@prefix : . @prefix ro: . @prefix bfo: . @prefix dct: . @prefix iao: . @prefix obi: . @prefix ops: . @prefix ore: . @prefix org: . @prefix owl: . @prefix pav: . @prefix rdf: . @prefix sio: . @prefix xml: . @prefix xsd: . @prefix af-c: . @prefix af-e: . @prefix af-m: . @prefix af-p: . @prefix af-q: . @prefix af-r: . @prefix af-x: . @prefix chmo: . @prefix envo: . @prefix foaf: . @prefix pato: . @prefix prov: . @prefix qudt: . @prefix rdfs: . @prefix skos: . @prefix time: . @prefix void: . @prefix af-cq: . @prefix af-fn: . @prefix af-re: . @prefix af-rl: . @prefix afs-c: . @prefix afs-q: . @prefix chebi: . @prefix af-cur: . @prefix af-map: . @prefix afs-dc: . @prefix afs-hr: . @prefix af-math: . @prefix af-ec-001: . @prefix af-ec-002: . @prefix af-ec-003: . @prefix af-ec-004: . @prefix af-ec-005: . @prefix af-ec-006: . @base . rdf:type owl:Ontology ; owl:versionIRI ; owl:imports ; dct:contributor ; dct:description "Taxonomy of universals with a maturity level of working draft." ; dct:issued "2022-09-30T12:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime ; dct:license ; dct:modified "2022-09-30T12:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime ; dct:publisher ; dct:rights , ; dct:title "Allotrope Foundation Taxonomy (WD/2022/09)" ; void:feature ; owl:priorVersion ; owl:versionInfo "WD/2022/09" . ################################################################# # Annotation properties ################################################################# ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/property#AFX_0002794 af-x:AFX_0002794 rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/property#AFX_0002795 af-x:AFX_0002795 rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/property#AFX_0002796 af-x:AFX_0002796 rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/property#AFX_0002798 af-x:AFX_0002798 rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/property#AFX_0002808 af-x:AFX_0002808 rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/property#AFX_0002809 af-x:AFX_0002809 rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/property#AFX_0002811 af-x:AFX_0002811 rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/property#AFX_0002865 af-x:AFX_0002865 rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ### http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000115 iao:_0000115 rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ### http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000412 iao:_0000412 rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ### http://purl.org/dc/terms/description dct:description rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ### http://purl.org/dc/terms/hasVersion dct:hasVersion rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ### http://purl.org/dc/terms/replaces dct:replaces rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ### http://purl.org/dc/terms/source dct:source rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ### http://purl.org/dc/terms/title dct:title rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ### http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#minQualifiedCardinality owl:minQualifiedCardinality rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ### http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#definition skos:definition rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ### http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel skos:prefLabel rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ### http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#scopeNote skos:scopeNote rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ################################################################# # Object Properties ################################################################# ### http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#closeMatch skos:closeMatch rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty . ### http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#exactMatch skos:exactMatch rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty . ################################################################# # Data properties ################################################################# ### http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name foaf:name rdf:type owl:DatatypeProperty . ################################################################# # Classes ################################################################# ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/common#AFC_0000017 af-c:AFC_0000017 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-c:AFC_0000090 ; skos:definition "A condition is conditionally related to another concept. The related concept is valid under this condition. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "property condition" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000012 af-e:AFE_0000012 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000843 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A solid-state laser is a laser that uses a gain medium that is a solid, rather than a liquid such as in dye lasers or a gas as in gas lasers. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "solid-state laser" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000013 af-e:AFE_0000013 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000816 ; skos:definition "A thick-walled steel vessel used during synthesis methods that require both high pressures and high temperatures. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "autoclave" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000021 af-e:AFE_0000021 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000022 ; skos:definition "The outlet is the compartment of a device that handles the exit of the sample. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "sample outlet" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000022 af-e:AFE_0000022 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A sample passage is the compartment of a device that handles the conveying of samples. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "sample passage" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000032 af-e:AFE_0000032 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000846 ; skos:definition "A volumetric burette delivers measured volumes of liquid. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "volumetric burette" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000037 af-e:AFE_0000037 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000621 ; skos:altLabel "SQUID device" , "SQUID magnetometer" , "superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer" , "superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer" , "superconducting quantum interference magnetometer" ; skos:definition "A piece of apparatus, consisting of superconducting loops containing Josephson junctions, which is used to measure the strength and/or direction of an extremely weak magnetic field (10-18 T). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "superconducting quantum interference device" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000052 af-e:AFE_0000052 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000718 ; af-x:AFX_0002808 ; skos:definition "A cuvette is a small tube of circular or square cross section, sealed at least at one end, made of plastic, glass, or fused quartz (for UV light) and designed to hold liquid samples for spectroscopic experiments. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "cuvette" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000056 af-e:AFE_0000056 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A piece of apparatus that can increase the power of a signal. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "amplifier" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000062 af-e:AFE_0000062 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "The antistatic device removes charge from the device it is attached to. [Allotrope]" ; skos:example "antistatic kit of a balance that removes charge from a weighing chamber" ; skos:prefLabel "antistatic device" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000068 af-e:AFE_0000068 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000491 ; skos:definition "A connector for attachment to the power line. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "power connector" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000077 af-e:AFE_0000077 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002145 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "stylus profilometer" , "surface profilometer" ; skos:definition "A piece of apparatus that measures surface profiles by dragging a (diamond) stylus across the sample surface. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the stylus and surface during scanning. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "profilometer" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000081 af-e:AFE_0000081 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002145 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A sensor that measures the humidity of a substance or the ambient humidity. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "humidity sensor" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000089 af-e:AFE_0000089 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000545 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A flask used as a reaction vessel in air-sensitive chemistry. It is made of glass and has a side arm fitted with a PTFE or ground glass stopcock which allows the vessel to be evacuated or filled with gas (e.g. nitrogen or argon). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "Schlenk flask" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000091 af-e:AFE_0000091 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002157 ; af-x:AFX_0002809 obi:_0001132 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A capillary electrophoresis instrument is a device that allows measurements based on the experimental method of capillary electrophoresis. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "capillary electrophoresis instrument" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000115 af-e:AFE_0000115 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A piece of apparatus in which a current causes chemical reactions or chemical reactions cause a current to flow. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "electrochemical cell" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000131 af-e:AFE_0000131 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000843 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "FEL" , "free electron laser" ; skos:definition "A free-electron laser is a laser whose lasing medium consists of very-high-speed electrons moving freely through a magnetic structure, hence the term free electron. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "free-electron laser" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000132 af-e:AFE_0000132 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000528 ; skos:definition "A forced air temperature controller is a temperature controller that maintains its temperature using forced air. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "forced air temperature controller" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000137 af-e:AFE_0000137 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000073 ; skos:altLabel "carrousel" , "sample carousel" , "sample carrousel" ; skos:definition "A carousel is an autosampler that uses a circular tray that turns the sample vials. [Allotrope]" ; skos:example "carousel of an autosampler" ; skos:prefLabel "carousel" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000143 af-e:AFE_0000143 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000825 ; skos:definition "A piece of apparatus which is used to produce an enlarged image of a specimen using a finely focused (less than 10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage of 50--150 kV under vacuum and measuring the interaction of the electrons with the specimen. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "electron microscope" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000151 af-e:AFE_0000151 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002145 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "Apparatus used to specifically measure media concentrations of various analytes. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "cell culture analyzer" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000152 af-e:AFE_0000152 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002203 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "DRO" , "digital display" ; skos:definition "A digital readout is a numeric readout, usually with an integrated keyboard and some means of numeric representation. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "digital readout" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000172 af-e:AFE_0000172 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000491 ; skos:definition "A connector that is used for the exchange of data. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "data connector" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000175 af-e:AFE_0000175 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A piece of apparatus, consisting of an electromagnet containing a paramagnetic core material with a tip-shaped end, that is used to trap and manipulate magnetic particles. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "magnetic tweezers" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000179 af-e:AFE_0000179 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001447 ; skos:altLabel "hand mortar" , "mortar grinder" ; skos:definition "A mortar and pestle is a device used to prepare ingredients or substances by crushing and grinding them into a fine paste or powder. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "mortar and pestle" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000185 af-e:AFE_0000185 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001515 . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000189 af-e:AFE_0000189 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A piece of apparatus that generates electrical current when it experiences a thermal gradient. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "thermocouple" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000202 af-e:AFE_0000202 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A piece of apparatus which is used to physically interact with a sample under a microscope. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "micromanipulator" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000203 af-e:AFE_0000203 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000628 ; skos:altLabel "CCD diffractometer" ; skos:definition "A diffractometer in which the detector is a charge-coupled device. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "charge-coupled device diffractometer" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000220 af-e:AFE_0000220 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000834 ; skos:definition "A piece of apparatus which illuminates a powder sample with X-rays, electrons or neutrons and measures the diffraction pattern produced. It typically will contain at least one monochromator to ensure the incident radiation is of a specific energy, a goniometer which allows the geometry of the sample and detector to be precisely specified, and a detector. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "X-ray powder diffractometer" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000260 af-e:AFE_0000260 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000529 ; skos:altLabel "separator" ; skos:definition "A diaphragm is a permeable membrane placed between anode and cathode. The main function of a separator is to keep the two electrodes apart to prevent electrical short circuits while also allowing the transport of ionic charge carriers that are needed to close the circuit during the passage of current in an electrochemical cell. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "diaphragm" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000268 af-e:AFE_0000268 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000719 ; skos:altLabel "EMCCD camera" , "electron multiplying charge coupled device camera" , "electron-multiplying charge coupled device (EMCCD) camera" ; skos:definition "A piece of apparatus that converts optical brightness into an electrical signal using a EMCCD and then reproduces an image of the specimen. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "electron-multiplying charge-coupled-device camera" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000284 af-e:AFE_0000284 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000401 ; skos:altLabel "EMCCD" , "Impactron CCD" , "L3CCD" , "L3Vision CCD" , "electron multiplying CCD" , "electron multiplying charge coupled device" , "electron-multiplying CCD" ; skos:definition "A piece of apparatus, based on a semiconductor chip, which converts the intensity of light falling onto its surface at different points into a potential difference. The device contains a gain register that amplifies the electrical signal by impact ionization. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "electron-multiplying charge-coupled device" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000297 af-e:AFE_0000297 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "level" ; skos:definition "A level is used to indicate the levelling of a device. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "level (device)" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000305 af-e:AFE_0000305 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A piece of apparatus, consisting of a crucible (made of pyrolytic boron nitride, quartz, tungsten or graphite), heating filaments, a water cooling system, which is used to measure very low vapor pressures by measuring the mass of vapor which escapes when the vessel contains a liquid in equilibrium with its vapor. It is also used as a source evaporator during crystal growth e.g. during molecular-beam epitaxy. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "Knudsen cell" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000314 af-e:AFE_0000314 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A power supply is an electrical device that supplies electric power to an electrical load. The primary function of a power supply is to convert electric current from a source to the correct voltage, current, and frequency to power the load. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:example "high voltage power supply of a capillary electrophoresis instrument" ; skos:prefLabel "power supply" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000321 af-e:AFE_0000321 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "ESDA" ; skos:definition "A piece of apparatus which is used to detect footwear marks and indented impressions of handwriting in paper. The sample sheet of paper is placed on a sintered copper plate, a vacuum is applied and a thin mylar plastic film is rolled over the sample. An electrostatic charge is then applied to the plastic by means of a corona discharge and the subsequent pattern of charging is then visualised using photocopier toner. The toner adheres to those areas corresponding to indentations. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "electrostatic detection apparatus" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000327 af-e:AFE_0000327 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002145 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A sensor that measures the pressure. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "pressure sensor" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000328 af-e:AFE_0000328 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000825 ; skos:altLabel "SPM" ; skos:definition "A scanning probe microscope is a microscope which uses a probe to scan the surface of the specimen, mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the probe-surface interaction as a function of position, producing an image of the surface. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "scanning probe microscope" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000334 af-e:AFE_0000334 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "optical trap" , "optical tweezer" , "single-beam gradient force optical trap" ; skos:definition "A piece of apparatus, consisting of a laser, an optical microscope, a condenser and a CCD camera, that is used to manipulate microscopic particles. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "optical tweezers" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000344 af-e:AFE_0000344 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000824 ; skos:altLabel "X-Ray photoelectron spectrometer" , "XPS spectrometer" ; skos:definition "A piece of apparatus, consisting of an X-ray source, an analyser and a detector, which is used to measure the photoelectron emission of samples bombarded with X-rays. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "X-ray photoelectron spectrometer" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000353 af-e:AFE_0000353 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002203 ; skos:definition "An analog readout is a readout where values are indicated by a pointer against a scale or dial. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "analog readout" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000354 af-e:AFE_0000354 rdf:type owl:Class . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000384 af-e:AFE_0000384 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002157 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "drier" ; skos:definition "The dryer is a device that is used to remove moisture. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "dryer" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000385 af-e:AFE_0000385 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000073 ; skos:definition "A thermal desorption autosampler is an autosampler that supports the thermal desorption technique for analysis of volatile compounds. Tubes of such autosamplers need a sealing and the thermal desorption autosampler must provide a way of heating and cooling the vials. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "thermal desorption autosampler" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000389 af-e:AFE_0000389 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A piece of apparatus that measures and compares tastes using a number of discrete sensors; usually one for each of the five taste categories; sourness, saltiness, bitterness, sweetness, and umami. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "electronic tongue" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000401 af-e:AFE_0000401 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "CCD" , "CCD array" , "charge coupled device" ; skos:definition "A piece of apparatus, based on a semiconductor chip, which converts the intensity of light falling onto its surface at different points into a charge. When a photon is absorbed by the chip, a single electron is released. Electrodes covering the chip surface hold these electrons in place in an array of wells, or pixels, so that during exposure of the chip to light, a pattern of charge builds up that corresponds to the pattern of light. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "charge-coupled device" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000405 af-e:AFE_0000405 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001199 ; skos:definition "A piece of apparatus for carrying out hydrogenation reactions, usually under high pressure. [CHMO]" ; skos:example "See for example http://www.parrinst.com/products/hydrogenation/3926-hydrogenator/" ; skos:prefLabel "hydrogenator" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000407 af-e:AFE_0000407 rdf:type owl:Class . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000409 af-e:AFE_0000409 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A piece of apparatus that transmits a narrow band of wavelengths of light or other radiation (e.g. X-rays) chosen from a wider range of wavelengths available at the input. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "monochromator" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000410 af-e:AFE_0000410 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002145 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A thermometer is a device that measures temperature or a temperature gradient. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "thermometer" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000432 af-e:AFE_0000432 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000145 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "An analog-to-digital converter channel is a special type of channel that belongs to an analog-to-digital converter. Usually there are several channels for one converter. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "analog-to-digital converter channel" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000440 af-e:AFE_0000440 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001345 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "Rotavapor" , "rotavap" ; skos:definition "A piece of apparatus consisting of a motor unit that rotates the evaporation flask, a vacuum system, a heated water bath and a condenser, which is used to remove solvents from samples under reduced pressure. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "rotary evaporator" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000451 af-e:AFE_0000451 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000153 ; skos:definition "A bioreactor is a vessel that is used for chemical processes involving biochemically active substances. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "bioreactor" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000453 af-e:AFE_0000453 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002809 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A dynode is an electrode that is part of an electron multiplier whose function is to provide secondary emission of electrons. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "dynode" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000454 af-e:AFE_0000454 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000097 ; skos:altLabel "X-ray generator" ; skos:definition "A device that is used to generate X-rays. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "X-ray source" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000459 af-e:AFE_0000459 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002145 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "pH measurement device" ; skos:definition "A pH meter is an electronic device used for measuring the pH which is either the concentration of Hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution or the activity of the Hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution. PH meters work in liquids though special probes are sometimes used to measure the pH of semi-solid substances. A typical pH meter consists of a special measuring probe (a glass electrode) connected to an electronic meter that measures and displays the pH reading. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "pH meter" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000461 af-e:AFE_0000461 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000555 ; dct:source , ; skos:altLabel "TDC" , "time-to-digital converter" ; skos:definition "A time-digital converter is a data acquisition device for recognizing events and providing a digital representation of the time they occurred. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "time-digital converter" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000462 af-e:AFE_0000462 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000022 ; skos:definition "Introduction of sample onto the apparatus, chromatograph or mass spectrometer. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "sample inlet" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000465 af-e:AFE_0000465 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002145 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "TG" , "TGA" , "TGA instrument" , "thermo-gravimetric apparatus" , "thermogravimetric analysis apparatus" , "thermogravimetric apparatus" ; skos:definition "A piece of apparatus, consisting of a quartz or alumina chamber, a balance, a sample pan and a heating mechanism, which is used to record the mass of a sample as a function of increasing temperature. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "thermogravimetric analyzer" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000470 af-e:AFE_0000470 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000824 ; skos:altLabel "EDS spectrometer" , "EDX spectrometer" , "EDXA spectrometer" , "X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer" , "X-ray energy-dispersive spectrometer" ; skos:definition "A piece of apparatus, consisting of an electron source, a grating and a semiconductor detector, which is used to measure the X-ray emissions of a sample as a function of wavelength. The X-rays emerging from the sample pass through a slit then the grating disperses them by diffraction according to their wavelength. Finally, X-ray energy is converted to voltage pulses or 'counts' by the detector. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000471 af-e:AFE_0000471 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A damper is a device that deadens, restrains, or depresses. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "damper" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000491 af-e:AFE_0000491 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002155 ; skos:definition "A connector is an electro-mechanical device for joining electrical circuits as an interface using a mechanical assembly. Connectors consist of plugs (male-ended) and jacks (female-ended). The connection may be temporary, as for portable equipment, require a tool for assembly and removal, or serve as a permanent electrical joint between two wires or devices. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:example "Mini-LTW, DIN-EL-0 S7, Metrohm (LEMO), BNC, DIN 19 262, F-socket, banana, universal pin connector, USB, RS232, MultiPin, etc." ; skos:prefLabel "connector" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000507 af-e:AFE_0000507 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "synchrotrons" ; skos:definition "A large-scale particle accelerator in which a magnetic field is used to create the particle orbits. Synchrotrons produce X-ray, vacuum ultraviolet and broadband infrared radiation. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "synchrotron" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000512 af-e:AFE_0000512 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002156 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "In computing, a keyboard is a typewriter-style device, which uses an arrangement of buttons or keys, to act as mechanical levers or electronic switches. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "keyboard" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000524 af-e:AFE_0000524 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002145 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "cell counter" , "cell counter analyzer" , "cell counter device" , "cell counter instrument" , "cell density module" , "cell viability module" , "off-line analyzer" ; skos:definition "A device used to count the number of cells present in known volume of sample to determine the overall concentration cells per unit volume. [Allotrope]" ; skos:example "Nova CDV" ; skos:prefLabel "cell counter" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000528 af-e:AFE_0000528 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002148 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "temperature control" , "temperature control device" , "thermostat" ; skos:definition "A device used to control the temperature in a compartment. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "temperature controller" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000529 af-e:AFE_0000529 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001785 ; skos:definition "A membrane is a selective barrier; it allows some things to pass through but stops others. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "membrane" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000536 af-e:AFE_0000536 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000407 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A crucible is a ceramic or metal container in which metals or other substances may be melted or subjected to very high temperatures. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "crucible" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000538 af-e:AFE_0000538 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000816 ; skos:definition "A piece of apparatus, consisting of a high- voltage transformer, a cavity magnetron, a waveguide and a sample chamber, that is used to heat samples by irradiation with microwave (2 GHz) radiation. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "microwave oven" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000542 af-e:AFE_0000542 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000252 ; skos:altLabel "scale instrument" ; skos:definition "A scale is a weighing instrument, intended predominantly for medium to high capacity weighments, with moderate to low resolutions, used indoors or outdoors. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "scale" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000545 af-e:AFE_0000545 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000851 ; af-x:AFX_0002808 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "Flasks are narrow-necked glass containers, typically conical or spherical, used in a laboratory to hold reagents or samples. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:example "Erlenmeyer flask" ; skos:prefLabel "flask" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000576 af-e:AFE_0000576 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000202 ; skos:altLabel "piezo micromanipulator" ; skos:definition "A piece of apparatus which is used to physically interact with a sample under a microscope, and is driven by the application of an alternating current to a piezoelectric material. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "piezo-driven micromanipulator" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000582 af-e:AFE_0000582 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001433 ; skos:definition "A short-path vacuum distillation apparatus consisting of an electric heater and two or more glass bulbs. The compound to be distilled is placed in the last bulb. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "Kugelrohr" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000586 af-e:AFE_0000586 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000718 ; af-x:AFX_0002809 chmo:_0002572 ; skos:definition "A tube used as a reaction vessel in air-sensitive chemistry. It is made of glass and has a side arm fitted with a PTFE or ground glass stopcock which allows the vessel to be evacuated or filled with gas (e.g. nitrogen or argon). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "Schlenk tube" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000587 af-e:AFE_0000587 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002157 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A degasser is a device to remove gasses from a fluid which could otherwise form bubbles. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "degasser" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000590 af-e:AFE_0000590 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "printer device" , "printing device" ; skos:definition "In computing, a printer is a peripheral which makes a persistent human readable representation of graphics or text on paper or similar physical media. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "printer" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000601 af-e:AFE_0000601 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002809 chmo:_0001909 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "FPA" , "focal plane array" , "focal-plane array" , "staring array" , "staring plane array" , "staring-plane array" ; skos:definition "A sensing device, consisting of an array of light-sensing pixels at the focal plane of a lens, that is sensitive to infrared radiation. The device operates by converting infrared photons to an electrical signal, and using it to construct an image of the sample. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "focal plane array" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000609 af-e:AFE_0000609 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002148 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A piece of apparatus that maintains the potential through an electrochemical cell at a preset value. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "potentiostat" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000610 af-e:AFE_0000610 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000555 ; skos:definition "A pulse counter is a device that counts electric pulses. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "pulse counter" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000611 af-e:AFE_0000611 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001708 ; skos:altLabel "SMPS" ; skos:definition "A piece of apparatus that measures the size distribution of particles in an aerosol by neutralising the particles, passing them through a differential mobility analyser in order to control the size of the particles and then counting the particles of that size with a condensation particle counter. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "scanning mobility particle sizer" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000619 af-e:AFE_0000619 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002145 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "IR spectrometer" , "IR spectrophotometer" , "infra-red spectrometer" ; skos:definition "A piece of apparatus consisting of an infrared laser and a detector which is used to measure spectra in the infrared range. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "infrared spectrometer" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000621 af-e:AFE_0000621 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002145 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A piece of apparatus used to measure the strength and/or direction of a magnetic field. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "magnetometer" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000622 af-e:AFE_0000622 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001785 ; skos:definition "A septum is a type of barrier or sealing that seals the entrance to a separated space. [Allotrope]" ; skos:example "disc composed of a flexible material that seals the entrance to a reservoir, enterance to the vaccum chamber" ; skos:prefLabel "septum" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000627 af-e:AFE_0000627 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000528 ; skos:definition "A liquid temperature controller is a temperature controller that maintains the temperature of a liquid solution. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "liquid temperature controller" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000628 af-e:AFE_0000628 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002145 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A piece of apparatus which illuminates a sample with X-rays, electrons or neutrons and measures the diffraction pattern produced. It typically will contain at least one monochromator to ensure the incident radiation is of a specific energy, a goniometer which allows the geometry of the sample and detector to be precisely specified, and a detector. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "diffractometer" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000641 af-e:AFE_0000641 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000843 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A gas laser is a laser in which an electric current is discharged through a gas to produce coherent light. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "gas laser" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000644 af-e:AFE_0000644 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002145 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "NMR spectrometer" ; skos:definition "An NMR spectrometer is an instrument used to conduct NMR experiments consisting of a magnet, NMR console, and NMR probe. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000651 af-e:AFE_0000651 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "Sieverts apparatus" , "volumetric hydrogen storage capacity apparatus" ; skos:definition "A piece of apparatus, consisting of a gas manifold with a series of tubes and valves connecting the sample chamber to one or more pressure reservoirs of known volume, used for measuring the thermodynamics of hydrogen sorption onto metal samples. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "Sievert's apparatus" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000652 af-e:AFE_0000652 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002145 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A piece of apparatus, consisting of a flow cell, a laser and a detector, which detects the fluorescence and light scattering of individual particles (e.g. cells). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "flow cytometer" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000670 af-e:AFE_0000670 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002809 chmo:_0001060 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "EM" ; skos:definition "A piece of apparatus that on contact with a charged particle of sufficient energy emits a greater number electrons. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "electron multiplier" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000677 af-e:AFE_0000677 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002145 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "EPR spectrometer" , "ESR spectrometer" , "electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometer" ; skos:definition "A piece of apparatus, consisting of a microwave radiation source, a resonator (a cavity), a magnet and a detector, that is used to measure electron spin resonance spectra. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "electron spin resonance spectrometer" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000710 af-e:AFE_0000710 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002145 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A piece of apparatus, consisting of a Xe lamp, a sample holder and at least two polarizing filters, that is used to measure optical rotations in solution. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "spectropolarimeter" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000719 af-e:AFE_0000719 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "CCD camera" , "camera" , "charge coupled device (CCD) camera" , "charge coupled device camera" , "charge-coupled device (CCD) digital camera" ; skos:definition "A piece of apparatus that converts optical brightness into an electrical signal using a CCD (a semiconductor chip, which converts the intensity of light falling onto its surface at different points into a charge) and then reproduces an image of the specimen. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "charge-coupled-device camera" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000748 af-e:AFE_0000748 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000529 ; skos:definition "Glass membranes are made from an ion-exchange type of glass (silicate or chalcogenide). This type of ion-selective membrane has good selectivity, but only for several single-charged cations; mainly H+, Na+, and Ag+. Chalcogenide glass also has selectivity for double-charged metal ions, such as Pb2+, and Cd2+. The glass membrane has excellent chemical durability and can work in very aggressive media. A very common example of this type of electrode is the pH glass electrode. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "glass membrane" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000756 af-e:AFE_0000756 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "PMT" ; skos:definition "Photomultiplier tubes (photomultipliers or PMTs for short), members of the class of vacuum tubes, and more specifically vacuum phototubes, are extremely sensitive detectors of light in the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "photomultiplier" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000757 af-e:AFE_0000757 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000841 ; skos:definition "A piece of apparatus, consisting of a light source, a polarizer, a compensator (which elliptically polarizes the light) and a detector, which is used to measure the intensity and change in polarization of light reflected by a sample as a function of wavelength. This information in turn can be used to determine refractive index and thin film thickness. [CHMO]" ; skos:editorialNote "2017-10-26 Review with SME and better define how this is different from its parent class. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "spectroscopic ellipsometer" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000805 af-e:AFE_0000805 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002145 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A sensor that measures the density of a substance. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "density sensor" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000806 af-e:AFE_0000806 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000185 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "fluorescence spectrometer" , "fluorescence spectrophotometer" , "fluorimeter" , "fluorometer" , "fluorospectrophotometer" , "spectrofluorometer" ; skos:definition "A piece of apparatus, consisting of a laser, a monochromator (for selecting a specific excitation wavelength) and a detector, which is used to measure fluorescence spectra. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "spectrofluorimeter" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000824 af-e:AFE_0000824 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002145 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "X-Ray spectrometer" ; skos:definition "A piece of apparatus used to measure the absorption or emission of X-rays. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "X-ray spectrometer" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000826 af-e:AFE_0000826 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "sample probe" ; skos:definition "A sampling probe is a probe that is used for measurements. [Allotrope]" ; skos:example "Sampling probe for blood gas analysis. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "sampling probe" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000833 af-e:AFE_0000833 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000023 ; skos:definition "A piece of apparatus, consisting of a cone-shaped heater, a hood to collect evolving gases and a laser beam, that is used to measure thermodynamic parameters such as heat release rate, heat of combustion, ignitability, and the evolution of toxic gases, smoke and soot, for flame retarding materials. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "cone calorimeter" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000834 af-e:AFE_0000834 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000628 ; skos:definition "A piece of apparatus which illuminates a sample with X-rays and measures the diffraction pattern produced. It typically will contain at least one monochromator to ensure the incident radiation is of a specific energy, a goniometer which allows the geometry of the sample and detector to be precisely specified, and a detector. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "X-ray diffractometer" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000839 af-e:AFE_0000839 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000846 ; dct:source "Redman, H. N. (1963). \"An improved type of weight burette for use in volumetric analysis\". Analyst 88: 654–655." ; skos:definition "A weight burette delivers measured weights of liquid. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "weight burette" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000841 af-e:AFE_0000841 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002145 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A piece of apparatus, consisting of a laser, a polarizer, a compensator (which elliptically polarizes the light) and a detector, which is used to measure the intensity and change in polarization of light reflected by a sample. This information in turn can be used to determine refractive index and thin film thickness. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "ellipsometer" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000843 af-e:AFE_0000843 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000097 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "laser" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000846 af-e:AFE_0000846 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "buret" ; skos:definition "A burette (also buret) is a device used in analytical chemistry for the dispensing of variable, measured amounts of a chemical solution. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "burette" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000851 af-e:AFE_0000851 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000407 ; af-x:AFX_0002808 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A bottle is a rigid container with a neck that is narrower than the body and a mouth. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:example "buffer solution bottle" ; skos:prefLabel "bottle" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000852 af-e:AFE_0000852 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000545 ; af-x:AFX_0002808 ; skos:altLabel "Dewar" , "vacuum flask" ; skos:definition "A double-walled flask of metal or silvered glass with a vacuum between the walls, used to hold liquids at well below ambient temperature. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "dewar" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000854 af-e:AFE_0000854 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000334 ; skos:altLabel "HOTs" , "holographic optical trap" ; skos:definition "A piece of apparatus, consisting of a laser, a beam splitter, an optical microscope, a condenser and a CCD camera, that is used to manipulate microscopic particles. The beam splitter is used to create multiple laser beams that interfere forming multiple optical traps. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "holographic optical tweezers" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000858 af-e:AFE_0000858 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002145 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "osmo analyzer" , "osmo module" , "osmolality module" , "osmometer" ; skos:definition "The osmolality analyzer is used for determining the concentration of salts present per mass unit of solution. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "osmolality analyzer" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000862 af-e:AFE_0000862 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002145 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A piece of apparatus, consisting of a light source that emits light at element-specific wavelengths, a sample aspirator, a flame or furnace apparatus for volatilising the sample, and a photon detector, that is used to measure the atomic absorption spectrum of a sample. Atoms in the sample of a specific wavelength will absorb light produced by the lamp before it reaches the detector, and the amount of light absorbed depends on the quantity of the element present in the sample. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "atomic absorption spectrometer" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000864 af-e:AFE_0000864 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000843 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A dye laser is a laser which uses an organic dye as the lasing medium, usually as a liquid solution. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "dye-laser" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000872 af-e:AFE_0000872 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000555 ; skos:altLabel "A to D" , "A/D" , "A/D converter" , "ADC" , "analog to digital converter" ; skos:definition "Analog-to-digital converter is an electronic integrated circuit that converts continuous signals to discrete digital numbers. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "analog-digital converter" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000881 af-e:AFE_0000881 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A device that generates a magnetic field. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "magnet" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000882 af-e:AFE_0000882 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000884 ; skos:definition "An electromagnet made from coils of wire that are superconducting at cryogenic temperatures. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "superconducting magnet" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000884 af-e:AFE_0000884 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000881 ; skos:definition "An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is produced by an electric current. The magnetic field disappears when the current is turned off. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "electromagnet" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000982 af-e:AFE_0000982 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000990 ; iao:_0000115 "A concentric nebulizer is a pneumatic nebulizer in which the liquid flows through a central capillary and dispersion gas flows through a surrounding outer tube. [IUPAC]" ; dct:source "Murray, K., Boyd, R., Eberlin, M., et al. (2013). Definitions of terms relating to mass spectrometry (IUPAC Recommendations 2013). Pure and Applied Chemistry, 85(7), pp. 1515-1609." ; skos:prefLabel "concentric nebulizer" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000990 af-e:AFE_0000990 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A device for producing a mist from a liquid. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "nebulizer" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0000993 af-e:AFE_0000993 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000990 ; dct:source "Murray, K., Boyd, R., Eberlin, M., et al. (2013). Definitions of terms relating to mass spectrometry (IUPAC Recommendations 2013). Pure and Applied Chemistry, 85(7), pp. 1515-1609." ; skos:definition "A cross-flow nebulizer is a pneumatic nebulizer in which the dispersion gas flows at an angle, usually 90°, with respect to the column of liquid emerging from a capillary. [IUPAC]" ; skos:prefLabel "cross-flow nebulizer" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001121 af-e:AFE_0001121 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A vessel used for regulating the temperature of something placed within it. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "bath" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001127 af-e:AFE_0001127 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001128 ; skos:definition "A heating element converts electricity into heat through the process of resistive or Joule heating. Electric current passing through the element encounters resistance, resulting in heating of the element. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "heating element" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001136 af-e:AFE_0001136 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000816 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A furnace is a device used for high-temperature heating. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "furnace" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001137 af-e:AFE_0001137 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001128 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A mechanical device that burns a gas or liquid fuel into a flame in a controlled manner. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "burner" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001138 af-e:AFE_0001138 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001139 ; skos:altLabel "bunsen burner" ; skos:definition "A Bunsen burner, named after Robert Bunsen, is a common piece of laboratory equipment that produces a single open gas flame, which is used for heating, sterilization, and combustion. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "Bunsen burner" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001139 af-e:AFE_0001139 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001137 ; skos:definition "A gas burner is a device to generate a flame to heat up products using a gaseous fuel such as acetylene, natural gas or propane. Some burners have an air inlet to mix the fuel gas with air to make a complete combustion. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "gas burner" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001140 af-e:AFE_0001140 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001139 ; skos:altLabel "Meker burner" , "meker burner" , "meker-fisher burner" ; skos:definition "A Meker-Fisher burner or Meker burner is a laboratory burner that produces multiple open gas flames, used for heating, sterilization, and combustion. It is used when laboratory work requires a hotter flame than attainable using a Bunsen burner, or used when a larger-diameter flame is desired, such as with an inoculation loop or in some glassblowing operations. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "Meker-Fisher burner" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001141 af-e:AFE_0001141 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001139 ; skos:definition "The Teclu burner is a laboratory gas burner, a variant of the Bunsen burner, named after the Romanian chemist Nicolae Teclu. It can produce a hotter flame than a Bunsen burner. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "Teclu burner" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001142 af-e:AFE_0001142 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002267 ; skos:definition "A hot plate is a portable self-contained tabletop small appliance that features one, two or more gas burners or electric heating elements. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "hot plate" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001143 af-e:AFE_0001143 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000816 ; skos:altLabel "vacuum furnace" ; skos:definition "In a vacuum oven the product in the oven is surrounded by a vacuum. The absence of air or other gases prevents heat transfer with the product through convection and removes a source of contamination. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "vacuum oven" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001144 af-e:AFE_0001144 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000785 ; skos:definition "A chiller is a machine that removes heat from a liquid via a vapor-compression or absorption refrigeration cycle. This liquid can then be circulated through a heat exchanger to cool air or equipment as required. As a necessary byproduct, refrigeration creates waste heat that must be exhausted to ambient or, for greater efficiency, recovered for heating purposes. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "chiller" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001145 af-e:AFE_0001145 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001146 ; skos:altLabel "Peltier cooler" ; skos:definition "A cooler that uses the Peltier effect along with an external fan to draw away the heat. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "thermoelectric cooler" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001146 af-e:AFE_0001146 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001147 ; skos:altLabel "cool box" , "ice box" , "ice chest" ; skos:definition "A cooler is an insulated box used to keep something cool. Ice cubes are most commonly placed in it to help the things inside stay cool. Ice packs are sometimes used, as they either contain the melting water inside, or have a gel sealed inside that stays cold longer than plain ice (absorbing heat as it changes phase). [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "cooler" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001147 af-e:AFE_0001147 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000785 ; skos:definition "A device used for storage under cold temperatures (below ambient). [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "cold storage" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001148 af-e:AFE_0001148 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001149 ; skos:altLabel "cooler bag" ; skos:definition "A thermal bag is a type of thermally insulated shipping container in the form of a bag which can be carried, usually made of thermally insulating materials. It is used to help maintain the temperature of its contents, keeping cold items cold, and hot items hot. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "thermal bag" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001149 af-e:AFE_0001149 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000407 ; af-x:AFX_0002808 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A flexible container with an opening at the top used for carrying things. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "bag" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001150 af-e:AFE_0001150 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A heat exchanger is a device used to transfer heat between one or more fluids. The fluids may be separated by a solid wall to prevent mixing or they may be in direct contact. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "heat exchanger" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001151 af-e:AFE_0001151 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A centrifuge is a piece of equipment that puts an object in rotation around a fixed axis (spins it in a circle), applying a potentially strong force perpendicular to the axis of spin (outward). [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "centrifuge" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001184 af-e:AFE_0001184 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A device used for storing something. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "storage" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001185 af-e:AFE_0001185 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001147 ; skos:definition "A freezer is a cold storage that maintains a temperature below the freezing point of water. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "freezer" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001186 af-e:AFE_0001186 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001147 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "fridge" ; skos:definition "A refrigerator (colloquially fridge) is a common appliance that consists of a thermally insulated compartment and a heat pump (mechanical, electronic or chemical) that transfers heat from the inside of the fridge to its external environment so that the inside of the fridge is cooled to a temperature below the ambient temperature of the room. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "refrigerator" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001187 af-e:AFE_0001187 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001184 ; skos:definition "A storage for very low temperatures (< -150°C). [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "cryogenic storage" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001190 af-e:AFE_0001190 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001191 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "BSC" , "biological safety cabinet" , "microbiological safety cabinet" , "ventilated storage cabinet" ; skos:definition "A biosafety cabinet is an enclosed, ventilated laboratory workspace for safely working with materials contaminated with (or potentially contaminated with) pathogens requiring a defined biosafety level. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "biosafety cabinet" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001191 af-e:AFE_0001191 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "closed bench" , "safety enclosure" ; skos:definition "A work space that is closed to protect from hazards like toxic fumes or explosions. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "cabinet" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001192 af-e:AFE_0001192 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "PPE" ; skos:definition "Personal protective equipment refers to protective clothing, helmets, goggles, or other garments or equipment designed to protect the wearer's body from injury or infection. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "personal protective equipment" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001193 af-e:AFE_0001193 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001192 ; skos:definition "Respirators serve to protect the user from breathing in contaminants in the air, thus preserving the health of one's respiratory tract. There are two main types of respirators. One type of respirator functions by filtering out chemicals and gases or airborne particles from the air breathed by the user. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "respirator" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001194 af-e:AFE_0001194 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001192 ; skos:definition "Skin protection is protective gear for the skin. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "skin protection" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001195 af-e:AFE_0001195 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001192 ; skos:definition "Hearing protection is protective gear for the ears. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "hearing protection" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001196 af-e:AFE_0001196 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001192 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "eye pro" ; skos:definition "Eye protection is protective gear for the eyes, which comes in many types depending upon the threat that is to be reduced. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "eye protection" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001197 af-e:AFE_0001197 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001192 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "Protective suit is an umbrella term for any suit or clothing which protects the wearer. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "protective suit" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001198 af-e:AFE_0001198 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001196 ; skos:definition "Safety glasses are worn to protect the eyes during a variety of tasks. They are made with shatter-resistant plastic lenses to protect the eye from flying debris and can shield the eyes from hazardous splatters such as blood or chemicals. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "safety glasses" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001199 af-e:AFE_0001199 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000153 ; skos:definition "A device for containing and controlling a chemical reaction. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "chemical reactor" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001202 af-e:AFE_0001202 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001203 ; skos:altLabel "hybridization oven" ; skos:definition "A device used for hybridization. The incubation takes place inside an oven under constant rotation. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "hybrization incubator" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001203 af-e:AFE_0001203 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001184 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "microbiological incubator" ; skos:definition "A device used to grow and maintain microbiological cultures or cell cultures. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "incubator" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001204 af-e:AFE_0001204 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001205 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "An ultrasonic humidifier uses a metal diaphragm vibrating at an ultrasonic frequency to create water droplets that silently exit the humidifier in the form of a cool fog. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "ultrasonic humidifier" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001205 af-e:AFE_0001205 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "humidity system" ; skos:definition "A humidifier is a device that increases humidity (moisture) in an enclosure. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "humidifier" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001206 af-e:AFE_0001206 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001205 ; skos:definition "The most common portable humidifier, an \"evaporative\", \"cool moisture\", or \"wick humidifier\", consists of just a few basic parts: a reservoir, wick and fan. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "evaporative humidifiers" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001207 af-e:AFE_0001207 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001205 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "boiler" , "steam humidifier" , "warm mist humidifier" ; skos:definition "A vaporizer heats or boils water, releasing steam and moisture into the air. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "vaporizer" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001208 af-e:AFE_0001208 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001205 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "atomizer" , "water spray" ; skos:definition "A spray humidifier is a humidification device which forces water through a specialized nozzle atomizing it into the air. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "spray humidifier" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001209 af-e:AFE_0001209 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001203 ; skos:altLabel "CO2 incubator" , "carbon dioxide (CO2) incubator" ; skos:definition "An incubator the controls the CO2 content for cell cultures. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "carbon dioxide incubator" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001210 af-e:AFE_0001210 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001184 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "climate chamber" , "climatic chamber" ; skos:definition "An environmental chamber is an enclosure used to test the effects of specified environmental conditions on biological items, industrial products, materials, and electronic devices and components. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "environmental chamber" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001211 af-e:AFE_0001211 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001203 ; skos:definition "An incubator that maintains temperatures between 5 °C and above ambient temperature to 65 °C. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "refrigerated incubator" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001212 af-e:AFE_0001212 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001147 ; skos:altLabel "ultra-low freezer" ; skos:definition "A freezer that maintains a temperature within the range of -40 °C and -85 °C. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "ultra-low temperature freezer" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001213 af-e:AFE_0001213 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001214 ; skos:definition "A dispenser for liquids. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "liquid dispenser" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001214 af-e:AFE_0001214 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; dct:source "PAC, 1989, 61, 1657 (Nomenclature for automated and mechanised analysis (Recommendations 1989))" ; skos:definition "A device used to deliver a measured amount of material. [IUPAC]" ; skos:prefLabel "dispenser" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001215 af-e:AFE_0001215 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001213 ; dct:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioTek#Microplate_Dispensers" ; skos:altLabel "plate dispenser" ; skos:definition "Microplate dispensers deliver pre-determined fluid volumes to microplate wells using either peristaltic pumps or microprocessor-controlled syringe drives. Peristaltic pumps are used for continuous or semi-continuous liquid dispensing; syringe dispensers are used for precise dispensing in sub-microliter volumes. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "microplate dispenser" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001216 af-e:AFE_0001216 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001213 ; dct:source "http://www.coleparmer.com/Category/Dispensers/826?SearchTerm=dispenser" ; skos:definition "A bottle dispenser is a pumping device (manual or motorized) utilized to aliquot smaller quantities of a reagent or other solution of interest from a larger available stock. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "bottle dispenser" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001217 af-e:AFE_0001217 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001213 ; skos:definition "A liquid dispenser that dispenses a fixed volume of liquid with a pipette. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "pipettor" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001218 af-e:AFE_0001218 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002157 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "cleaning equipment" ; skos:definition "A device that cleans or washes something. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "cleaning device" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001219 af-e:AFE_0001219 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001218 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "Microplate washers remove reagents from microplate wells during assay wash steps. The rate of removal (aspiration) can range from gentle, for sensitive cell washing, to robust, for standard ELISAs. Specialized microplate washers also exist for bead-based assays using biomagnetic separation or vacuum filtration. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "microplate washer" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001220 af-e:AFE_0001220 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001218 ; skos:definition "An ultrasonic cleaner is a device that uses ultrasound (usually from 20–400 kHz) and an appropriate cleaning solvent (sometimes ordinary tap water) to clean items. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "ultrasonic cleaner" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001221 af-e:AFE_0001221 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "DNA amplifier" , "polymerase chain reaction instrument" ; skos:definition "An instrument to perform the polymerase chain reaction. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "PCR instrument" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001222 af-e:AFE_0001222 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001221 ; skos:altLabel "thermocycler" ; skos:definition "A thermal cycler is a device use in the process of polymerase chain reaction in which the DNA fragments are multiplied. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "thermal cycler" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001223 af-e:AFE_0001223 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000081 ; dct:title ; skos:definition "A hygrometer is an instrument used for measuring the moisture content in the atmosphere. Humidity measurement instruments usually rely on measurements of some other quantity such as temperature, pressure, mass or a mechanical or electrical change in a substance as moisture is absorbed. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "hygrometer" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001224 af-e:AFE_0001224 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001207 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A direct steam humidifier is a humidification device which feeds steam from a central boiler through a dispersion grid system and often makes use of a steam separator to filter the boiler steam. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "direct steam humidifier" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001225 af-e:AFE_0001225 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001206 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "water pan" ; skos:definition "An evaporative pan humidifier is an humidification device for smaller applications where water is boiled in a flat open pan. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "evaporative pan humidifier" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001226 af-e:AFE_0001226 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001207 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A steam-to-steam humidifier is a humidification device which uses potentially contaminated boiler steam solely as a heat source to boil an isolated container of pure water. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "steam-to-steam humidifier" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001227 af-e:AFE_0001227 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001207 ; skos:definition "An electric humidifier is a humidification device which uses electricity to generate steam then pump it through multiple dispersion tubes. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "electronic humidifier" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001228 af-e:AFE_0001228 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A device that provides ventilation. Ventilating is the process of \"processing\" or replacing air in any space to provide high indoor air quality (i.e. to control temperature, replenish oxygen, or remove moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria and carbon dioxide). Ventilation is used to remove unpleasant smells and excessive moisture, introduce outside air, to keep interior building air circulating, and to prevent stagnation of the interior air. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "ventilation device" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001231 af-e:AFE_0001231 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001228 ; skos:altLabel "laboratory hood" ; skos:definition "An enclosure or canopy for carrying of fumes, dust, sprays or smoke. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "hood" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001250 af-e:AFE_0001250 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A device used for disposing or treating wastes. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "waste treatment device" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001251 af-e:AFE_0001251 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001250 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A waste treatment device that involves the combustion of organic substances contained in waste materials.Incineration and other high-temperature waste treatment systems are described as \"thermal treatment\". Incineration of waste materials converts the waste into ash, flue gas, and heat. The ash is mostly formed by the inorganic constituents of the waste, and may take the form of solid lumps or particulates carried by the flue gas. The flue gases must be cleaned of gaseous and particulate pollutants before they are dispersed into the atmosphere. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "incinerator" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001253 af-e:AFE_0001253 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "mechanical fan" ; skos:definition "A device used to create a flow within a fluid, typically a gas such as air. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "fan" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001254 af-e:AFE_0001254 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001253 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "tangential fan" , "tubular fan" ; skos:definition "The cross-flow fan is usually long in relation to the diameter, so the flow approximately remains two-dimensional away from the ends. The CFF uses an impeller with forward curved blades, placed in a housing consisting of a rear wall and vortex wall. Unlike radial machines, the main flow moves transversely across the impeller, passing the blading twice. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "cross-flow fan" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001255 af-e:AFE_0001255 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001253 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "The centrifugal fan has a moving component (called an impeller) that consists of a central shaft about which a set of blades, or ribs, are positioned. Centrifugal fans blow air at right angles to the intake of the fan, and spin the air outwards to the outlet (by deflection and centrifugal force). The impeller rotates, causing air to enter the fan near the shaft and move perpendicularly from the shaft to the opening in the scroll-shaped fan casing. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "centrifugal fan" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001256 af-e:AFE_0001256 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001253 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "Axial-flow fans have blades that force air to move parallel to the shaft about which the blades rotate. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "axial-flow fan" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001257 af-e:AFE_0001257 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "pair of bellows" ; skos:definition "A bellows is a device constructed to furnish a strong blast of air. The simplest type consists of a flexible bag comprising a pair of rigid boards with handles joined by flexible leather sides enclosing an approximately airtight cavity which can be expanded and contracted by operating the handles, and fitted with a valve allowing air to fill the cavity when expanded, and with a tube through which the air is forced out in a stream when the cavity is compressed. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "bellows" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001258 af-e:AFE_0001258 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "Scrubber systems are a diverse group of air pollution control devices that can be used to remove some particulates and/or gases from industrial exhaust streams. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "scrubber" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001259 af-e:AFE_0001259 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001258 ; skos:definition "A wet scrubber is used to clean air, fuel gas or other gases of various pollutants and dust particles. Wet scrubbing works via the contact of target compounds or particulate matter with the scrubbing solution. Solutions may simply be water (for dust) or solutions of reagents that specifically target certain compounds. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "wet scrubber" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001260 af-e:AFE_0001260 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001258 ; skos:definition "A dry or semi-dry scrubbing system does not saturate the flue gas stream that is being treated with moisture. In some cases no moisture is added, while in others only the amount of moisture that can be evaporated in the flue gas without condensing is added. Therefore, dry scrubbers generally do not have a stack steam plume or wastewater handling/disposal requirements. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "dry scrubber" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001261 af-e:AFE_0001261 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001260 ; skos:altLabel "DSI" ; skos:definition "Dry sorbent injection involves the addition of an alkaline material (usually hydrated lime, soda ash, or sodium bicarbonate) into the gas stream to react with the acid gases. The sorbent can be injected directly into several different locations: the combustion process, the flue gas duct (ahead of the particulate control device), or an open reaction chamber (if one exists). The acid gases react with the alkaline sorbents to form solid salts which are removed in the particulate control device. These simple systems can achieve only limited acid gas (SO2 and HCl) removal efficiencies. Higher collection efficiencies can be achieved by increasing the flue gas humidity (i.e., cooling using water spray). [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "dry sorbent injector" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001262 af-e:AFE_0001262 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001260 ; skos:altLabel "SDA" ; skos:definition "In spray dryer absorbers, the flue gases are introduced into an absorbing tower (dryer) where the gases are contacted with a finely atomized alkaline slurry. Acid gases are absorbed by the slurry mixture and react to form solid salts which are removed by the particulate control device. The heat of the flue gas is used to evaporate all the water droplets, leaving a non-saturated flue gas to exit the absorber tower. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "spray dryer absorber" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001263 af-e:AFE_0001263 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001258 ; skos:definition "Many chemicals can be removed from exhaust gas also by using absorber material. The flue gas is passed through a cartridge which is filled with one or several absorber materials and has been adapted to the chemical properties of the components to be removed. The absorber material has to be replaced after its surface is saturated. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "absorber" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001274 af-e:AFE_0001274 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000407 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A beaker is a simple container for stirring, mixing and heating liquids commonly used in many laboratories. Beakers are generally cylindrical in shape, with a flat bottom. Most also have a small spout (or \"beak\") to aid pouring. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "beaker" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001275 af-e:AFE_0001275 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001274 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "Griffin beaker" ; skos:definition "Low-form beakers typically have a height about 1.4 times the diameter. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "low-form beaker" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001276 af-e:AFE_0001276 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001274 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "Berzellius beaker" ; skos:definition "Tall-form beakers have a height about twice their diameter. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "tall-form beaker" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001277 af-e:AFE_0001277 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001274 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "crystallizer" ; skos:definition "A flat beaker is a flat container that can be used for crystallization or as a vessel for hot-bath heating. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "flat beaker" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001278 af-e:AFE_0001278 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "purification equipment" ; skos:definition "A purification device is a device that is used for the purification of material. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "purification device" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001279 af-e:AFE_0001279 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001278 ; skos:definition "An equipment for the purification of water. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "water purification unit" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001280 af-e:AFE_0001280 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001279 ; skos:definition "A water purification unit that uses reverse osmosis. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "reverse osmosis unit" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001281 af-e:AFE_0001281 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001279 ; skos:definition "A water purification unit that uses deionization as purification method. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "deionizer" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001282 af-e:AFE_0001282 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001281 ; skos:definition "A water deionizer that uses electrodeionization as deionization method. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "electrodeionizer" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001283 af-e:AFE_0001283 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001191 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "VBSE" , "VBSE hood" ; skos:definition "Vented balance safety enclosures are used in pharmaceutical, chemical, biological, and toxicological laboratories to provide maximum containment for weighing operations in weighing scales. In laboratories weighing is generally regarded as a highly hazardous operation because it involves direct handling of pure substances. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "vented balance safety enclosure" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001285 af-e:AFE_0001285 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002157 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A device that performs filtration. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "filter" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001319 af-e:AFE_0001319 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf bfo:_0000029 ; skos:definition "A room is any distinguishable space within a structure. Usually, a room is separated from other spaces or passageways by interior walls and windows moreover, it is separated from outdoor areas by an exterior wall, sometimes with a door. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "room" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001321 af-e:AFE_0001321 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001319 ; skos:definition "A room where a cold temperature (below ambient) is maintained. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "cold room" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001322 af-e:AFE_0001322 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001191 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "Barrier isolator is a general term that includes two types of devices: Isolators and Restricted Access Barriers (RABS). Both are devices that provide a physical and aerodynamic (air overpressure) barrier between the external clean room environment and a work process. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "barrier isolator" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001323 af-e:AFE_0001323 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001322 ; dct:source "FDA Guidance for Industry Sterile Drug Products Produced by Aseptic Processing — Current Good Manufacturing Practice" ; skos:altLabel "processing isolator" ; skos:definition "A decontaminated unit, supplied with Class 100 (ISO 5) or higher air quality, that provides uncompromised, continuous isolation of its interior from the external environment (e.g., surrounding cleanroom air and personnel). [FDA]" ; skos:prefLabel "isolator" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001324 af-e:AFE_0001324 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001323 ; dct:source "FDA Guidance for Industry Sterile Drug Products Produced by Aseptic Processing — Current Good Manufacturing Practice" ; skos:altLabel "open isolator" ; skos:definition "Open isolator systems are designed to allow for the continuous or semi-continuous ingress and/or egress of materials during operations through one or more openings. Openings are engineered (e.g., using continuous overpressure) to exclude the entry of external contamination into the isolator. [FDA]" ; skos:prefLabel "open isolator system" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001325 af-e:AFE_0001325 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001323 ; dct:source "FDA Guidance for Industry Sterile Drug Products Produced by Aseptic Processing — Current Good Manufacturing Practice" ; skos:altLabel "closed isolator" ; skos:definition "Closed isolator systems exclude external contamination from the isolator’s interior by accomplishing material transfer via aseptic connection to auxiliary equipment, rather than use of openings to the surrounding environment. Closed systems remain sealed throughout operations. [FDA]" ; skos:prefLabel "closed isolator system" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001326 af-e:AFE_0001326 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001322 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "RABS" ; skos:definition "A Restricted Access Barrier System (RABS) is an installation which is used in many industries, such as pharmaceutical, medical, chemical, electrical engineering where clean air is needed. The RABS provides a physical barrier between workers and production areas. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "restricted access barrier system" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001327 af-e:AFE_0001327 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001326 ; skos:altLabel "open RABS" ; skos:definition "A Restricted Access Barrier System (RABS) that is open to the environment. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "open restricted access barrier system" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001328 af-e:AFE_0001328 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001326 ; skos:altLabel "closed RABS" ; skos:definition "A Restricted Access Barrier System (RABS) that is closed to the environment. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "closed restricted access barrier system" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001329 af-e:AFE_0001329 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001197 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "PPPS" , "positive pressure protective suit" ; skos:definition "Positive pressure personnel suits are highly specialized, totally encapsulating, industrial protection garments worn only within special biocontainment or maximum containment (BSL-4) laboratory facilities. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "positive pressure personnel suit" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001331 af-e:AFE_0001331 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001785 ; skos:altLabel "barrier" ; skos:definition "A physical partition that affords aseptic processing area (ISO 5) protection by partially separating it from the surrounding area. [FDA]" ; skos:prefLabel "iso 5 barrier" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001333 af-e:AFE_0001333 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001319 ; dct:source "FDA Guidance for Industry Sterile Drug Products Produced by Aseptic Processing — Current Good Manufacturing Practice" ; skos:definition "A room in which one or more aseptic activities or processes is performed. [FDA]" ; skos:prefLabel "aseptic processing room" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001335 af-e:AFE_0001335 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001319 ; dct:source "FDA Guidance for Industry Sterile Drug Products Produced by Aseptic Processing — Current Good Manufacturing Practice" ; skos:definition "A small room with interlocked doors, constructed to maintain air pressure control between adjoining rooms (generally with different air cleanliness standards). The intent of an aseptic processing airlock is to preclude ingress of particulate matter and microorganism contamination from a lesser controlled area. [FDA]" ; skos:prefLabel "air lock" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001340 af-e:AFE_0001340 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A device used for sterizalizing. Sterializing can be achieved through applying of proper combination of chemicals, heat, high pressure and filtration. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "sterilizer" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001343 af-e:AFE_0001343 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A device used to increase the concentration of a constituent in a mixture. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "concentrator" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001344 af-e:AFE_0001344 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001345 ; skos:definition "A vortex evaporator is used to boil samples while in a vacuum environment and while spinning the samples rapidly to create a vortex in order to keep them at a low temperature. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "vortex evaporator" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001345 af-e:AFE_0001345 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001343 ; skos:altLabel "solvent evaporator" ; skos:definition "A device to remove organic solvent and/or water from samples by evaporation. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "evaporator" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001346 af-e:AFE_0001346 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001345 ; skos:altLabel "nitrogen evaporator" ; skos:definition "An evaporator where an inert gas such as nitrogen is blown down to speed evaporation. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "nitrogen blowdown evaporator" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001347 af-e:AFE_0001347 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001345 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A centrifugal evaporator is a device used in chemical and biochemical laboratories for the efficient and gentle evaporation of solvents from many samples at the same time, and samples contained in microtitre plates. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "centrifugal evaporator" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001348 af-e:AFE_0001348 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "cold trap" ; skos:definition "A condenser is an apparatus or item of equipment used to condense (change the physical state of) a substance from its gaseous to its liquid state. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "condenser" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001349 af-e:AFE_0001349 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001203 ; skos:definition "An orbital shaking incubator combines the controlled temperature of an incubator with orbital shaking support. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "orbital shaking incubator" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001351 af-e:AFE_0001351 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000384 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A device used for freeze-drying. Freeze-drying works by freezing the material and then reducing the surrounding pressure to allow the frozen water in the material to sublimate directly from the solid phase to the gas phase. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "freeze-dryer" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001352 af-e:AFE_0001352 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001191 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "glove box" ; skos:definition "A glovebox (or glove box) is a sealed container that is designed to allow one to manipulate objects where a separate atmosphere is desired. Built into the sides of the glovebox are gloves arranged in such a way that the user can place their hands into the gloves and perform tasks inside the box without breaking containment. Part or all of the box is usually transparent to allow the user to see what is being manipulated. Two types of gloveboxes exist: one allows a person to work with hazardous substances, such as radioactive materials or infectious disease agents; the other allows manipulation of substances that must be contained within a very high purity inert atmosphere, such as argon or nitrogen. It is also possible to use a glovebox for manipulation of items in a vacuum chamber. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "glovebox" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001353 af-e:AFE_0001353 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; dct:source ; skos:definition "Desiccators are sealable enclosures containing desiccants used for preserving moisture-sensitive items such as cobalt chloride paper for another use. A common use for desiccators is to protect chemicals which are hygroscopic or which react with water from humidity. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "desiccator" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001355 af-e:AFE_0001355 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A vacuum breaker is a backflow prevention device used in plumbing to prevent backflow when taking out fluids thus creating underpressure. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "vacuum breaker" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001356 af-e:AFE_0001356 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001355 ; skos:altLabel "AVB" ; skos:definition "An atmospheric vacuum breaker (AVB) is a backflow prevention device used in plumbing to prevent backflow of non-potable liquids into the drinking water system. It is usually constructed of brass and resembles a 90-degree elbow with a hood on its top to allow air to enter the water system if a siphon attempts to form. Inside this elbow is a poppet valve that is held \"up\" by the water pressure found in the system, closing the air entrance to the device. If the pressure in the \"upstream side\" is reduced to atmospheric pressure or below, the poppet valve drops and allows air to enter the system, breaking the siphon. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "atmospheric vacuum breaker" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001357 af-e:AFE_0001357 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001355 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "PVB" ; skos:definition "A pressure vacuum breaker is a type of backflow prevention device, used to keep non-potable (or contaminated) water from entering the water supply. A PVB is similar to an atmospheric vacuum breaker (AVB), except that the PVB contains a spring-loaded poppet. This makes it acceptable for applications that are high hazard or where valves are downstream. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "pressure vacuum breaker" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001359 af-e:AFE_0001359 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A still is an apparatus used to distill liquid mixtures by heating to selectively boil and then cooling to condense the vapor. A still uses the same concepts as a basic distillation apparatus, but on a much larger scale. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "still" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001360 af-e:AFE_0001360 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001359 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "Coffey still" , "continous still" ; skos:definition "A column still is a variety of still consisting of two columns. The first column (called The Analyzer) in a column still has steam rising and wash descending through several levels. The second column (called the rectifier) carries the alcohol from the wash, where it circulates until it can condense at the required strength. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "column still" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001361 af-e:AFE_0001361 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001359 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A pot still is a type of still used in distilling spirits such as whisky or brandy. Heat is applied directly to the pot containing the wash (for whisky) or wine (for brandy). This is called a batch distillation (as opposed to a continuous distillation). [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "pot still" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001362 af-e:AFE_0001362 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001359 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A reflux still uses reflux as destillation technique that is involving the condensation of vapors and the return of this condensate to the system from which it originated. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "reflux still" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001411 af-e:AFE_0001411 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001410 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A bell jar is a glass jar, similar in shape to a bell, and can be manufactured from a variety of materials (ranging from glass to different types of metals). Bell jars are often used in laboratories to form and contain a vacuum; they may also serve as display cases or transparent dust covers. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "bell jar" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001412 af-e:AFE_0001412 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A retort is a glassware device used for distillation or dry distillation of substances. It consists of a spherical vessel with a long downward-pointing neck. The liquid to be distilled is placed in the vessel and heated. The neck acts as a condenser, allowing the vapors to condense and flow along the neck to a collection vessel placed underneath. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "retort" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001414 af-e:AFE_0001414 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002149 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "Buchner funnel" ; skos:definition "A Büchner funnel is a piece of laboratory equipment used in filtration. It is traditionally made of porcelain, but glass and plastic funnels are also available. On top of the funnel-shaped part there is a cylinder with a fritted glass disc/perforated plate separating it from the funnel. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "Büchner funnel" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001415 af-e:AFE_0001415 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002149 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A Hirsch funnel is a piece of laboratory equipment used in filtration similar in design to a Büchner funnel. It is used similarly, but for smaller quantities of material. The main difference is that the plate of a Hirsch funnel is much smaller, and the walls of the funnel angle outward instead of being vertical. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "Hirsch funnel" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001416 af-e:AFE_0001416 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001417 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "Buchner flask" , "Kitaso flask" , "filter flask" , "sidearm flask" , "suction flask" , "vacuum flask" ; skos:definition "A Büchner flask is a thick-walled Erlenmeyer flask with a short glass tube and hose barb protruding about an inch from its neck. The short tube and hose barb effectively acts as an adapter over which the end of a thick-walled flexible hose (tubing) can be fitted to form a connection to the flask. The other end of the hose can be connected to source of vacuum such as an aspirator, vacuum pump, or house vacuum. Preferably this is done through a trap (see below), which is designed to prevent the sucking back of water from the aspirator into the Büchner flask. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "Büchner flask" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001417 af-e:AFE_0001417 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000545 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "conical flask" ; skos:definition "An Erlenmeyer flask or conical flask is a type of laboratory flask which features a flat bottom, a conical body, and a cylindrical neck. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "Erlenmeyer flask" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001418 af-e:AFE_0001418 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001421 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "The condenser known as the Liebig type, a most basic circulating fluid-cooled design popularized by von Liebig consisted of an inner, straight tube surrounded by an outer straight tube, with the outer tube having ports for fluid inflow and outflow, and with the two tubes sealed in some fashion at the ends (eventually, by a blown glass ring seal). [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "Liebig condenser" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001419 af-e:AFE_0001419 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001418 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A variant of the Liebig condenser having a more slender design, with cone and socket. The fused-on narrower coolant jacket may render more efficient cooling with respect to coolant consumption. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "West condenser" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001420 af-e:AFE_0001420 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001421 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "bulb condenser" , "reflux condenser" ; skos:definition "The Allihn condenser consists of a long glass tube with a water jacket. A series of bulbs on the tube increases the surface area upon which the vapor constituents may condense. Ideally suited for laboratory-scale refluxing. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "Allihn condenser" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001421 af-e:AFE_0001421 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001348 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A condenser that is using a fluid for cooling. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "fluid-cooled condenser" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001422 af-e:AFE_0001422 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001421 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "Grahams condenser" , "Inland Revenue condenser" ; skos:definition "A Graham condenser has a coolant-jacketed spiral coil running the length of the condenser serving as the vapor/condensate path. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "Graham condenser" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001423 af-e:AFE_0001423 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001421 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "double surface condenser" ; skos:definition "A Davies condenser is similar to the Liebig condenser, but with three concentric glass tubes instead of two. The coolant circulates in both the outer jacket and the central tube. This increases the cooling surface, so that the condenser can be shorter than an equivalent Liebig condenser. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "Davies condenser" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001424 af-e:AFE_0001424 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001422 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A coil condenser is essentially a \"Graham condenser\" with an inverted coolant/vapor configuration. It has a spiral coil running the length of the condenser through which coolant flows, and this coolant coil is jacketed by the vapor/condensate path. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "coil condenser" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001425 af-e:AFE_0001425 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001427 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A Dimroth condenser is somewhat similar to the \"coil condenser\"; it has an internal double spiral through which coolant flows such that the coolant inlet and outlet are both at the top. The vapors travel through the jacket from bottom to top. Dimroth condensers are more effective than conventional coil condensers. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "Dimroth condenser" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001426 af-e:AFE_0001426 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001427 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A Friedrichs condenser, a spiraled finger condenser, consists of a large, spiraled internal cold finger-type capillary tube disposed within a wide cylindrical housing. Coolant flows through the internal cold finger; accordingly, vapors rising up through the housing must pass along the spiraled path. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "Friedrichs condenser" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001427 af-e:AFE_0001427 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001421 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A spiral condenser has a spiral condensing tube with both inlet and outlet connections at top, on same side. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "spiral condenser" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001428 af-e:AFE_0001428 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001348 ; skos:definition "A condenser that is using air for cooling. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "air-cooled condenser" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001429 af-e:AFE_0001429 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001428 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A Vigreux column is a type of air condenser where a glass blower has modified the simple tube to include an abundance of downward-pointing indentations, thus dramatically increasing the surface area per unit length of the condenser. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "Vigreux column" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001430 af-e:AFE_0001430 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001428 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A Snyder column is an extremely effective air-cooled column used in selected fractional distillations. It is a single glass tube with a series of circular indentations/restrictions in the walls of the cylinder (e.g., 3 or 6) in which rest, inverted, the same number of roughly tear-shaped, hollow, sealed glass stoppers; above each point where an inverted tear-shaped stopper rests, the cylinder has further Vigreux-type indentations, in this case serving to limit how high the glass stopper can be raised (by vapor flow) above its resting place, where, when not raised, it seals the circular opening created by the circular indentation. These floating glass stoppers act as check valves, closing and opening with vapor flow, and enhancing vapor-condensate mixing. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "Snyder column" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001431 af-e:AFE_0001431 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001428 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A Widmer column is a complex type of air condenser combining Golodetz-type concentric tubes and the Dufton-type glass rod-and-wound-spiral at its center. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "Widmer column" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001432 af-e:AFE_0001432 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002157 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "distillation device" ; skos:definition "A device used for distillation. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "distillation apparatus" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001433 af-e:AFE_0001433 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001432 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "vacuum distillation device" ; skos:definition "A device used for vacuum distillation. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "vacuum distillation apparatus" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001434 af-e:AFE_0001434 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001433 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A Perkin triangle distillation apparatus uses a series of Teflon valves to allow the distilled fractions to be isolated from the distillation flask without the main body of the distillation set-up being removed from either the vacuum or the heat source, and thus can remain in a state of reflux. To do this, the distillate receiver vessel is first isolated from the vacuum by means of the Teflon valves. The vacuum over the sample is then replaced with an inert gas (such as nitrogen or argon) and the distillate receiver can then be stoppered and removed from the system. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "Perkin triangle" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001435 af-e:AFE_0001435 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001447 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "milling device" ; skos:definition "A mill is a device that breaks solid materials into smaller pieces by grinding, crushing, or cutting. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "mill" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001436 af-e:AFE_0001436 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001435 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A typical type of fine grinder is the ball mill. A slightly inclined or horizontal rotating cylinder is partially filled with balls, usually stone or metal, which grinds material to the necessary fineness by friction and impact with the tumbling balls. Ball mills normally operate with an approximate ball charge of 30%. Ball mills are characterized by their smaller (comparatively) diameter and longer length, and often have a length 1.5 to 2.5 times the diameter. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "ball mill" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001437 af-e:AFE_0001437 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001435 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "HPGR" , "roller press" ; skos:definition "The high pressure grinding rolls consists out of two rollers with the same dimensions, which are rotating against each other with the same circumferential speed. The special feeding of bulk material through a hopper leads to a material bed between the two rollers. The bearing units of one roller can move linearly and are pressed against the material bed by springs or hydraulic cylinders. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "high pressure grinding rolls" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001438 af-e:AFE_0001438 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001435 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A rotating drum which causes friction and attrition between steel rods. Note that the term 'rod mill' is also used as a synonym for a slitting mill, which makes rods of iron or other metal. Rod mills are less common than ball mills for grinding minerals. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "rod mill" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001439 af-e:AFE_0001439 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001435 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "autogenic mill" ; skos:definition "Autogenous or autogenic mills are so-called due to the self-grinding of the ore: a rotating drum throws larger rocks of ore in a cascading motion which causes impact breakage of larger rocks and compressive grinding of finer particles. It is similar in operation to a SAG mill as described below but does not use steel balls in the mill. Also known as ROM or \"Run Of Mine\" grinding. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "autogenous mill" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001440 af-e:AFE_0001440 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001435 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "SAG mill" ; skos:definition "SAG mills are essentially autogenous mills, but utilize grinding balls to aid in grinding like in a ball mill. A SAG mill is generally used as a primary or first stage grinding solution. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "semi-autogenous grinding mill" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001441 af-e:AFE_0001441 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001435 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A rotating drum causes friction and attrition between rock pebbles and ore particles. May be used where product contamination by iron from steel balls must be avoided. Quartz or silica is commonly used because it is inexpensive to obtain. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "pebble mill" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001442 af-e:AFE_0001442 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001435 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "disk mill" ; skos:definition "A buhrstone mill is a mill for grinding or pulverizing grain. A flat buhrstone rotates on a stationary stone to generate pressure and shear forces. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "buhrstone mill" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001443 af-e:AFE_0001443 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001435 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "VSI mill" ; skos:definition "A VSI mill throws rock or ore particles against a wear plate by slinging them from a spinning center that rotates on a vertical shaft. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "vertical shaft impactor mill" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001444 af-e:AFE_0001444 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001435 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "regrind mill" , "stirred mill" , "vertical mill" ; skos:definition "Tower mills are a more efficient means of grinding material at smaller particle sizes, and can be used after ball mills in a grinding process. Like ball mills, grinding (steel) balls or pebbles are often added to stirred mills to help grind ore, however these mills contain a large screw mounted vertically to lift and grind material. In tower mills, there is no cascading action as in standard grinding mills. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "tower mill" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001445 af-e:AFE_0001445 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001435 , af-e:AFE_0001460 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "impact mill" ; skos:definition "A hammermill is a mill whose purpose is to shred or crush aggregate material into smaller pieces by the repeated blows of little hammers. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "hammer mill" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001446 af-e:AFE_0001446 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001435 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "blender" , "knife mill" , "propeller grinder" ; skos:definition "A blade grinder is a machine that chops material while mixing it, by means of a high-speed spinning blade. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "blade grinder" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001447 af-e:AFE_0001447 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "comminution machine" , "grinding device" , "milling device" , "size reduction device" ; skos:definition "A device used for comminution. Comminution is the reduction of solid materials from one average particle size to a smaller average particle size, by crushing, grinding, cutting, vibrating, or other processes. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "comminution device" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001448 af-e:AFE_0001448 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002149 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "sep funnel" , "separating funnel" , "separation funnel" ; skos:definition "A separatory funnel, also known as separation funnel, separating funnel, or colloquially sep funnel, is a piece of laboratory glassware used in liquid-liquid extractions to separate (partition) the components of a mixture into two immiscible solvent phases of different densities. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "separatory funnel" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001449 af-e:AFE_0001449 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002149 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A dropping funnel is a type of laboratory glassware used to transfer fluids. They are fitted with a stopcock which allows the flow to be controlled. Dropping funnels are useful for adding reagents slowly, i.e. drop-wise. This may be desirable when the quick addition of the reagent may result in side reactions, or if the reaction is too vigorous. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "dropping funnel" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001450 af-e:AFE_0001450 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000545 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A Fernbach flask is a type of flask suited for large volume cell culture where the culture requires a large surface area to volume ratio. Typically, they are baffled on the bottom in order to maximize oxygen transfer to the culture medium. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "Fernbach flask" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001451 af-e:AFE_0001451 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000718 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "The Thiele tube is a laboratory glassware designed to contain and heat an oil bath. Such a setup is commonly used in the determination of the melting point of a substance. The apparatus itself resembles a glass test tube with an attached handle. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "Thiele tube" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001452 af-e:AFE_0001452 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000718 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A thistle tube is a piece of laboratory glassware consisting of a shaft of tube, with a reservoir and funnel-like section at the top. Thistle tubes are typically used by chemists to add liquid to an existing system or apparatus. Thistle funnels are used to add small volumes of liquids to an exact position. Thistle funnels are found with taps or without taps. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "thistle tube" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001456 af-e:AFE_0001456 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001447 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A crusher is a machine designed to reduce large solid chunks of raw material into smaller ones. Crushing is the process of transferring a force amplified by mechanical advantage through a material made of molecules that bond together more strongly, and resist deformation more, than those in the material being crushed do. Crushing devices hold material between two parallel or tangent solid surfaces, and apply sufficient force to bring the surfaces together to generate enough energy within the material being crushed so that its molecules separate from (fracturing), or change alignment in relation to (deformation), each other. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "crusher" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001457 af-e:AFE_0001457 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001456 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A jaw crusher uses compressive force for breaking of particle. This mechanical pressure is achieved by the two jaws of the crusher of which one is fixed while the other reciprocates. A jaw or toggle crusher consists of a set of vertical jaws, one jaw is kept stationary and is called a fixed jaw while the other jaw, called a swing jaw, moves back and forth relative to it, by a cam or pitman mechanism, acting like a class II lever or a nutcracker. The volume or cavity between the two jaws is called the crushing chamber. The movement of the swing jaw can be quite small, since complete crushing is not performed in one stroke. The inertia required to crush the material is provided by a weighted flywheel that moves a shaft creating an eccentric motion that causes the closing of the gap. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "jaw crusher" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001458 af-e:AFE_0001458 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001456 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A cone crusher is similar in operation to a gyratory crusher, with less steepness in the crushing chamber and more of a parallel zone between crushing zones. A cone crusher breaks rock by squeezing the rock between an eccentrically gyrating spindle, which is covered by a wear resistant mantle, and the enclosing concave hopper, covered by a manganese concave or a bowl liner. As rock enters the top of the cone crusher, it becomes wedged and squeezed between the mantle and the bowl liner or concave. Large pieces of ore are broken once, and then fall to a lower position (because they are now smaller) where they are broken again. This process continues until the pieces are small enough to fall through the narrow opening at the bottom of the crusher. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "cone crusher" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001459 af-e:AFE_0001459 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001456 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A gyratory crusher is similar in basic concept to a jaw crusher, consisting of a concave surface and a conical head; both surfaces are typically lined with manganese steel surfaces. The inner cone has a slight circular movement, but does not rotate; the movement is generated by an eccentric arrangement. As with the jaw crusher, material travels downward between the two surfaces being progressively crushed until it is small enough to fall out through the gap between the two surfaces. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "gyratory crusher" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001460 af-e:AFE_0001460 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001456 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "Impact crushers involve the use of impact rather than pressure to crush material. The material is contained within a cage, with openings on the bottom, end, or side of the desired size to allow pulverized material to escape. There are two types of impact crushers: horizontal shaft impactor and vertical shaft impactor. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "impact crusher" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001472 af-e:AFE_0001472 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000851 ; skos:altLabel "narrow mouth bottle" ; skos:definition "A narrow neck bottle is a bottle that has a neck with a small diameter. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "narrow neck bottle" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001473 af-e:AFE_0001473 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; dct:source ; skos:definition "Closures are devices and techniques used to close or seal a bottle, jug, jar, tube, can, etc. Closures can be a cap, cover, lid, plug, etc. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "closure" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001474 af-e:AFE_0001474 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001473 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "screw cap" , "screw closure" ; skos:definition "A screw closure is a mechanical device which is screwed on and off of a threaded \"finish\" on a container. Either continuous threads (C-T) or lugs are used. Metal caps can be either preformed or in some instances, rolled on after application. Plastic caps may use several types of molded polymer. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "screw top" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001476 af-e:AFE_0001476 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001473 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A closure with some dispensing feature. [Allotrope]" ; skos:example "spray bottles, cans with aerosol spray" ; skos:prefLabel "dispensing closure" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001477 af-e:AFE_0001477 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001473 ; dct:source , ; skos:altLabel "interference fit" ; skos:definition "An interference fit or friction fit requires some force to close and open, providing additional security. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:example "Paint cans often have a friction fit plug." ; skos:prefLabel "friction fit" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001480 af-e:AFE_0001480 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000851 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "demijohn" ; skos:definition "A carboy is a rigid container with a typical capacity of 20 to 60 L. Carboys are primarily used for transporting liquids, often water or chemicals. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "carboy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001481 af-e:AFE_0001481 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000851 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "Boston round" , "Winchester bottle" , "round bottle" ; skos:definition "A Boston round bottle, or Winchester bottle, is a strong and heavy bottle commonly used in the drug and chemical industries. It is often made of amber (brown) glass (to filter out UV light) but can also be made of plastics. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "Boston round bottle" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001482 af-e:AFE_0001482 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000407 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A pressure vessel is a container designed to hold gases or liquids at a pressure substantially different from the ambient pressure. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "pressure vessel" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001483 af-e:AFE_0001483 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001482 ; af-x:AFX_0002808 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "bottle" , "high pressure cylinder" ; skos:definition "A gas cylinder or tank is a pressure vessel used to store gases at above atmospheric pressure. High-pressure gas cylinders are also called bottles. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "gas cylinder" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001484 af-e:AFE_0001484 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000851 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A squeeze bottle is a type of container such as a bottle for dispensing a fluid, that is powered by squeezing the container by exerting pressure with the user's hand. Its fundamental characteristic is that manual pressure applied to a resilient hollow body is harnessed to compress fluid within it and thereby expel the fluid through some form of nozzle. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "squeeze bottle" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001485 af-e:AFE_0001485 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000545 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "R B flask" , "round bottom" , "round-bottomed flask" ; skos:definition "A round-bottom flask is a flask with a spherical body and one or more necks with ground glass joints. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "round-bottom flask" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001486 af-e:AFE_0001486 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000545 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "Flat-bottom flasks are with a flat bottom. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "flat-bottom flask" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001487 af-e:AFE_0001487 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000545 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A flask with a round body and one longer neck without a ground glass joint. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "Florence flask" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001488 af-e:AFE_0001488 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000545 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A flask for preparing liquids with volumes of high precision. It is a flask with an approximately pear-shaped body and a long neck with a circumferential fill line. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "volumetric flask" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001490 af-e:AFE_0001490 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000407 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A watch glass is a circular concave piece of glass used in chemistry as a surface to evaporate a liquid, to hold solids while being weighed, as a cover for a beaker, and for heating a small amount of substance. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "watch glass" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001491 af-e:AFE_0001491 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000407 ; af-x:AFX_0002809 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "Petri plate" , "cell-culture dish" ; skos:definition "A Petri dish is a shallow cylindrical glass or plastic lidded dish that biologists use to culture cells or small mosses. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "Petri dish" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001492 af-e:AFE_0001492 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000785 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A cold finger is a piece of laboratory equipment that is used to generate a localized cold surface. It is named for its resemblance to a finger and is a type of cold trap. The device usually consists of a chamber in which a coolant fluid (cold tap water, or perhaps something colder) can enter and leave. Another version involves filling the device with a cold material. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "cold finger" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001493 af-e:AFE_0001493 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001473 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "bung" ; skos:definition "A stopper is a truncated cylindrical or conical closure to seal a container. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "stopper" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001497 af-e:AFE_0001497 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000851 ; skos:altLabel "wide mouth bottle" ; skos:definition "A wide neck bottle is a bottle with a neck that has a large diameter. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "wide neck bottle" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001498 af-e:AFE_0001498 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000805 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A hydrometer is an instrument used to measure the specific gravity (relative density) of liquids; that is, the ratio of the density of the liquid to the density of water. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "hydrometer" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001499 af-e:AFE_0001499 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002145 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A densitometer is a device that measures the degree of darkness (the optical density) of a photographic or semitransparent material or of a reflecting surface. The densitometer is basically a light source aimed at a photoelectric cell. It determines the density of a sample placed between the light source and the photoelectric cell from differences in the readings. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "densitometer" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001500 af-e:AFE_0001500 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "sifter" ; skos:definition "A sieve is a device for separating wanted elements from unwanted material or for characterizing the particle size distribution of a sample, typically using a woven screen such as a mesh or net. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "sieve" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001501 af-e:AFE_0001501 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001500 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A strainer is a form of sieve used to separate solids from liquid. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "strainer" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001502 af-e:AFE_0001502 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002145 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A colorimeter is a device used in colorimetry. In scientific fields the word generally refers to the device that measures the absorbance of particular wavelengths of light by a specific solution. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "colorimeter" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001503 af-e:AFE_0001503 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002145 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "turbidimeter" ; skos:definition "A nephelometer is an instrument for measuring concentration of suspended particulates in a liquid or gas colloid. A nephelometer measures suspended particulates by employing a light beam (source beam) and a light detector set to one side (often 90°) of the source beam. Particle density is then a function of the light reflected into the detector from the particles. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "nephelometer" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001504 af-e:AFE_0001504 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A protein sequencer is a machine that is used to determine the sequence of amino acids in a protein. They work by tagging and removing one amino acid at a time, which is analysed and identified. This is done repetitively for the whole polypeptide, until the whole sequence is established. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "protein sequencer" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001505 af-e:AFE_0001505 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A machine used to automatically produce a sequence readout from a biological DNA sample. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "DNA sequencer" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001506 af-e:AFE_0001506 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "microplate photometer" , "microplate reader" ; skos:definition "Plate readers are instruments which are used to detect biological, chemical or physical events of samples in microtiter plates. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "plate reader" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001516 af-e:AFE_0001516 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001515 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A sensitive photometer for measuring the very low intensity light intensity of luminescence. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "luminometer" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001517 af-e:AFE_0001517 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002146 ; skos:definition "A dispenser for material in powder form. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "powder dispenser" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001519 af-e:AFE_0001519 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001199 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "CLR" ; skos:definition "In chemistry, a Controlled Lab Reactor or CLR is any reaction system where there is an element of automated control. Generally these devices refers to a jacketed glass vessel where a circulating chiller unit pumps a thermal control fluid through the jacket to accurately control the temperature of the vessel contents. Additional to this, it is common to have a series of sensors (temperature, pH, pressure) measuring and recording parameters about the reactor contents. It is additionally possible to control pumps to act on the reactor. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "controlled lab reactor" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001630 af-e:AFE_0001630 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "hull" , "insulating" , "jacket" ; skos:definition "A thermal insulation jacket is a kind of insulation that seals the interior thermally from the surrounding. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "thermal insulation jacket" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001636 af-e:AFE_0001636 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "microplate handling system" , "stacker system" ; skos:definition "A stacker is an automated plate handling system. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "stacker" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001639 af-e:AFE_0001639 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "Pipettes are tools to handle volumes of liquids. They use changes in air pressure to load and unload liquid. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "pipette" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001641 af-e:AFE_0001641 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002145 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "DVS instrument" ; skos:definition "A dynamic vapor sorption instrument is a device that allows for measurements of dynamic vapor sorption. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "dynamic vapor sorption instrument" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001648 af-e:AFE_0001648 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001473 ; skos:altLabel "lid" ; skos:definition "A cap is a protective lid or cover. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "cap" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001660 af-e:AFE_0001660 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002212 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "RF synthesizer" ; skos:definition "A radio frequency synthesizer creates electromagnetic radiation in the range of radio frequencies. [Allotrope]" ; skos:example "RF synthesizer of an RF channel of a ssNMR console" ; skos:prefLabel "radio frequency synthesizer" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001661 af-e:AFE_0001661 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001660 ; skos:altLabel "low band RF synthesizer" ; skos:definition "A low band radio frequency synthesizer is a type of RF synthesizer that creates electromagnetic radiation in the range of resonance frequencies of 15N to 31P. [Allotrope]" ; skos:example "low band RF synthesizer of an RF channel of a ssNMR console" ; skos:prefLabel "low band radio frequency synthesizer" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001662 af-e:AFE_0001662 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001660 ; skos:altLabel "full band RF synthesizer" ; skos:definition "A full band radio frequency synthesizer is a type of RF synthesizer that creates electromagnetic radiation in the range of resonance frequencies of 1H to 15N. [Allotrope]" ; skos:example "full band RF synthesizer of an RF channel of a ssNMR console" ; skos:prefLabel "full band radio frequency synthesizer" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001663 af-e:AFE_0001663 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A console is a functional compartment that contains controlling or input devices. [Allotrope]" ; skos:example "The console of a solid state NMR spectrometer that controls the overall system and allows for setting up parameters such as the pulse frequency. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "console" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001668 af-e:AFE_0001668 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000407 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "sample stage" ; skos:definition "A sample stage is a device that contains samples for measurements. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "sample stage" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001671 af-e:AFE_0001671 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002148 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A mass flow controller is a device that determines the mixture of different materials. [Allotrope]" ; skos:example "In DVS, the mass flow controller generates the required mixture of dry and saturated gas." ; skos:prefLabel "mass flow controller" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001672 af-e:AFE_0001672 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002145 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "optical vapor concentration detector" , "optical vapor concentration sensor" , "vapor sensor" ; skos:definition "An optical vapor pressure sensor is a device that allows for measurement of a solvents partial pressure from optically observing the solvent's dew point temperature. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "optical vapor pressure sensor" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001678 af-e:AFE_0001678 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "dual reservoir vapor generator" ; skos:definition "A dual reservoir vapor generator module is a device that allows for controlled transformation of a material from the liquid to the gaseous phase. There are two reservoirs for two different solutions in order to create well-defined mixtures of vapors. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "dual reservoir vapor generator module" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001679 af-e:AFE_0001679 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002148 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "humidity regulated module" ; skos:definition "A humidity controller is a device that allows for controlling the relative humidity. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "humidity controller" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001680 af-e:AFE_0001680 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A vapor regulated module is a device that allows for controlling the mixture of vapors. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "vapor regulated module" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001690 af-e:AFE_0001690 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000826 ; skos:altLabel "contact probe" ; skos:definition "An immersion probe is a type of sampling probe that can be immersed in the sample. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "immersion probe" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001691 af-e:AFE_0001691 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000826 ; skos:definition "A non-contact probe allows for measurements of a sample without touching it. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "non-contact probe" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001692 af-e:AFE_0001692 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; dct:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber" ; skos:altLabel "fiberoptic" , "fibre" , "optical fiber" ; skos:definition "A fiber is a flexible, transparent cable with a diameter of about 1 to 200 micrometers. It can be produced by drawing glass or plastic. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "fiber" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001693 af-e:AFE_0001693 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000407 ; af-x:AFX_0002808 obi:_0400170 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A glass slide is a small flat slide of glass that can carry a sample for inspection. [Allotrope]" ; skos:example "glass slide for microscopy" ; skos:prefLabel "glass slide" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001694 af-e:AFE_0001694 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "2017-11-02 change pref label [Allotrope]" , "lens" ; skos:definition "A lens is a transmissive optical device that affects the focus of a light beam through refraction. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "optical lens" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001695 af-e:AFE_0001695 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "desktop computer" ; skos:definition "A computer is a general-purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a set of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. Since a sequence of operations can be readily changed, the computer can solve more than one kind of problem. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "computer" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001696 af-e:AFE_0001696 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000105 ; dct:source "PAC, 1988, 60, 1449 (Nomenclature, symbols, units and their usage in spectrochemical analysis - VII. Molecular absorption spectroscopy, ultraviolet and visible (UV/VIS) (Recommendations 1988)) on page 1454" ; skos:definition "A gas cell is a flow cell used for analyzing gases or vapours. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "gas cell" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001705 af-e:AFE_0001705 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002145 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A flow measurement device is a plumbing equipment with a function to quantify bulk fluid movement. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "flow measurement device" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001707 af-e:AFE_0001707 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "roller press" ; skos:definition "A roller compactor is a compaction device that uses rollers for the compaction. [Allotrope]" ; skos:example "GERTEIS® roller compactor" ; skos:prefLabel "roller compactor" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001708 af-e:AFE_0001708 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002145 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "particle size measurement instrument" ; skos:definition "A particle sizer is a device that allows for measurement of particle sizes of samples. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "particle sizer" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001709 af-e:AFE_0001709 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "dispersion unit" ; skos:definition "A disperser is a device that allows for dispersing a sample for measurement. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "disperser" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001710 af-e:AFE_0001710 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001721 ; "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrating_feeder" ; skos:altLabel "vibrating feeder" ; skos:definition "A vibration feeder is a device that brings in a constant feed of sample by way of vibration. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "vibration feeder" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001712 af-e:AFE_0001712 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "vacuum" ; skos:definition "A vacuum inhaler is a device that sucks in fine-dispersed samples. [Allotrope]" ; skos:example "vacuum of a particle sizer" ; skos:prefLabel "vacuum inhaler" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001713 af-e:AFE_0001713 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001265 ; skos:altLabel "ultrasonicator" ; skos:definition "A sonicator is a device that homogenizes a sample by applying sound energy to agitate the particles. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "sonicator" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001714 af-e:AFE_0001714 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002145 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "imaging system" ; skos:definition "An image analysis sensor is a device that allows for the analysis of particles based on high speed images of a particle dispersion. [Allotrope]" ; skos:example "QICPIC" ; skos:prefLabel "image analysis sensor" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001715 af-e:AFE_0001715 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001709 ; skos:definition "A dry disperser is a type of disperser that allows for dispersing a dry sample powder by a jet of air or aerosol. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "dry disperser" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001716 af-e:AFE_0001716 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001709 ; skos:definition "A wet disperser is a type of disperser that allows for dispersing liquids and suspensions. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "wet disperser" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001717 af-e:AFE_0001717 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A spatula is a small implement with a broad, flat, flexible blade used to mix, spread and lift material including foods, drugs, plaster and paints. It derives from the Latin word for a flat piece of wood or splint (a diminutive form of the Latin spatha, meaning broadsword), and hence can also refer to a tongue depressor. The words spade (digging tool) and spathe are similarly derived. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "spatula" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001721 af-e:AFE_0001721 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002146 ; skos:altLabel "fooding head" , "granulation feeding device" ; skos:definition "A feeder is a device that allows for filling of dies with granules. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "feeder" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001723 af-e:AFE_0001723 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001218 ; skos:definition "A deduster is a device that removes dust from the surface of objects. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:example "Tablets coming out of a tablet machine have excess powder on their surface which is removed by passing them through a tablet deduster." ; skos:prefLabel "deduster" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001725 af-e:AFE_0001725 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000407 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "coating pan" ; skos:definition "A drum is a cylindrical container that can be made of steel, dense paperboard, or plastics. It is generally used for the transportation and storage of liquids and powders. Drums are often certified for shipment of dangerous goods. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "drum" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001727 af-e:AFE_0001727 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001149 ; skos:definition "A plastic bag, polybag, or pouch is a type of container made of thin, flexible, plastic film, nonwoven fabric, or plastic textile. Plastic bags are used for containing and transporting goods such as foods, produce, powders, ice, magazines, chemicals, and waste. It is a common form of packaging. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "plastic bag" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001728 af-e:AFE_0001728 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "impellar" , "impellor" ; skos:definition "An impeller is a rotor used to increase (or decrease in case of turbines) the pressure and flow of a fluid. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:example "In coating the impeller or turbine is used to provide a vortex when rotated within a solvent to allow the adequate dispersion of materials. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "impeller" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001729 af-e:AFE_0001729 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A spray gun is a device that uses an air jet to atomize a fluid and turning it into a dispersed spray. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "spray gun" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001733 af-e:AFE_0001733 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A roller is a device for the compression of material. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "roller" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001740 af-e:AFE_0001740 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002145 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A multiangle light scatterer is a device that allows for measurements using multiangle light scattering. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "multiangle light scatterer" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001741 af-e:AFE_0001741 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; dct:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_optics" ; skos:definition "A device that produces specular reflection of X-rays. All known types work only at angles near grazing incidence, and only a small fraction of the rays are reflected. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "X-ray mirror" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001742 af-e:AFE_0001742 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A sample holder is an object on which the sample is placed. [Allotrope]" ; skos:example "sample holder of diffractometer" ; skos:prefLabel "sample holder" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001743 af-e:AFE_0001743 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; skos:altLabel "sample loading robot" ; skos:definition "A sample loading robot is a robot arm, that positions the sample holder onto the spinning stage. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "loading robot" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001744 af-e:AFE_0001744 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "The collimator is a device that straightens out the radiation that is not scattered in the same direction. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "collimator" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001746 af-e:AFE_0001746 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002151 ; skos:altLabel "fibre optic coupler" ; skos:definition "A fiber optic coupler is a device used in optical fiber systems with one or more input fibers and one or several output fibers. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "fiber optic coupler" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001752 af-e:AFE_0001752 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "fibre optics dip probe" ; skos:definition "A fiber optics dip probe has openings to allow solution to flow through during measurement, thus, no traditional cuvette is needed. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "fiber optics dip probe" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001753 af-e:AFE_0001753 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000528 ; skos:altLabel "Peltier controller" ; skos:definition "A thermoelectric temperature controller is a type of peltier cooler, heater, or thermoelectric heat pump which transfers heat from one side of the device to the other, with consumption of electrical energy, depending on the direction of the current. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "thermoelectric temperature controller" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001759 af-e:AFE_0001759 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001771 ; skos:definition "A xenon lamp is a specialized type of gas lamp that produces light by passing electricity through ionized xenon gas at high pressure. It produces a bright white light that closely mimics natural sunlight. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "xenon lamp" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001761 af-e:AFE_0001761 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "connector" ; skos:definition "A tubing connector is a part used to connect/install tubing, components, and accessories as part of a system flow path configuration. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "tubing connector" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001762 af-e:AFE_0001762 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002155 ; skos:definition "A ferrule is a device for fastening, joining, sealing or reinforcement. Ferrules are often narrow circular rings made from metal, or less commonly, plastic. As a connector, to connect wires, structural devices, and systems. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "ferrule" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001770 af-e:AFE_0001770 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002145 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "bio-layer interferometer" ; skos:definition "A bio-layer interferometer is a device that allows for measurements using bio-layer interferometry. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "interferometer" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001773 af-e:AFE_0001773 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001771 ; skos:definition "A tungsten lamp is a type of lamp that emits visible light by heating a tungsten filament with electric current. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "tungsten lamp" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001776 af-e:AFE_0001776 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001723 ; skos:definition "A vacuum deduster is a type of deduster that applies vacuum for the removal of dust. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "vacuum deduster" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001777 af-e:AFE_0001777 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001721 ; skos:definition "A gravity feeder is a type of feeder that feeds in objects via gravity. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "gravity feeder" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001778 af-e:AFE_0001778 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001721 ; skos:definition "A force feeder is a type of feeder that applies shear to a powder bed over an open die to allow material to fill into each die consistently. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "force feeder" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001784 af-e:AFE_0001784 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000451 ; skos:definition "A bioreactor used for fermentation. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "fermentor" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001785 af-e:AFE_0001785 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A device that separates things. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "barrier" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001786 af-e:AFE_0001786 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002155 ; skos:definition "A screw, or bolt, is a type of fastener, typically made of metal, and characterized by a helical ridge, known as a male thread (external thread) or just thread, wrapped around a cylinder. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "screw" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001818 af-e:AFE_0001818 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000145 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A channel that transports signals to the device. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "downstream channel" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001819 af-e:AFE_0001819 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000145 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A channel that transports signals from the device. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "upstream channel" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001820 af-e:AFE_0001820 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000145 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A channel that transports signals both from and into the device. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "bidirectional channel" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001838 af-e:AFE_0001838 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "The starting point of a communcation channel where the information comes from. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "sender" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001839 af-e:AFE_0001839 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "An end point of a communication channel where the information is transmitted to. [Allotrope]" ; skos:example "receiver of a ssNMR spectrometer" ; skos:prefLabel "receiver" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001850 af-e:AFE_0001850 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "A piston is a component of reciprocating engines, reciprocating pumps, gas compressors and pneumatic cylinders, among other similar mechanisms. It is the moving component that is contained by a cylinder and is made gas-tight by piston rings. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "piston" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001852 af-e:AFE_0001852 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "seal" ; skos:definition "A mechanical seal is a device that helps join systems or mechanisms together by preventing leakage (e.g. in a plumbing system), containing pressure, or excluding contamination. The effectiveness of a seal is dependent on adhesion in the case of sealants and compression in the case of gaskets. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "mechanical seal" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001860 af-e:AFE_0001860 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts primarily in one direction (asymmetric conductance). [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "diode" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001861 af-e:AFE_0001861 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001860 ; skos:definition "A photodiode is a semiconductor device that converts light into current. The current is generated when photons are absorbed in the photodiode. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "photodiode" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0001872 af-e:AFE_0001872 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000029 ; af-x:AFX_0002809 obi:_0000192 ; dct:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtiter_plate" ; skos:altLabel "microplate" , "microwell plate" , "multiwell" ; skos:definition "A microtiter plate is a flat plate with multiple \"wells\" used as small test tubes. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "microtiter plate" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0002145 af-e:AFE_0002145 rdf:type owl:Class . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0002146 af-e:AFE_0002146 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0001214 ; skos:definition "A dispenser for material in solid form. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "solid dispenser" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0002148 af-e:AFE_0002148 rdf:type owl:Class . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0002149 af-e:AFE_0002149 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; dct:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funnel" ; skos:definition "A funnel is a pipe with a wide (often conical) mouth and a narrow stem. It is used to channel liquid or fine-grained substances into containers with a small opening. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "funnel" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0002154 af-e:AFE_0002154 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "coater" ; skos:definition "A device that has the function to coat, that is to cover some object with another material. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "coating device" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0002155 af-e:AFE_0002155 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002151 ; skos:altLabel "fastener" ; skos:definition "A device that has the function to join or fasten objects. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "joining device" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0002157 af-e:AFE_0002157 rdf:type owl:Class . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0002180 af-e:AFE_0002180 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002099 ; skos:altLabel "biological artifact" ; skos:definition "A biological artifact is an artifact of primary biological nature that is created by biological processes or involving organisms. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "biological" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0002181 af-e:AFE_0002181 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002099 ; skos:altLabel "chemical artifact" ; skos:definition "A chemical artifact is an artifact of primariy chemical nature that is a portion of material that it is created as product a chemical synthesis. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "chemical" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0002203 af-e:AFE_0002203 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000761 ; skos:definition "A readout is a display on a measuring system that displays the measuring value. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "readout" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/equipment#AFE_0002213 af-e:AFE_0002213 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; skos:altLabel "device tester" ; skos:definition "A medical device tester is an instrument designed to measure and test the performance of medical devices. [Allotrope]" ; skos:example "Medical device tester for autoinjectors" ; skos:prefLabel "medical device tester" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/function#AFFN_0000004 af-fn:AFFN_0000004 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-fn:AFFN_0000123 ; skos:definition "To equilibrate is a function which is realized in the process of equilibration. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "to equilibrate" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/function#AFFN_0000007 af-fn:AFFN_0000007 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-fn:AFFN_0000195 . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/function#AFFN_0000008 af-fn:AFFN_0000008 rdf:type owl:Class . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/function#AFFN_0000010 af-fn:AFFN_0000010 rdf:type owl:Class . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/function#AFFN_0000046 af-fn:AFFN_0000046 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-fn:AFFN_0000186 . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/function#AFFN_0000138 af-fn:AFFN_0000138 rdf:type owl:Class . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/function#AFFN_0000191 af-fn:AFFN_0000191 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-fn:AFFN_0000123 . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/function#AFFN_0000195 af-fn:AFFN_0000195 rdf:type owl:Class . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/material#AFM_0000099 af-m:AFM_0000099 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0002180 ; af-x:AFX_0002796 af-r:AFR_0001223 ; skos:definition "A cell culture is a continuous culture of cells that can survive in a laboratory for an indefinite period of time. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "cell culture" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/material#AFM_0000268 af-m:AFM_0000268 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf envo:_00010483 ; af-x:AFX_0002796 af-r:AFR_0001223 ; skos:definition "The common name air is given to the atmospheric gases used in breathing and photosynthesis. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "air" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/material#AFM_0000295 af-m:AFM_0000295 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-m:AFM_0000099 ; af-x:AFX_0002796 af-r:AFR_0001225 ; skos:altLabel "inoculum source" ; skos:definition "The inoculum source, for cell culture, is the source in which a calculated volume of cells is taken from and transfered to a new location (whether it be a vial, flask, bioreactor, etc.). [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "inoculum" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/material#AFM_0000452 af-m:AFM_0000452 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-m:AFM_0000877 ; af-x:AFX_0002796 af-r:AFR_0001224 ; skos:definition "An antibody is a large, Y-shape protein produced by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. The antibody recognizes a unique molecule of the harmful agent, called an antigen, via the variable region. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "antibody" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/material#AFM_0000470 af-m:AFM_0000470 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-m:AFM_0000877 ; af-x:AFX_0002796 af-r:AFR_0001224 ; skos:definition "In immunology, an antigen (Ag) is any structural substance that serves as a target for the receptors of an adaptive immune response, TCR or BCR or its secreted form antibody. In simpler terms, an antigen is any substance that causes an immune system to produce antibodies against it. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "antigen" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/material#AFM_0000493 af-m:AFM_0000493 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-e:AFE_0000354 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:definition "Liquid samples can be sandwiched between two plates of a salt (commonly sodium chloride, or common salt, although a number of other salts such as potassium bromide or calcium fluoride are also used). [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "salt plate" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000002 af-p:AFP_0000002 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001104 , af-p:AFP_0001234 ; skos:altLabel "HE IS" , "HE ISS" , "HE-IS" , "HE-ISS" , "HEIS" , "HEISS" , "RBS" , "Rutherford backscattering spectrometry" , "Rutherford scattering spectrometry" , "Rutherford scattering spectroscopy" , "backscattering spectroscopy" , "heavy ion scattering spectrometry" , "heavy ion scattering spectroscopy" , "heavy-ion scattering spectrometry" , "heavy-ion scattering spectroscopy" , "high-energy ion scattering spectrometry" , "high-energy ion scattering spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with He+ or H+ ions (500-1500 eV) and the energies and positions of any backscattered ions are detected. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000006 af-p:AFP_0000006 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000524 ; skos:altLabel "laser induced thermophoresis" , "laser-induced thermophoretic analysis" , "optically induced thermophoresis" ; skos:definition "A separation method where particles move at different speeds according to their thermal conductivity in a separation medium, across which a thermal gradient (produced by laser irradiation) is applied. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "laser-induced thermophoresis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000012 af-p:AFP_0000012 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001227 ; skos:altLabel "PICTS" , "photo induced current transient spectroscopy" , "photo-induced current transient spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the current produced by applying an optical pulse to the semiconductor junction at different temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit peaks, the height of which are proportional to the defect density, and the emission rate and temperature dependence are characteristic for each type of defect. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "photoinduced current transient spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000020 af-p:AFP_0000020 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001066 ; skos:altLabel "PD" , "PED" , "PhD" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure during photoelectron spectroscopy. Photons are directed at the sample and diffraction patterns resulting from the emission of electrons are recorded. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "photoelectron diffraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000023 af-p:AFP_0000023 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001259 ; skos:altLabel "FT-EIS" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of an electrochemical cell is measured. A Fourier transform is then applied to the spectrum. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "Fourier transform electrochemical-induced impedance spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000025 af-p:AFP_0000025 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001590 ; skos:definition "A sample preparation method where solid particles are dispersed in a liquid phase. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "colloidal dispersion" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000026 af-p:AFP_0000026 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001196 ; skos:altLabel "MS" , "magnetic separation" , "magnetic-bead extraction" ; skos:definition "A method for extracting biological molecules from a biological sample by functionalising a magnetic bead (0.001-200 µm diameter) with a molecule specific to the target molecule (e.g. complementary DNA or a specific antibody) and placing it in the sample solution. The bead is removed from the solution using a magnetized source. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "magnetic bead extraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000029 af-p:AFP_0000029 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000451 ; skos:definition "A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a molten polymer through a die. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "melt extrusion" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000032 af-p:AFP_0000032 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000378 ; skos:definition "A cellular assay that uses various methods to quantify cells in a culture. [VIVO-ISF]" ; skos:prefLabel "cell counting" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000033 af-p:AFP_0000033 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001196 ; skos:altLabel "sequential chemical extraction" ; skos:definition "An analytical process that sequentially chemically leaches metals from soils, sludges or sediments. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "sequential extraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000034 af-p:AFP_0000034 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001565 ; skos:altLabel "UV Fmoc test" , "ultraviolet Fmoc test" ; skos:definition "A colorimetric test which consists of coupling an Fmoc (9H-fluoren-9-yl-methoxycarbonyl )-protected amino acid and measuring the UV absorbance of the sample after deprotection using 20% piperidine in DMF. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "Fmoc test" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000035 af-p:AFP_0000035 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001408 ; skos:altLabel "potential sputtering" ; skos:definition "The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface by bombarding it with high-energy or highly charged heavy ions. When the multiply charged ions recombine on the sample surface their potential energy is liberated, accelerating the process. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "potential sputter etching" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000037 af-p:AFP_0000037 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001162 ; skos:altLabel "SRCD" , "SRCD spectrometry" , "SRCD spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarized synchrotron radiation (radiation produced by the movement of charged particles in a magnetic field). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "synchrotron circular dichroism spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000040 af-p:AFP_0000040 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003335 ; skos:definition "A method for the separation of liquid mixtures based on diffusion rate and membrane affinity. The sample mixture is placed in contact with one side of a non-porous polymeric membrane while a vacuum is applied to the other side. The components in the liquid stream permeate through the membrane, evaporate, and are then condensed. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "pervaporation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000042 af-p:AFP_0000042 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002334 ; skos:altLabel "EEXAPS" , "EXAPS" , "SXAPS" , "X-ray appearance potential spectrometry" , "XAPS" , "electron-excited X-ray appearance potential spectrometry" , "electron-excited X-ray appearance potential spectroscopy" , "soft X-ray appearance potential spectrometry" , "soft X-ray appearance potential spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by the sudden appearance of soft X-ray fluorescence. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "X-ray appearance potential spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000046 af-p:AFP_0000046 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001229 ; skos:altLabel "FRLS" , "FRS" , "forced Rayleigh light scattering" , "forced Rayleigh light scattering spectrometry" , "forced Rayleigh light scattering spectroscopy" , "forced Rayleigh scattering" , "forced Rayleigh scattering spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure where a grating created by the interference of two laser beams is written into a sample and a further laser beam is Rayleigh scattered by the grating. The change in direction or energy of the light and the temporal evolution of the scattered beam are measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "forced Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000052 af-p:AFP_0000052 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000612 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "LOWESS smoothing" ; skos:definition "Locally weighted scatterplot smoothing is a smoothing that use use locally weighted linear regression to smooth data. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "locally weighted scatterplot smoothing" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000053 af-p:AFP_0000053 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002278 ; skos:altLabel "INS" , "inelastic coherent neutron scattering" , "inelastic neutron scattering spectrometry" , "inelastic neutron scattering spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, and suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "inelastic neutron scattering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000054 af-p:AFP_0000054 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002149 ; skos:altLabel "non-contact profilometry" ; skos:definition "A method where the profile of a surface is determined by illuminating the sample with a beam of light which has been split into two paths, one of which is directed at the sample and the other at a reference mirror. When the reflections are recombined any interference contains information about the contours of the surface. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "optical profilometry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000056 af-p:AFP_0000056 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000732 ; skos:altLabel "LPME" , "liquid phase micro-extraction" , "liquid phase microextraction" , "liquid-phase microextraction" ; skos:definition "The process of transferring a µL amount of a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase (or vice versa). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "liquid-phase micro-extraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000059 af-p:AFP_0000059 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001339 ; skos:altLabel "valence-shell photoionization spectrometry" ; skos:definition "Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionization of the valence shell and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "valence-shell photoionization spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000060 af-p:AFP_0000060 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002026 ; skos:altLabel "HEELS" , "HR-EELS" , "HREELS" , "HRELS" , "VELS" , "high resolution energy loss spectrometry" , "high resolution energy loss spectroscopy" , "high-resolution energy loss spectroscopy" , "vibrational ELS" , "vibrational energy loss spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the small energy loss (0.02-1 eV) the electrons suffer upon reflection is measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "high-resolution energy loss spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000063 af-p:AFP_0000063 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001887 ; skos:altLabel "DEP drop dispensing" , "DEP droplet dispensing" ; skos:definition "The dispensing of droplets from an electrode surface after an applied voltage has been removed. Periodic bumps along the length of the electrodes promote droplet formation by establishing an initial, static perturbation. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "dielectrophoretic droplet dispensing" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000064 af-p:AFP_0000064 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001857 ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the spontaneous emission of a beta-particle produces a flash of light (known as a 'scintillation') which is detected. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "liquid scintillation counting" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000067 af-p:AFP_0000067 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002394 ; skos:altLabel "SLM extraction" , "SLME" , "supported liquid membrane (SLM) extraction" ; skos:definition "The transfer of a solute from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a non-porous liquid membrane. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "supported liquid membrane extraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000070 af-p:AFP_0000070 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001196 ; skos:altLabel "co-extraction" ; skos:definition "The transfer of two solutes from a liquid phase to a (low-polarity) organic liquid phase in contact with it. The solutes form mixed-species aggregates in the organic phase. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "coextraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000071 af-p:AFP_0000071 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002278 ; skos:altLabel "neutron spin echo spectrometry" , "neutron spin echo spectroscopy" , "neutron spin-echo spectrometry" , "neutron spin-echo spectroscopy" , "spin-echo neutrons scattering" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by measuring the velocity of neutrons in known magnetic fields before and after scattering by the sample. The neutrons are scattered by the interaction of neutron spin with spins in the sample ('spin echo'). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "spin-echo neutron scattering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000072 af-p:AFP_0000072 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001887 ; skos:altLabel "inertial drop dispensing" ; skos:definition "The dispensing of droplets by applying a pattern of piezoelectric acceleration and deceleration to the droplets such that inertial force can overcome adhesion force, resulting in droplet detachment from the device. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "inertial droplet dispensing" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000073 af-p:AFP_0000073 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000433 ; skos:altLabel "LEI spectrometry" , "LEI spectroscopy" , "LEIS" , "laser enhanced ionization mass spectrometry" , "laser enhanced ionization spectroscopy" , "laser-enhanced ionization spectrometry" , "resonance-enhanced ionization spectrometry" , "resonance-enhanced laser ionization spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where resonant laser illumination (using a laser which is tuned to match an electronic transition within the sample) is used to ehanced the collisional ionization of atoms (or molecules) occurring in a flame. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "laser-enhanced ionization spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000079 af-p:AFP_0000079 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001185 ; skos:altLabel "standard solution testing" , "titre testing" ; skos:definition "A titer (or titre) is a way of expressing concentration. Titer testing employs serial dilution to obtain approximate quantitative information from an analytical procedure that inherently only evaluates as positive or negative. The titer corresponds to the highest dilution factor that still yields a positive reading. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "titer testing" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000094 af-p:AFP_0000094 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001317 ; skos:definition "The characterization, in an inert atmosphere, of a material or a chemical process by a chemical degradation reaction induced by thermal energy. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "analytical pyrolysis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000097 af-p:AFP_0000097 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001156 ; skos:altLabel "X-ray absorption spectrometry" , "XAS" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays and the X-ray absorption coefficient of the sample is measured. When the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron in an atom there is a decrease in the intensity of transmitted X-rays resulting in an absorption edge. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "X-ray absorption spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000098 af-p:AFP_0000098 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001809 ; skos:definition "The removal of solvent from a sample by applying heat and lowering the pressure above the sample whilst rotating it at 10-300 rpm. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "rotary evaporation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000111 af-p:AFP_0000111 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002130 ; skos:altLabel "XRS" , "XS" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "X-ray scattering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000115 af-p:AFP_0000115 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001317 ; skos:definition "The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy in the presence of a catalyst. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "catalytic pyrolysis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000116 af-p:AFP_0000116 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000611 ; skos:altLabel "batch-injection enthalpimetry" , "direct-injection calorimetry" , "direct-injection enthalpimetry" ; skos:definition "The measurement of the enthalpy change during a chemical reaction in order to measure the amount of the imiting reagent. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "batch injection calorimetry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000124 af-p:AFP_0000124 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001801 ; skos:definition "An imaging method which uses the detection of unpaired spins in a magnetic field gradient so that the resonance condition is sensitive to the position of the spins in the sample. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "electron spin resonance imaging" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000126 af-p:AFP_0000126 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000530 ; skos:altLabel "calcining" ; skos:definition "The heating of a sample to high temperatures in air or oxygen. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "calcination" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000129 af-p:AFP_0000129 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001876 ; skos:altLabel "cryodesiccation" , "freeze-drying" , "lyophilization" ; skos:definition "The removal of solvent from a sample without passing through the liquid-gas boundary. The sample is frozen at liquid nitrogen temperature (-80 deg. C) then the surrounding pressure is reduced to allow the water in the sample to sublime. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "freeze drying" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000135 af-p:AFP_0000135 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001811 ; skos:definition "A method of separation in which a component of the bulk liquid is preferentially adsorbed at the liquid-vapour interface and is removed by foaming. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "foam fractionation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000148 af-p:AFP_0000148 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001050 ; skos:altLabel "PP spectroscopy" , "pump probe spectroscopy" , "pump-probe (PP) spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with an initial laser pulse (the 'pump') followed by a second laser pulse (the 'probe') after a short delay. The pump pulse creates excitations in the sample, which are sensed by the probe pulse. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "pump-probe spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000150 af-p:AFP_0000150 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000984 ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where three incident terahertz laser beams are mixed. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "terahertz four-wave mixing spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000152 af-p:AFP_0000152 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001275 ; skos:altLabel "G-FFF" , "GFFF" , "GrFFF" , "gravitational FFF" ; skos:definition "A technique for separating small particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel such that the Earth's gravitational field is perpendicular to the channel. A carrier liquid is then passed through the channel and the particles are separated on the basis of particle size. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "gravitational field-flow fractionation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000153 af-p:AFP_0000153 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001312 ; skos:definition "A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. As the sample mixture to be purified is heated, its vapours rise a short distance into a vertical condenser (called a 'Kugelrohr') where they are cooled by water. This technique is used for small amounts of samples with high boiling points (usually >300 deg. C) under greatly reduced pressure. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "Kugelrohr distillation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000154 af-p:AFP_0000154 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000611 ; skos:definition "The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) at constant temperature during a chemical or biochemical reaction. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "isothermal calorimetry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000158 af-p:AFP_0000158 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000899 ; skos:altLabel "fluorescence labeling" , "fluorescence labelling" , "fluorescent labelling" ; skos:definition "The process of covalently attaching a chemically-reactive derivative of a fluorophore to another molecule, such as a protein or nucleic acid. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "fluorescent labeling" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000162 af-p:AFP_0000162 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000711 ; skos:definition "The formation of a gel from a solution by irradiation with light from the visible region (400-800 nm). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "light-induced gelation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000165 af-p:AFP_0000165 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001876 ; skos:definition "The removal of solvent from a sample by the application of an inert gas or air. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "blow drying" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000168 af-p:AFP_0000168 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002122 ; skos:altLabel "pendant drop dynamic tensiometry" , "pendant drop tensiometry" , "pendant tensiometry" , "pending drop tensiometry" ; skos:definition "The measurement of surface tension by determining the distortion of drop by gravity, which elongates or flattens otherwise spherical drops. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "pendant-drop tensiometry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000172 af-p:AFP_0000172 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001071 ; skos:altLabel "angle-resolved synchotron radiation photoelectron spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray-ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "angle-resolved synchotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000176 af-p:AFP_0000176 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003566 ; skos:definition "The formation of a crystalline solid from a solution, melt vapour, or a different solid phase, generally by lowering the temperature or by evaporation of a solvent. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "crystallization" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000181 af-p:AFP_0000181 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001403 ; skos:altLabel "holographic laser tweezing" , "holographic optical trapping" , "holographic optical tweezing" ; skos:definition "The trapping of microscopic particles by a focused laser beam. The beam is focused through a microscope objective, producing a strong electric field gradient at its narrowest point, which attracts dielectric particles. In holographic laser trapping, computer-generated holograms are used to split single laser beams into multiple beams, creating three-dimensional configurations. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "holographic laser trapping" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000188 af-p:AFP_0000188 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002061 ; skos:altLabel "FT-IR OAS" , "FT-IR PAS" , "FT-IR optoacoustic spectrometry" , "FT-IR optoacoustic spectroscopy" , "FT-IR photoacoustic spectrometry" , "FT-IR photoacoustic spectroscopy" , "FT/IR OAS" , "FT/IR PAS" , "FTIR OAS" , "FTIR PAS" , "FTIR-OAS" , "FTIR-PAS" , "FTIROAS" , "FTIRPAS" , "Fourier transform infra-red photoacoustic spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sound emitted when a gaseous sample is exposed to an intense infrared laser beam, which is rapidly interrupted by a rotating slotted disk, is measured. The spectrum is then subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000190 af-p:AFP_0000190 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003357 ; skos:definition "The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample below its melting point until its particles adhere to each other. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "sintering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000191 af-p:AFP_0000191 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001275 ; skos:altLabel "MFFF" , "MgFFF" , "magnetic FFF" ; skos:definition "A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel and applying a magnetic electric field perpendicular to the channel. A carrier liquid is passed through the channel and the particles are separated on the basis of magnetic susceptibility. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "magnetic field-flow fractionation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000192 af-p:AFP_0000192 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001801 ; skos:altLabel "laser holography" , "optical holography" ; skos:definition "The recording of an interference pattern on a photographic film. Coherent light from a laser is reflected from an object and combined at the film with light from a reference beam. Both the phase and amplitude of the light scattered by the object is recorded. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "holography" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000197 af-p:AFP_0000197 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002082 ; skos:altLabel "resonance enhanced laser microanalysis" , "resonance-enchanced laser micro-probe spectrometry" , "resonance-enhanced laser microprobe spectrometry" , "resonance-enhanced laser microprobe spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more finely focused (<10 m diameter) resonant laser beams (lasers which have been tuned to match an electronic transition within the sample) and the absorption or emission of light by the sample is measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "resonance-enhanced laser microprobe spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000198 af-p:AFP_0000198 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000071 ; skos:altLabel "magnetic SEANS" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by measuring the velocity of neutrons in known magnetic fields before and after scattering at small angles by a magnetic sample. The neutrons are scattered by the interaction of neutron spin with spins in the sample ('spin echo'). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "magnetic spin-echo small angle neutron scattering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000201 af-p:AFP_0000201 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002254 ; skos:altLabel "UV TLS" , "UV-TLS" , "ultra-violet thermal lens spectrometry" , "ultra-violet thermal lens spectroscopy" , "ultraviolet thermal lens spectrometry" , "ultraviolet thermal lens spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the energy generated by nonradiative thermal relaxation after ultraviolet laser light absorption is measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "ultraviolet thermal lens spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000203 af-p:AFP_0000203 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002409 ; skos:altLabel "nuclear spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of gamma-ray emission spectroscopy where atomic nuclei are excited (by a heavy ion beam or by collision with another nucleus) and their decaying gamma-ray emissions are measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "nuclear spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000208 af-p:AFP_0000208 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000840 ; skos:altLabel "temperature dependent rheology" , "temperature dependent rheometry" , "temperature-dependent rheological measurements" , "temperature-dependent rheology" ; skos:definition "The study of the temperature dependence of the relationship between deformation and stress for fluids which cannot be defined by a single value of viscosity. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "temperature-dependent rheometry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000214 af-p:AFP_0000214 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002126 ; skos:altLabel "SPME" , "solid phase microextraction" , "solid-phase microextraction" ; skos:definition "The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the liquid sample through a small fibre containing a stationary phase bonded to a silica needle (<10 µm diameter). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "solid-phase micro-extraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000217 af-p:AFP_0000217 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003374 ; skos:definition "Any process that involves preparing or exciting a material for a subsequent reaction. [OSTHUS, CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "activation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000220 af-p:AFP_0000220 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000527 ; skos:altLabel "photo-current spectrometry" , "photo-current spectroscopy" , "photocurrent spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where light energy absorbed by the sample results in the production of a current (the 'photocurrent') which is measured at different spectral intervals. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "photocurrent spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000223 af-p:AFP_0000223 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001619 ; skos:definition "The detection of luminescence emitted over a long timescale from a sample, as a result of irradiation with light. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "phosphorescence detection" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000226 af-p:AFP_0000226 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001810 ; skos:altLabel "CLIBS" , "collinear laser beam spectrometry" , "collinear laser beam spectroscopy" , "collinear laser ion beam spectroscopy" , "collinear laser ion-beam spectrometry" , "collinear laser ion-beam spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is in the form of an accelerated beam of ions which is superimposed on a resonant laser beam (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample) and light absorption is measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "collinear laser ion-beam spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000230 af-p:AFP_0000230 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001546 ; skos:altLabel "ps laser flash photolysis" ; skos:definition "A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong picosecond pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The absorption of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "picosecond laser flash photolysis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000231 af-p:AFP_0000231 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001071 ; skos:altLabel "PEYS" , "photoelectron yield spectrometry" , "total yield spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray-ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons. All photoelectrons emitted at a particular photon energy are detected. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "photoelectron yield spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000234 af-p:AFP_0000234 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000214 ; skos:altLabel "CME" , "capillary microextraction" ; skos:definition "The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the liquid sample through a small fused-silica capillary. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "capillary micro-extraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000237 af-p:AFP_0000237 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001879 ; skos:altLabel "ID" , "infra-red dichroism" , "infrared dichroism" , "infrared dichroism measurements" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption or reflection of polarized infrared light by a sample. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "infrared dichroism spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000245 af-p:AFP_0000245 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000527 ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy which probes the rotational degrees of freedom of a molecule. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "rotational spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000247 af-p:AFP_0000247 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000006 ; skos:altLabel "optically induced simultaneous thermophoresis" ; skos:definition "A separation method where two or more particles (e.g. proteins) are separated according to their thermal conductivity in a separation medium, across which a thermal gradient (produced by laser irradiation) is applied. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "laser-induced simultaneous thermophoresis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000249 af-p:AFP_0000249 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003473 ; skos:definition "The removal of impurities and elimination of pores from a xerogel (a gel that has been dried with unhindered shrinkage). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "densification" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000250 af-p:AFP_0000250 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001876 ; skos:definition "The removal of solvent from a sample by the application of radio frequency (3 Hz to 300 GHz) or microwave (1-1000 mm) radiation. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "dielectric drying" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000251 af-p:AFP_0000251 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000659 ; skos:altLabel "PCM" , "photo-etching" , "photochemical etching" , "photochemical machining" , "photochemical milling" , "photoetching" ; skos:definition "The process of generating a pattern in a photosensitive sample by irradiating it with UV light. After exposure, the plate is 'developed' by washing away the unexposed resist. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "photo etching" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000252 af-p:AFP_0000252 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001666 ; skos:altLabel "vibrating tube densiometry" , "vibrating tube densitometry" , "vibrating-tube densiometry" ; skos:definition "The measurement of the density of a solution by determining the resonant frequency of a quartz U-tube which holds about 1 mL of sample. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "vibrating-tube densitometry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000257 af-p:AFP_0000257 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000620 ; skos:altLabel "VPO" , "vapor-pressure osmometry" ; skos:definition "A technique used to determine the concentration of osmotically active particles that reduce the vapor pressure of a solution. Vapour pressure osmometry is used to measure the average molecular weight of polymers. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "vapor pressure osmometry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000258 af-p:AFP_0000258 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003566 ; skos:definition "Denaturation is the process of unfolding a protein. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "denaturation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000265 af-p:AFP_0000265 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001424 ; skos:altLabel "EMPA" , "EPMA" , "EPXMA" , "electron microprobe analysis" , "electron probe microanalysis" ; skos:definition "A type of X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding a flat polished sample with a finely focused (<10 µm diameter) beam of electrons which results in the ionization of the inner shells of sample atoms. The decay of the ionized states results in the emission of characteristic X-rays. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "electron probe X-ray microanalysis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000267 af-p:AFP_0000267 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001357 ; skos:definition "The separation of molecules in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane. In competition dialysis an array of nucleic acid structures and sequences is dialysed against a common test ligand solution. After equilibration, the amount of ligand bound to each structure or sequence is determined by absorbance or fluorescence measurements. Since all structures and sequences are in equilibrium with the same free ligand concentration, the amount bound is directly proportional to the ligand binding affinity. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "competition dialysis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000274 af-p:AFP_0000274 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001590 ; skos:definition "The distribution of particles of one phase in a continuous phase of a different nature, assisted by sound waves (>20 KHz in frequency). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "ultrasonic dispersion" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000275 af-p:AFP_0000275 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000214 ; skos:altLabel "HSPME" , "HSSE" , "hSPME" , "headspace solid-phase micro-extraction" , "headspace solid-phase microextraction" , "headspace sorptive extraction" ; skos:definition "The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by exposing a small fibre containing a stationary phase bonded to a silica needle (<10 µm diameter) to the headspace above the liquid sample. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "headspace solid-phase micro-extraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000283 af-p:AFP_0000283 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001208 ; skos:altLabel "DWS" , "diffusing-wave spectroscopy" , "diffusive wave spectroscopy" , "diffusive-wave spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A method for determining molecular motion by measuring the time it takes for a particle in a highly-scattering suspension (e.g. a colloid) to move a distance comparable to the wavelength of light. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "diffusing wave spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000284 af-p:AFP_0000284 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001050 ; skos:altLabel "LES" , "laser emission spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where a thermally-excited vapour sample is illuminated with an ultraviolet or visible laser and the photon emission spectrum of the sample is observed. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "laser emission spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000291 af-p:AFP_0000291 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001156 ; skos:definition "Any type of X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays or particles and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions (known as 'X-ray fluorescence') are detected. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "X-ray emission spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000294 af-p:AFP_0000294 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001571 ; skos:definition "The planned repetition of a precipitation to remove impurities from a precipitate or improve its stoichiometry. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "reprecipitation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000297 af-p:AFP_0000297 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001071 ; skos:altLabel "CISS" , "constant initial state spectroscopy" , "constant-initial-state spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray-ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons. The energy distribution of electrons which have been promoted from a specific valence band is measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "constant-initial-state spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000298 af-p:AFP_0000298 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001317 ; skos:definition "A technique used to synthesize ultrafine powders by heating a mixture of reactant vapour and inert gas with a laser. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "laser pyrolysis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000299 af-p:AFP_0000299 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000757 ; skos:altLabel "MDS" , "metastable de-excitation spectrometry" , "metastable deexcitation spectrometry" , "metastable deexcitation spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where energy transfer from a metastable atom in close proximity to (~5 ) the sample gives rise to a characteristic ejected electron energy spectrum. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "metastable de-excitation spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000301 af-p:AFP_0000301 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001048 ; skos:altLabel "EICO" , "electron-ion coincidence spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of an ion and an electron which are detected as a function of energy. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "electron-ion coincidence spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000303 af-p:AFP_0000303 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000811 ; skos:definition "The process of transferring a substance from a solid or liquid matrix to the vapour phase by heating. Once the concentration of the analyte in the headspace is in equilibrium with the concentration in the sample matrix, the headspace is removed. The process is repeated multiple times, allowing the new equilibrium to form at each stage. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "multiple headspace extraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000306 af-p:AFP_0000306 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001221 ; skos:definition "A method for determining crystal orientation, using X-ray diffraction, which involves systematically rotating the sample about well defined angles until all possible lattice planes are reflected, and measuring the reflection intensity as a function of angle. The results are plotted as a pole figure. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "pole figure measurement" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000309 af-p:AFP_0000309 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000291 ; skos:definition "A type of X-ray emission spectroscopy where the energy spectrum of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions is measured using a diffraction grating or crystal. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000313 af-p:AFP_0000313 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001196 ; skos:definition "A process wherein one material is extracted from another by interaction with a solvent. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "elution" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000314 af-p:AFP_0000314 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000998 ; skos:altLabel "L-DLTS" , "LDLTS" , "LTDLTS" , "Laplace DLTS" , "Laplace deep level transient spectroscopy" , "Laplace transform DLTS" , "Laplace transform deep level transient spectroscopy" , "Laplace transform deep-level transient spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the average capacitance produced by applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at a fixed temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit a peak for each 'deep level' (each energy level near the center of the band gap). The height of the peak is proportional to the defect density and the emission rate is characteristic for each type of defect. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "Laplace deep-level transient spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000317 af-p:AFP_0000317 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002409 ; skos:altLabel "Moessbauer spectroscopy" , "Mossbauer spectroscopy" , "Mössbauer spectroscopy" , "Mößbauer spectroscopy" , "recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample is detected. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "Mossbauer spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000319 af-p:AFP_0000319 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002015 ; skos:altLabel "COMAS" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where a pump laser is used to excite a chromophore and the transmitted power of a probe laser is used to determine the state concentration (excited vs. non-excited) of the sample. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "concentration modulated absorption spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000322 af-p:AFP_0000322 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001204 ; skos:definition "The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample with an Ar plasma (a partially ionized gas containing free electrons) until the particles adhere to each other. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "argon plasma sintering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000329 af-p:AFP_0000329 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000980 ; skos:altLabel "TL spectrometry" , "TL spectroscopy" , "thermoluminescence (TL) spectroscopy" , "thermoluminescence spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where thermoluminescence (visible light emitted by certain crystalline materials when previously absorbed energy from electromagnetic radiation or other ionizing radiation is re-emitted as light upon heating of the material) is detected as a function of wavelength. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "thermoluminescence spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000330 af-p:AFP_0000330 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000717 ; skos:definition "The measurement of the luminescence of a sample as a function of temperature. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "thermoluminescence" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000331 af-p:AFP_0000331 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002130 ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered atoms. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "atom scattering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000337 af-p:AFP_0000337 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000659 ; skos:altLabel "ion-beam patterning" ; skos:definition "A patterning process which involves using a focused Ga+ beam to cut trenches into substrates. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "ion beam patterning" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000344 af-p:AFP_0000344 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001590 ; skos:altLabel "MSPD" ; skos:definition "A technique for the preparation and extraction of solid and viscous samples. The sample is blended with a bonded-phase solid support (such as silica) using a glass pestle to obtain a semi-dry material. The blended sample is then packed into a cartridge and eluted. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "matrix solid-phase dispersion" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000345 af-p:AFP_0000345 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000299 ; skos:altLabel "SP-MDS" , "SPMDS" , "spin-polarized metastable de-excitation spectrometry" , "spin-polarized metastable de-excitation spectroscopy" , "spin-polarized metastable deexcitation spectrometry" , "spin-polarized metastable deexcitation spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where energy transfer from a metastable atom in close proximity to (~5 ) the sample gives rise to a characteristic ejected electron energy spectrum. A magnet is used to align all the electron spins parallel to the surface. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "spin-polarized metastable de-excitation spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000346 af-p:AFP_0000346 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002419 ; skos:altLabel "CBLEED" , "convergent beam low-energy electron diffraction" , "convergent-beam low-energy electron diffraction" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by directing a highly convergent beam (nm diameter) of low energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "convergent beam low energy electron diffraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000354 af-p:AFP_0000354 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002431 ; skos:definition "Anodic mobilization is a specialized form of electrophoretic separation of proteins and ampholytes based on their net charge, separation is achieved by the use of pH changes in the buffer with the addition of salt to the buffer resulting in excess nonproton cations. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "anodic mobilization" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000355 af-p:AFP_0000355 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000527 ; skos:altLabel "optogalvanic spectrometry" ; skos:definition "Any type of spectroscopy where the current passing through a gas discharge is monitored as a laser light source is tuned through the frequencies of allowed transitions for excited atoms in the discharge. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "optogalvanic spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000358 af-p:AFP_0000358 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002141 ; skos:altLabel "micro-PL spectroscopy" , "micro-photoluminescence spectroscopy" , "µ-PL spectroscopy" , "µPL spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the luminesence (the emission of visible light) from a small area (<10 microns diameter) of a sample which has been illuminated with light, is detected. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "microphotoluminescence spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000366 af-p:AFP_0000366 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001957 ; skos:altLabel "LeRIBS" , "low-energy radioactive ion beam spectrometry" , "low-energy radioactive ion beam spectroscopy" , "low-energy radioactive ion-beam spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where a focused beam of proton is directed at a uranium sample and the secondary ions emitted are detected. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "low-energy radioactive ion-beam spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000368 af-p:AFP_0000368 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000527 ; skos:altLabel "RF spectroscopy" , "radio frequency (RF) spectroscopy" , "radiofrequency (RF) spectroscopy" , "radiofrequency spectroscopy" , "rf spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy using short pulses of radiation from the radio frequency (MHz) range. Radio frequency spectroscopy is used to probe cold gas atoms and single ions. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "radio frequency spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000372 af-p:AFP_0000372 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002235 ; skos:altLabel "REFLEXAFS" , "REFLEXAFS spectrometry" , "REFLEXAFS spectroscopy" , "reflEXAFS" , "reflEXAFSS" , "reflection extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient measured 500-1000 eV below the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are determined as a function of incident X-ray energy. Measurements are taken under total reflection conditions. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "reflection extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000377 af-p:AFP_0000377 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002296 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "Intensity normalization is a data apodization to transform the data to a common intensity range for comparison. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "intensity normalization" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000379 af-p:AFP_0000379 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001317 ; skos:definition "The repeated chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy under the same conditions of time, temperature etc. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "sequential pyrolysis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000380 af-p:AFP_0000380 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001392 ; skos:altLabel "KFS" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where an atomic force microscope is used to measure the force experienced by a sample. A probe, which is made of a material with a known work function (commonly tungsten or platinum), is arranged close to the sample surface as a parallel-plate capacitor with a small spacing. The probe is vibrated, causing a change in the capacitance between the electrodes. A voltage is then applied between the probe and sample until the electric field between them vanishes. The force gradient is proportional to the change in amplitude of the vibration. The distance between the probe and sample is kept constant during the measurement using a feedback loop. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "Kelvin force spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000381 af-p:AFP_0000381 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003566 ; skos:altLabel "burning" ; skos:definition "An exothermic chemical reaction between a fuel (usually a hydrocarbon) and an oxidant (usually oxygen) which is sometimes accompanied by the production of light. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "combustion" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000382 af-p:AFP_0000382 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001885 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "quarter-log dilution" ; skos:definition "A half-logarithmic dilution is a serial dilution with a 1.78-fold (10^0.25) dilution for each step. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "quarter-logarithmic dilution" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000387 af-p:AFP_0000387 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001229 ; skos:altLabel "non-resonance Rayleigh scattering" , "non-resonance Rayleigh scattering spectrometry" , "non-resonant Rayleigh scattering" , "off-resonance Rayleigh scattering" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light, where the wavelength of the incident light does not correspond to any absorption bands in the scattering molecules. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "non-resonance Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000395 af-p:AFP_0000395 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001071 ; skos:altLabel "PYS" , "partial photoyield spectroscopy" , "partial yield spectrometry" , "partial yield spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray-ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons. All of the photoelectrons emitted within a certain energy interval are detected. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "partial-yield spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000399 af-p:AFP_0000399 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000777 ; skos:definition "A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat and then immediately cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. This method can only be used to separate mixtures where the components differ widely in boiling point (by approx. 25 deg.). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "simple distillation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000401 af-p:AFP_0000401 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003473 ; skos:altLabel "deionization method" ; skos:definition "The removal of ions from a solution using an ion-exchange method. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "deionization" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000403 af-p:AFP_0000403 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000942 ; skos:altLabel "vibrational microspectroscopy" , "vibrational spectroscopic imaging" ; skos:definition "A type of chemical imaging spectroscopy where an optical microscope is used to image the sample and locate a small area for spectral analysis that probes the vibrational degrees of freedom of a molecule. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "vibrational microscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000406 af-p:AFP_0000406 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002216 ; skos:definition "A technique used to measure the levels of oxygen in a sample by measuring the enhancement of relaxation rates (proportional to O2 concentration) of paramagnetic species ('labels' or 'probes', e.g. nitroxides) in solution with O2, using ESR spectroscopy. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "electron spin resonance oximetry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000407 af-p:AFP_0000407 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000975 ; skos:altLabel "N2 adsorption measurements" , "N2 sorption" , "nitrogen adsorption measurements" , "nitrogen sorptions" ; skos:definition "A method for determining surface area by measuring the amount of N2 that adsorbs onto the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'). Regression analysis is then applied to the data, resulting in an isotherm. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "nitrogen sorption measurements" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000413 af-p:AFP_0000413 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000148 ; skos:altLabel "PREP spectroscopy" , "PrPP spectroscopy" , "double-pump pump-probe spectroscopy" , "pump re-pump probe spectroscopy" , "pump repump probe spectroscopy" , "pump-pump-probe spectroscopy" , "pump-repump-probe (PREP) spectroscopy" , "pump-repump-probe (PrPP) spectroscopy" , "pump-repump-probe spectroscopy" , "two pump and probe spectroscopy" , "two pump-probe spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with an initial laser pulse (the 'pump') followed by a second pump laser pulse, and finally a third laser pulse (the 'probe') after a short delay. The two pump pulses create excitations in the sample, which are sensed by the probe pulse. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "pump-repump-probe spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000415 af-p:AFP_0000415 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002456 ; skos:definition "A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a high-boiling-point sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat at low pressure and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. The vacuum is replaced by an inert gas once the distillation is complete. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "air-sensitive vacuum distillation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000420 af-p:AFP_0000420 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001887 ; skos:altLabel "acoustic drop dispensing" ; skos:definition "The dropwise release of a liquid using a focused acoustic beam to eject a controlled droplet from an open pool of liquid. When the acoustic beam strikes the liquid surface, the pressure causes the fluid to rise up and a droplet breaks off. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "acoustic droplet dispensing" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000421 af-p:AFP_0000421 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001200 ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample. The incident X-ray beam strikes the sample under a small angle close to the critical angle of total external X-ray reflection. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "grazing-incidence X-ray scattering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000425 af-p:AFP_0000425 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001101 ; skos:definition "Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays and the energies of totally reflected X-rays are measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000429 af-p:AFP_0000429 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001317 ; skos:definition "The chemical degradation of a sample caused by a fast rate of temperature increase (10,000 K/s). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "flash pyrolysis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000433 af-p:AFP_0000433 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000907 , af-p:AFP_0001173 ; skos:altLabel "RIS" , "resonance enhanced ionisation spectroscopy" , "resonance enhanced ionization spectrometry" , "resonance enhanced ionization spectroscopy" , "resonance ionization spectrometry" , "resonance-ionization spectrometry" , "resonance-ionization spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "Any type of spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with resonant laser light (using a laser which is tuned to match an electronic transition within the sample) and photoexcitation is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionization potential to create an ion. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "resonance ionization spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000440 af-p:AFP_0000440 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001296 ; skos:altLabel "HIP" , "HIPping" , "hipping" ; skos:definition "The process of pressing a powder under a gas or liquid at elevated temperatures so that pressure is transmitted equally in all directions. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "hot isostatic pressing" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000442 af-p:AFP_0000442 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001173 ; skos:altLabel "surface Penning-ionization electron spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with metastable atoms resulting in the emission of an electron (by Penning ionization) and an Auger electron. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "surface Penning-ionization electron spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000443 af-p:AFP_0000443 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002431 ; skos:definition "Cathodic mobilization is a specialized form of electrophoretic separation of molecules based on their net charge, separation is achieved by the use of progressive pH changes in the buffer with the addition of salt to the buffer resulting in excess nonhydroxyl anions. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "cathodic mobilization" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000444 af-p:AFP_0000444 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002216 ; skos:definition "A technique used to determine the extent of oxygenation of haemoglobin based on the red (600-750 nm) and infrared (800-1000 nm) light absorption characteristics of the oxygenated and deoxygenated forms. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "pulse oximetry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000446 af-p:AFP_0000446 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001357 ; skos:definition "The selective separation of molecules in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion across a semipermeable membrane under the influence of an electric field. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "electrodialysis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000451 af-p:AFP_0000451 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003351 ; skos:altLabel "extrusion molding" , "extrusion moulding" ; skos:definition "A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a material through a die. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "extrusion" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000453 af-p:AFP_0000453 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001227 ; skos:altLabel "SCLC method" , "SCLC technique" , "space charge limited current" , "space-charge-limited current" ; skos:definition "A method for measuring density-of-state (DOS) distributions by injecting a nonequilibrium density of charges and measuring the resulting current. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "space-charge-limited current method" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000455 af-p:AFP_0000455 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000056 ; skos:altLabel "HF-LPME" , "HFLPME" , "hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction" , "hollow fiber-based liquid phase microextraction" , "hollow-fiber LPME" , "hollow-fiber based LPME" , "hollow-fiber liquid-phase micro-extraction" , "hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction" , "hollow-fiber-based LPME" ; skos:definition "The process of transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase immobilised within the pores of the wall of a porous hollow fibre (<10 µm diameter). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "hollow fiber liquid-phase micro-extraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000469 af-p:AFP_0000469 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000665 ; skos:definition "Extraction of plant metabolites using a 1:3:1 v/v mixture of water, methanol and chloroform. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "water:methanol:chloroform 1:3:1 extraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000477 af-p:AFP_0000477 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000998 ; skos:altLabel "CC-DLTS" , "CCDLTS" , "constant capacitance DLTS" , "constant capacitance deep level transient spectroscopy" , "constant capacitance deep-level transient spectroscopy" , "constant-capacitance DLTS" ; skos:definition "A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By holding the capacitance constant and monitoring the carrier emission produced when applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at different temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit a peak for each 'deep level' (each energy level near the center of the band gap). The height of the peak is proportional to the defect density and the emission rate and temperature dependence are characteristic for each type of defect. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "constant-capacitance deep-level transient spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000480 af-p:AFP_0000480 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002130 ; skos:altLabel "alpha scattering" , "alpha-scattering" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered alpha-particles. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "alpha-particle scattering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000481 af-p:AFP_0000481 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001200 ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of two separate beams of X-rays scattered by a sample at low angles (0-10 deg.). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "two-dimensional small-angle X-ray scattering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000482 af-p:AFP_0000482 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001339 ; skos:altLabel "ARP" , "ARPES" , "ARPS" , "angle-resolved photoelectron spectrometry" , "angle-resolved photoemission spectrometry" , "angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000487 af-p:AFP_0000487 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001221 ; skos:altLabel "X-Ray crystallographic analysis" , "X-ray analysis" , "X-ray crystallography" , "X-ray diffraction analysis" , "X-ray diffractometry" , "X-ray structure determination" , "XRD" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "X-ray diffraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000489 af-p:AFP_0000489 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001129 ; skos:altLabel "PELDOR" , "PELDOR spectroscopy" , "pulse ELDOR" , "pulsed ELDOR" , "pulsed electron double resonance" , "pulsed electron double resonance spectroscopy" , "pulsed electron-electron double resonance" , "pulsed electron-electron double resonance spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where two microwave frequency pulse sequences are used to excite two electron resonance transitions and the effect of the first transition on the second is measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "pulsed electron-electron double resonance spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000490 af-p:AFP_0000490 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002178 ; skos:altLabel "ASES" ; skos:definition "A technique where a solid sample is dissolved in a common (organic or inorganic) solvent, mixed with a supercritical fluid and sprayed into an autoclave. This leads to the reduction in solubility of the solid and precipitation. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "aerosol solvent extraction system" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000491 af-p:AFP_0000491 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001339 ; skos:altLabel "ESCA" , "PESIS" , "X-ray photoelectron emission spectroscopy" , "X-ray photoelectron scattering (XPS) spectroscopy" , "X-ray photoelectron scattering spectroscopy" , "X-ray photoelectron spectrometry" , "X-ray photoemission spectroscopy" , "XPES" , "XPS" , "electron spectrometry for chemical analysis" , "electron spectrometry for chemical applications" , "electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis" , "electron spectroscopy for chemical applications" , "photoelectron spectroscopy of the inner shell" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with X-rays causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000501 af-p:AFP_0000501 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000527 ; skos:altLabel "SPR" , "SPR spectrometry" , "SPR spectroscopy" , "SPRS" , "surface plasmon resonance" , "surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy" , "surface plasmon resonance spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the resonant excitation of surface plasmons (usually on a noble metal e.g. Au or Ag surface) by ultraviolet or visible light is measured. The light source is incident on the noble metal surface through a prism, at a range of angles that are above the critical angle where total internal reflection occurs. At a certain angle excitation of the surface plasmons occurs, leading to a minimum in the reflected light. The resonance angle shifts whenever the optical density of the sample in contact with the noble metal undergoes a change, and thus it allows detection of the adsorption or desorption of molecules. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000506 af-p:AFP_0000506 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000777 ; skos:definition "A method of separating two components of very similar boiling point from a mixture. A third, miscible and high-boiling-point solvent is added to the mixture which causes a change in the volatilities of the components. These components are then vaporised by the application of heat and cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "extractive distillation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000508 af-p:AFP_0000508 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002313 ; skos:altLabel "TG" , "TG analysis" , "TG measurements" , "TGA" , "thermal gravimetric analysis" , "thermo-gravimetric analysis" , "thermogravimetric (TG) analyses" , "thermogravimetric (TG) analysis" , "thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis" , "thermogravimetric analysis" ; skos:definition "The measurement of the mass of a sample as a function of temperature. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "thermogravimetry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000511 af-p:AFP_0000511 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000054 ; skos:altLabel "PP" ; skos:definition "A method where the profile of a surface is determined by illuminating the sample with a beam of light which has been split into two paths, one of which is directed at the sample and the other at a reference mirror. When the reflections are recombined any distortions of periodic shadows due to interference contain information about the contours of the surface. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "phase profilometry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000521 af-p:AFP_0000521 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000291 ; skos:altLabel "PIXE" , "PIXES" , "particle-induced X-ray emission spectrometry" ; skos:definition "Any type of X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding the sample with a focused beam of high-energy particles. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "particle-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000524 af-p:AFP_0000524 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000422 ; skos:altLabel "thermophoretic analysis" ; skos:definition "A separation method where particles move at different speeds according to their thermal conductivity in a separation medium, across which a thermal gradient is applied. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "thermophoresis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000526 af-p:AFP_0000526 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000527 ; skos:altLabel "reflectance spectrometry" , "reflection spectrometry" , "reflection spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "The study of radiation as a function of wavelength that has been reflected from or scattered by a sample. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "reflectance spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000529 af-p:AFP_0000529 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001992 ; skos:altLabel "ARE2E" , "angle-resolved E2E" , "angle-resolved electron-electron coincidence spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of a pair of electrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "angle-resolved electron-electron coincidence spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000530 af-p:AFP_0000530 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003419 ; skos:definition "Heating is a process involving the increase in temperature of an object. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "heating" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000531 af-p:AFP_0000531 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000611 ; skos:altLabel "continuous flow enthalpimetric analysis" , "continuous flow enthalpimetry" , "continuous-flow calorimetry" , "continuous-flow enthalpimetry" ; skos:definition "A term used to describe methods wherein a reagent is continuously fed into a flowing analyte stream and the temperature difference is measured before and after a reactor (mixing chamber). Alternatively, the temperature may be measured in a differential manner between a reference and a reactor chamber. The analyte concentration is directly proportional to the measured temperature difference. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "continuous-flow calorimetry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000537 af-p:AFP_0000537 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001357 ; skos:altLabel "microdialysis" ; skos:definition "The separation of molecules in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion across a semipermeable membrane. The membrane is attached to a small probe (<10 µm diameter) which is inserted into the sample. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "micro-dialysis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000538 af-p:AFP_0000538 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000615 ; skos:altLabel "SADP" , "SAED" , "THEED" , "selected area electron diffraction" , "selected-area electron diffraction" , "transmission high-energy electron diffraction" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by directing a beam of high energy (10-200 keV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any electrons transmitted through the sample. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "transmission high energy electron diffraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000542 af-p:AFP_0000542 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003566 ; skos:definition "The process in which cells (microorganisms, plant or animal cells) are cultured in a bioreactor in a liquid or solid medium to convert organic substances into biomass (growth) or into products. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "fermentation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000548 af-p:AFP_0000548 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001879 ; skos:altLabel "LD" , "LD spectroscopy" , "linear dichroism" , "linear dichroism spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption (parallel and perpendicular to the orientation axis) of linearly polarized light by a sample. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "linear dichroism spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000549 af-p:AFP_0000549 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000053 ; skos:altLabel "neutron backscattering" , "neutron backscattering spectrometry" , "neutron backscattering spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of backscattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, and suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "neutron backscattering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000550 af-p:AFP_0000550 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000176 ; skos:altLabel "co crystallization" , "co-crystallization" ; skos:definition "The simultaneous crystallization of two different substances or two different structural elements of the same substance. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "cocrystallization" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000556 af-p:AFP_0000556 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000056 ; skos:altLabel "CF-LPME" , "CFME" , "continuous flow liquid phase microextraction" , "continuous-flow liquid-phase microextraction" , "continuous-flow micro-extraction" , "continuous-flow microextraction" ; skos:definition "A process for transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase (or vice versa) by injecting one phase into a glass chamber using a conventional microsyringe and holding the µL droplet at the outlet tip of a PTFE connecting tube. The other phase then flows continuously over the droplet, allowing mass transfer to occur. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "continuous-flow liquid-phase micro-extraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000566 af-p:AFP_0000566 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000611 ; skos:definition "The measurement of thermodynamic parameters such as heat release rate, heat of combustion, ignitability, and the evolution of toxic gases, smoke and soot, for flame retarding materials using a cone calorimeter. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "cone calorimetry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000570 af-p:AFP_0000570 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001221 ; skos:altLabel "neutron crystallography" , "neutron diffraction analysis" , "neutron diffractometry" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by directing a beam of cold or thermal neutrons at a sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "neutron diffraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000573 af-p:AFP_0000573 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002342 ; skos:definition "A type spectroscopy where a sub-ensemble of molecules within an inhomogeneously broadened absorption band is selectively excited by means of a narrow-band laser and the fluorescence and phosphorescence signal is detected with a monochromator or interferometer. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "site-selection spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000587 af-p:AFP_0000587 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000527 ; skos:altLabel "photo-voltage spectrometry" , "photo-voltage spectroscopy" , "photovoltage spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where light energy absorbed by the sample results in the production of a potential difference (the 'photovoltage') which is measured at different spectral intervals. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "photovoltage spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000591 af-p:AFP_0000591 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002342 ; skos:altLabel "TDLAS" , "tunable diode laser absorbance spectrometry" , "tunable diode laser absorbance spectroscopy" , "tunable diode laser absorption spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of laser spectroscopy where a diode laser is tuned to a specific absorption line of interest in the sample and the intensity of the transmitted radiation is measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000596 af-p:AFP_0000596 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000527 ; skos:altLabel "Thz-TDS" , "terahertz time-domain spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy using short pulses of radiation from the teraherz range (1 mm-100 µ m). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "terahertz time-domain spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000598 af-p:AFP_0000598 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000527 ; skos:altLabel "extinction spectroscopy" , "optical transmission spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the amount of light transmitted through a sample is measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "optical extinction spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000602 af-p:AFP_0000602 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000966 ; skos:altLabel "ELS" ; skos:definition "A method for determining the electrophoretic mobility and zeta-potential of a sample of colloidal particles in solution by illuminating the sample with a light source (usually a laser) and measuring the time dependent fluctuations in the frequency of the scattered light caused by an oscillating electric field. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "electrophoretic light scattering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000604 af-p:AFP_0000604 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001885 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "log-dilution" ; skos:definition "A logarithmic dilution is a serial dilution with a tenfold dilution for each step. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "logarithmic dilution" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000605 af-p:AFP_0000605 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002449 ; skos:altLabel "IR-TDFRS" , "IR-TDFRS analysis" , "IR-TDFRS method" , "infrared thermal diffusion forced Rayleigh scattering" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure where a grating created by the interference of infrared laser beams is written into a sample which contains a small amount of dye. The intensity grating is converted into a temperature grating which, in turn, causes a concentration grating by thermal diffusion. A further infrared laser beam is Rayleigh scattered by the grating and the change in direction or energy of the light and the temporal evolution of the scattered beam are measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "infrared thermal diffusion forced Rayleigh scattering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000606 af-p:AFP_0000606 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001071 ; skos:altLabel "CFSS" , "constant final state spectroscopy" , "constant-final-state spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray-ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons. The energy distribution of electrons which have been promoted to a specific conduction band is measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "constant-final-state spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000611 af-p:AFP_0000611 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002313 ; skos:altLabel "enthalpimetric analysis" , "enthalpimetry" ; skos:definition "The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "calorimetry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000612 af-p:AFP_0000612 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002296 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "Smooting is a data apodization in statistics and image processing to create an approximating function that attempts to capture important patterns in the data, while leaving out noise or other fine-scale structures/rapid phenomena. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "smoothing" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000614 af-p:AFP_0000614 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000237 ; skos:altLabel "SSID" , "site specific infrared dichroism" , "site-specific ID" , "site-specific infrared dichroism" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of polarized infrared light by a set of isotopically labelled sites in a sample. The introduction of a labelled atom e.g. 13C=16O, results in a shift of the corresponding absorption frequency. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "site-specific infrared dichroism spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000615 af-p:AFP_0000615 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001066 ; skos:altLabel "HEED" , "high-energy electron diffraction" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by directing a beam of high energy (10-200 keV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "high energy electron diffraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000616 af-p:AFP_0000616 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001312 ; skos:altLabel "bulb to bulb distillation" ; skos:definition "A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture under reduced pressure. As a small quantity of the sample mixture is heated using several glass bulbs connected in line, its vapours rise a short distance into a vertical condenser where they are cooled by dry ice in acetone (-78 deg.C). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "bulb-to-bulb distillation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000618 af-p:AFP_0000618 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002065 ; skos:definition "The measurement of the intensity of the light resulting from the interference of two lasers of different wavelength. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "heterodyne detection" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000621 af-p:AFP_0000621 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000732 ; skos:altLabel "SDME" , "single drop microextraction" , "single-drop microextraction" ; skos:definition "The process of transferring a dissolved substance from one liquid phase to another (immiscible or partially miscible) liquid phase in contact with it. A microdrop of organic solvent (8 µL), is suspended from the end of Teflon rod immersed in a stirred aqueous solution of the sample. The sample solution is stirred until equilibrium is reached, after which, the drop is retracted into the Teflon rod. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "single-drop micro-extraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000625 af-p:AFP_0000625 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001317 ; skos:definition "The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy in the presence of an oxidative atmosphere. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "oxidative pyrolysis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000626 af-p:AFP_0000626 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003566 ; skos:definition "The transformation of a chemical compound (the 'educt') into another similar compound (the 'derivative') by altering one or more of its functional groups. Derviatisation is generally perfomed to alter reactivity or change a physical property such as solubility, boiling point, melting point, thermal stability etc. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "derivatization" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000636 af-p:AFP_0000636 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002122 ; skos:altLabel "dynamic surface tensiometry" ; skos:definition "The measurement of the surface tension of a non-static liquid. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "dynamic-surface tensiometry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000637 af-p:AFP_0000637 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000521 ; skos:altLabel "proton-induced X-ray emission spectrometry" , "proton-induced XES" ; skos:definition "Any type of X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding the sample with a focused beam of high-energy protons. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "proton-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000641 af-p:AFP_0000641 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001275 ; skos:altLabel "EF-FFF" , "ElFFF" , "electric FFF" , "electric field field-flow fractionation" , "electrical FFF" ; skos:definition "A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel and applying an electric field perpendicular to the channel. A carrier liquid is passed through the channel and the particles are separated on the basis of electrophoretic mobility. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "electrical field-flow fractionation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000642 af-p:AFP_0000642 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001936 ; skos:altLabel "TCSC" ; skos:definition "The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of the temperature, whilst the pressure is kept constant. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "temperature-controlled scanning calorimetry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000659 af-p:AFP_0000659 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003473 ; skos:definition "The process of chemically removing a thin layer from a sample surface, usually to leave behind a pattern. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "etching" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000661 af-p:AFP_0000661 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002178 ; skos:altLabel "SEDS" , "solution enhanced dispersion by supercritical fluids" , "solution-enhanced dispersion of solids" ; skos:definition "A solid sample is dissolved in a common (organic or inorganic) solvent mixed with a supercritical fluid and sprayed into an autoclave (using a nozzle with two or three coaxial channels) resulting in precipitation. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "solution-enhanced dispersion by supercritical fluids" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000663 af-p:AFP_0000663 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001123 ; skos:altLabel "MAE" , "microwave extraction" ; skos:definition "The process of transferring the organic components of a solid to an organic liquid phase. The process is accelerated by directing radiation in the microwave region (1-1000 mm) at the sample. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "microwave-assisted extraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000664 af-p:AFP_0000664 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000527 ; skos:altLabel "inelastic neutron scattering" , "neutron absorption spectrometry" , "neutron absorption spectroscopy" , "neutron spectrometry" , "slow neutron spectrometry" , "slow neutron spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where a beam of neutrons is used to probe atomic and magnetic dynamics. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "neutron spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000665 af-p:AFP_0000665 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001196 ; skos:definition "The process of transferring a substance from any matrix to an appropriate liquid phase. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "solvent extraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000668 af-p:AFP_0000668 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000111 ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample at wide angles (>10 deg.). Wide-angle X-ray scattering is used for determining the structure of polymers. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "wide-angle X-ray scattering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000674 af-p:AFP_0000674 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001317 ; skos:definition "The chemical degradation of different fractions of the same sample by heating at different temperatures for different times. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "fractionated pyrolysis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000675 af-p:AFP_0000675 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002216 ; skos:definition "A technique used to determine the amount of oxygen in sample based on the absorption of laser radiation. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "laser oximetry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000682 af-p:AFP_0000682 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001936 ; skos:definition "The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction as a function of temperature. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "dynamic scanning calorimetry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000683 af-p:AFP_0000683 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001955 ; skos:altLabel "controlled current coulometry" , "controlled-current coulometry" ; skos:definition "An electrochemical technique where the total Coulombs of electricity required to complete (fully oxidise or fully reduce the sample in) an electrochemical reaction is measured whilst the current is held at a constant value. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "amperostatic coulometry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000688 af-p:AFP_0000688 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001982 ; skos:definition "A kind of elemental or isotopic analysis based on the measurement of characteristic radiation from nuclides formed directly or indirectly by activation of the test portion. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "activation analysis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000689 af-p:AFP_0000689 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001659 ; skos:altLabel "GRIM" ; skos:definition "The measurement of the refractive index of small glass fragments as a function of temperature. The glass fragments are placed in silicone oil and observed as the temperature is raised. At the point where the glass fragment disappear the refractive index of the oil and glass are equal. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "glass refractive index measurement" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000690 af-p:AFP_0000690 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002026 ; skos:altLabel "LEELS" , "low energy electron energy loss spectrometry" , "low-energy electron energy loss spectrometry" , "low-energy electron energy loss spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of low kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the energy loss the electrons suffer upon reflection is measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "low-energy electron loss spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000692 af-p:AFP_0000692 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001144 ; skos:altLabel "radio isotopic labeling" , "radio labeling" , "radioisotopic labeling" ; skos:definition "The substitution of an atom or an ion (present in the form of its stable isotope) by a radioactive isotope of the same element. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "radioactive labeling" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000696 af-p:AFP_0000696 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003368 ; skos:altLabel "Ostwald-ripening" ; skos:definition "The growth of larger crystals from those of smaller size, which have a higher solubility that the larger ones. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "Ostwald ripening" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000706 af-p:AFP_0000706 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001275 ; skos:altLabel "SdFFF" , "sedimentation FFF" , "sedimentation field flow fractionation" ; skos:definition "A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel within a centrifuge such that the centripetal force is applied perpendicular to the flow stream (driving the particles towards the walls of the channel). A carrier liquid is then passed through the channel removing the smallest particles first. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "sedimentation field-flow fractionation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000709 af-p:AFP_0000709 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001693 ; skos:altLabel "laser microdissection" ; skos:definition "A type of dissection where a laser is coupled to a microscope and focused onto a biological sample (e.g. tissue) on the slide. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "laser micro-dissection" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000711 af-p:AFP_0000711 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003566 ; skos:definition "The formation of a gel or solidification of a gelatin solution caused by a change in conditions (such as temperature or pH). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "gelation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000717 af-p:AFP_0000717 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002313 ; skos:definition "The measurement of an optical characteristic of a sample as a function of temperature. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "thermoptometry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000727 af-p:AFP_0000727 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001123 ; skos:definition "The process of transferring the partially soluble components of a solid to the liquid phase using a Soxhlet extractor. The solid is placed in a filter paper thimble which is then placed into the main chamber of the Soxhlet extractor. The solvent (heated to reflux) travels into the main chamber and the partially soluble components are slowly tranferred to the solvent. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "Soxhlet extraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000732 af-p:AFP_0000732 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000665 ; skos:altLabel "LLE" , "liquid phase extraction" , "liquid-liquid distribution" , "liquid-liquid extraction" , "liquid-liquid partition" , "liquid-phase extraction" ; skos:definition "The process of transferring a dissolved substance from one liquid phase to another (immiscible or partially miscible) liquid phase in contact with it. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "liquid-liquid extraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000741 af-p:AFP_0000741 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002129 ; skos:altLabel "EPR" , "EPR spectroscopy" , "ESR" , "ESR spectroscopy" , "electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometry" , "electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy" , "electron spin resonance spectrometry" ; skos:definition "Any type of spectroscopy where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to a perturbing magnetic field is measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "electron spin resonance spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000746 af-p:AFP_0000746 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001868 ; skos:altLabel "cryo-DRIE" ; skos:definition "The process of creating deep holes and trenches in a sample surface (cooled to -110 deg. C) using short pulses of a plasma (a partially ionized gas containing free electrons and radicals) alternating with the deposition of a chemically inert passivation layer. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "cryogenic deep reactive-ion etching" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000749 af-p:AFP_0000749 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002166 ; skos:altLabel "FEESP" , "field-emission electron spin-polarization spectroscopy" , "field-emitted electron spin-polarization spectrometry" ; skos:definition "Any type of electron spectroscopy where electrons are emitted from a cathode by application of an intense electric field and a magnet is used to align all electron spins parallel to the sample surface. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "field emission electron spin-polarization spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000752 af-p:AFP_0000752 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002058 ; skos:altLabel "RVAPAS" , "VAPRAS" , "ratio variable-angle polarized absorption spectroscopy" , "variable angle polarization referenced absorbtion spectroscopy" , "variable angle polarized-referenced absorption spectroscopy" , "variable-angle polarized-referenced absorption spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the absorption of linearly (p-) polarized UV-vis light by the sample, as it is rotated about the vertical axis, is recorded at incremental angles of incidence. The angle-independent s-polarization of the light is also measured as a reference. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "ratio variable angle polarized absorption spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000756 af-p:AFP_0000756 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001571 ; skos:altLabel "IP" ; skos:definition "The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate'), consisting of an antigen-specific antibody complex, from solution. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "immunoprecipitation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000757 af-p:AFP_0000757 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000527 ; skos:altLabel "ES" , "electron spectrometry" ; skos:definition "Any type of spectroscopy where the absorption or emission of electrons is detected. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "electron spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000760 af-p:AFP_0000760 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002313 ; skos:definition "The measurement of the magnetic susceptibility of a sample as a function of temperature. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "thermomagnetometry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000762 af-p:AFP_0000762 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000234 ; skos:altLabel "sgCME" , "sol-gel CME" , "sol-gel capillary micro-extraction" , "sol-gel capillary microextraction" , "solgel CME" , "solgel capillary microextraction" ; skos:definition "The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the liquid sample through a small sol-gel-coated fused-silica capillary. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "sol-gel capillary micro-extraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000764 af-p:AFP_0000764 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002235 ; skos:altLabel "SEXAFS" , "SEXAFS spectrometry" , "SEXAFS spectroscopy" , "SEXAFSS" ; skos:definition "A type of X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient and the Auger emission of the sample are measured 500-1000 eV below the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) as a function of incident X-ray energy. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "surface extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000766 af-p:AFP_0000766 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001571 ; skos:altLabel "coprecipitation" ; skos:definition "The simultaneous precipitation of a normally soluble component with a macro-component from the same solution by the formation of mixed crystals, by adsorption, occlusion or mechanical entrapment. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "co-precipitation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000767 af-p:AFP_0000767 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002026 ; skos:altLabel "CLS" , "ILS" , "IS" , "core level characteristic loss spectroscopy" , "core-level characteristic loss spectroscopy" , "ionization loss spectrometry" , "ionization loss spectroscopy" , "ionization spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the loss in energy of electrons produced by ionization is measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "ionization spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000777 af-p:AFP_0000777 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000422 ; skos:definition "A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "distillation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000791 af-p:AFP_0000791 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001598 ; skos:definition "The cleavage of one or more bonds resulting from exposure to a beam of highly accelerated (10 MeV) electrons. Pulse radiolysis is a method of initiating reactions which occur on a timescale faster than 100 µs. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "pulse radiolysis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000792 af-p:AFP_0000792 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003566 ; skos:definition "A heat treatment that alters the microstructure of a material causing changes in its properties such as strength and hardness. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "annealing" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000794 af-p:AFP_0000794 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000871 ; skos:altLabel "X-ray bremsstrahlung spectrometry" , "XBIS" , "ultraviolet bremsstrahlung spectrometry" , "ultraviolet bremsstrahlung spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation in the X-ray region. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "X-ray bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000795 af-p:AFP_0000795 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002293 ; skos:altLabel "ultra-sonication" ; skos:definition "The irradiation of a liquid sample with ultrasonic (>20 kHz) waves resulting in agitation. Sound waves propagate into the liquid media result in alternating high-pressure (compression) and low-pressure (rarefaction) cycles. During rarefaction, high-intensity sonic waves create small vacuum bubbles or voids in the liquid, which then collapse violently (cavitation) during compression, creating very high local temperatures. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "ultrasonication" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000811 af-p:AFP_0000811 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001196 ; skos:definition "The process of transferring a substance from a solid or liquid matrix to the vapour phase by heating. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "headspace extraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000815 af-p:AFP_0000815 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000587 ; skos:altLabel "IMVS" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where light energy (from a fluctuating light source) absorbed by the sample results in the production of a potential difference (the 'photovoltage') which is measured at different spectral intervals as a function of the modulation frequency of the light source. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "intensity-modulated photovoltage spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000820 af-p:AFP_0000820 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003335 ; skos:definition "A method where components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density in a centrifuge according to the centrifugal force they experience. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "centrifugation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000824 af-p:AFP_0000824 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001162 ; skos:altLabel "RCD" , "reflectance CD" , "reflectance circular dichroism" , "reflection CD" , "reflection circular dichroism" , "reflection circular dichroism spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy based on the differential reflectance of left- and right-handed circularly polarized light by a sample. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "reflectance circular dichroism spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000827 af-p:AFP_0000827 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001811 ; skos:altLabel "plasma-protein fractionation" ; skos:definition "A method for separating proteins from plasma by changing the conditions (e.g. temperature or acidity) of the plasma, causing precipitation of the proteins, which can then be removed by centrifugation. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "plasma protein fractionation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000829 af-p:AFP_0000829 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001460 ; skos:altLabel "O2 plasma etching" ; skos:definition "The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface using short pulses of an oxygen plasma (a partially ionized gas containing free electrons and radicals e.g. O, O+ and O2+). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "oxygen plasma etching" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000832 af-p:AFP_0000832 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002389 ; skos:definition "The intensity calibration is a type of calibration of cameras such as those used in cell counter devices. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "intensity calibration" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000834 af-p:AFP_0000834 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002419 ; skos:altLabel "ELEED" , "elastic low-energy electron diffraction" , "low-energy electron diffraction" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by directing a beam of low energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any elastically scattered (scattering where kinetic energy is conserved) electrons. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "elastic low energy electron diffraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000836 af-p:AFP_0000836 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000733 ; skos:altLabel "ion-amperometry" ; skos:definition "The measurement of cell current, whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled, associated with the ion transfer across the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "ion amperometry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000838 af-p:AFP_0000838 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000665 ; skos:altLabel "gas-liquid extraction" , "sublation" ; skos:definition "A flotation process in which the material of interest, adsorbed on the surface of gas bubbles in a liquid, is collected on an upper layer of immiscible liquid. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "gas-liquid extraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000846 af-p:AFP_0000846 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001317 ; skos:definition "The chemical degradation of a sample (usually an organic material) by heating it in a vacuum in order to decrease its boiling point and avoid adverse chemical reactions. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "vacuum pyrolysis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000847 af-p:AFP_0000847 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001339 ; skos:altLabel "XU photoelectron spectrometry" , "XU photoelectron spectroscopy" , "XUPES" , "XUPS" , "XUV photoelectron spectrometry" , "XUV photoelectron spectroscopy" , "XUVPES" , "XUVPS" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation in the range Xray-ultraviolet, which causes ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "X-ray-ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000848 af-p:AFP_0000848 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003566 ; skos:definition "The breakdown of a single phase into two or more phases by heating or treatment with acid, alkali or enzymes. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "decomposition" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000849 af-p:AFP_0000849 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000777 ; skos:definition "A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. The distillation is ongoing with sample mixture being continuously added. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "continuous distillation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000853 af-p:AFP_0000853 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000733 ; skos:altLabel "chronoamperometry" ; skos:definition "An electrochemical technique where the time dependence of the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "chrono-amperometry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000854 af-p:AFP_0000854 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001628 ; skos:altLabel "femtosecond two-colour four-wave spectroscopy" , "fsTC-FWM spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where three femtosecond pulse incident laser beams are mixed, two 'pump' beams of the same frequency and one 'probe' beam of a different frequency. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "femtosecond two-colour four-wave mixing spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000856 af-p:AFP_0000856 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000998 ; skos:altLabel "I-DLTS" , "IDLTS" , "current DLTS" , "current-DLTS" ; skos:definition "A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the current produced when applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at different temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit a peak for each 'deep level' (each energy level near the center of the band gap). The height of the peak is proportional to the defect density and the emission rate and temperature dependence are characteristic for each type of defect. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "current deep-level transient spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000861 af-p:AFP_0000861 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002382 ; skos:altLabel "pulse radiolysis TRMC" , "pulse radiolysis time resolved microwave conductivity" , "pulse-radiolysis TRMC" , "pulse-radiolysis time-resolved microwave conductivity" ; skos:definition "A technique allowing the quantitative and qualitative detection of radiation-induced charge separation by time-resolved measurement of the changes in microwave absorption resulting from the production and decay of charged and dipolar molecular entities. In a typical pulse-radiolysis TRMC experiment, separated charge carriers, which are generated by a nanosecond pulse of 3-MeV electrons, lead to a perturbation of the initial microwave absorbance. The temporal decay of the conductivity signal (i.e. microwave absorbance) reflects the lifetime of the electrogenerated carriers. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "pulse radiolysis time-resolved microwave conductivity" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000863 af-p:AFP_0000863 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000020 ; skos:altLabel "NPD" , "NPED" , "normal-photoelectron diffraction" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure during photoelectron spectroscopy. Photons are directed at a sample and diffraction patterns resulting from the emission of electrons at 90 deg. from the surface are recorded. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "normal photoelectron diffraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000866 af-p:AFP_0000866 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000291 ; skos:altLabel "NRIXS" , "NRXES" , "NXES" , "non-resonant X-ray emission spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with incident X-rays of a wavelength which does not correspond to a specific electronic transition within the atoms of the sample, and the energies and intensities of the emitted X-rays are measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "non-resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000867 af-p:AFP_0000867 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000020 ; skos:altLabel "XPD" , "XPED" , "XPhD" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure during X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. X-rays are directed at a sample and diffraction patterns resulting from the emission of electrons are recorded. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "X-ray photoelectron diffraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000868 af-p:AFP_0000868 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000688 ; skos:altLabel "NAA" ; skos:definition "A type of activation analysis where atomic nuclei are excited (by a heavy ion beam or by collision with another nucleus) and their decaying gamma-ray emissions are measured and compared to reference spectra. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "nuclear activation analysis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000870 af-p:AFP_0000870 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002418 ; skos:altLabel "EINS" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, phase is not conserved and the neutrons retain all of their kinetic energy during collisions. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "elastic incoherent neutron scattering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000871 af-p:AFP_0000871 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001884 ; skos:altLabel "BIS" , "bremsstrahlung isochromat spectrometry" , "bremsstrahlung spectrometry" , "bremsstrahlung spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000876 af-p:AFP_0000876 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000998 ; skos:altLabel "ICTS" ; skos:definition "A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the capacitance produced by applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at constant different temperatures, spectra are generated that exhibit peaks, the height of which are proportional to the height of which are proportional to time constant for the emission rate. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "isothermal capacitance transient spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000877 af-p:AFP_0000877 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002015 ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser causing molecules in the sample to be electronically excited. The photons emitted as a result of the decay of the molecules back down to the ground state are measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000878 af-p:AFP_0000878 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001317 ; skos:definition "The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy during which the temperature is held constant. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "isothermal pyrolysis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000880 af-p:AFP_0000880 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000165 ; skos:definition "The removal of solvent from a sample by the application of heated air. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "direct drying" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000881 af-p:AFP_0000881 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001744 ; skos:altLabel "X-ray magnetic circular dichroism spectrometry" , "XMCD" , "XMCD spectrometry" , "XMCD spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised X-ray radiation in the presence of a magnetic field. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "X-ray magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000882 af-p:AFP_0000882 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001208 ; skos:altLabel "PCCS" ; skos:definition "A method for determining the size distribution of a sample of small particles in concentrated or opaque solutions by illuminating the sample with two laser beams and cross-correlating the time-dependent fluctuations in the intensity of the scattered light caused by Brownian motion. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "photon cross correlation spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000887 af-p:AFP_0000887 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001048 ; skos:altLabel "AEPECS" , "APECS" , "Auger electron photoelectron coincidence spectrometry" , "Auger electron-photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy" , "Auger-photoelectron electron coincidence spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays resulting in the emission of photoelectrons and 'Auger' electrons which are detected as a function of energy. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "Auger-photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000892 af-p:AFP_0000892 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002334 ; skos:altLabel "EAPFS" , "EAPFSS" , "electron appearance potential fine structure spectrometry" , "electron appearance potential fine structure spectroscopy" , "extended appearance potential fine structure analysis" , "extended appearance potential fine structure spectrometry" , "extended appearance potential fine structure spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by a sudden change in the electron beam current. The fine structure close to the threshold is analysed by measuring the change in electron beam current. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "electron appearance potential fine structure analysis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000893 af-p:AFP_0000893 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000668 ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample at wide angles (>10 deg.). The wavelength of the X-rays used is scanned over an absorption edge which changes the scattering in a known way (the 'anomalous dispersion effect'). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "anomalous wide-angle X-ray scattering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000894 af-p:AFP_0000894 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000451 ; skos:definition "A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a material through a die in the presence of a pressurised fluid. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "hydrostatic extrusion" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000898 af-p:AFP_0000898 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001571 ; skos:definition "The selective sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') from a liquid sample containing a ligand and a target protein. The precipitate evolves after the application of a suitable stimulus (e.g. Ca2+ or Ba2+). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "affinity precipitation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000899 af-p:AFP_0000899 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003639 ; skos:definition "The process of attaching a label onto a substance. Labels are molecular entities that facilitate the detection (through fluorescence, radioactivity, etc.) of the species to which they are attached. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "labeling" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000900 af-p:AFP_0000900 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000711 ; skos:definition "The formation of a gel from a solution by electrochemical oxidation. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "electrochemical gelation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000902 af-p:AFP_0000902 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002409 ; skos:altLabel "gamma-ray scattering" , "gamma-ray scattering spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where gamma-rays are absorbed by a sample resulting in the ejection of an electron and the emission of light which is detected. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "gamma-ray scattering spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000903 af-p:AFP_0000903 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000501 ; skos:altLabel "NIR SPR" , "near-infrared SPR" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the resonant excitation of surface plasmons (usually on a noble metal e.g. Au or Ag surface) by radiation from the near infrared region (0.8-2 µm) is measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "near-infrared surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000904 af-p:AFP_0000904 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000111 ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by measuring the energy loss of X-rays scattered by a sample. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "inelastic X-ray scattering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000907 af-p:AFP_0000907 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001050 ; skos:altLabel "LIS" , "laser ionization spectrometry" ; skos:definition "Any type of spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with a laser and photoexcitation is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionization potential to create an ion. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "laser ionization spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000911 af-p:AFP_0000911 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003473 ; skos:altLabel "dry grinding" , "milling" , "solid-state grinding" , "solvent-free grinding" ; skos:definition "The mechanical reduction of the particle size of a solid sample by attribution (friction), impact or cutting. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "grinding" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000913 af-p:AFP_0000913 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000291 ; skos:altLabel "X-ray microemission" , "X-ray microemission spectrometry" , "X-ray microemission spectroscopy" , "X-ray microfluorescence" , "X-ray microfluorescence spectrometry" , "X-ray microfluorescence spectroscopy" , "XRME" , "XRME spectrometry" , "XRME spectroscopy" , "XRMF" , "XRMF spectrometry" , "XRMF spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 m diameter) X-ray beam and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions (known as 'X-ray fluorescence') are detected. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "X-ray microemission spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000915 af-p:AFP_0000915 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000871 ; skos:altLabel "BS" , "momentum-resolved bremsstrahlung spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation which is detected as a function of photon momentum. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "momentum-resolved bremsstrahlung spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000920 af-p:AFP_0000920 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001371 ; skos:altLabel "LAPR" , "laser assisted particle removal" ; skos:definition "A sample preparation method where (contaminated) material is removed from a specimen by illuminating it with a laser beam. An energy transfer medium is illuminated with the laser beam, and preferentially absorbs energy into capillary spaces under and around the particles on the contaminated specimen. This energy transfer causes explosive evaporation of the energy transfer medium, and the propulsion of particles off the specimen much like a small rocket engine. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "laser-assisted particle removal" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000933 af-p:AFP_0000933 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001196 ; skos:definition "The process of transferring a substance from any matrix to another where the amount of reagent used is lower than that dictated by stoichiometry. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "substoichiometric extraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000936 af-p:AFP_0000936 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002126 ; skos:altLabel "SBSE" , "solid phase stir bar extraction" , "solid phase stir-bar extraction" , "solid-phase stir bar extraction" , "solid-phase stir-bar extraction" , "stir bar extraction" , "stir bar solid phase extraction" , "stir bar solid-phase extraction" , "stir bar sorptive extraction" , "stir-bar solid phase extraction" , "stir-bar sorptive extraction" ; skos:definition "The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by attaching a stationary phase to a stir bar which moves throughout the liquid sample. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "stir-bar solid-phase extraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000937 af-p:AFP_0000937 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001339 ; skos:altLabel "UPES" , "UPS" , "UVPES" , "UVPS" , "ultra-violet photoelectron spectrometry" , "ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy" , "ultra-violet photoemission spectroscopy ultra-violet photoemission spectrometry" , "ultraviolet photoelectron spectrometry" , "ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy" , "ultraviolet photoemission spectrometry" , "ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with ultraviolet (10-400 nm) photons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000938 af-p:AFP_0000938 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001876 ; skos:altLabel "spray-drying" ; skos:definition "The removal of water from a liquid sample by pumping it through an atomiser (to produce a spray of fine droplets) then passing a hot gas (e.g. air or N2) through it. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "spray drying" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000941 af-p:AFP_0000941 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000097 ; skos:altLabel "X-ray micro-probe spectrometry" , "X-ray microanalysis" , "X-ray microprobe spectrometry" , "X-ray microprobe spectroscopy" , "XMPS" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with a finely focused X-ray beam (<10 m diameter) and the X-ray absorption coefficient of the sample is measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "X-ray microprobe spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000942 af-p:AFP_0000942 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002432 ; skos:altLabel "microspectrometry" ; skos:definition "Any type of chemical imaging spectroscopy where an optical microscope is used to image the sample and locate a small area for spectral analysis. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "microspectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000945 af-p:AFP_0000945 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000044 ; skos:altLabel "SPM" , "scanning-probe microscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of microscopy which uses a probe to scan the surface of the specimen and measure some form of interaction between surface and probe. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the probe-surface interaction as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "scanning probe microscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000952 af-p:AFP_0000952 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000527 ; skos:altLabel "alpha spectroscopy" , "alpha-particle spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of spectrometry where the alpha-particles (or 4He nuclei) spontaneously emitted from radioisotopes are detected. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "alpha-particle spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000957 af-p:AFP_0000957 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002342 ; skos:altLabel "Stark spectroscopy" , "laser Stark spectrometry" , "laser Stark spectroscopy" , "laser electric resonance spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of laser spectroscopy where a fixed-wavelength infrared or ultraviolet laser is used to excite the sample which is placed in an electric field. By varying the strength of the applied electric field some vibrational-rotational transitions can be made to coincide with the laser wavelength and the absorption of the laser light is measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "laser electric resonance spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000959 af-p:AFP_0000959 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000516 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "sum peak picking" ; skos:definition "Height peak picking is a peak picking by reporting the area defined by all raw data points. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "area peak picking" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000964 af-p:AFP_0000964 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001914 ; skos:altLabel "HERDA" , "HI ERDA" , "HI-ERDA" , "heavy ion elastic recoil detection analysis" , "heavy-ion ERDA" ; skos:definition "A technique for measuring elemental concentration depth profiles in thin films by directing a heavy-ion (such as iodine-127) beam at the sample and detecting the recoiled atoms. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "heavy-ion elastic recoil detection analysis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000966 af-p:AFP_0000966 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002130 ; skos:altLabel "LSS" , "LiSSP" , "light scattering spectrometry" , "light scattering spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered visible light. Light is scattered by the electrons surrounding the atomic nuclei in the sample. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "light scattering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000972 af-p:AFP_0000972 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000855 ; skos:definition "A method for determining surface area by measuring the amount of an inert gasesous or liquid substance (the 'sorbent', usually H2 or N2) which desorbs from the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'). Regression analysis is then applied to the data, resulting in an isotherm. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "desorption measurements" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000975 af-p:AFP_0000975 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000855 ; skos:altLabel "adsorption measurements" , "adsorptions" , "sorptions" ; skos:definition "A method for determining surface area by measuring the amount of an inert gaseous or liquid substance (the 'sorbent', usually H2 or N2) which adsorbs onto the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'). Regression analysis is then applied to the data, resulting in an isotherm. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "sorption measurements" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000980 af-p:AFP_0000980 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000527 ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the intensity of luminescence emitted by molecules excited is detected as a function of wavelength or time. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "luminescence spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000982 af-p:AFP_0000982 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000530 ; skos:definition "The process of heating a substance to cause the solid-liquid phase change. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "melting" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000984 af-p:AFP_0000984 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001050 ; skos:altLabel "FWM spectroscopy" , "four-wave mixing (FWM) spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where three incident laser beams are mixed. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "four-wave mixing spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000985 af-p:AFP_0000985 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000525 ; skos:altLabel "high frequency conductometry" ; skos:definition "The measurement of the conductance of a solution as a function of concentration. Measurements are made indirectly across the resistance of the solution with high-frequency alternating current (>0.1 MHz). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "high-frequency conductometry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000988 af-p:AFP_0000988 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000291 ; skos:altLabel "EDAX" , "EDCS" , "EDS" , "EDS analysis" , "EDX" , "EDX analysis" , "EDXA" , "EDXRF" , "X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy" , "X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy" , "energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis" , "energy dispersive X-ray analysis" , "energy dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy" , "energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry" , "energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy" , "energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry" , "energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy" , "energy dispersive spectroscopy" , "energy distribution curve spectroscopy" , "energy distribution spectroscopy" , "energy-dispersive X-ray emission analysis" ; skos:definition "A type of X-ray emission spectroscopy where the energy spectrum of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions is measured using a semiconductor detector. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "energy-dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000998 af-p:AFP_0000998 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001227 ; skos:altLabel "C-DLTS" , "CDLTS" , "DLTS" , "capacitance deep level transient spectroscopy" , "capacitance deep-level transient spectroscopy" , "deep level transient spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the capacitance produced by applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at different temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit a peak for each 'deep level' (each energy level near the center of the band gap). The height of the peak is proportional to the defect density and the emission rate and temperature dependence are characteristic for each type of defect. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "deep-level transient spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0000999 af-p:AFP_0000999 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002197 ; skos:definition "An eletrochemical process that increases the thickness of the oxide layer on the surface of a metal sample in order to make it less reactive. Anodization proceeds by passing a direct current through an electrolytic solution, with the sample serving as the anode. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "anodization" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001000 af-p:AFP_0001000 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001339 ; skos:altLabel "DSPES" , "depth-selective photoelectron spectrometry" , "depth-selective photoemission spectrometry" , "gamma-ray photoelectron spectrometry" , "gamma-ray photoelectron spectroscopy" , "gamma-ray photoemission spectrometry" , "gamma-ray photoemission spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with gamma-rays causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "depth-selective photoelectron spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001005 af-p:AFP_0001005 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001571 ; skos:definition "The subsequent precipitation of a chemically different species upon the surface of an initial precipitate usually, but not necessarily, including a common ion. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "postprecipitation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001007 af-p:AFP_0001007 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001392 ; skos:altLabel "AC force spectroscopy" , "AC-modulated force spectroscopy" , "ac mode force spectroscopy" , "ac-mode force spectroscopy" , "alternating-current force spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where an atomic force microscope is used to measure the force experienced by a sample. The method involves the application of a small sinusoidal oscillating force to the tip via a magnetic field created by a conducting coil which interacts with a magnetic particle glued on the backside of the cantilever and measuring the change in amplitude during the approach and retraction of the sample. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "alternating current force spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001010 af-p:AFP_0001010 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003555 ; skos:altLabel "QCM measurements" , "QCM technique" ; skos:definition "A method used to measure the mass (micrograms) per unit area of a sample using a quartz crystal microbalance (a piece of apparatus that measures the change in frequency of a quartz crystal sandwiched between a pair of electrodes as a function of the mass of the sample). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "quartz crystal microgravimetry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001012 af-p:AFP_0001012 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002456 ; skos:definition "A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a high-boiling-point sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat at low pressure (< 0.01 Torr) and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "molecular distillation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001022 af-p:AFP_0001022 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000982 ; skos:altLabel "skull melting process" , "skull melting technique" ; skos:definition "The melting of a material within a frozen shell of the same substance. This technique is used for materials which are very corrosive when molten e.g. cubic zirconia. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "skull melting" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001025 af-p:AFP_0001025 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000220 ; skos:altLabel "IMPS" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where light energy (from a fluctuating light source) absorbed by the sample results in the production of a current (the 'photocurrent') which is measured at different spectral intervals as a function of the modulation frequency of the light source. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001028 af-p:AFP_0001028 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001339 ; skos:altLabel "PEFS" , "PEFS spectrometry" , "PEFS spectroscopy" , "PEFSS" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected as a function of energy. The spectrum is recorded over an extended energy range, from the photon absorption edge onset to several hundred eV above it. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "photoelectron extended fine structure spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001031 af-p:AFP_0001031 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003566 ; skos:definition "Any process that makes one sample unreactive to another, prior to using the samples together. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "passivation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001032 af-p:AFP_0001032 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000152 ; skos:altLabel "PBGFFF" , "potential barrier GFFF" , "potential barrier GrFFF" ; skos:definition "A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel, such that the Earth's gravitational field is perpendicular to the channel, and varying the ionic strength of the solution or Hamaker constant/surface potential of the particles. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "potential barrier field-flow fractionation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001035 af-p:AFP_0001035 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002313 ; skos:definition "The measurement of a dimension of the sample under negligible load as a function of temperature. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "thermodilatometry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001048 af-p:AFP_0001048 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000757 ; skos:altLabel "ECS" , "electron coincidence spectrometry" ; skos:definition "Any type of spectroscopy where two or more particles (electrons, photons or ions) originating from a single event, such as an ionization, are detected as a function of energy. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "electron coincidence spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001050 af-p:AFP_0001050 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000527 ; skos:altLabel "laser spectrometry" ; skos:definition "Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more laser beams and the absorption or emission of light by the sample is measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "laser spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001054 af-p:AFP_0001054 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000777 ; skos:definition "A method of separating a lower-boiling-point product from its reactants in a reaction mixture. The product is vaporised by the application of heat and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "reactive distillation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001056 af-p:AFP_0001056 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002015 ; skos:altLabel "ICAS" , "ICL spectrometry" , "ICL spectroscopy" , "ICLAS" , "ICLS" , "ILS" , "intra cavity laser absorption spectroscopy" , "intra-cavity laser absorption spectrometry" , "intra-cavity laser spectrometry" , "intra-cavity laser spectroscopy" , "intracavity laser absorption spectrometry" , "intracavity laser absorption spectroscopy" , "intracavity laser spectroscopy" , "intracavity spectrometry" ; skos:definition "Any type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside the laser cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "intracavity laser absorption spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001057 af-p:AFP_0001057 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001196 ; skos:altLabel "DPE" , "bioslurping" , "dual phase extraction" , "multi-phase extraction" , "multiphase extraction" , "vacuum-enhanced extraction" ; skos:definition "An extraction method for soil samples that uses a high-vacuum system to remove liquid and gas from low-permeability or heterogeneous soil. By removing water from the sample (liquid-phase extraction) the water table is lowered exposing the solid sample to vapor-phase extraction. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "dual-phase extraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001065 af-p:AFP_0001065 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000853 ; skos:altLabel "high-speed chronoamperometry" ; skos:definition "An electrochemical technique where the time dependence of the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled. Measurements are taken every 1-5 s. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "high-speed chrono-amperometry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001066 af-p:AFP_0001066 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001221 ; skos:altLabel "ED" , "electron crystallography" , "electron diffraction analysis" , "electron diffractometry" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by directing a beam of electrons (the energies of which are controlled by their acceleration voltage) and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "electron diffraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001070 af-p:AFP_0001070 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000056 ; skos:altLabel "LLLME" , "liquid-liquid-liquid micro-extraction" , "liquid-liquid-liquid microextraction" ; skos:definition "The process of transferring a µL amount of an ionisable substance from an aqueous phase to another aqueous phase, via an organic phase, by performing simultaneous extraction and back-extraction between the phases. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "liquid-liquid-liquid micro-extraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001071 af-p:AFP_0001071 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001339 ; skos:altLabel "SRPES" , "SRPS" , "synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray-ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001073 af-p:AFP_0001073 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001546 ; skos:altLabel "ns laser flash photolysis" ; skos:definition "A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong nanosecond pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The absorption of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "nanosecond laser flash photolysis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001074 af-p:AFP_0001074 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001177 ; skos:altLabel "REMPI" , "REMPI spectrometry" , "REMPI spectroscopy" , "resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization spectrometry" , "resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "Any type of spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with resonant laser light (using a laser which is tuned to match an electronic transitions within the sample) and photoexcitation (by the absorption of two or more photons) is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionization potential to create an ion. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization spectrometry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001077 af-p:AFP_0001077 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000659 ; skos:altLabel "ion etching" , "ion milling" , "sputtering" ; skos:definition "The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface by bombarding it with energetic ions. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "sputter etching" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001084 af-p:AFP_0001084 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002530 ; skos:definition "A short (microsecond to second) period of radio frequency wavelength radiation. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "radio frequency pulse" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001086 af-p:AFP_0001086 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000711 ; skos:altLabel "heat-induced gelation" ; skos:definition "The formation of a gel from a solution by heating. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "thermal gelation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001089 af-p:AFP_0001089 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000732 ; skos:altLabel "MMLLE" , "microporous membrane liquid-liquid extraction" , "microporous membrane solvent extraction" ; skos:definition "The transfer of a solute from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (organic) phase (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a porous hydrophobic membrane the pores of which are filled with the same acceptor phase. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "microporous membrane liquid-liquid extraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001099 af-p:AFP_0001099 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001744 ; skos:altLabel "NIR-MCD" , "NIR-MCD spectrometry" , "NIR-MCD spectroscopy" , "NIRMCD" , "near-infrared magnetic circular dichroism spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarized near-infrared radiation in the presence of a magnetic field. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "near-infrared magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001101 af-p:AFP_0001101 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001156 ; skos:altLabel "X-ray reflection spectrometry" , "X-ray reflectivity spectrometry" , "X-ray reflectivity spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays and the energies of reflected X-rays are measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "X-ray reflection spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001103 af-p:AFP_0001103 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001936 ; skos:altLabel "PCSC" ; skos:definition "The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of the pressure, whilst the temperature is kept constant. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "pressure-controlled scanning calorimetry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001104 af-p:AFP_0001104 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002130 ; skos:altLabel "ISS" , "ion scattering spectrometry" , "ion scattering spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure where the sample is bombarded with ions (100-1000 eV) and the energies and positions of the scattered ions are detected. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "ion scattering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001112 af-p:AFP_0001112 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000777 ; skos:definition "A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. An azeotrope (a mixture of two or more liquids which produces vapor with the same ratio of constituents as the original mixture) cannot be separated by normal distillation, therefore an additional third component (known as an 'entrainer') is added to the mixture. This has the effect of changing the volatility of one of liquids in the azeotrope to a greater extent than the other, allowing separation to occur. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "azeotropic distillation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001119 af-p:AFP_0001119 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002362 ; skos:altLabel "TR-XAFS" , "TR-XAFSS" , "TRXAFS" , "TRXAFSS" , "total-reflection X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient around the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are measured as a function of incident X-ray energy. Measurements are taken under total reflection conditions. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "total-reflection X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001120 af-p:AFP_0001120 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000777 ; skos:definition "A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a sample mixture are vaporised by bubbling steam through it and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "steam distillation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001123 af-p:AFP_0001123 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000665 ; skos:altLabel "solid-liquid extraction dry extraction" ; skos:definition "The process of transferring the soluble components of a solid to the liquid phase using a solvent. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "solid-liquid extraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001127 af-p:AFP_0001127 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000970 ; skos:altLabel "peak integration" ; skos:definition "An operation applied to a spectra to determine the area under a peak or set of peaks. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "peak area integration" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001129 af-p:AFP_0001129 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000741 ; skos:definition "Any type of spectroscopy where one electron spin resonance is detected though its effect on another. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "electron-electron double resonance spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001131 af-p:AFP_0001131 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001946 ; skos:altLabel "alkali digestion" ; skos:definition "The decompositon of a sample in strong alkalis (e.g. NaOH) to obtain the sample in liquid form. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "base digestion" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001133 af-p:AFP_0001133 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000111 ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample. X-Rays are generated in a synchrotron. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "synchrotron X-ray scattering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001136 af-p:AFP_0001136 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001901 ; skos:altLabel "NESS" , "nanowire electron scattering spectrometry" , "nanowire electron scattering spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, extended range of kinetic energies is scattered by a sample supported on a nano-sized wire (such as a carbon nanotube) and the energy loss the electrons suffer upon scattering is measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "nanowire electron scattering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001141 af-p:AFP_0001141 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000331 ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction and energy of scattered He atoms. The He atoms suffer energy loss upon scattering by colliding inelastically with surfaces leading to the absorption or emission of surface phonons. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "inelastic atom scattering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001143 af-p:AFP_0001143 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003555 ; skos:altLabel "EQCM measurements" , "EQCM technique" , "eQCM measurements" , "eQCM technique" , "electrochemical QCM" , "electrochemical QCM measurements" , "electrochemical QCM technique" , "electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance measurements" , "electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance technique" ; skos:definition "A method used to determine the ratio of the mass, deposited at the electrode surface during an electrochemical reaction, to the total charge passed through the electrode (the 'current efficiency'). The electrode surface is deposited on a piezoelectric quartz crystal, and the change in resonance frequency of the crystal is measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "electrochemical quartz crystal microgravimetry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001144 af-p:AFP_0001144 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000899 ; skos:altLabel "isotope labeling" ; skos:definition "The substitution of an atom or an ion (present in the form of its stable isotope) by an isotope of the same element. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "isotopic labeling" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001145 af-p:AFP_0001145 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000451 ; skos:definition "A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a material through a die at elevated temperatures (up to 2000 °C). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "hot extrusion" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001149 af-p:AFP_0001149 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002052 ; skos:definition "The decomposition of only part of a sample by the addition of liquid reagents to solubilise it. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "partial sample digestion" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001150 af-p:AFP_0001150 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000642 ; skos:altLabel "PPC" , "pressure-perturbation calorimetry" ; skos:definition "The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of the temperature, whilst the pressure (10-100 atm) is kept constant. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "pressure perturbation calorimetry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001154 af-p:AFP_0001154 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000501 ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the resonant excitation of surface plasmons (usually on a Au or Ag nanosized surface) by ultraviolet or visible light is measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "localized surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001156 af-p:AFP_0001156 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000527 ; skos:altLabel "X-ray spectrometry" ; skos:definition "Any type of spectroscopy where the absorption or emission of X-rays is detected. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "X-ray spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001161 af-p:AFP_0001161 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002109 ; skos:altLabel "HOKE spectroscopy" , "HOKES" , "OHD-OKE" , "heterodyne optical Kerr effect (HOKE) spectroscopy" , "heterodyne optical Kerr effect spectroscopy" , "heterodyne-detected optical Kerr effect spectroscopy" , "optically heterodyne detected optical Kerr effect spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the refractive index change of the sample induced by two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) under the influence of an electric field (the 'optical Kerr effect') is measured. The polarizing filters are rotated slightly, giving rise to a heterodyne at the detector, improving the signal-to-noise ratio compared to optical Kerr effect spectroscopy. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "optically-heterodyned Kerr effect spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001162 af-p:AFP_0001162 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001879 ; skos:altLabel "CD spectrometry" , "CD spectroscopy" , "circular dichrosim spectrometry" , "direct transmittance circular dichroism" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised light by a sample. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "circular dichroism spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001164 af-p:AFP_0001164 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001339 ; skos:altLabel "PD-PES" , "PD/PES" , "photo-detachment photoelectron spectroscopy" , "photodetachment PES" , "photodetachment-photoelectron spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a fixed-energy light source resulting in the detachment of electrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "photodetachment photoelectron spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001168 af-p:AFP_0001168 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001317 ; skos:definition "The chemical degradation of a sample caused by spraying it, as a liquid mixture, onto a heated substrate. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "spray pyrolysis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001173 af-p:AFP_0001173 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001048 ; skos:altLabel "MQES" , "metastable-quenched electron spectrometry" ; skos:definition "Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with metastable atoms resulting in the emission of two or more particles (electrons, photons or ions) which are detected as a function of energy. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "metastable-quenched electron spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001174 af-p:AFP_0001174 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000659 ; skos:definition "The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface by sputtering or dissolving using reactive ions or a vapour-phase etchant. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "dry etching" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001177 af-p:AFP_0001177 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000907 ; skos:altLabel "laser multiphoton ionization spectrometry" ; skos:definition "Any type of spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with a laser and photoexcitation (by the absorption of two or more photons) is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionization potential to create an ion. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "laser multiphoton ionization spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001182 af-p:AFP_0001182 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000612 ; dct:source , ; skos:altLabel "Gaussian blur" , "Weierstrass transform" , "binomial smoothing" ; skos:definition "A Gaussian smoothing is a smoothing by convolving the data with a one-dimensional Gaussian function. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "Gaussian smoothing" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001187 af-p:AFP_0001187 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002278 ; skos:altLabel "WANS" , "wide angle neutron scattering" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons at wide angles (corresponding to Q >1 inverse degrees). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "wide angle neutron scattering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001188 af-p:AFP_0001188 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002278 ; skos:altLabel "elastic neutron scattering" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample and retain all of their kinetic energy during collisions. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "elastic neutron scattering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001190 af-p:AFP_0001190 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001071 ; skos:altLabel "REPS" , "resonance-enhanced photoelectron spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray-ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons. The energy of the incoming photons is adjusted such that it coincides with an electronic transition of the molecule. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "resonance-enhanced photoelectron spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001196 af-p:AFP_0001196 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003336 ; skos:definition "The transfer of a solute from a liquid phase to another immiscible or partially-miscible liquid phase in contact with it. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "extraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001197 af-p:AFP_0001197 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001810 ; skos:altLabel "CLABS" , "collinear fast atom beam spectrometry" , "collinear fast atom beam spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is in the form of a high-speed accelerated beam of atoms which is superimposed on a resonant laser beam (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample) and light absorption is measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "collinear fast atom-beam spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001198 af-p:AFP_0001198 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000840 ; skos:altLabel "shear rheology" ; skos:definition "The characterization of flow or deformation of a liquid, which cannot be defined by a single value of viscosity, as a result of shear stress. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "shear rheometry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001200 af-p:AFP_0001200 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000111 ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample at low angles (0-10 deg.). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "small-angle X-ray scattering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001203 af-p:AFP_0001203 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001162 ; skos:altLabel "VCD" , "VCD spectrometry" , "VCD spectroscopy" , "vibrating circular dichroism spectrometry" , "vibrational CD" , "vibrational circular dichroism" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarized infrared radiation during a vibrational transition. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "vibrational circular dichroism spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001204 af-p:AFP_0001204 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000190 ; skos:altLabel "solid state sintering" ; skos:definition "The fusing together of small particles by heating a powder sample below its melting point until its particles adhere to each other. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "solid-state sintering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001208 af-p:AFP_0001208 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000966 ; skos:altLabel "DLS" , "PCS" , "QELS" , "dynamic laser scattering" , "dynamic light scattering" , "dynamic light scattering spectrometry" , "dynamic light scattering spectroscopy" , "photocorrelation spectroscopy" , "photon correlation spectrometry" , "photon correlation spectroscopy" , "quasi-elastic light scattering" , "quasi-elastic light scattering spectrometry" , "quasi-elastic light scattering spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A method for determining the size distribution of a sample of small particles in solution by illuminating the sample with a light source (usually a laser) and measuring the time-dependent fluctuations in the intensity of the scattered light caused by Brownian motion. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "dynamic light scattering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001209 af-p:AFP_0001209 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000291 ; skos:definition "A type of X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with synchrotron radiation (radiation produced by the movement of charged particles in a magnetic field) and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions (known as 'X-ray fluorescence') are detected. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "synchrotron radiation X-ray emission spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001212 af-p:AFP_0001212 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001050 ; skos:altLabel "LAS" , "laser absorbance spectrometry" , "laser absorbance spectroscopy" , "laser absorption spectrometry" ; skos:definition "Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more laser beams and the absorption of light by the sample is measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "laser absorption spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001215 af-p:AFP_0001215 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000757 ; skos:altLabel "ARSES" , "angle-resolved secondary electron spectrometry" , "angular resolved secondary electron spectrometry" , "angular resolved secondary electron spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "Any type of spectroscopy where primary electrons interact with a sample and the electrons emitted as a result of the interaction (secondary electrons) are detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "angle-resolved secondary electron spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001219 af-p:AFP_0001219 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001275 ; skos:altLabel "FIFFF" , "flow FFF" , "flow field flow fractionation" ; skos:definition "A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel and applying a carrier liquid flow perpendicular to the channel. A carrier liquid is then passed through the channel and the particles elute in order of decreasing diffusion coefficient. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "flow field-flow fractionation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001221 af-p:AFP_0001221 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001753 ; skos:altLabel "crystallography" , "diffraction analysis" ; skos:definition "Any detection or measurement method where the structure of a crystal or molecule can be determined by directing a beam of particles or radiation at a sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "diffraction method" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001224 af-p:AFP_0001224 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001334 ; skos:altLabel "AREEICO" , "angle-resolved electron-electron ion coincidence spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of an ion and a pair of electrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "angle-resolved electron-electron ion coincidence spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001225 af-p:AFP_0001225 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000451 ; skos:definition "A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a material through a die at a temperature that is above room temperature, but below the recrystallization temperature of the material (400-900 deg. C). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "warm extrusion" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001228 af-p:AFP_0001228 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001571 ; skos:definition "The sedimentation of a solid protein (a 'precipitate') from an aqueous solution caused by the addition of an organic solvent (e.g. methanol), a polyelectrolyte (e.g. alginate) or a salt (e.g. ammonium sulfate) in a process known as 'salting out'. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "protein precipitation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001229 af-p:AFP_0001229 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000966 ; skos:altLabel "Rayleigh scattering method" , "elastic light scattering" , "laser Rayleigh scattering" , "laser Rayleigh scattering spectrometry" , "laser Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy" , "laser-Rayleigh scattering" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001231 af-p:AFP_0001231 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001546 ; skos:altLabel "DFLPF" ; skos:definition "A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The diffuse reflectance of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "diffuse reflectance laser flash photolysis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001234 af-p:AFP_0001234 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000527 ; skos:altLabel "ion spectrometry" ; skos:definition "Any type of spectroscopy where the absorption of emission of ions is detected. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "ion spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001235 af-p:AFP_0001235 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000812 ; skos:definition "A process used to purify crude chemical compounds containing solid impurities. A solvent is chosen in which the desired product is insoluble and the undesired by-products are very soluble (or vice versa). The crude material is washed with the solvent and filtered away, leaving the purified product in solid form and any impurities in solution. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "trituration" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001237 af-p:AFP_0001237 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002109 ; skos:altLabel "MOKE spectroscopy" , "magneto-optical Kerr effect spectroscopy" , "magneto-optical Kerr spectroscopy" , "magneto-optical Kerr-effect spectroscopy" , "magnetooptical Kerr spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the refractive index change of laser light reflected by a magnetized sample (the 'magneto-optic Kerr effect') is measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "magneto optical Kerr effect spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001240 af-p:AFP_0001240 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001670 ; skos:definition "The conversion of carbonaceous materials (e.g. such as coal, petroleum, biofuel, or biomass) into CO and H2 by heating with a controlled amount of oxygen and/or steam. The resulting gas mixture is called a 'syngas'. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "gasification" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001241 af-p:AFP_0001241 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002424 ; skos:altLabel "FRIKES" , "femtosecond Raman induced Kerr effect spectroscopy" , "femtosecond Raman-induced Kerr-effect spectroscopy" , "fs RIKES" , "fs-RIKES" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where femtosecond pulses of two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) with a frequency difference close to a Raman-mode frequency in the sample induce a refractive index change in the sample. By scanning the frequency difference of the two beams and recording simultaneously the polarization change of the probe beam, the Raman spectral structure of the sample can be obtained.Information is obtained regarding ultrafast solvent dynamics by measuring the time response of a transient birefringence that is induced in the sample by a polarized femtosecond optical pulse. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "femtosecond Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001246 af-p:AFP_0001246 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001275 ; skos:altLabel "StFFF" , "steric FFF" , "steric field flow fractionation" ; skos:definition "A technique for separating large (= channel width) particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel. Normally particles migrate towards the walls of the channel but large particles are unable to approach the walls and when a carrier liquid is passed through the channel, these particles are removed first. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "steric field-flow fractionation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001248 af-p:AFP_0001248 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000756 ; skos:altLabel "Co-IP" ; skos:definition "The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate'), consisting of a specific protein-antibody complex, from a solution containing many different proteins. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "individual protein immunoprecipitation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001250 af-p:AFP_0001250 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002218 ; skos:altLabel "MORD" , "magnetic optical rotatory dispersion" ; skos:definition "The measurement of magneto-optical activity by placing the sample in a strong magnetic field and observing a beam of plane-polarized light which is directed along the magnetic field axis. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "magneto-optical rotatory dispersion" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001257 af-p:AFP_0001257 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002026 ; skos:altLabel "ETS" , "TEELS" , "electron transmission spectrometry" , "electron transmission spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies is transmitted through a sample and the energy distribution of the transmitted electrons is measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "transmission electron energy loss spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001258 af-p:AFP_0001258 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000527 ; skos:altLabel "acoustic emission spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectrometry where the noise generated by the movement of bubbles or particles is detected. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "acoustic emission spectrometry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001259 af-p:AFP_0001259 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002042 ; skos:altLabel "EIS" , "electrical impedance spectrometry" , "electrical-impedance spectrometry" , "electrical-impedance spectroscopy" , "electrochemical impedance spectroscopy" , "electrochemical-induced impedance spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of an electrochemical cell is measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "electrochemical-induced impedance spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001267 af-p:AFP_0001267 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001957 ; skos:altLabel "DRS" , "direct recoil spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where a focused beam of ions is directed at a sample causes binary collisions with surface molecules which result in molecular decomposition and the emission of atoms. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "direct recoil spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001270 af-p:AFP_0001270 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001373 ; skos:definition "The trapping of microscopic particles by a localised magnetic field. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "magnetic trapping" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001271 af-p:AFP_0001271 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000904 ; skos:altLabel "RIXES" , "RIXS" , "resonant inelastic X-ray emission spectrometry" , "resonant inelastic X-ray emission spectroscopy" , "resonant inelastic X-ray scattering spectrometry" , "resonant inelastic X-ray scattering spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by measuring the energy loss of X-rays scattered by a sample where the incident X-ray energy is chosen to coincide with an electronic transition in the sample. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "resonant inelastic X-ray scattering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001273 af-p:AFP_0001273 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000501 ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the resonant excitation of surface plasmons (usually on a Au or Ag surface) by ultraviolet or visible light is measured, during which the reflectivity of the sample is measured at a fixed angle or wavelength. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "surface plasmon resonance imaging" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001274 af-p:AFP_0001274 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001144 ; skos:definition "The substitution of one or more hydrogen atoms in a molecule with deuterium atoms. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "deuterium labeling" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001275 af-p:AFP_0001275 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001811 ; skos:altLabel "FFF" , "field flow fractionation" ; skos:definition "Any separation technique based on the application of a field perpendicular to a flow stream in a narrow channel. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "field-flow fractionation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001280 af-p:AFP_0001280 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000291 ; skos:altLabel "SXES" , "VBXES" , "soft X-ray emission spectrometry" , "soft X-ray fluorescence spectrometry" , "soft X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy" , "valence band X-ray emission spectrometry" , "valence band X-ray emission spectroscopy" , "valence band X-ray fluorescence spectrometry" , "valence band X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy" , "valence to core X-ray emission spectrometry" , "valence to core X-ray emission spectroscopy" , "valence to core X-ray fluorescence spectrometry" , "valence to core X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy" , "valence to core XES" , "valence to core XFS" , "valence-to-core X-ray emission spectrometry" , "valence-to-core X-ray emission spectroscopy" , "valence-to-core X-ray fluorescence spectrometry" , "valence-to-core X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy" , "valence-to-core XES" , "valence-to-core XFS" ; skos:definition "A type of X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with low energy X-rays and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to valence-to-core transitions are detected. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "soft X-ray emission spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001281 af-p:AFP_0001281 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000876 ; skos:altLabel "D-ICTS" , "DICTS" , "differential ICTS" , "differential-ICTS" ; skos:definition "A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the differential of the capacitance produced by applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at constant different temperatures, spectra are generated that exhibit peaks, the height of which are proportional to the height of which are proportional to time constant for the emission rate. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "differential isothermal capacitance transient spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001283 af-p:AFP_0001283 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002419 ; skos:altLabel "TLEED" , "transmission low-energy electron diffraction" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by directing a beam of high energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any electrons transmitted through the sample. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "transmission low energy electron diffraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001287 af-p:AFP_0001287 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002296 ; skos:definition "An apodization function applied to the unprocessed FID to improve signal to noise (S/N). [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "line broadening" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001291 af-p:AFP_0001291 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001266 ; skos:altLabel "SQUID magnetometry" , "SQUID measurements" ; skos:definition "The measurement of very small magnetic fields (5 x 10-18 T) using a superconducting quantum interference device. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001295 af-p:AFP_0001295 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000611 ; skos:altLabel "constant pressure calorimetry" , "constant-pressure calorimetry" ; skos:definition "The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) at constant pressure during a chemical or biochemical reaction. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "isobaric calorimetry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001296 af-p:AFP_0001296 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003368 ; skos:definition "The process of pressing a powder under a gas or liquid so that pressure is transmitted equally in all directions. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "isostatic pressing" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001304 af-p:AFP_0001304 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000056 ; skos:altLabel "static LPME" , "static liquid-phase microextraction" ; skos:definition "The process of transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase (or vice versa) by suspending a microlitre-sized drop of the organic phase in a large volume of the aqueous phase. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "static liquid-phase micro-extraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001310 af-p:AFP_0001310 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001275 ; skos:altLabel "ThFFF" , "thermal FFF" , "thermal field flow fractionation" ; skos:definition "A technique for separating polymer particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel and heating one end, whilst cooling the other. The polymer particles migrate towards the cooler plate and are then removed with a carrier liquid. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "thermal field-flow fractionation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001311 af-p:AFP_0001311 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000853 ; skos:altLabel "potential step chronoamperometry" ; skos:definition "An electrochemical technique where the time dependence of the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is varied as a step function. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "potential step chrono-amperometry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001312 af-p:AFP_0001312 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002456 ; skos:altLabel "short path distillation" ; skos:definition "A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture under reduced pressure. As the sample mixture to be purified is heated, its vapours rise a short distance into a vertical condenser where they are cooled by water. This technique is used for compounds which are unstable at high temperatures because it allows a lower boiling temperature to be used. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "short-path distillation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001313 af-p:AFP_0001313 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001227 ; skos:altLabel "CEPV" , "carrier extraction using pulsed voltage" , "charge-carrier extraction using pulsed voltage" ; skos:definition "A method for measuring charge carrier mobilities and conductivities by applying two sequentional square-shaped voltage pulses and measuring the resulting current. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "carrier extraction using pulsed voltage method" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001317 af-p:AFP_0001317 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001670 ; skos:altLabel "destructive distillation" , "dry distillation" ; skos:definition "The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy. The term pyrolysis generally refers to heating in an inert environment. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "pyrolysis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001318 af-p:AFP_0001318 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000777 ; skos:definition "A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. As the sample mixture to be purified is heated, its vapours rise into a condenser where they are cooled by water. The vapours stick to the inside surface of the condenser where they continue to be heated until they vaporise again. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "fractional distillation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001319 af-p:AFP_0001319 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003332 ; skos:altLabel "sample taking" ; skos:definition "Sampling is the process of taking parts or units of a population or material of interest for studying. [Allotrope]" ; skos:editorialNote "sampling can be both separating or partitioning or a combination of it" ; skos:example "pulling a small sample outside a bioreactor" ; skos:prefLabel "sampling" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001327 af-p:AFP_0001327 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000665 ; skos:altLabel "UE" , "ultrasonic accelerated extraction" , "ultrasonic assisted extraction" , "ultrasonic extraction" , "ultrasonic-accelerated extraction" , "ultrasonic-assisted extraction" ; skos:definition "The process of transferring a substance from any matrix to an appropriate liquid phase, assisted by sound waves (>20 KHz in frequency) that propagate through the liquid media. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "ultrasound extraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001330 af-p:AFP_0001330 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000942 ; skos:altLabel "MSP" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where an optical microscope is used to image the sample and locate a small area for spectral analysis with radiation in the ultraviolet to near infrared range. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "microspectrophotometry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001334 af-p:AFP_0001334 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001048 ; skos:altLabel "EEICO" , "electron-electron ion coincidence spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of an ion and a pair of electrons which are detected as a function of energy. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "electron-electron-ion coincidence spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001336 af-p:AFP_0001336 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001229 ; skos:altLabel "NRRLS" , "NRRS" , "near-Rayleigh resonance scattering" , "near-Rayleigh resonant scattering" , "near-resonance Rayleigh light scattering" , "near-resonance Rayleigh scattering" , "near-resonance Rayleigh scattering spectrometry" , "near-resonant Rayleigh light scattering" , "near-resonant Rayleigh scattering" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light, where the wavelength of the incident light corresponds to an energy which is near to an absorption band in the scattering molecules. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "near-resonance Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001339 af-p:AFP_0001339 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000757 ; skos:altLabel "PES" , "PS" , "photo emission spectrometry" , "photo emission spectroscopy" , "photoelectron emission spectroscopy" , "photoelectron spectrometry" , "photoemission spectrometry" , "photoemission spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. The energy of the incident photons is usually greater than the ionization energy of the sample and the photoelectrons are emitted with the excess in the form of kinetic energy. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "photoelectron spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001346 af-p:AFP_0001346 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000709 ; skos:altLabel "LCM" , "laser capture microdissection" , "laser-capture micro-dissection" , "laser-capture microdissection" ; skos:definition "A method for isolating specific cells of interest from microscopic regions of tissue using a microscope coupled to a UV laser. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "laser capture micro-dissection" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001352 af-p:AFP_0001352 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002042 ; skos:altLabel "AC-IS" , "AC-impedance spectrometry" , "AC-impedance spectroscopy" , "ACIS" , "Ac-impedance spectrometry" , "Ac-impedance spectroscopy" , "ac-impedance spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of a sample during excitation with an alternating-current voltage is measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "alternating current impedance spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001354 af-p:AFP_0001354 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000732 ; skos:altLabel "CPE" , "cloud point extraction" ; skos:definition "The process of transferring a non-ionic surfactant from one liquid phase to another by heating. As the temperature of the solution rises, the surfactant molecules form micelles, if the temperature increases above the cloud point (CPT) the micelles become dehydrated and aggregate. This leads to macroscopic phase separation of the solution into a surfactant-rich phase and a solvent phase. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "cloud-point extraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001357 af-p:AFP_0001357 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000422 ; skos:definition "The separation of molecules in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "dialysis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001358 af-p:AFP_0001358 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000611 ; skos:definition "The measurement of the enthalpy change during chemical reaction in order to determine quantitative values of a reactant or catalyst. In general, at least one reactant is a liquid or solution. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "analytical solution calorimetry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001371 af-p:AFP_0001371 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003473 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "photoablation" ; skos:definition "Laser ablation is the process of removing material from a solid (or occasionally liquid) surface by irradiating it with a laser beam. At low laser flux, the material is heated by the absorbed laser energy and evaporates or sublimates. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "laser ablation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001373 af-p:AFP_0001373 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003409 ; skos:altLabel "trapping method" ; skos:definition "Any method used to trap a sample for further analysis. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "trapping" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001376 af-p:AFP_0001376 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000176 ; skos:definition "The stepwise crystallisation of two or more different substances induced by changes in concentration or temperature. The sample is mixed with a solvent, heated, and then gradually cooled so that, as each of its constituent components crystallises, it can be removed in its pure form from the solution. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "fractional crystallization" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001382 af-p:AFP_0001382 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001871 ; skos:altLabel "wet anisotropic etching" ; skos:definition "The process of using strong acids/alkalis to remove a thin layer of the unprotected parts of a sample surface (e.g. metal or silicon) to create a pattern. Anisotropic etching occurs when different etch rates are observed in different directions in the sample (e.g. for different crystal faces). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "anisotropic wet etching" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001392 af-p:AFP_0001392 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000527 ; skos:definition "Any type of spectroscopy where an atomic force microscope is used to measure the force experienced by a sample, usually by taking force-distance curves. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "force spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001397 af-p:AFP_0001397 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000012 ; skos:altLabel "MD-PICTS" , "microwave detected PICTS" , "microwave detected photoinduced current transient spectroscopy" , "microwave-detected PICTS" , "microwave-detected photo-induced current transient spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the current produced by applying a microwave pulse to the semiconductor junction at different temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit peaks, the height of which are proportional to the defect density, and the emission rate and temperature dependence are characteristic for each type of defect. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "microwave-detected photoinduced current transient spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001400 af-p:AFP_0001400 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000501 ; skos:altLabel "EC SPRS" , "EC-SPR EC SPR" , "EC-SPR spectrometry" , "EC-SPR spectroscopy" , "EC-SPRS" , "ECSPR" , "ECSPRS" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the resonant excitation of surface plasmons on a surface, which is the working electrode in an electrochemical experiment, by ultraviolet or visible light is measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "electrochemical surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001401 af-p:AFP_0001401 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002418 ; skos:altLabel "IINS" , "incoherent inelastic neutron scattering" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, phase is not conserved and the neutrons suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "inelastic incoherent neutron scattering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001403 af-p:AFP_0001403 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001373 ; skos:altLabel "laser tweezing" , "optical trapping" , "optical tweezing" ; skos:definition "The trapping of microscopic particles by a focused laser beam. The beam is focused through a microscope objective, producing a strong electric field gradient at its narrowest point, which attracts dielectric particles. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "laser trapping" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001407 af-p:AFP_0001407 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002015 ; skos:altLabel "laser dissociation spectrometry" , "laser photo-fragmentation spectrometry" , "laser photo-fragmentation spectroscopy" , "laser photodissociation spectrometry" , "laser photodissociation spectroscopy" , "laser photofragmentation spectrometry" , "laser photofragmentation spectroscopy" , "laser-induced fragmentation spectrometry" , "laser-induced fragmentation spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser and molecules in the sample dissociate following the absorption of one or more high-energy photons. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "laser dissociation spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001408 af-p:AFP_0001408 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001077 ; skos:altLabel "electronic sputtering" ; skos:definition "The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface by bombarding it with high-energy or highly charged heavy ions. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "electronic sputter etching" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001417 af-p:AFP_0001417 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001418 ; skos:altLabel "high vacuum sublimation" ; skos:definition "A technique for purifying solid samples by heating the sample under high vacuum (<0.1 Pa). The sample sublimes and the vapours condense as a purified compound on a cooled surface, leaving the non-volatile residue impurities behind. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "high-vacuum sublimation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001418 af-p:AFP_0001418 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001430 ; skos:altLabel "vacuum-sublimation method" ; skos:definition "A technique for purifying solid samples by heating the sample under vacuum. The sample sublimes and the vapours condense as a purified compound on a cooled surface, leaving the non-volatile residue impurities behind. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "vacuum sublimation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001424 af-p:AFP_0001424 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000521 ; skos:altLabel "PIXE" , "PIXE microanalysis" , "microbeam PIXE" ; skos:definition "Any type of X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding the sample with a finely focused (<10 m diameter) beam of high-energy particles. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "microbeam particle-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001427 af-p:AFP_0001427 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000527 ; dct:source "Murray, K., Boyd, R., Eberlin, M., et al. (2013). Definitions of terms relating to mass spectrometry (IUPAC Recommendations 2013). Pure and Applied Chemistry, 85(7), pp. 1515-1609." ; skos:altLabel "MS" , "mass spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "Mass spectrometry is a spectrometry that studies matter through the formation of gas-phase ions that are characterized using mass spectrometers by their mass, charge, structure, and/or physico-chemical properties. [IUPAC]" ; skos:note "Mass spectroscopy is an obsolete synonym for mass spectrometry that should not be used to avoid confusion with spectroscopies in which the measured quantity is the absorption or emission of electromagnetic radiation. [IUPAC]" , "The term is a misnomer because it is m/z rather than mass that is the independent variable in a mass spectrum." ; skos:prefLabel "mass spectrometry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001429 af-p:AFP_0001429 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000855 ; skos:altLabel "N2 sorption-desorption experiments" , "N2 sorption-desorption measurements" ; skos:definition "A method for determining surface area by measuring the amount of an N2 which adsorbs onto the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'), and the subsequent amount that desorbs at a constant temperature. Regression analysis is then applied to the data, resulting in an isotherm. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "nitrogen sorption-desorption measurements" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001430 af-p:AFP_0001430 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003419 ; skos:definition "Any technique used to purify samples by forcing it to pass from the solid to gas phase without passing through an intermediate liquid phase. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "sublimation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001436 af-p:AFP_0001436 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001768 ; skos:altLabel "GISANS" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of neutrons scattered at low angles. The incident neutron beam strikes the sample under a small angle close to the critical angle of total external neutron reflection. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "grazing incidence small-angle neutron scattering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001444 af-p:AFP_0001444 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000148 ; skos:altLabel "PDP spectroscopy" , "pump-dump-probe (PDP) spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with an initial laser pulse (the 'pump') which causes excitations within the sample. This is followed by a second laser pulse which is tuned to the correct frequency to excite transitions resonantly back down to the lower electronic state (the 'dump'). After a short delay a third laser pulse (the 'probe') is used to sense changes in the sample. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "pump-dump-probe spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001445 af-p:AFP_0001445 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001567 ; skos:altLabel "OF-CEAS" , "optical feedback cavity enhanced absorption spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside a v-shaped optical cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. The laser light is allowed to feed back to the laser diode. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "optical feedback cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001447 af-p:AFP_0001447 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002052 ; skos:altLabel "enzymatic digestion" , "enzymic digestion" ; skos:definition "The decomposition of sample by an enzyme to obtain the sample in liquid form. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "enzyme digestion" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001449 af-p:AFP_0001449 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002254 ; skos:altLabel "visible TLS" , "visible-TLS" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the energy generated by nonradiative thermal relaxation after visible laser light absorption is measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "visible thermal lens spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001458 af-p:AFP_0001458 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001502 ; skos:altLabel "HR-SXPS" , "HRSXPS" , "high resolution soft X-ray photoelectron spectrometry" , "high resolution soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy" , "high resolution soft X-ray photoemission spectrometry" , "high resolution soft X-ray photoemission spectroscopy" , "high-resolution soft X-ray photoelectron spectrometry" , "high-resolution soft X-ray photoemission spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with monochromatic 'soft' (<300 eV) X-rays causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "high-resolution soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001459 af-p:AFP_0001459 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001229 ; skos:altLabel "interferometric Rayleigh scattering" , "interferometric Rayleigh scattering method" , "interferometric Rayleigh scattering spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light which has been passed through an inferometer. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "interferometric Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001460 af-p:AFP_0001460 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000659 ; skos:altLabel "RIE" , "reactive ion etching" , "reactive-ion etching" ; skos:definition "The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface using short pulses of a plasma (a partially ionized gas containing free electrons and radicals). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "plasma etching" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001462 af-p:AFP_0001462 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000527 ; skos:definition "Any method that measures the amount of light that a substance scatters at certain wavelengths, incident angles, and polarization angles. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "scattering spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001465 af-p:AFP_0001465 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001936 ; skos:altLabel "VPC" , "volume perturbation calorimetry" , "volume-controlled scanning calorimetry" , "volume-perturbation calorimetry" ; skos:definition "The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction. The temperature and pressure is measured whilst the sample volume is slightly perturbed by the extension of piezoelectric crystals. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "volume perturbation calorimetry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001466 af-p:AFP_0001466 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001229 ; skos:altLabel "RRLS" , "RRS" , "RRS detection" , "RRSD" , "resonance Rayleigh light scattering" , "resonance Rayleigh scattering" , "resonance Rayleigh scattering spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light, where the wavelength of the incident light corresponds to an absorption band in the scattering molecules. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "resonance Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001471 af-p:AFP_0001471 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000966 ; skos:altLabel "DLSS" , "SLS" , "TILS" , "classical light scattering" , "differential light scattering" , "differential light-scattering spectroscopy" , "differential static light scattering" , "integrated light scattering" , "static light scattering" , "static light scattering spectrometry" , "static light scattering spectroscopy" , "total intensity light scattering" , "traditional light scattering" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by measuring the total or time-averaged scattering intensity of scattered visible light as a function of angle. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "static light scattering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001475 af-p:AFP_0001475 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001591 ; skos:altLabel "REMPD spectrometry" , "REMPD spectroscopy" , "resonance enhanced multiphoton dissociation spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a resonant laser (a laser which is tuned to match a transition within the sample) and molecules in the sample dissociate following the absorption of two or more high-energy photons. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "resonance enhanced multiphoton dissociation spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001476 af-p:AFP_0001476 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000071 ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by measuring the velocity of neutrons in known magnetic fields before and after scattering at wide angles by the sample. The neutrons are scattered by the interaction of neutron spin with spins in the sample ('spin echo'). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "spin-echo wide angle neutron scattering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001478 af-p:AFP_0001478 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003367 ; skos:definition "The transfer of thermal energy from a material to its surrounding environment. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "cooling" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001481 af-p:AFP_0001481 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003566 ; skos:altLabel "GAS" , "GAS recrystallisation" , "GAS recrystallization" , "GASP" , "GASR" , "gas anti-solvent precipitation" , "gas anti-solvent reaction" , "gas anti-solvent recrystallization" , "gas antisolvent precipitation" , "gas antisolvent reaction" , "gas antisolvent recrystallization" ; skos:definition "A technique where a solid sample is first partially dissolved in a organic solvent in a vessel. The solution is then pressurised with a dense gas or supercritical fluid resulting in precipitation of the solid as a fine powder. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "gas antisolvent technique" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001483 af-p:AFP_0001483 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000190 ; skos:altLabel "liquid state sintering" ; skos:definition "The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample (consisting of a powder and a liquid) below the melting point of the solid until its particles adhere to each other. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "liquid-state sintering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001484 af-p:AFP_0001484 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001418 ; skos:definition "A method for purifying samples by heating the sample under reduced pressure and allowing the fractions to sublime order of increasing sublimation temperature (a function of vapor pressure). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "fractional sublimation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001485 af-p:AFP_0001485 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002235 ; skos:altLabel "QEXAFS spectrometry" , "QEXAFS spectroscopy" , "QEXAFSS" , "quick extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry" , "quick-scanning EXAFS" , "quick-scanning EXAFSS" , "quick-scanning extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry" , "quick-scanning extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient measured 500-1000 eV below the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are determined as a function of incident X-ray energy. A monochromator is scanned continuously and rapidly around the absorption edge resulting in measurement times of seconds (normal EXAFS measurements take minutes). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "quick extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001486 af-p:AFP_0001486 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002042 ; skos:altLabel "impedance laser spectroscopy" , "laser induced impedance spectrometry" , "laser induced impedance spectroscopy" , "laser-induced impedance spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of a sample during laser excitation is measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "laser-induced impedance spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001490 af-p:AFP_0001490 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000757 ; skos:definition "Any type of spectroscopy where primary electrons interact with a sample and the electrons emitted as a result of the interaction (secondary electrons) are detected. A manget is used to align all electron spins parallel to the surface of the sample. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "spin-polarized secondary electron spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001496 af-p:AFP_0001496 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001339 ; skos:altLabel "PAX" , "photoelectron spectrometry of adsorbed xenon" , "photoemission spectrometry of adsorbed xenon" , "photoemission spectroscopy of adsorbed xenon" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where Xe atoms adsorbed on the surface of a sample are illuminated with photons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected. The binding energy of the core or valence levels of Xe weakly bound to the surface, relative to the Fermi level of the substrate, depends on the local work function of its adsorption site. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "photoelectron spectroscopy of adsorbed xenon" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001497 af-p:AFP_0001497 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001392 ; skos:definition "The use of an atomic force microscope to measure rupture or fusion force as a function of loading rate. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "dynamic force spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001500 af-p:AFP_0001500 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000811 ; skos:altLabel "purge and trap" , "purge and trap extraction" ; skos:definition "The process of transferring a substance from a solid or liquid matrix to the vapour phase by heating, and removing analytes from the headspace in a carrier gas. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "dynamic headspace extraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001502 af-p:AFP_0001502 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000491 ; skos:altLabel "SXPS" , "soft X-ray photoelectron spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with 'soft' (<300 eV) X-rays causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001509 af-p:AFP_0001509 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001571 ; skos:definition "The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') from a liquid solution caused by the addition of an additional different solvent. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "solvent precipitation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001511 af-p:AFP_0001511 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000056 ; skos:altLabel "dynamic LPME" , "dynamic liquid-phase microextraction" ; skos:definition "The process of transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase (or vice versa) by the repeated movement of a microsyringe. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "dynamic liquid-phase micro-extraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001512 af-p:AFP_0001512 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000053 ; skos:altLabel "TAS" , "triple-axis neutron scattering" , "triple-axis neutron scattering spectrometry" , "triple-axis neutron spectrometry" , "triple-axis neutron spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction, energy and momentum of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, and suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "triple-axis neutron scattering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001514 af-p:AFP_0001514 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000111 ; skos:altLabel "X-Ray photