis, UV-vis absorption spectrometry, UV-vis absorption spectrophotometry, UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, UV-vis spectrometry, UV-vis spectrophotometry, UV-vis spectroscopy, UV-visible, UV-visible spectroscopy, UV/VIS, UV/VIS absorption spectrophotometry, UV/VIS spectrometry, UV/VIS spectrophotometry, UV/VIS spectroscopy, UV/Vis absorption spectrophotometry, UV/Vis spectrometry, UV/Vis spectrophotometry, UV/Vis spectroscopy, UV/vis, absorption spectrophotometry, electronic absorption spectroscopy, ultra-violet-visible spectrometry, ultra-violet-visible spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible, ultraviolet-visible spectrometry, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, UV–VIS absorption spectroscopy

Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation in the range ultraviolet to visible (190-800 nm) resulting in electronic transitions within the sample. [CHMO]

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ultraviolet-visible-near infrared spectrophotometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002228)

synonyms: ultraviolet-visible-near infrared spectrophotometry, UV-VIS-NIR, UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometry, UV-Vis-NIR, UV-Vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy, UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy, UV-vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy, UV-visible-near IR absorption spectroscopy, UV-visible-near IR spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible-near infrared absorption spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible-near infrared spectroscopy

Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation in the range ultraviolet to near-infrared (190-2000 nm) resulting in electronic transitions within the sample. [CHMO]

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unimolecular dissociation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002591)

Fragmentation reaction in which the molecularity of the reaction system is unity. The dissociation may arise from the extra energy acquired by a metastable ion produced in the ion source or that provided by collisional excitation of a stable ion. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

unimolecular dissociation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002591)

Fragmentation reaction in which the molecularity of the reaction system is unity. The dissociation may arise from the extra energy acquired by a metastable ion produced in the ion source or that provided by collisional excitation of a stable ion. [IUPAC]

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unmixed reforming

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001118)

synonyms: UMR

The reaction of natural gas or syngas with steam at high temperature (700-1000 deg. C) in the presence of a nickel catalyst, in order to produce hydrogen. The nickel catalyst is then oxidised with air and finally reduced back to the metal using more hydrocarbon gas. [CHMO]

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upscan

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002696)

Upscan mode is a scan mode of differential scanning calorimetry that proceeds with increasing temperature. [Allotrope]

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upstream bioprocess

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002855)

synonyms: upstream, upstream bioprocessing, upstream processing

The upstream process is defined as the entire process from early cell isolation and cultivation, to cell banking and culture expansion of the cells until final harvest (termination of the culture and collection of the live cell batch). [Wikipedia]

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vacuum deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000763)

synonyms: vacuum coating, vacuum-coating, vacuum-deposition

The process of the settling of particles (atoms or molecules) from a vapour, at sub-atmospheric pressure, onto a pre-existing surface, resulting in the growth of a new phase. [CHMO]

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vacuum distillation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002456)

synonyms: low temperature distillation, low-temperature distillation

A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a high-boiling-point sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat at low pressure and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. [CHMO]

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vacuum drying

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001709)

The removal of water from a sample by placing it under reduced pressure. This allows water to evaporate from (heat-sensitive) samples at a lower temperature. [CHMO]

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vacuum metal deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000582)

synonyms: VMD, vacuum-metal deposition

A development technique where the substrate is placed in a vacuum (10^{-4} Pa) and two metal electrodes are melted and evaporated (sequentionally) by passing a current through them. When the metal atoms hit the (much cooler) substrate they condense into nanoscale particles, forming a thin deposit on the surface. When vacuum metal deposition is used to enhance latent fingermarks on polymer surfaces, a Au layer is applied first, followed by a much thicker Zn layer (which does not deposit on the fingermark ridges). [CHMO]

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vacuum pyrolysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000846)

The chemical degradation of a sample (usually an organic material) by heating it in a vacuum in order to decrease its boiling point and avoid adverse chemical reactions. [CHMO]

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vacuum sublimation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001418)

synonyms: vacuum-sublimation method

A technique for purifying solid samples by heating the sample under vacuum. The sample sublimes and the vapours condense as a purified compound on a cooled surface, leaving the non-volatile residue impurities behind. [CHMO]

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vacuum ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002146)

synonyms: vacuum ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, VUVPES, VUVPS, vacuum ultra-violet photoelectron spectrometry, vacuum ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy, vacuum ultra-violet photoemission spectrometry, vacuum ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with vacuum ultraviolet (10-20 nm) photons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]

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vacuum ultraviolet spectrophotometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001290)

synonyms: vacuum ultraviolet spectrophotometry, VUV spectrometry, VUV spectrophotometry, VUV spectroscopy, vacuum ultra-violet absorption spectrometry, vacuum ultra-violet absorption spectroscopy, vacuum ultra-violet spectrophotometry, vacuum ultraviolet absorption spectrometry, vacuum ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy

Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation in the vacuum ultraviolet region (0.1-200 nm) resulting in electronic transitions within the sample. [CHMO]

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valence-shell photoionization spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000059)

synonyms: valence-shell photoionisation spectrometry, valence-shell photoionization spectrometry

Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionization of the valence shell and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]

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vapor generation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002670)

The producing of vapor. [Allotrope]

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vapor pressure osmometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000257)

synonyms: VPO, vapor-pressure osmometry, vapour-pressure osmometry

A technique used to determine the concentration of osmotically active particles that reduce the vapor pressure of a solution. Vapour pressure osmometry is used to measure the average molecular weight of polymers. [CHMO]

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vapor-phase epitaxy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001905)

synonyms: VPE, vapor phase epitaxy, vapor-phase epitaxial growth, vapour phase epitaxy, vapour-phase epitaxial growth

A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from vapour-phase precursors) on a monocrystalline substrate. [CHMO]

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vapor-phase extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001545)

synonyms: vapor phase extraction, vapour phase extraction

The process of transferring a substance from a vapour to a solid phase by passing the vapour sample through a stationary phase (e.g. silica particles) and then desorbing it using a desorbent or carrier gas. [CHMO]

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vapor-phase growth

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001821)

synonyms: VPG, vapor phase deposition, vapor phase deposition, vapor phase growth, vapor-phase decomposition, vapor-phase deposition, vapour phase growth, vapour-phase decomposition, vapour-phase deposition

A synthesis method for carbon nanotubes where an organometallic precursor (typically tungsten-based) is vaporised then heated in an Ar and C2H2 atmosphere to 950 deg. C. [CHMO]

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variable angle correlation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001920)

synonyms: 2D VACSY, 2D VACSY NMR, VACSY, VACSY NMR, variable-angle correlation spectroscopy

A two-dimensional solid-state NMR experiment which correlates the chemical shift anisotropy of a nucleus with its isotropic chemical shift by performing a series of experiments each at a different spinning angle relative to the magnetic field. [CHMO]

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variable angle spinning

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000724)

synonyms: VAS, variable-angle spinning

A technique used in solid-state NMR experiments to achieve the controlled reintroduction of dipolar couplings by varying the angle at which the sample is spun relative to the applied magnetic field. [CHMO]

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variable humidity x-ray powder diffraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002772)

synonyms: VH-XRPD

Variable humidity x-ray powder diffraction is an XRPD measurement with change of humidity. [Allotrope]

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variable temperature X-ray powder diffraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002757)

synonyms: VT-XRPD

Variable temperature X-ray powder diffraction is an XRPD measurement with change of temperature. [Allotrope]

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variable-angle polarized absorption spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002058)

synonyms: VAPAS, variable angle polarised absorption spectroscopy, variable angle polarized absorption spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the absorption of linearly (p-) polarized UV-vis light by a poled thin film sample, as it is rotated about the vertical axis, is recorded at incremental angles of incidence. [CHMO]

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variable-temperature nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000830)

synonyms: VT NMR, VT-NMR, variable temperature NMR, variable temperature nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, variable-temperature NMR

A type of spectroscopy where the response of a nucleus with non-zero spin to a perturbing magnetic field is detected at temperatures above or below the ambient probe temperature. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. [CHMO]

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vector piezoresponse force microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001158)

synonyms: VPFM, vector PFM

A type of microscopy where an electric field is applied to a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') which is mounted on the end of a cantilever. The tip scans the surface of a piezoelectric specimen and the distortion of the electric field by the specimen is measured as components from three directions (one vertical and two lateral). A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. [CHMO]

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velocimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002434)

The measurement of the velocity of a moving object or medium. [CHMO]

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verification

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001913)

synonyms: performance check

A verification is a test of an equipment under regular interval to confirm the performance of the instrument. [Allotrope]

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vertical ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001664)

Process in which one or more electrons are removed from or added to a molecule without a change in the positions of the atoms. [IUPAC MS REC]

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vertical ionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001664)

Process in which one or more electrons are removed from or added to a molecule without a change in the positions of the atoms. [IUPAC]

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vibrating-sample magnetometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002106)

synonyms: VSM, vibrating sample magnetometry

The measurement of the change in magnetic field caused by the vibration of a sample. [CHMO]

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vibrating-tube densitometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000252)

synonyms: vibrating tube densiometry, vibrating tube densitometry, vibrating-tube densiometry

The measurement of the density of a solution by determining the resonant frequency of a quartz U-tube which holds about 1 mL of sample. [CHMO]

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vibrational circular dichroism spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001203)

synonyms: VCD, VCD spectrometry, VCD spectroscopy, vibrating circular dichroism spectrometry, vibrational CD, vibrational circular dichroism

A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarized infrared radiation during a vibrational transition. [CHMO]

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vibrational electron energy loss spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001585)

synonyms: VEELS, vibrational electron energy loss spectrometry.

A type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and energy loss the electrons suffer (corresponding to vibrational modes in the sample) is measured. [CHMO]

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vibrational microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000403)

synonyms: vibrational microspectroscopy, vibrational spectroscopic imaging

A type of chemical imaging spectroscopy where an optical microscope is used to image the sample and locate a small area for spectral analysis that probes the vibrational degrees of freedom of a molecule. [CHMO]

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vibrational spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000780)

synonyms: vibrational spectroscopic analysis

Vibrational spectroscopy is a spectroscopy which probes the vibrational degrees of freedom of a molecule. [CHMO]

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vibrational spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000780)

synonyms: vibrational spectroscopic analysis

Spectroscopy which probes the vibrational degrees of freedom of a molecule. [CHMO]

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viscometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002171)

The measurement of the viscosity of fluids by observing the relative motion of the fluid and an object. Viscometry is used to measure the molecular weight of polymers. [CHMO]

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visible fluorescence microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001790)

A type of microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with radiation in the visible region (380-750 nm). [CHMO]

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visible spectrophotometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001760)

synonyms: optical absorption spectroscopy, visible spectrometry, visible spectroscopy

Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the visible region (380-800 nm) resulting in electronic transitions within the sample. [CHMO]

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visible thermal lens spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001449)

synonyms: visible TLS, visible-TLS

A type of spectroscopy where the energy generated by nonradiative thermal relaxation after visible laser light absorption is measured. [CHMO]

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voltage injection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001239)

Introduction of sample into the instrument system via application of voltage. [Allotrope]

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voltage injection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001239)

Introduction of sample into the instrument system via application of voltage. [OSTHUS]

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voltammetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000869)

synonyms: voltammetric method

An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. [CHMO]

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volume perturbation calorimetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001465)

synonyms: volume perturbation calorimetry, VPC, volume-controlled scanning calorimetry, volume-perturbation calorimetry

The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction. The temperature and pressure is measured whilst the sample volume is slightly perturbed by the extension of piezoelectric crystals. [CHMO]

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volume process profile

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003742)

synonyms: A volume process profile is a quality process profile that tracks some volume. [Allotrope], volume profile

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volume process profile

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003742)

synonyms: A volume process profile is a quality process profile that tracks some volume. [Allotrope], volume profile

A volume process profile is a quality process profile that tracks some volume. [Allotrope]

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volumetric analysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003544)

A volumetric analysis is a type of quantitative analysis that measures the amount of a substance by quantifying its volume. [Allotrope]

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volumetric titration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000634)

Volumetric titration is the process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured volumes of a titrant (normally via a burette) until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. [CHMO]

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defined in:

volumetric titration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000634)

The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured volumes of a titrant (normally via a burette) until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. [CHMO]

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volumetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000022)

Volumetry is a type of quantitative analysis that measures the quantity of a compound by quantifying its volume. [Allotrope]

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vortexing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000254)

Vortexing is a process of mixing that creates a vortex in the solution usually using a vortexer. [Allotrope]

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warm extrusion

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001225)

A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a material through a die at a temperature that is above room temperature, but below the recrystallization temperature of the material (400-900 deg. C). [CHMO]

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washing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001878)

Washing is a process by which a material entity acting as contaminant (e.g. excess staining reagent) is removed by application of one or more cycles of solution in flow. [CHMO]

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water deionization

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002638)

A water purification that uses deionization. [Allotrope]

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water elimination Fourier transform

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001264)

synonyms: WEFT, WEFT pulse sequence, WEFT sequence, water-elimination Fourier transform

A pulse cluster used to suppress solvent (water) signals exploiting the differing relaxation properties of solvent and sample. Resonances are inverted and the subsequent recovery period is chosen such that the solvent signal is at a null point when the signal is detected. For the pulse sequence see J. Chem. Phys., (1972), 56, pg 3182. [CHMO]

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water purification

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002636)

The purification of water. [Allotrope]

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water suppression

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000465)

A technique used to suppress the water resonance peak in a spectrum. Suppression of the strong solvent signal is necessary in order to obtain high signal to noise for the peaks of the sample under investigation. [nmrML]

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water suppression

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000465)

Water suppression is a nuclear magnetic resonance assay used to suppress the signal from water. [Allotrope]

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defined in:

http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/afo/domain/WD/2024/09/nmr

water suppression through gradient tailored excitation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000349)

synonyms: WATERGATE, WATERGATE pulse sequence, WATERGATE sequence

A pulse cluster used for solvent (water) suppression. The solvent resonances are selectively excited and pulsed field gradients used to destroy the signal. For the pulse sequence see J. Biomol. NMR, (1992), 2, pg 661. [CHMO]

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water:chloroform 2:1 extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001689)

Extraction of plant metabolites using a 2:1 v/v mixture of water and chloroform. [CHMO]

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water:methanol:chloroform 1:3:1 extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000469)

Extraction of plant metabolites using a 1:3:1 v/v mixture of water, methanol and chloroform. [CHMO]

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wavelength calibration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002783)

Wavelength calibration is the process of calibrating the wavelength of a device. [Allotrope]

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wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000309)

synonyms: wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, WD-XRF, WDS, WDX, WDXRF, wavelength dispersive X-ray emission spectrometry, wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, wavelength dispersive X-ray spectrometry

A type of X-ray emission spectroscopy where the energy spectrum of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions is measured using a diffraction grating or crystal. [CHMO]

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weak-anion-exchange chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001079)

synonyms: WAX chromatography

Column chromatography where anions are retained by positively charged functional groups that have a positive charge only at high pH, such as amine groups, in the stationary phase. [CHMO]

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weak-beam dark-field electron microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000924)

synonyms: WBDF electron microscopy, weak beam dark field electron microscopy, weak-beam dark-field (WBDF) electron microscopy

A type of microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. A diffracted beam harmonic (a 'weak beam') is used rather than the diffracted beam itself, allowing much higher resolution to be obtained. [CHMO]

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weak-beam dark-field transmission electron microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001072)

synonyms: WBDF TEM, WBDF transmission electron microscopy, weak beam dark field transmission electron microscopy, weak-beam dark-field (WBDF) transmission electron microscopy

A type of microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. A diffracted beam harmonic (a 'weak beam') is used rather than the diffracted beam itself, allowing much higher resolution to be obtained. [CHMO]

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weak-cation-exchange chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000713)

Column chromatography where cations are retained by functional groups that are negatively charged at low pH, for example aliphatic carboxylic acid groups, in the stationary phase. [CHMO]

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weighing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000503)

synonyms: weighment, weight check

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

weighing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000503)

synonyms: weighment, weight check

Weighing is the measuring of weight of an object. Weight related to the amount of force acting on the object, either due to gravity or to a reaction force that holds it in place. [Wikipedia]

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wet digestion

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001946)

synonyms: WD

The decomposition of a sample by the addition of liquid reagents in order to solubilise it. [CHMO]

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wet etching

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001871)

The process of using strong acids/alkalis to cut into the unprotected parts of a surface (e.g. metal or silicon) to create a pattern. [CHMO]

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wet grinding

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001351)

The mechanical reduction of the particle size of a solid sample by attribution (friction), impact or cutting in the presence of a small amount of liquid (which is not a solvent for the solid). [CHMO]

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wet spinning

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001755)

synonyms: wet-spinning

A process used to create polymer fibers. Polymer dissolved in a solvent is forced through a spinneret (a multi-pored device similar to a shower head) into a chemical bath which causes the polymer to precipitate as it emerges. [CHMO]

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wide angle neutron scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001187)

synonyms: wide angle neutron scattering, WANS

A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons at wide angles (corresponding to Q >1 inverse degrees). [CHMO]

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wide-angle X-ray diffraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000580)

synonyms: WAXRD

A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. The incident X-ray beam strikes the sample at a wide angle (>10 deg.). [CHMO]

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wide-angle X-ray scattering

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000668)

synonyms: WAXS, wide angle X-ray scattering

A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample at wide angles (>10 deg.). Wide-angle X-ray scattering is used for determining the structure of polymers. [CHMO]

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wide-angle powder X-ray diffraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001877)

synonyms: WAPXRD, wide-angle X-ray powder diffraction

A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the powdered sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. The incident X-ray beam strikes the sample at a wide angle (>10 deg.). [CHMO]

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wideband alternating-phase low-power technique for zero residual splitting

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001580)

synonyms: WALTZ, WALTZ pulse sequence, WALTZ sequence

A sequence of composite pulses designed to remove signal splitting due to heteronuclear J-couplings in multinuclear liquid NMR experiments. Also used to allow transfer of magnetization between nuclei (by making the spins precess with at the same chemical shift and thus enjoy strong coupling - isotropic mixing). J. Magn. Reson., (1983), 52, pg 335. [CHMO]

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wideband, uniform rate and smooth truncation pulse

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000285)

synonyms: WURST, WURST pulse, wideband, uniform rate and smooth truncation

An adiabatic shaped pulse incorporating a linear sweep through a frequency range used for selective inversion of spin state populations over wide ranges. For the pulse see J. Magn. Reson., Ser. A, (1995), 115, pg 273. [CHMO]

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wire electrical explosion method

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001293)

synonyms: EEW, EEW method, WEE, WEE method, electrical explosion of wire, electrical explosion of wire method

A synthesis method for metal nanopowders that consists of passing a pulse of a high-density current (104-n106 A/mm2) through a wire causing the explosive disintegration of the metal (accompanied by a bright flash of light, a shock wave, the dispersion of the metal, and the fast expansion of a mixture of boiling metal droplets and vapour to the surrounding medium) and the production of metal , particles with characteristic sizes of tens of µm to a few nm. [CHMO]

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x-ray powder diffraction scan mode code

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002720)

synonyms: XRPD mode code

The differential scanning calorimetry scan mode code encodes the mode of measurement of DSC. [Allotrope]

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zero kinetic energy electron spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001966)

synonyms: ZEKE spectrometry, zero kinetic energy electron spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. The energy of the incident photons matches the ionization energy of the sample so emitted electrons have zero kinetic energy. [CHMO]

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zero order phase correction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002176)

The application of a phase correction algorithm to a Fourier transform NMR spectra such that it is optimised to give maximum values for the frequency dependent real part of the frequency signal (and minimum values for the imaginary part) of the FID Fourier transform complex number set. [Allotrope]

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zero-field optically detected magnetic resonance

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001603)

synonyms: ZF-ODMR, ZFODMR, Zf-ODMR, zero-field (zf) ODMR, zero-field ODMR, zf-ODMR

A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels at zero applied magnetic field are detected by optical means (i.e. the polarization or the intensity of light emitted or absorbed by the sample depends on the population distribution in the spin levels). Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves. [CHMO]

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zeroing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002803)

synonyms: baseline, baseline measurement

Zeroing is a process of measurement in order to determine the zero value of a measurement instrument. [Allotrope]

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zeta-potential measurement

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000109)

synonyms: zeta potential analysis, zeta potential measurement, zeta-potential analysis, zeta-potential measurements, zeta-potential studies, ζ-potential analysis, ζ-potential measurement

The measurement of the overall charge a particle acquires in a specific medium. A number of different experimental methods can be used including electrophoretic light scattering and laser Doppler velocimetry. [CHMO]

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zoom scan mode

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001646)

synonyms: enhanced resolution scan

Zoom scan is a type of scan mode, where data with improved resolution is acquired. This is typically achieved by scanning a more narrow scan window or scanning with a lower scan rate. [PSI-MS]

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α-cleavage

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000571)

synonyms: alpha cleavage, alpha-cleavage, alpha-cleavage

The fission of a bond originating at an atom which is adjacent to one assumed to bear the charge; the definition of β-, γ-, cleavage then follows automatically. The process would thus be described as α-fission of a ketone with expulsion of a radical R1. The carbon atoms of the radical R1. are called the α-, β-, γ-carbons, starting with the atom nearest the functional group. [IUPAC Gold Book]

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α-cleavage

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000571)

synonyms: alpha cleavage, alpha-cleavage, alpha-cleavage

The fission of a bond originating at an atom which is adjacent to one assumed to bear the charge; the definition of β-, γ-, cleavage then follows automatically. The process would thus be described as α-fission of a ketone with expulsion of a radical R1. The carbon atoms of the radical R1. are called the α-, β-, γ-carbons, starting with the atom nearest the functional group. [IUPAC]

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β-cleavage

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002007)

synonyms: beta cleavage, beta-cleavage

Fission next but one to a heteroatom or functional group producing a radical and an ion. [IUPAC Orange Book]

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β-cleavage

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002007)

synonyms: beta cleavage, beta-cleavage

Fission next but one to a heteroatom or functional group producing a radical and an ion. [IUPAC]

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DNA metallisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001605)

synonyms: DNA metalization

The deposition of a layer of metal on DNA by chemically reducing DNA-complexed metal salts (e.g., Ag, Pd, Pt, and Cu). [CHMO]

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adiabatic ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000714)

Removal of an electron from an atom, radical, or molecule in its lowest energy state, thus producing an ion in its lowest energy state. [IUPAC MS REC]

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adiabatic ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000714)

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aerosol assisted chemical vapour deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001576)

synonyms: AACVD, aerosol assisted CVD, aerosol-assisted CVD, aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition, aerosol-assisted chemical vapour deposition

A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more involatile precursors, suspended in a liquid-gas aerosol (generated ultrasonically), which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. [CHMO]

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ageing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002367)

synonyms: age hardening, dispersion hardening, precipitate ageing, precipitation hardening

Any time-dependent change of the properties of a precipitate e.g. loss of water or growth of crystals as a result of prolonged heat treatment. [CHMO]

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ageing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002367)

synonyms: age hardening, dispersion hardening, precipitate ageing, precipitation hardening

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aluminium metallisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000013)

synonyms: Al metalization, Al metallisation, Al metallization, aluminium metallization, aluminum metalization

The deposition of a layer of aluminium on a substrate (usually to provide electrical contacts in devices). A number of techniques may be used for metallization including evaporation and sputter coating. [CHMO]

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ambient ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001171)

Desorption of molecules and formation of ions outside the mass spectrometer directly from samples in their native environment with no or minimal sample preparation. [IUPAC MS REC]

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ambient ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001171)

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ambient ionisation mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002098)

synonyms: ambient mass spectrometry

Any mass spectrometry technique where the sample is ionized at low or ambient temperature. [CHMO]

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ambient ionisation mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002098)

synonyms: ambient mass spectrometry

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anodisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000999)

An eletrochemical process that increases the thickness of the oxide layer on the surface of a metal sample in order to make it less reactive. Anodization proceeds by passing a direct current through an electrolytic solution, with the sample serving as the anode. [CHMO]

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anodisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000999)

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argon ionisation detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002160)

synonyms: AID

A detection method where metastable Ar atoms are used to ionize the sample, which is held in a carrier gas. The resulting electrons are focused toward a collector electrode and the current is measured. [CHMO]

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argon pulse-discharge photoionisation detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000007)

synonyms: Ar-PDPID, Ar/PDPID, argon pulse discharge photoionisation detection, argon pulse discharge photoionization detection, argon pulsed discharge photoionisation detection, argon pulsed discharge photoionization detection, argon pulsed-discharge photoionisation detection, argon pulsed-discharge photoionization detection

A detection method where a DC voltage pulse is passed through argon gas generating high-energy (13.5-17.5 eV) photons which photoionize the elements in the sample mixture, and the current generated by this ionization is measured. [CHMO]

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associative ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001792)

Ionization process in which two atoms or molecules, one or both of which is in an excited state, react to form a single positive ion and an electron. [IUPAC MS REC]

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associative ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001792)

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atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002247)

synonyms: APCI

Chemical ionization that takes place at atmospheric pressure as opposed to the reduced pressure is normally used for chemical ionization. [PSI-MS]

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atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002247)

synonyms: APCI

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atmospheric pressure glow discharge ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001355)

synonyms: APGD, APGDI

An ionization method when the sample is ionized, at atmospheric pressure, in a plasma (a partially ionized gas - such as Ar - containing free electrons) which has been generated by passing an electrical discharge between two electrodes. [CHMO]

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atmospheric pressure glow discharge ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001355)

synonyms: APGD, APGDI

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atmospheric pressure ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001990)

synonyms: API

Any ionization process in which ions are formed in the gas phase at atmospheric pressure. [PSI-MS]

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atmospheric pressure ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001990)

synonyms: API

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atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002411)

synonyms: AP MALDI

Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization in which the sample target is at atmospheric pressure and the ions formed by the pulsed laser are sampled through a small aperture into the mass spectrometer. [PSI-MS]

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atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002411)

synonyms: AP MALDI

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atmospheric pressure photoionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001180)

synonyms: APPI

Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization in which the reactant ions are generated by photo-ionization. [PSI-MS]

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atmospheric pressure photoionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001180)

synonyms: APPI

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atmospheric pressure photoionisation mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000077)

synonyms: APPI MS, APPI-MS, APPIMS, atmospheric pressure photoionisation mass spectroscopy, atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectroscopy

A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is irradiated with an ultraviolet laser at atmospheric pressure. The sample absorbs one or more photons resulting in ionization. [CHMO]

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atmospheric pressure photoionisation mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000077)

synonyms: APPI MS, APPI-MS, APPIMS, atmospheric pressure photoionisation mass spectroscopy, atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectroscopy

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atmospheric-pressure chemical vapour deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001532)

synonyms: APCVD, atmospheric pressure CVD, atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition, atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition, atmospheric-pressure CVD

A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, at atmospheric pressure, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. [CHMO]

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atmospheric-pressure laser ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002299)

synonyms: APLI

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atmospheric-pressure laser ionisation mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000228)

synonyms: APLI-MS, APLI/MS, atmospheric-pressure laser induced mass spectrometry, atmospheric-pressure laser ionisation mass spectroscopy, atmospheric-pressure laser ionization mass spectroscopy

Mass spectrometry using atmospheric-pressure laser ionization. [Allotrope]

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atmospheric-pressure laser ionisation mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000228)

synonyms: APLI-MS, APLI/MS, atmospheric-pressure laser induced mass spectrometry, atmospheric-pressure laser ionisation mass spectroscopy, atmospheric-pressure laser ionization mass spectroscopy

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atomic layer chemical vapour deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000586)

synonyms: ALCVD, atomic layer CVD, atomic-layer CVD, atomic-layer chemical vapor deposition, atomic-layer chemical vapour deposition

A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a monolayer deposit. The surface reaction is self-limiting resulting in a nanometre thickness of film. [CHMO]

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autoionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002335)

The formation of an ion when an atom or molecule in a discrete state with an energy greater than the ionization threshold loses an electron spontaneously without further interaction with an energy source. [PSI-MS]

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defined in:

autoionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002335)

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defined in:

axialisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002572)

Technique used in Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometers to limit the translational motion of the trapped ions so that they occupy a small volume near the trap center, thus optimizing performance criteria including resolving power. [IUPAC MS REC]

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axialisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002572)

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blow moulding

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001507)

synonyms: blow forming

A process for shaping pliable thermoplastic or thermosetting plastics using a rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The plastic is heated and shaped into a tube then a pressurized gas, usually air, is used to expand the plastic and press it against the mould. [CHMO]

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capacitive deionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002639)

synonyms: CDI, capacitive desalination, electrochemical demineralization, electrosorb process for desalination of water, electrosorption of salt ions

Capacitive deionization is a technology to deionize water by applying an electrical potential difference over two porous carbon electrodes. Anions, ions with a negative charge, are removed from the water and are stored in the positively polarized electrode. Likewise, cations (positive charge) are stored in the cathode, which is the negatively polarized electrode. [Wikipedia]

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capacitive deionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002639)

synonyms: CDI, capacitive desalination, electrochemical demineralization, electrosorb process for desalination of water, electrosorption of salt ions

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ceramisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001739)

A process in which a ceramic precursor is converted into a ceramic. [CHMO]

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ceramisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001739)

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charge site derivatisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002526)

Definition pending. [0]

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defined in:

charge site derivatisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002526)

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chemi-ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002429)

Ionization of an atom or molecule by interaction with another internally excited atom or molecule. [IUPAC MS REC]

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chemi-ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002429)

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chemical ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001026)

synonyms: CI

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chemical ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001026)

synonyms: CI

Formation of a new ion in the gas phase by the reaction of a neutral with an ion. The process may involve transfer of an electron, a proton, or other charged species between the reactants. [IUPAC MS REC]

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chemical ionisation mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001773)

synonyms: CI-MS, LCPIMS, LP-CI-MS, LPCI-MS, chemical ionisation mass spectroscopy, chemical ionization mass spectroscopy, low pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry, low pressure chemical ionisation mass spectroscopy, low pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry, low pressure chemical ionization mass spectroscopy

A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by interaction (electron or proton transfer) with reagent (N2, O2, H2O) gaseous ions at low pressure. Reagent ions are produced by electron ionization. [CHMO]

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chemical ionisation mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001773)

synonyms: CI-MS, LCPIMS, LP-CI-MS, LPCI-MS, chemical ionisation mass spectroscopy, chemical ionization mass spectroscopy, low pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry, low pressure chemical ionisation mass spectroscopy, low pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry, low pressure chemical ionization mass spectroscopy

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chemical vapour deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002260)

synonyms: CVD, CVD (chemical vapor deposition) synthesis, CVD (chemical vapour deposition) synthesis, chemical-vapor deposition, chemical-vapour deposition

A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. [CHMO]

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chemical vapour infiltration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002320)

synonyms: CVI

The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from, a vapour. [CHMO]

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chemical vapour transport

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002073)

synonyms: CVT

A crystal growth method for metal dichalcogenides in which the starting materials (high purity metal and chalcogen) are placed in a quartz ampoule together with a transport agent (e.g. iodine) and heated in a furnace under a temperature gradient. [CHMO]

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cocrystallisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000550)

synonyms: co crystallisation, co crystallization, co-crystallisation, co-crystallization

The simultaneous crystallization of two different substances or two different structural elements of the same substance. [CHMO]

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cocrystallisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000550)

synonyms: co crystallisation, co crystallization, co-crystallisation, co-crystallization

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cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000159)

synonyms: CV-AAS, CVAAS, cold vapor AAS, cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry, cold vapour AAS

A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where no vaporization step is required because the sample is a volatile heavy metal such as mercury, which is a vapour at room temperature. [CHMO]

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cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002391)

synonyms: CV-AFS, CVAFS, cold vapor AFS, cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry, cold vapour AFS, cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectrometry

A type of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy where no vaporization step is required because the sample is a volatile heavy metal such as mercury, which is a vapour at room temperature. [CHMO]

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cold-spray ionisation mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002303)

synonyms: CSI-MS, cold-spray ionisation mass spectroscopy, cold-spray ionization mass spectroscopy

A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small cold (10-80 °C) capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. [CHMO]

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cold-spray ionisation mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002303)

synonyms: CSI-MS, cold-spray ionisation mass spectroscopy, cold-spray ionization mass spectroscopy

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defined in:

compression moulding

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001042)

A process for shaping pliable polymer material using a rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The pre-heated material is first placed in an open, heated mould which is then closed before pressure is applied to it. The applied pressure forces the softened polymer to adopt the shape of the mould. [CHMO]

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continuous-flow matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002537)

synonyms: CF-MALDI

Variant of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization in which the analyte is dissolved in a liquid matrix that is continuously supplied to the sample probe tip. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

continuous-flow matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002537)

synonyms: CF-MALDI

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defined in:

corona discharge ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002529)

Formation of ions in a corona discharge. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

corona discharge ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002529)

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defined in:

cross-polarisation magic angle spinning

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000951)

synonyms: CP-MAS, CP-MAS NMR, CP/MAS, CP/MAS NMR, CPMAS, CPMAS NMR, cross polarisation magic angle spinning, cross polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, cross polarization magic angle spinning, cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, cross-polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

A type of NMR spectroscopy using a solid sample. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid state NMR, but can be reduced to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74 deg. with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). Cross polarization is used to enhance the signal from weakly coupled nuclei. [CHMO]

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cross-polarisation magic angle spinning

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000951)

synonyms: CP-MAS, CP-MAS NMR, CP/MAS, CP/MAS NMR, CPMAS, CPMAS NMR, cross polarisation magic angle spinning, cross polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, cross polarization magic angle spinning, cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, cross-polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

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crystallisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000176)

The formation of a crystalline solid from a solution, melt vapour, or a different solid phase, generally by lowering the temperature or by evaporation of a solvent. [CHMO]

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crystallisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000176)

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data apodisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002296)

synonyms: data massaging

A term used meaning the processing and manipulation of the spectral data produced for the purposes of improving spectral appearance, change the signal to noise ratio (S/N), or resolution. The term is often collectively used in conjunction with line broadening, sharpening, averaging, smoothing. [Allotrope]

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data apodisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002296)

synonyms: data massaging

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decoupling using mind-boggling optimisation pulse sequence

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000277)

synonyms: DUMBO, DUMBO pulse sequence, DUMBO sequence, decoupling using mind boggling optimisation, decoupling using mind boggling optimization, decoupling using mind-boggling optimisation, decoupling using mind-boggling optimization

A sequence of pulses used in magic angle spinning NMR to remove the effect of homonuclear dipolar couplings. For the pulse sequence see Chem. Phys. Lett., (2004), 398, pg 532. [CHMO]

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decoupling using mind-boggling optimisation pulse sequence

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000277)

synonyms: DUMBO, DUMBO pulse sequence, DUMBO sequence, decoupling using mind boggling optimisation, decoupling using mind boggling optimization, decoupling using mind-boggling optimisation, decoupling using mind-boggling optimization

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deionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000401)

synonyms: deionisation, deionisation method, deionization method

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deionisation method

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000401)

synonyms: deionisation, deionisation method, deionization method

The removal of ions from a solution using an ion-exchange method. [CHMO]

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derivatisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000626)

The transformation of a chemical compound (the 'educt') into another similar compound (the 'derivative') by altering one or more of its functional groups. Derviatisation is generally perfomed to alter reactivity or change a physical property such as solubility, boiling point, melting point, thermal stability etc. [CHMO]

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derivatisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000626)

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desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001682)

synonyms: DAPCI

An ionization method in which a corona discharge is used to direct a liquid spray (composed of an inert, high velocity gas and solvent ions) onto the sample surface. [CHMO]

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desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001682)

synonyms: DAPCI

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desorption chemical ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002532)

synonyms: DCI

Formation of gas-phase ions by chemical ionization of gaseous molecules produced by the rapid heating and desorption of a solid or low vapour pressure liquid. [IUPAC MS REC]

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desorption chemical ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002532)

synonyms: DCI

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defined in:

desorption electrospray ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000458)

synonyms: DESI

An ionization method where charged solvent droplets which are formed by forcing the solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min-1) into an electric field are directed at the sample surface. The droplets form a thin film on the sample surface, dissolving the analyte of interest. [CHMO]

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desorption electrospray ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000458)

synonyms: DESI

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desorption electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000679)

synonyms: DESI MS, DESI-MS, DESIMS, desorption electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy, desorption electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy

A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by directing charged solvent droplets (which are formed by forcing the solvent through a small heated capillary into an electric field) at the sample surface. The droplets form a thin film on the sample surface, dissolving the analyte of interest. [CHMO]

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desorption electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000679)

synonyms: DESI MS, DESI-MS, DESIMS, desorption electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy, desorption electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy

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desorption ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001294)

synonyms: DI

Formation of gas phase ions from a solid or liquid sample surface upon activation by heat, strong electric field, particles, droplets, or photon bombardment. [IUPAC MS REC]

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desorption ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001294)

synonyms: DI

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desorption ionisation on silicon

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002511)

synonyms: DIOS

Soft ionization alternative to matrix-assisted desorption/ionization involving laser desorption ionization of a sample deposited on a porous silicon surface. [IUPAC MS REC]

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desorption ionisation on silicon

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002511)

synonyms: DIOS

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deuterium labelling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001274)

The substitution of one or more hydrogen atoms in a molecule with deuterium atoms. [CHMO]

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deuterium labelling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001274)

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dielectric barrier discharge ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001385)

synonyms: DBDI

Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization in which the low-temperature plasma is not generated by a corona discharge but by a device consisting of two electrodes with at least one dielectric layer that separates the electrode from the plasma. [IUPAC MS REC]

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dielectric barrier discharge ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001385)

synonyms: DBDI

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direct liquid injection chemical vapour deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002179)

synonyms: DLICVD, direct liquid injection CVD, direct-liquid-injection CVD, direct-liquid-injection chemical vapor deposition, direct-liquid-injection chemical vapour deposition

A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more liquid precursors, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. [CHMO]

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dispersion polymerisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001853)

A polymer preparation technique in which an insoluble polymer is dispersed in a continuous organic phase. [CHMO]

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dissociative ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001757)

The reaction of a gas-phase molecule that results in its decomposition to form products, one of which is an ion. [PSI-MS]

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dissociative ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001757)

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distillation-precipitation copolymerisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001965)

synonyms: distillation precipitation copolymerisation, distillation precipitation copolymerization

A polymer preparation technique in which two different types of monomer are dissolved in an organic solvent and distilled until a precipitate of the corresponding copolymer is formed. [CHMO]

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distortionless enhancement with polarisation transfer

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000694)

synonyms: DEPT, DEPT NMR, distortionless enhancement by polarisation transfer, distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer

A type of spectroscopy where the energy states of 13C nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.The 13C NMR signals are enhanced by transferring 1H magnetization to 13C nuclei and the phase of the signals reflects the multiplicity i.e. CH, CH2 or CH3). Separate methyl, methylene and methine spectra may be obtained. [CHMO]

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distortionless enhancement with polarisation transfer

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000694)

synonyms: DEPT, DEPT NMR, distortionless enhancement by polarisation transfer, distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer

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distortionless enhancement with polarisation transfer retention of quaternaries

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002485)

synonyms: DEPTQ, DEPTQ NMR

A type of spectroscopy where the energy states of 13C nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.The 13C NMR signals are enhanced by transferring 1H magnetization to 13C nuclei and the phase of the signals reflects the multiplicity i.e. CH, CH2 or CH3). Separate methyl, methylene and methine spectra may be obtained. The quaternary carbon centres are also represented in the spectra, albeit with reduced intensities, and are rendered with similar 'signs' to methylene groups. [Allotrope]

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distortionless enhancement with polarisation transfer retention of quaternaries

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002485)

synonyms: DEPTQ, DEPTQ NMR

A type of spectroscopy where the energy states of 13C nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.The 13C NMR signals are enhanced by transferring 1H magnetization to 13C nuclei and the phase of the signals reflects the multiplicity i.e. CH, CH2 or CH3). Separate methyl, methylene and methine spectra may be obtained. The quaternary carbon centres are also represented in the spectra, albeit with reduced intensities, and are rendered with similar 'signs' to methylene groups. [OSTHUS]

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dynamic nuclear polarisation oximetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001579)

synonyms: DNP oximetry

A technique for measuring the amount of oxygen in a sample by collecting proton nuclear magnetic resonance data whilst irradiating the electron paramagnetic resonance signal from O2. A transfer of polarization from the electrons to the protons occurs, resulting in an enhancement of the observed NMR signal. [CHMO]

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dynamic nuclear polarisation oximetry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001579)

synonyms: DNP oximetry

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electrohydrodynamic ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002522)

Ionization process that produces charged droplets and gas-phase ions from a liquid under vacuum with the application of an electric field. [IUPAC MS REC]

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electrohydrodynamic ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002522)

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electron capture ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002533)

synonyms: ECNI, ECI, electron capture negative ionisation, electron capture negative ionization

Ionization of a gas-phase atom or molecule by attachment of a free electron to form molecular ions of the M–• type. [IUPAC MS REC]

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electron capture ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002533)

synonyms: ECNI, ECI, electron capture negative ionisation, electron capture negative ionization

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electron capture negative ionisation mass spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001453)

synonyms: ECNI, electron capture negative ionisation mass spectrometry, electron capture negative ionization mass spectroscopy, resonant electron capture negative ionisation mass spectrometry, resonant electron capture negative ionisation mass spectroscopy, resonant electron capture negative ionization mass spectrometry, resonant electron capture negative ionization mass spectroscopy

A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by interaction with thermal electrons (electrons with energy 0.1 eV or less). [CHMO]

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electron capture negative ionisation mass spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001453)

synonyms: ECNI, electron capture negative ionisation mass spectrometry, electron capture negative ionization mass spectroscopy, resonant electron capture negative ionisation mass spectrometry, resonant electron capture negative ionisation mass spectroscopy, resonant electron capture negative ionization mass spectrometry, resonant electron capture negative ionization mass spectroscopy

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electron ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001701)

synonyms: electron ionisation, electron impact ionisation, EI, electron impact, electron impact ionization

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electron ionisation mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001817)

synonyms: EI-MS, electron ionisation mass spectroscopy, electron ionization mass spectroscopy

A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by electrons (energy 70 eV) which have been emitted from a glowing filament and accelerated through an electric field. [CHMO]

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electron ionisation mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001817)

synonyms: EI-MS, electron ionisation mass spectroscopy, electron ionization mass spectroscopy

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electrospray ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002103)

synonyms: ESI, ionspray

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electrospray ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002103)

synonyms: ESI, ionspray

Spray ionization process in which either cations or anions in solution are transferred to the gas phase via formation and desolvation at atmospheric pressure of a stream of highly charged droplets that result from applying a potential difference between the tip of the electrospray needle containing the solution and a counter electrode. [IUPAC MS REC]

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electrospray ionisation gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000273)

synonyms: ESI-GEMMA

A separation method where singly-charged complexes move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in air under the influence of an electric field. The sample is ionized by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. [CHMO]

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electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000533)

synonyms: ESI MS, ES-MS, ESI-MS, ESI-mass spectrometry, ESIMS, ESMS, MS (EI), electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy

Any type of spectrometry where the sample is ionized by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. The ions are then characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. [CHMO]

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electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000533)

synonyms: ESI MS, ES-MS, ESI-MS, ESI-mass spectrometry, ESIMS, ESMS, MS (EI), electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy

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electrospray-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000629)

synonyms: ELDI-MS, ELDI/MS, ESI-LD-MS, electrospray ionisation laser desorption mass spectrometry, electrospray ionization laser desorption mass spectrometry

A type of mass spectrometry where neutral molecules are desorbed from the sample (usually biological) using a nitrogen laser and then ionized by collision with charged solvent droplets which are formed by forcing the solvent through a small heated capillary into an electric field. [CHMO]

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electrospray-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000629)

synonyms: ELDI-MS, ELDI/MS, ESI-LD-MS, electrospray ionisation laser desorption mass spectrometry, electrospray ionization laser desorption mass spectrometry

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emulsion polymerisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000083)

synonyms: conventional emulsion polymerisation, conventional emulsion polymerization

A polymer preparation technique in which monomer (usually acrylic) droplets are dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase and are kept colloidally stable through the use of a surfactant. [CHMO]

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energising

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003481)

synonyms: energizing, providing energy, supplying energy

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extraction electrospray ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000627)

synonyms: EESI

An ionization method where a neutral sample, in the form of a gas or aerosol flow, is ionized by directing it into a plume of charged droplets, generated by forcing a solution of pure solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 µL min-1) into an electric field. [CHMO]

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extraction electrospray ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000627)

synonyms: EESI

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extractive electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000949)

synonyms: EESI-MS, EESI/MS, extractive electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy, extractive electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy

A type of mass spectrometry where a neutral sample, in the form of a gas or aerosol flow, is ionized by directing it into a plume of charged droplets, generated by forcing a solution of pure solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 µL min-1) into an electric field. [CHMO]

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extractive electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000949)

synonyms: EESI-MS, EESI/MS, extractive electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy, extractive electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy

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fast atom bombardment ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001883)

synonyms: FAB

Ionization of molecules initiated by a beam of neutral atoms with translational energies in the keV range. Labile molecules susceptible to dissociation are dissolved in an involatile liquid matrix that absorbs the energy of the bombarding atoms to form a selvedge region above the liquid surface in which ionization of the molecules occurs. [IUPAC MS REC]

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fast atom bombardment ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001883)

synonyms: FAB

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fast ion bombardment ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000320)

synonyms: FIB, fast ion bombardment

Ionization of any species by the interaction of a focused beam of ions, with a translational energy of several thousand eV, with a solid or liquid sample. [IUPAC MS REC]

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fast ion bombardment ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000320)

synonyms: FIB, fast ion bombardment

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field emission electron spin-polarisation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000749)

synonyms: FEESP, field-emission electron spin-polarisation spectroscopy, field-emission electron spin-polarization spectroscopy, field-emitted electron spin-polarization spectrometry, field-emitted electron spin-polarization spectrometry, field-emitted electron spin-polarisation spectrometry

Any type of electron spectroscopy where electrons are emitted from a cathode by application of an intense electric field and a magnet is used to align all electron spins parallel to the sample surface. [CHMO]

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field emission electron spin-polarisation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000749)

synonyms: FEESP, field-emission electron spin-polarisation spectroscopy, field-emission electron spin-polarization spectroscopy, field-emitted electron spin-polarization spectrometry, field-emitted electron spin-polarization spectrometry, field-emitted electron spin-polarisation spectrometry

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field ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001594)

synonyms: FI

The removal of electrons from any species by interaction with a high electric field. [PSI-MS]

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field ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001594)

synonyms: FI

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field ionisation mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000259)

synonyms: FI-MS, FI/MS, FIMS, field ionisation mass spectroscopy, field ionization mass spectroscopy

A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by interaction with a high electric field. [CHMO]

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field ionisation mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000259)

synonyms: FI-MS, FI/MS, FIMS, field ionisation mass spectroscopy, field ionization mass spectroscopy

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flame ionisation detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000142)

synonyms: FID, flame ionization detection, flame ionisation detection, flame ionization process, flame ionisation process

A detection method which is sensitive to compounds containing C-H bonds. A flow of carrier gas containing the sample is mixed with H2 and air and ignited. Any positively-charged radicals resulting from this process are collected at a cathode, allowing the current to be measured. [CHMO]

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flame ionisation measurement

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000142)

synonyms: FID, flame ionization detection, flame ionisation detection, flame ionization process, flame ionisation process

A flame ionisation measurement is a measurement which is sensitive to compounds containing C-H bonds. A flow of carrier gas containing the sample is mixed with H2 and air and ignited. Any positively-charged radicals resulting from this process are collected at a cathode, allowing the current to be measured. [CHMO]

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forced-flow chemical vapour infiltration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001288)

synonyms: forced-flow CVI

The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from a vapour held at high pressure. [CHMO]

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fractional crystallisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001376)

The stepwise crystallisation of two or more different substances induced by changes in concentration or temperature. The sample is mixed with a solvent, heated, and then gradually cooled so that, as each of its constituent components crystallises, it can be removed in its pure form from the solution. [CHMO]

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fractional crystallisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001376)

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frequency switched Lee-Goldberg cross polarisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000430)

synonyms: frequency switched Lee-Goldberg cross polarisation, FSLG-CP, frequency switched Lee-Goldberg cross polarization, frequency-switched Lee-Goldberg cross polarisation

A magic angle spinning NMR dipolar recoupling technique used to determine dipolar couplings between 1H and 13C nuclei. A FSLG sequence is used to remove homonuclear couplings (by spin-locking the 1H nuclei) and polarization transfer from the protons to the 13C via dipolar coupling manifests as a splitting of the detected 13C signal. [CHMO]

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frequency switched Lee-Goldberg cross polarisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000430)

synonyms: frequency switched Lee-Goldberg cross polarisation, FSLG-CP, frequency switched Lee-Goldberg cross polarization, frequency-switched Lee-Goldberg cross polarisation

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furnace atomisation plasma emission spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001831)

synonyms: furnace atomization plasma emission spectrometry, FAPES, furnace atomisation plasma emission spectrometry

A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a furnace is used to atomize the sample and a plasma is used as the excitation source. [CHMO]

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furnace ionisation nonthermal excitation spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000569)

synonyms: FINES, furnace ionisation non-thermal excitation spectrometry, furnace ionization non-thermal excitation spectrometry

A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it, then ionized and excited using a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas). [CHMO]

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generalised polarisation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001214)

synonyms: GP spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where a spectral shift, in fluorescence spectrum, which depends on the phase of lipid membranes is measured. [CHMO]

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glow discharge ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002205)

synonyms: GDI, glow-discharge ionisation, glow-discharge ionization, glow-discharge ionisation

Formation of ions from gaseous atoms or molecules or from the vapor of a solid sample at the cathode by applying a potential difference between two electrodes immersed in a low-pressure inert gas environment. [IUPAC MS REC]

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glow discharge ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002205)

synonyms: GDI, glow-discharge ionisation, glow-discharge ionization, glow-discharge ionisation

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graphitisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001243)

The conversion of an organic material in an inert atmosphere at temperatures in excess of 1800 °C to produce a graphite crystal structure. [CHMO]

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hard ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001333)

Formation of gas-phase ions accompanied by extensive fragmentation. [IUPAC MS REC]

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hard ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001333)

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defined in:

helium discharge ionisation detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001009)

synonyms: HDID

A detection method where metastable helium ions (generated by an electric arc) ionize the molecules in the sample (held in He carrier gas). The resulting electrons are focused toward a collector electrode and the current is measured. [CHMO]

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helium ionisation detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002095)

synonyms: HID

A detection method where metastable helium ions (generated by irradiation with beta-particles from a radioactive source) ionize the molecules in the sample (held in He carrier gas). The resulting electrons are focused toward a collector electrode and the current is measured. [CHMO]

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helium pulse-discharge photoionisation detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002269)

synonyms: He-PDPID, He/PDPID, helium pulse discharge photoionisation detection, helium pulse discharge photoionization detection, helium pulsed discharge photoionisation detection, helium pulsed discharge photoionization detection, helium pulsed-discharge photoionisation detection, helium pulsed-discharge photoionization detection

A detection method where a DC voltage pulse is passed through helium gas generating high-energy (13.5-17.5 eV) photons which photoionize the elements in the sample mixture, and the current generated by this ionization is measured. [CHMO]

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high-target-utilisation sputter deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002316)

synonyms: high-target-utilisation sputtering, high-target-utilization sputtering

A synthesis technique where a solid target is bombarded with energetic ions (e.g. Ar+) causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate. Ionization of the neutral gas atoms requires an external plasma (a partially ionized gas containing free electrons) source, which generates an ion beam. [CHMO]

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hollow fibre liquid-phase micro-extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000455)

synonyms: HF-LPME, HFLPME, hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction, hollow fiber-based liquid phase microextraction, hollow fibre liquid-phase microextraction, hollow fibre-based liquid phase microextraction, hollow-fiber LPME, hollow-fiber based LPME, hollow-fiber liquid-phase micro-extraction, hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction, hollow-fiber-based LPME, hollow-fibre LPME, hollow-fibre based LPME, hollow-fibre liquid-phase micro-extraction, hollow-fibre liquid-phase microextraction, hollow-fibre-based LPME

The process of transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase immobilised within the pores of the wall of a porous hollow fibre (<10 µm diameter). [CHMO]

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homogenisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001649)

The intensive mixing of mutually insoluble phases (sometimes with addition of surfactants) to obtain a soluble suspension or emulsion. [CHMO]

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homogenisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001649)

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hybrid physical-chemical vapour deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000244)

synonyms: HPCVD

A synthesis method that involves both the chemical decomposition of a precursor gas and the vaporization of a solid source e.g. the growth of MgB2 involves both diborane gas and solid Mg. [CHMO]

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hydride vapour-phase epitaxy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000660)

synonyms: HVPE, hydride vapor phase epitaxy, hydride vapour phase epitaxy

A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film, from vapour-phase precursors (in hydrogen or ammonia carrier gases), on a monocrystalline substrate. [CHMO]

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immobilised pH gradient-based isoelectric focusing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001342)

synonyms: IPG based-IEF, IPG-IEF, immobilised pH gradient-IEF, immobilized pH gradient-IEF

An electrophoresis method for the separation of amphoteric analytes according to their isoelectric points by the application of an electric field along a pH gradient. The pH gradient is formed during casting of the gels therefore cannot be altered during the experiment. [CHMO]

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inelastic electron tunnelling spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001633)

synonyms: IETS, inelastic electron tunneling spectrometry, inelastic electron tunnelling spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where a metal-molecule-metal sandwich is formed and electrons tunnel from metal to metal through the molecules. Any additional molecules adsorbed onto the inner layer of the sandwhich can affect the tunneling via the excitation of vibrational states. [CHMO]

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inelastic electron tunnelling spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001633)

synonyms: IETS, inelastic electron tunneling spectrometry, inelastic electron tunnelling spectrometry

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injection moulding

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000411)

A process for shaping pliable thermoplastic or thermosetting plastics using a rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The plastic is fed into a heated barrel, mixed, and forced into a mould where it cools and hardens to the configuration of the mould. [CHMO]

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insensitive nuclei enhancement by polarisation transfer

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002287)

synonyms: INEPT, INEPT NMR

A heteronuclear NMR experiment in which magnetization arising from 1H nuclei is transferred to covalently bound heteronuclei, thereby enhancing the NMR signal of the heteronuclei. [CHMO]

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insensitive nuclei enhancement by polarisation transfer

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002287)

synonyms: INEPT, INEPT NMR

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intensity normalisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000377)

Definition pending. [0]

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intensity normalisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000377)

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ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001993)

synonyms: ionization method, ionisation method

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ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001993)

synonyms: ionization method, ionisation method

Definition pending. [0]

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ionisation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000767)

synonyms: IS, CLS, ILS, core level characteristic loss spectroscopy, core-level characteristic loss spectroscopy, ionisation loss spectrometry, ionisation loss spectroscopy, ionisation spectrometry, ionization loss spectrometry, ionization loss spectroscopy, ionization spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the loss in energy of electrons produced by ionization is measured. [CHMO]

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ionisation-detected stimulated Raman spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000946)

synonyms: IDSRS

A type of spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from two lasers ('pump' and 'probe') by a sample is detected. The molecules in the sample are ionized using an ultraviolet laser in order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the spectrum. [CHMO]

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ionising collision

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000809)

Reaction of an ion with a neutral in which one or more electrons are removed from either the ion or neutral to form free electrons. [IUPAC MS REC]

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ionising collision

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000809)

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isotopic labelling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001144)

synonyms: isotope labeling, isotope labelling

The substitution of an atom or an ion (present in the form of its stable isotope) by an isotope of the same element. [CHMO]

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isotopic labelling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001144)

synonyms: isotope labeling, isotope labelling

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krypton pulse-discharge photoionisation detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000243)

synonyms: Kr-PDPID, Kr/PDPID, krypton pulse discharge photoionisation detection, krypton pulse discharge photoionization detection, krypton pulsed discharge photoionisation detection, krypton pulsed discharge photoionization detection, krypton pulsed-discharge photoionisation detection, krypton pulsed-discharge photoionization detection

A detection method where a DC voltage pulse is passed through krypton gas generating high-energy (13.5-17.5 eV) photons which photoionize the elements in the sample mixture, and the current generated by this ionization is measured. [CHMO]

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labelling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000899)

The process of attaching a label onto a substance. Labels are molecular entities that facilitate the detection (through fluorescence, radioactivity, etc.) of the species to which they are attached. [CHMO]

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labelling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000899)

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laser ablation electrospray ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002084)

synonyms: LAESI

An ionization method where the sample is vaporised using a high-energy pulsed laser and then ionized by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of it through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. [CHMO]

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laser ablation electrospray ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002084)

synonyms: LAESI

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laser chemical vapour deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002174)

synonyms: LCVD, laser CVD, laser assisted CVD, laser assisted chemical vapor deposition, laser assisted chemical vapour deposition, laser induced CVD, laser-assisted CVD, laser-assisted chemical vapor deposition, laser-assisted chemical vapour deposition, laser-induced CVD, laser-induced chemical vapor deposition, laser-induced chemical vapour deposition

A synthesis method where a laser-heated substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. [CHMO]

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laser desorption electrospray ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001286)

synonyms: ELDI, electrospray-assisted laser desorption-ionisation, electrospray-assisted laser desorption-ionization, electrospray-assisted laser desorption-ionisation

An ionization method where neutral molecules are desorbed from the sample (usually biological) using a nitrogen laser and then ionized by collision with charged solvent droplets which are formed by forcing the solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min-1) into an electric field. [CHMO]

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laser desorption electrospray ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001286)

synonyms: ELDI, electrospray-assisted laser desorption-ionisation, electrospray-assisted laser desorption-ionization, electrospray-assisted laser desorption-ionisation

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laser desorption ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001979)

synonyms: LDI

Formation of gas-phase ions by the interaction of a laser with a solid or liquid material. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

laser desorption ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001979)

synonyms: LDI

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laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001324)

synonyms: LIMS, LDI MS, LDI mass spectrometry, LDI-MS, LDIMS, LDMS, LIMA, laser desorption mass spectrometry, laser desorption mass spectroscopy, laser desorption-ionisation mass spectroscopy, laser desorption-ionization mass spectroscopy, laser ionisation MS, laser ionisation mass analysis, laser ionisation mass spectrometry, laser ionisation mass spectroscopy, laser ionization MS, laser ionization mass analysis, laser ionization mass spectrometry, laser ionization mass spectroscopy, laser-ionisation mass analysis, laser-ionization mass analysis

A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is vaporised and ionized using a high-energy pulsed laser. [CHMO]

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laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001324)

synonyms: LIMS, LDI MS, LDI mass spectrometry, LDI-MS, LDIMS, LDMS, LIMA, laser desorption mass spectrometry, laser desorption mass spectroscopy, laser desorption-ionisation mass spectroscopy, laser desorption-ionization mass spectroscopy, laser ionisation MS, laser ionisation mass analysis, laser ionisation mass spectrometry, laser ionisation mass spectroscopy, laser ionization MS, laser ionization mass analysis, laser ionization mass spectrometry, laser ionization mass spectroscopy, laser-ionisation mass analysis, laser-ionization mass analysis

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laser ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002559)

synonyms: LI

Formation of ions through the interaction of photons from a laser with solid or liquid materials or with gas-phase atoms or molecules. [IUPAC MS REC]

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laser ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002559)

synonyms: LI

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laser ionisation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000907)

synonyms: LIS, laser ionisation spectrometry, laser ionization spectrometry

Any type of spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with a laser and photoexcitation is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionization potential to create an ion. [CHMO]

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laser ionisation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000907)

synonyms: LIS, laser ionisation spectrometry, laser ionization spectrometry

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laser multiphoton ionisation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001177)

synonyms: laser multiphoton ionisation spectrometry, laser multiphoton ionization spectrometry

Any type of spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with a laser and photoexcitation (by the absorption of two or more photons) is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionization potential to create an ion. [CHMO]

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laser multiphoton ionisation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001177)

synonyms: laser multiphoton ionisation spectrometry, laser multiphoton ionization spectrometry

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laser vaporisation method

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000624)

synonyms: laser furnace method

A method for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes where a laser beam (typically a YAG laser) is focused onto a graphite-metal target located in a quartz tube surrounded by a furnace. The target is vaporised in high temperature Ar gas producing single-walled and double-walled carbon nanotubes which are collected at a trap. [CHMO]

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laser-enhanced ionisation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000073)

synonyms: LEI spectrometry, LEI spectroscopy, LEIS, laser enhanced ionisation mass spectrometry, laser enhanced ionisation spectroscopy, laser enhanced ionization mass spectrometry, laser enhanced ionization spectroscopy, laser-enhanced ionisation spectrometry, laser-enhanced ionization spectrometry, resonance-enhanced ionisation spectrometry, resonance-enhanced ionization spectrometry, resonance-enhanced laser ionisation spectroscopy, resonance-enhanced laser ionization spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where resonant laser illumination (using a laser which is tuned to match an electronic transition within the sample) is used to ehanced the collisional ionization of atoms (or molecules) occurring in a flame. [CHMO]

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laser-enhanced ionisation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000073)

synonyms: LEI spectrometry, LEI spectroscopy, LEIS, laser enhanced ionisation mass spectrometry, laser enhanced ionisation spectroscopy, laser enhanced ionization mass spectrometry, laser enhanced ionization spectroscopy, laser-enhanced ionisation spectrometry, laser-enhanced ionization spectrometry, resonance-enhanced ionisation spectrometry, resonance-enhanced ionization spectrometry, resonance-enhanced laser ionisation spectroscopy, resonance-enhanced laser ionization spectroscopy

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laurdan generalised polarisation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001820)

synonyms: Laurdan generalized polarisation spectroscopy, Laurdan generalized polarization spectroscopy, generalized polarisation of Laurdan fluorescence, generalized polarization of Laurdan fluorescence, laurdan fluorescence spectroscopy, laurdan generalized polarisation (GP) measurements, laurdan generalized polarization (GP) measurements

A type of spectroscopy where the difference between the red and blue fluorescence emission of the fluorescent probe laurdan (6-dodecanoyl-2- dimethylaminonaphthalene), which depends on the phase of lipid membranes, is measured. [CHMO]

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liquid secondary ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000914)

synonyms: LSI

Ionization of any species by the interaction of a focused beam of ions or atoms with a sample that is dissolved in a solvent matrix. [IUPAC MS REC]

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liquid secondary ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000914)

synonyms: LSI

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localised surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001154)

synonyms: LSPR spectroscopy, localised SPR spectroscopy, localized SPR spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the resonant excitation of surface plasmons (usually on a Au or Ag nanosized surface) by ultraviolet or visible light is measured. [CHMO]

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localised surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001154)

synonyms: LSPR spectroscopy, localised SPR spectroscopy, localized SPR spectroscopy

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magneto-optic generalised ellipsometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001368)

synonyms: MOGE

A method for determining structure by illuminating an anisotropic sample with a continous infrared wavelength light source in a magnetic field and measuring the intensity and change in polarization of the reflected light as a function of wavelength. [CHMO]

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matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001796)

synonyms: MALDESI

An ionization method where neutral molecules are desorbed from the sample (usually biological and held in an organic acid matrix) using a nitrogen laser and then ionized by collision with charged solvent droplets which are formed by forcing the solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min-1) into an electric field. [CHMO]

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matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001796)

synonyms: MALDESI

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matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation imaging mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002182)

synonyms: MALDI-IMS, MALDI-MS imaging, matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation imaging mass spectroscopy, matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization imaging mass spectroscopy

The collection of spatially resolved mass spectra of a sample during microscopy where a pulse laser is used to produce both ionization and vapourization and the sample is held in a matrix (such as dihydrobenzoic acid) to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. The spectra are used to visualise the spatial distribution of (typically) biomolecules by their molecular masses. [CHMO]

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matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation imaging mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002182)

synonyms: MALDI-IMS, MALDI-MS imaging, matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation imaging mass spectroscopy, matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization imaging mass spectroscopy

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matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000671)

synonyms: MALDI MS, MALDI-MS, MALDIMS, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation (MALDI) MS, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) MS, matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectroscopy, matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectroscopy

Any type of mass spectrometry where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporized and ionized using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is held in a matrix (such as crystallised dihydrobenzoic acid) to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. [CHMO]

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matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000671)

synonyms: MALDI MS, MALDI-MS, MALDIMS, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation (MALDI) MS, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) MS, matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectroscopy, matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectroscopy

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defined in:

matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002326)

synonyms: matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionisation, matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization, MALDI, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation

Formation of gas-phase ions from molecules present in a solid or liquid matrix that is irradiated with a laser. The matrix is a material that absorbs the laser energy and promotes ionization. [IUPAC MS REC]

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matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002326)

synonyms: matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionisation, matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization, MALDI, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation

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metal-organic chemical vapour deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002214)

synonyms: MOCVD, OMCVD, metalorganic CVD, metalorganic chemical vapor deposition, metalorganic chemical vapour deposition, organometallic chemical vapor deposition, organometallic chemical vapour deposition

A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to volatile precursors (one of which is an organometallic compound) which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. [CHMO]

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metal-organic vapour-phase epitaxy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001422)

synonyms: MOVPE, OMVPE, metal organic vapor phase epitaxy, metal organic vapour phase epitaxy, metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy, metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy, organometallic vapor phase epitaxy, organometallic vapour phase epitaxy

A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film, from organometallic vapour-phase precursors, on a monocrystalline substrate. [CHMO]

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metallisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001823)

synonyms: metal deposition, metalisation, metalization

The deposition of a layer of metal on a substrate (usually to provide electrical contacts in devices). A number of techniques may be used for metallization including evaporation and sputter coating. [CHMO]

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methoxyamination derivatisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002194)

Derivatization of a metabolite by addition of pyridinic methoxyamine to stabilise carbonyl moieties. [CHMO]

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methoxyamination derivatisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002194)

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microelectrospray ionisation mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000102)

synonyms: micro-ESI-MS, microESI-MS, microelectrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy, microelectrospray ionization mass spectroscopy

A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. [CHMO]

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microelectrospray ionisation mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000102)

synonyms: micro-ESI-MS, microESI-MS, microelectrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy, microelectrospray ionization mass spectroscopy

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microemulsion polymerisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000514)

synonyms: micro-emulsion polymerisation, micro-emulsion polymerization

A polymer preparation technique in which monomer (usually acrylic) <100 nm droplets are dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase and are kept colloidally stable through the use of a surfactant and a cosurfactant e.g. hexanol. [CHMO]

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micromoulding

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001639)

A process for shaping pliable polymer material using a microsized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The polymer material (in liquid form) is injected into a mould using a small diameter piston and then allowed to harden or set inside the mould, adopting its shape. [CHMO]

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micromoulding in capillaries

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002078)

synonyms: MIMIC

A process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a microsized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The mould is brought into contact with a rigid substrate, forming microchannels. The polymer material (in fluid form) fills these microchannels by capillary action. The polymer material is then cooled or cross-linked. [CHMO]

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microtransfer moulding

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000935)

synonyms: micro TM, micro-transfer molding, micro-transfer moulding

A process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a microsized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The mould is filled with a prepolymer then the whole assembly is transferred to a flat substrate where the prepolymer is cross-linked and the mould removed. [CHMO]

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microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapour deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001098)

synonyms: MPCVD, microwave plasma assisted CVD, microwave plasma enhanced CVD, microwave plasma-assisted CVD, microwave plasma-enhanced CVD

A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, in the presence of a microwave-induced plasma (a partially ionized gas containing free electrons), which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. The plasma enhances the rate of reaction on the substrate surface. [CHMO]

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miniemulsion polymerisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001851)

synonyms: mini-emulsion polymerisation, mini-emulsion polymerization

A polymer preparation technique in which monomer (usually acrylic) 50-500 nm droplets are dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase and are kept colloidally stable through the use of a surfactant and are stablised against Ostwald ripening using a costabiliser such as hexadecane. [CHMO]

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mobilisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002431)

Mobilization is the last step of IEF that makes the focused compounds migrate to one of the electrodes. [Allotrope]

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mobilisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002431)

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moulding

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001494)

Any process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The polymer material (in liquid form) hardens or sets inside the mould, adopting its shape. [CHMO]

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multiphoton ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000014)

synonyms: MPI

Photoionization of an atom or molecule in which two or more photons are absorbed. [IUPAC MS REC]

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multiphoton ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000014)

synonyms: MPI

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multiphoton ionisation mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002046)

synonyms: MPI-MS, MPIMS, MUPI-MS, multi photon ionisation mass spectroscopy, multi photon ionization mass spectroscopy, multiphoton ionisation mass spectroscopy, multiphoton ionization mass spectroscopy

A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is irradiated with an ultraviolet laser. The sample absorbs two or more photons resulting in ionization. [CHMO]

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multiphoton ionisation mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002046)

synonyms: MPI-MS, MPIMS, MUPI-MS, multi photon ionisation mass spectroscopy, multi photon ionization mass spectroscopy, multiphoton ionisation mass spectroscopy, multiphoton ionization mass spectroscopy

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nano electrospray ionisation gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002426)

synonyms: nESI-GEMMA, nanoESI-GEMMA

A separation method where singly-charged complexes move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in air under the influence of an electric field. The sample is ionized by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of nL min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. [CHMO]

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nanoelectrospray ionisation mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000802)

synonyms: nano-ESI-MS, nano-electrospray mass spectrometry, nanoESI-MS, nanoelectrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy, nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectroscopy

A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of nL min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. [CHMO]

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nanoelectrospray ionisation mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000802)

synonyms: nano-ESI-MS, nano-electrospray mass spectrometry, nanoESI-MS, nanoelectrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy, nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectroscopy

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nebulising

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003719)

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nebulization inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000803)

synonyms: nebulisation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, nebulization inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry

A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample mixture is first passed through a nebulizer to form a mist of finely dispersed droplets (using compressed air) and then excited using a plasma generated by electromagnetic inductance. [CHMO]

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neutralisation-reionisation mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000744)

Procedure by which neutral species are formed from m/z selected ions by charge transfer to a collision gas or by dissociation. The neutral species are separated from the remaining ions and ionized through collisions with a second gas. [IUPAC MS REC]

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neutralisation-reionisation mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000744)

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normalised isothermal capacitance transient spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001710)

synonyms: N-ICTS, NICTS, normalised ICTS, normalised-ICTS, normalized ICTS, normalized-ICTS

A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the normalised capacitance produced by applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at constant different temperatures, spectra are generated that exhibit peaks, the height of which are proportional to time constant for the emission rate. [CHMO]

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normalised isothermal capacitance transient spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001710)

synonyms: N-ICTS, NICTS, normalised ICTS, normalised-ICTS, normalized ICTS, normalized-ICTS

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orthogonal electrospray ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002549)

Electrospray ionization in which the axis of the spray is at a right angle to the axis of the sampling cone. [IUPAC MS REC]

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orthogonal electrospray ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002549)

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para-hydrogen induced polarisation enhanced nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000686)

synonyms: PHIP NMR, PHIP-NMR, PHIP-enhanced NMR, para-hydrogen induced polarisation enhanced NMR spectroscopy, para-hydrogen induced polarization enhanced NMR spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the energy states of protons derived from para-hydrogen (dihydrogen with an antisymmetric nuclear spin arrangement) placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. The non-Boltzmann spin population generated by para-hydrogen-derived protons gives rise to signal enhancement in the spectra, facilitating the detection of species present at low concentration. [CHMO]

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para-hydrogen induced polarisation enhanced nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000686)

synonyms: PHIP NMR, PHIP-NMR, PHIP-enhanced NMR, para-hydrogen induced polarisation enhanced NMR spectroscopy, para-hydrogen induced polarization enhanced NMR spectroscopy

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penning ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001379)

Ionization via electron removal that occurs through the energy transfer from a neutral species (N) internally excited to a metastable state (such as a high Rydberg state) to a neutral species (M) with lower ionization energy, as represented by the following reaction: N* + M → N + M+• + e–. [IUPAC MS REC]

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penning ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001379)

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peptisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002275)

synonyms: deflocculation

Reversal of coagulation or flocculation, i.e., the dispersion of aggregates to form a colloidally stable suspension or emulsion. [CHMO]

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phase alternated rotation of magnetisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002153)

synonyms: PAR, PAR pulse sequence, PAR sequence, phase-alternated rotation of magnetisation, phase-alternated rotation of magnetization

A sequence of composite pulses designed to remove signal splitting due to heteronuclear J-couplings in multinuclear liquid NMR experiments. [CHMO]

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phase alternated rotation of magnetisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002153)

synonyms: PAR, PAR pulse sequence, PAR sequence, phase-alternated rotation of magnetisation, phase-alternated rotation of magnetization

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phosphorescent labelling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001940)

synonyms: phosphorescence labeling, phosphorescence labelling

The process of covalently attaching a phosphorescent molecule to another molecule, such as a protein or nucleic acid. [CHMO]

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phosphorescent labelling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001940)

synonyms: phosphorescence labeling, phosphorescence labelling

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photoionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000822)

synonyms: PI, photon impact

Ionization of an atom or molecule by a photon, written M + hν → M+• + e–. [IUPAC MS REC]

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photoionisation detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001613)

synonyms: PID

A detection method that is sensitive to volatile organic compounds. A carrier gas (e.g. methane) containing the sample is bombarded with high-energy (UV) photons, resulting in ionization. The current generated by these gaseous ions is then measured. [CHMO]

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photoionisation mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000219)

synonyms: PI-MS, PI/MS, PIMS, photoionisation mass spectroscopy, photoionization mass spectroscopy

A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is irradiated with an ultraviolet laser. The sample absorbs one or more photons resulting in ionization. [CHMO]

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photoionisation mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000219)

synonyms: PI-MS, PI/MS, PIMS, photoionisation mass spectroscopy, photoionization mass spectroscopy

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physical vapour deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001700)

synonyms: PVD

A synthesis technique where vaporized molecules or atoms condense on a surface, forming a thin layer. The process is purely physical; no chemical reaction occurs at the surface. [CHMO]

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pipetting

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002397)

Pipeting transfers a given amount of liquid solution using a pipette, dropper or pipettor. [Allotrope]

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pipetting

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002397)

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plasma desorption ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000589)

synonyms: fission fragment ionisation, fission fragment ionization

The ionization of material in a solid sample by bombarding it with ionic or neutral atoms formed as a result of the fission of a suitable nuclide, typically 252Cf. [PSI-MS]

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plasma desorption ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000589)

synonyms: fission fragment ionisation, fission fragment ionization

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plasma ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001037)

Any ionization method when the sample is ionized in a plasma - a partially ionized gas (such as Ar) containing free electrons. [CHMO]

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plasma ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001037)

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plasma-assisted chemical vapour deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001016)

synonyms: PACVD, PECVD, plasma assisted CVD, plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition, plasma assisted chemical vapour deposition, plasma enhanced CVD, plasma-assisted CVD, plasma-enhanced CVD, plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition

A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, in the presence of a plasma (a partially ionized gas, containing free electrons), which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. The plasma enhances the rate of reaction on the substrate surface. [CHMO]

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plasma-assisted desorption ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000810)

synonyms: PADI

An ionization method where a plasma (a partially ionized gas - such as Ar - containing free electrons) is directed onto the sample surface causing desorption of sample molecules from the surface and subsequent ionization. [CHMO]

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plasma-assisted desorption ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000810)

synonyms: PADI

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pneumatically assisted electrospray ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001210)

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polarisation inversion and spin exchange at the magic angle

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000943)

synonyms: PISEMA, dipolar recoupling distance experiment, dipolar recoupling experiment

Magic angle spinning NMR experiments in which dipolar coupling is reintroduced to obtain information on the proximity of nuclei within the sample. [CHMO]

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polarisation inversion and spin exchange at the magic angle

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000943)

synonyms: PISEMA, dipolar recoupling distance experiment, dipolar recoupling experiment

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polarisation modulation infrared reflection-adsorption spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002067)

synonyms: PM-IRRAS, polarisation modulation infrared reflection adsorption spectroscopy, polarisation modulation-infrared reflection-adsorption spectroscopy, polarization modulation infrared reflection adsorption spectroscopy, polarization modulation-infrared reflection-adsorption spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the differential absorption and reflection of low incident angle p- and s-polarized infrared light by the surface molecules of a highly reflective or polished sample is measured. The ultra-thin layers on metal surfaces interact with the p-polarized component of light, but not with the s-polarized component. [CHMO]

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polarisation modulation infrared reflection-adsorption spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002067)

synonyms: PM-IRRAS, polarisation modulation infrared reflection adsorption spectroscopy, polarisation modulation-infrared reflection-adsorption spectroscopy, polarization modulation infrared reflection adsorption spectroscopy, polarization modulation-infrared reflection-adsorption spectroscopy

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polarisation optical time domain reflectometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002038)

synonyms: PODTR, polarisation OTDR, polarisation optical time domain reflectivity, polarisation optical time-domain reflectivity, polarisation optical time-domain reflectometry, polarization OTDR, polarization optical time domain reflectivity, polarization optical time-domain reflectivity, polarization optical time-domain reflectometry

A method for determining structure by directing an optical pulse through an optical fibre and measuring the polarization state of light reflected at the Brewster angle as a function of time. [CHMO]

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polarisation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002045)

synonyms: PS

Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is irradiated with an initial pulse of polarized laser light (the 'pump') and the change in polarization of a second laser pulse (the 'probe') is determined. [CHMO]

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polarisation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002045)

synonyms: PS

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polarised Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002346)

synonyms: polarised Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, polarised FTIR, polarised Fourier transform infra-red absorption spectroscopy, polarised Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry, polarised Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, polarised Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, polarized FTIR, polarized Fourier transform infra-red absorption spectroscopy, polarized Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry, polarized Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, polarized Fourier transform infrared spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the sample absorbs a single pulse of polarized radiation from the infrared region (0.78-1000 µm) and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]

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polarised Raman spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002443)

synonyms: polarised Raman spectrometry, polarized Raman spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the polarization of light which has been subjected to Raman scattering by a sample is determined. [CHMO]

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polarised neutron reflectometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001167)

synonyms: PNR, polarised neutron reflection, polarised neutron reflectivity, polarized neutron reflection, polarized neutron reflectivity, spin polarised neutron reflectivity , spin polarized neutron reflectivity , spin-polarised reflection measurements, spin-polarized reflection measurements

A method for determining structure by directing polarized neutrons onto an extremely flat surface and measuring the intensity of the reflected neutrons as a function of angle and neutron wavelength. [CHMO]

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polarising light microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000122)

synonyms: PLM, POM, optical polarisation microscopy, optical polarising microscopy, optical polarization microscopy, polarised light microscopy, polarised optical microscopy, polarized light microscopy, polarized light optical microscopy, polarized optical microscopy, polarizing optical microscopy

A type of microscopy where the specimen placed between two orthogonal polarizing filters and illuminated with visible light. [CHMO]

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polarising light microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000122)

synonyms: PLM, POM, optical polarisation microscopy, optical polarising microscopy, optical polarization microscopy, polarised light microscopy, polarised optical microscopy, polarized light microscopy, polarized light optical microscopy, polarized optical microscopy, polarizing optical microscopy

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post-column derivatisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001504)

synonyms: post column derivatisation, post column derivatization

The transformation of a chemical compound (the 'educt') following column chromatography into another similar compound (the 'derivative') by altering one or more of its functional groups. Derviatization is generally perfomed to alter reactivity or change a physical property such as solubility, boiling point, melting point, thermal stability etc. [CHMO]

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pressurised fluid extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001845)

synonyms: PFE, PLE, PSE, accelerated solvent extraction, accelerated-solvent extraction, pressurised liquid extraction, pressurised solvent extraction, pressurised-fluid extraction, pressurised-liquid extraction, pressurised-solvent extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, pressurized solvent extraction, pressurized-fluid extraction, pressurized-liquid extraction, pressurized-solvent extraction

The process of transferring a dissolved substance from one liquid phase to another (immiscible or partially miscible) liquid phase in contact with it using solvents at elevated temperature (50-200 deg. C) and pressure (7-20 MPa). [CHMO]

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programmed temperature vaporisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002147)

synonyms: PTV, programmed-temperature vaporisation, programmed-temperature vaporization

A sample preparation method for gas chromatography in which the sample is deposited into the inlet of the chromatograph at a low temperature, then the inlet temperature is rapidly raised to vaporise the desired components and cause their transfer onto the column. [CHMO]

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pulse-discharge photoionisation detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000831)

synonyms: PDPID, pulse discharge photoionisation detection, pulse discharge photoionization detection, pulsed discharge photoionisation detection, pulsed discharge photoionization detection, pulsed-discharge photoionisation detection, pulses-discharge photoionization detection

A detection method where a DC voltage pulse is passed through a carrier gas generating high-energy (13.5-17.5 eV) photons which photoionize the elements in the sample mixture, and the current generated by this ionization is measured. [CHMO]

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pulsed discharge helium ionisation detection

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000603)

synonyms: PDHID, pulse-discharge helium ionisation detection, pulse-discharge helium ionization detection

A detection method that is sensitive to small gas molecules (e.g. O2, N2, CO2). A low-power, pulsed DC discharge is used to ionize the sample (which is held in He carrier gas). The resulting electrons are focused toward a collector electrode and the current is measured. [CHMO]

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pulsed laser polymerisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001090)

synonyms: PLP, pulsed-laser polymerisation, pulsed-laser polymerization

A polymerization which is initiated by laser pulses at a constant repetition rate. [CHMO]

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pulsed laser polymerisation-size-exclusion chromatography

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000436)

synonyms: PLP-SEC, PLP/SEC, pulsed laser polymerisation size exclusion chromatography, pulsed laser polymerisation-size exclusion chromatography, pulsed laser polymerization size exclusion chromatography, pulsed laser polymerization-size exclusion chromatography, pulsed-laser polymerisation-size-exclusion chromatography, pulsed-laser polymerization-size-exclusion chromatography

A technique for measuring the propagation rate coefficient during polymerization reactions. The polymerization is initiated by laser irradiation and the chain length distribution is subsequently determined by size-exclusion chromatography. [CHMO]

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pulsed laser polymerisation-size-exclusion chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000630)

synonyms: pulsed-laser polymerisation-size-exclusion chromatography, pulsed-laser polymerization-size-exclusion chromatography, PLP-SEC-NMR, PLP/SEC/NMR, pulsed laser polymerisation size exclusion chromatography nuclear magnetic resonance, pulsed laser polymerisation-size exclusion chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance, pulsed laser polymerization size exclusion chromatography nuclear magnetic resonance

A technique for measuring the propagation rate coefficient during polymerization reactions. The polymerization is initiated by laser irradiation and the chain length distribution is subsequently determined by size-exclusion chromatography and the composition of the copolymer products is determined by NMR. [CHMO]

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pyrolysis field ionisation mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001798)

synonyms: Py-FIMS, PyFIMS, py-FIMS, pyFIMS, pyrolysis field ionisation mass spectroscopy, pyrolysis field ionization mass spectroscopy, pyrolysis-field ionisation mass spectrometry, pyrolysis-field ionisation mass spectroscopy, pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectrometry, pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectroscopy

A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is pyrolyzed then ionized by interaction with a high electric field. [CHMO]

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pyrolysis field ionisation mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001798)

synonyms: Py-FIMS, PyFIMS, py-FIMS, pyFIMS, pyrolysis field ionisation mass spectroscopy, pyrolysis field ionization mass spectroscopy, pyrolysis-field ionisation mass spectrometry, pyrolysis-field ionisation mass spectroscopy, pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectrometry, pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectroscopy

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quadrupolar axialisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002582)

Technique for axialization in Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometers in which magnetron motion is converted into cyclotron motion by subjecting the trapped ions to a quadrupolar excitation field while they undergo collisions. [IUPAC MS REC]

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quadrupolar axialisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002582)

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radioactive labelling

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000692)

synonyms: radio isotopic labeling, radio isotopic labelling, radio labeling, radio labelling, radioisotopic labeling, radioisotopic labelling

The substitution of an atom or an ion (present in the form of its stable isotope) by a radioactive isotope of the same element. [CHMO]

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rapid thermal chemical vapour deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000173)

synonyms: RTCVD, rapid thermal CVD

A synthesis method where a rapidly heated substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. [CHMO]

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ratio variable-angle polarised absorption spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000752)

synonyms: RVAPAS, VAPRAS, ratio variable angle polarised absorption spectroscopy, ratio variable-angle polarized absorption spectroscopy, variable angle polarised-referenced absorption spectroscopy, variable angle polarization referenced absorbtion spectroscopy, variable angle polarized-referenced absorption spectroscopy, variable-angle polarised-referenced absorption spectroscopy, variable-angle polarized-referenced absorption spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the absorption of linearly (p-) polarized UV-vis light by the sample, as it is rotated about the vertical axis, is recorded at incremental angles of incidence. The angle-independent s-polarization of the light is also measured as a reference. [CHMO]

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ratio variable-angle polarised absorption spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000752)

synonyms: RVAPAS, VAPRAS, ratio variable angle polarised absorption spectroscopy, ratio variable-angle polarized absorption spectroscopy, variable angle polarised-referenced absorption spectroscopy, variable angle polarization referenced absorbtion spectroscopy, variable angle polarized-referenced absorption spectroscopy, variable-angle polarised-referenced absorption spectroscopy, variable-angle polarized-referenced absorption spectroscopy

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recrystallisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002412)

synonyms: re-crystallisation, re-crystallization

A technique for purifying a crystalline sample where the impure sample is dissolved in a small volume of solvent, forming a supersaturated solution. As the temperature of the solution drops, pure crystals form, the impurities remaining dissolved in the solvent. [CHMO]

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recrystallisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002412)

synonyms: re-crystallisation, re-crystallization

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defined in:

remote plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001642)

synonyms: RPECVD, remote plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition, remote plasma assisted chemical vapour deposition, remote plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition, remote plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition, remote plasma-assisted CVD, remote plasma-enhanced CVD

A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors which react or decompose in a plasma (a partially ionized gas, containing free electrons) and are then transferred to the surface to produce a deposit. The plasma enhances the rate of reaction. [CHMO]

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replica moulding

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001937)

synonyms: REM

A process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a microsized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. A mould is cast from the object to be replicated. This mould is then filled with a prepolymer, which is cross-linked and the resulting polymer is peeled off the mould. Using a mould, rather than the object itself, allows multiple copies to be made without damaging the original. [CHMO]

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resonance enhanced multiphoton ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000895)

synonyms: REMPI, RI, resonance ionization

Multiphoton ionization in which the ionization cross section is significantly enhanced because theenergy of the incident photons is resonant with an intermediate excited state of the neutral. [IUPAC MS REC]

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resonance enhanced multiphoton ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000895)

synonyms: REMPI, RI, resonance ionization

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defined in:

resonance enhanced multiphoton ionisation spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001074)

synonyms: REMPI, REMPI spectrometry, REMPI spectroscopy, resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionisation spectrometry, resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionisation spectroscopy, resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization spectrometry, resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization spectroscopy

Any type of spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with resonant laser light (using a laser which is tuned to match an electronic transitions within the sample) and photoexcitation (by the absorption of two or more photons) is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionization potential to create an ion. [CHMO]

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resonance enhanced multiphoton ionisation spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001074)

synonyms: REMPI, REMPI spectrometry, REMPI spectroscopy, resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionisation spectrometry, resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionisation spectroscopy, resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization spectrometry, resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization spectroscopy

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resonance ionisation mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000136)

synonyms: RIMS, resonance ionisation mass spectroscopy, resonance ionization mass spectroscopy, resonance-ionisation mass spectrometry, resonance-ionisation mass spectroscopy, resonance-ionization mass spectrometry, resonance-ionization mass spectroscopy

A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is irradiated with a resonant laser (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample). The sample absorbs two or more photons resulting in ionization. [CHMO]

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resonance ionisation mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000136)

synonyms: RIMS, resonance ionisation mass spectroscopy, resonance ionization mass spectroscopy, resonance-ionisation mass spectrometry, resonance-ionisation mass spectroscopy, resonance-ionization mass spectrometry, resonance-ionization mass spectroscopy

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resonance ionisation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000433)

synonyms: RIS, resonance enhanced ionisation spectrometry, resonance enhanced ionisation spectroscopy, resonance enhanced ionization spectrometry, resonance enhanced ionization spectroscopy, resonance ionisation spectrometry, resonance ionization spectrometry, resonance-ionisation spectrometry, resonance-ionisation spectroscopy, resonance-ionization spectrometry, resonance-ionization spectroscopy

Any type of spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with resonant laser light (using a laser which is tuned to match an electronic transition within the sample) and photoexcitation is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionization potential to create an ion. [CHMO]

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resonance ionisation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000433)

synonyms: RIS, resonance enhanced ionisation spectrometry, resonance enhanced ionisation spectroscopy, resonance enhanced ionization spectrometry, resonance enhanced ionization spectroscopy, resonance ionisation spectrometry, resonance ionization spectrometry, resonance-ionisation spectrometry, resonance-ionisation spectroscopy, resonance-ionization spectrometry, resonance-ionization spectroscopy

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resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionisation mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002195)

synonyms: REMPI MS, resonance-enhanced mass spectrometry

A type of mass spectrometry where the sample is irradiated with a resonant laser (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample). The sample absorbs one or more photons resulting in ionization. [CHMO]

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resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionisation mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002195)

synonyms: REMPI MS, resonance-enhanced mass spectrometry

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reverse micelle polymerisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001130)

A polymerization process where the hydrophilic monomer is solubilised inside surfactant reverse micelle structures. [CHMO]

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rotational moulding

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000723)

synonyms: rotomolding, rotomoulding

A process for shaping pliable thermoplastic or thermosetting plastics using a rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The plastic is placed in a heated mould, which is slowly rotated causing the melted plastic to flow into to the mould and stick to its walls. [CHMO]

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secondary electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002264)

synonyms: SESI, secondary electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy, secondary electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy

A type of mass spectrometry where the sample ionized by spraying it with a very fine mist of charged droplets which was produced by forcing a solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min-1) into an electric field. [CHMO]

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secondary electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002264)

synonyms: SESI, secondary electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy, secondary electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy

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secondary ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001622)

Process in which ions are ejected from a sample surface as a result of bombardment by a primary beam of atoms or ions. [IUPAC MS REC]

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secondary ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001622)

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defined in:

selective insensitive nuclei enhancement by polarisation transfer

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000024)

synonyms: selective INEPT

A heteronuclear NMR experiment in which magnetization arising from 1H nuclei is transferred to covalently bound heteronuclei, thereby enhancing the NMR signal of the heteronuclei. Selective pulses, that only excite or 'select' some of the signals in the spectrum are used in this experiment. [CHMO]

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selective insensitive nuclei enhancement by polarisation transfer

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000024)

synonyms: selective INEPT

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self-chemical ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002584)

synonyms: self-CI

Chemical ionization of an analyte where the reagent ion is an ionized form of the analyte or one of its product ions. [IUPAC MS REC]

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self-chemical ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002584)

synonyms: self-CI

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silanisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002220)

The deposition of a layer of silane-like molecules on a surface (e.g. glass or mica) through self-assembly. [CHMO]

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single pulse-pulsed laser polymerisation-near-infrared technique

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001568)

synonyms: SP-PLP-NIR, single pulse-pulsed laser polymerisation-near-infrared, single pulse-pulsed laser polymerization-near-infrared

A technique for measuring the time-resolved concentration of monomer during polymerization reactions. The polymerization is initiated by a single pulse of laser radiation and the monomer concentration is monitored by measuring absorbance in the near-infrared (0.8-2 µm) region. [CHMO]

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soft ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001464)

The formation of gas-phase ions without extensive fragmentation. [PSI-MS, IUPAC MS REC]

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soft ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001464)

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sol-gel-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000769)

synonyms: SGALDI MS, SGALDI-MS

A type of mass spectrometry where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporized and ionized using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is held in a sol-gel matrix to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. [CHMO]

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sol-gel-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000769)

synonyms: SGALDI MS, SGALDI-MS

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solvent vapour annealing

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000685)

synonyms: SVA

A method applied to polymer films to increase polymer chain mobility. The film is exposed to a solvent atmosphere at room-temperature causing it to swell. [CHMO]

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solvent-assisted micromoulding

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001621)

synonyms: SAMIM

A process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a microsized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The mould is wetted with a thin layer of solvent. When the polymer is brought into contact with the mould, the top layer of polymer dissolves and expands, filling the mould. The solvent is then allowed to evaporate. [CHMO]

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sonic spray ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002569)

synonyms: SSI

Process in which both anions and cations are produced at atmospheric pressure from an ionic solution due to a statistically unbalanced charge distribution in the minute droplets formed by the action of a sonic atomizer. [IUPAC MS REC]

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sonic spray ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002569)

synonyms: SSI

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spark ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001390)

Formation of ions from a solid material by an intermittent electric discharge. [IUPAC MS REC]

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spark ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001390)

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spin-polarised Auger electron spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000885)

synonyms: SPAES

A type of spectroscopy where the bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionization of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of incident photon energy and a magnet is used to align all electron spins parallel to the emitting surface. [CHMO]

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spin-polarised angle-resolved Auger electron spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002036)

synonyms: SPARPES

A type of spectroscopy where the bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionization of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of emission angle and a magnet is used to align all electron spins parallel to the emitting surface. [CHMO]

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spin-polarised inverse photoelectron spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001938)

synonyms: SPIPES

A type of spectroscopy where a magnetised ferromagnetic sample is bombarded with electrons of a specific spin polarization which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation. [CHMO]

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spin-polarised inverse photoelectron spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001938)

synonyms: SPIPES

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spin-polarised low energy electron microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001055)

synonyms: SPLEEM, spin polarised LEEM, spin polarised low energy electron microscopy, spin polarized LEEM, spin-polarised LEEM, spin-polarised low-energy electron microscopy, spin-polarized LEEM

A type of microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) low energy (1-100 eV) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. A magnet is used to align all electron spins parallel to the sample surface. [CHMO]

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spin-polarised low energy electron microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001055)

synonyms: SPLEEM, spin polarised LEEM, spin polarised low energy electron microscopy, spin polarized LEEM, spin-polarised LEEM, spin-polarised low-energy electron microscopy, spin-polarized LEEM

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spin-polarised metastable de-excitation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000345)

synonyms: spin-polarized metastable de-excitation spectroscopy, SP-MDS, SPMDS, spin-polarised metastable deexcitation spectrometry, spin-polarised metastable deexcitation spectroscopy, spin-polarized metastable de-excitation spectrometry, spin-polarized metastable de-excitation spectrometry, spin-polarized metastable deexcitation spectrometry, spin-polarized metastable deexcitation spectroscopy, spin-polarised metastable de-excitation spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where energy transfer from a metastable atom in close proximity to (~5 ) the sample gives rise to a characteristic ejected electron energy spectrum. A magnet is used to align all the electron spins parallel to the surface. [CHMO]

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spin-polarised secondary electron spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001490)

synonyms: spin-polarised secondary electron spectroscopy, polarised secondary electron spectrometry, polarized secondary electron spectrometry, polarized secondary electron spectroscopy, spin-polarised secondary electron spectrometry, spin-polarized secondary electron spectrometry, spin-resolved secondary electron spectrometry, spin-resolved secondary electron spectroscopy

Any type of spectroscopy where primary electrons interact with a sample and the electrons emitted as a result of the interaction (secondary electrons) are detected. A manget is used to align all electron spins parallel to the surface of the sample. [CHMO]

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spin-polarised secondary electron spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001490)

synonyms: spin-polarised secondary electron spectroscopy, polarised secondary electron spectrometry, polarized secondary electron spectrometry, polarized secondary electron spectroscopy, spin-polarised secondary electron spectrometry, spin-polarized secondary electron spectrometry, spin-resolved secondary electron spectrometry, spin-resolved secondary electron spectroscopy

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spray ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002573)

General term used to describe a range of ionization techniques for analytes in solution that involve dispersing the liquid into fine droplets as a component step. [IUPAC MS REC]

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spray ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002573)

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defined in:

sterilisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002646)

Sterilization is a term referring to any process that eliminates (removes) or kills (deactivates) all forms of life and other biological agents (such as prions, as well as viruses which some do not consider to be alive but are biological pathogens nonetheless), including transmissible agents (such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, prions, spore forms, unicellular eukaryotic organisms such as Plasmodium, etc.) present in a specified region, such as a surface, a volume of fluid, medication, or in a compound such as biological culture media. [Wikipedia]

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sterilisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002646)

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summarising

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003654)

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surface Penning-ionisation electron spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000442)

synonyms: SPIES, surface Penning-ionisation electron spectrometry, surface Penning-ionization electron spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with metastable atoms resulting in the emission of an electron (by Penning ionization) and an Auger electron. [CHMO]

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surface Penning-ionisation electron spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000442)

synonyms: SPIES, surface Penning-ionisation electron spectrometry, surface Penning-ionization electron spectrometry

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surface ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002283)

synonyms: SI

Ionization of a neutral when it interacts with a solid surface with an appropriate work function and temperature. [IUPAC MS REC]

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surface ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002283)

synonyms: SI

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defined in:

surface-assisted chemical vapour transport

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002101)

synonyms: SA-CVT, SACVT, surface assisted CVT, surface assisted chemical vapor transport, surface assisted chemical vapour transport, surface-assisted CVT, surface-assisted chemical-vapor-transport, surface-assisted chemical-vapour-transport

A crystal growth method for metal dichalcogenides in which the starting materials (high-purity metal and chalcogen powders) are placed in one half of a quartz ampoule together with a transport agent (e.g. iodine) and heated in a furnace under a temperature gradient. The product crystals are grown on the surface of a sheet of high-purity metal in the other half of the ampoule. [CHMO]

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surface-enhanced laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002070)

synonyms: SALDI MS, SELDI MS, SELDI-MS, surface-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry, surface-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry

A type of mass spectrometry where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporized and ionized using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is mixed with a matrix compound (such as crystallised dihydrobenzoic acid) and deposited on a surface, with some chemical functionality, to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. [CHMO]

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surface-enhanced laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002070)

synonyms: SALDI MS, SELDI MS, SELDI-MS, surface-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry, surface-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry

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surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002271)

synonyms: SEAC, SELDI, surface enhanced laser desorption ionization, surface-enhanced affinity capture, surface-enhanced laser desorption-ionisation, surface enhanced laser desorption ionisation

Variant of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) in which the matrix is replaced by a surface coating of a chromatographic stationary phase designed to selectively retain different subsets of proteins or peptides from a mixture depending on their physico-chemical properties or biochemical affinity characteristics. [IUPAC MS REC]

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surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002271)

synonyms: SEAC, SELDI, surface enhanced laser desorption ionization, surface-enhanced affinity capture, surface-enhanced laser desorption-ionisation, surface enhanced laser desorption ionisation

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surface-initiated polymerisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000105)

synonyms: SIP, surface initiated polymerisation, surface initiated polymerization

An experimental method used to prepare polymer samples (e.g. polymer brushes) using a surface-imobilised monomer. [CHMO]

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suspension polymerisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001170)

Any experimental method used to prepare polymer samples where the monomer is suspended as liquid droplets in a continuous water phase by means of strong agitation and the presence of a suspending agent. [CHMO]

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temperature-gradient chemical vapour infiltration

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000929)

synonyms: TG-CVI, temperature gradient CVI, temperature gradient chemical vapor infiltration, temperature gradient chemical vapour infiltration, temperature-gradient CVI

The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from a vapour, accelerated by a temperature gradient. [CHMO]

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thermal chemical vapour deposition

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001036)

synonyms: TCVD, thermal CVD

A synthesis method where a substrate is placed in a heated atmosphere (600-800 deg. C) and exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. [CHMO]

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thermal ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002234)

synonyms: TI

Ionization of a neutral through contact with a high-temperature surface. [IUPAC MS REC]

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thermal ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002234)

synonyms: TI

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defined in:

thermal ionisation mass spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000778)

synonyms: TIMS, surface ionisation mass spectrometry, surface ionisation mass spectroscopy, surface ionization mass spectrometry, surface ionization mass spectroscopy, thermal ionisation mass spectrometry, thermal ionization mass spectroscopy, thermal-ionisation mass spectrometry, thermal-ionisation mass spectroscopy, thermal-ionization mass spectrometry, thermal-ionization mass spectroscopy, surface ionization mass spectrometry

A type of mass spectrometry where ionization is achieved by loading the sample onto a heated filament. [CHMO]

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thermal ionisation mass spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000778)

synonyms: TIMS, surface ionisation mass spectrometry, surface ionisation mass spectroscopy, surface ionization mass spectrometry, surface ionization mass spectroscopy, thermal ionisation mass spectrometry, thermal ionization mass spectroscopy, thermal-ionisation mass spectrometry, thermal-ionisation mass spectroscopy, thermal-ionization mass spectrometry, thermal-ionization mass spectroscopy, surface ionization mass spectrometry

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thermospray ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001157)

Spray ionization in which a liquid is flowed through a heated capillary to produce a spray of droplets and solvent vapor. Ions are formed due to the statistical imbalance of charges in the droplets or by a heated filament. [IUPAC MS REC]

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defined in:

thermospray ionisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001157)

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defined in:

time-resolved polarised Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001660)

synonyms: time-resolved polarised Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, time-resolved polarised FTIR, time-resolved polarised Fourier transform infra-red absorption spectroscopy, time-resolved polarised Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry, time-resolved polarised Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, time-resolved polarised Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, time-resolved polarized FTIR, time-resolved polarized Fourier transform infra-red absorption spectroscopy, time-resolved polarized Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry, time-resolved polarized Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, time-resolved polarized Fourier transform infrared spectrometry

A type of spectroscopy where the sample absorbs a single pulse of polarized radiation from the infrared region (0.78-1000 µm) and the spectrum obtained, recorded as a function of time, is subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]

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transfer moulding

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002236)

synonyms: TM

A process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The mould is filled with a prepolymer then the whole assembly is transferred to a flat substrate where the prepolymer is cross-linked and the mould removed. [CHMO]

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defined in:

transmitted polarising light microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002354)

synonyms: TPLM, TPOM, transmitted optical polarising microscopy, transmitted polarised light microscopy, transmitted polarised optical microscopy, transmitted polarized light microscopy, transmitted polarized light optical microscopy, transmitted polarized optical microscopy, transmitted polarized-light optical microscopy, transmitted polarizing optical microscopy

A type of microscopy where the specimen placed between two orthogonal polarising filters and illuminated with visible light transmitted from a source on the opposite side of the specimen from the objective. [CHMO]

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transmitted polarising light microscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002354)

synonyms: TPLM, TPOM, transmitted optical polarising microscopy, transmitted polarised light microscopy, transmitted polarised optical microscopy, transmitted polarized light microscopy, transmitted polarized light optical microscopy, transmitted polarized optical microscopy, transmitted polarized-light optical microscopy, transmitted polarizing optical microscopy

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trimethylsilyl derivatisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001736)

synonyms: TMS derivatisation, TMS derivatization

Derivatization of a metabolite by addition of a trimethylsilyl reagent to protect functional groups such as hydroxy, carboxylic acid, thio and amine groups. [CHMO]

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trimethylsilyl derivatisation

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001736)

synonyms: TMS derivatisation, TMS derivatization

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ultrasonic nebulisation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002356)

synonyms: USN-ICP-AES, USN-ICP-OES, ultrasonic nebulisation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, ultrasonic nebulisation inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, ultrasonic nebulisation inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, ultrasonic nebulization inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, ultrasonic nebulization inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, ultrasonic nebulization inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy

A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample mixture is first passed through a nebulizer to form a mist of finely dispersed droplets (using high frequency vibrations) and then excited using a plasma generated by electromagnetic inductance. [CHMO]

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valence-shell photoionisation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000059)

synonyms: valence-shell photoionisation spectrometry, valence-shell photoionization spectrometry

Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionization of the valence shell and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]

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valence-shell photoionisation spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000059)

synonyms: valence-shell photoionisation spectrometry, valence-shell photoionization spectrometry

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vapour pressure osmometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000257)

synonyms: VPO, vapor-pressure osmometry, vapour-pressure osmometry

A technique used to determine the concentration of osmotically active particles that reduce the vapor pressure of a solution. Vapour pressure osmometry is used to measure the average molecular weight of polymers. [CHMO]

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vapour pressure osmometry

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000257)

synonyms: VPO, vapor-pressure osmometry, vapour-pressure osmometry

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vapour-phase epitaxy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001905)

synonyms: VPE, vapor phase epitaxy, vapor-phase epitaxial growth, vapour phase epitaxy, vapour-phase epitaxial growth

A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from vapour-phase precursors) on a monocrystalline substrate. [CHMO]

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vapour-phase extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001545)

synonyms: vapor phase extraction, vapour phase extraction

The process of transferring a substance from a vapour to a solid phase by passing the vapour sample through a stationary phase (e.g. silica particles) and then desorbing it using a desorbent or carrier gas. [CHMO]

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vapour-phase extraction

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001545)

synonyms: vapor phase extraction, vapour phase extraction

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vapour-phase growth

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001821)

synonyms: VPG, vapor phase deposition, vapor phase deposition, vapor phase growth, vapor-phase decomposition, vapor-phase deposition, vapour phase growth, vapour-phase decomposition, vapour-phase deposition

A synthesis method for carbon nanotubes where an organometallic precursor (typically tungsten-based) is vaporised then heated in an Ar and C2H2 atmosphere to 950 deg. C. [CHMO]

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variable-angle polarised absorption spectroscopy

(http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002058)

synonyms: VAPAS, variable angle polarised absorption spectroscopy, variable angle polarized absorption spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy where the absorption of linearly (p-) polarized UV-vis light by a poled thin film sample, as it is rotated about the vertical axis, is recorded at incremental angles of incidence. [CHMO]

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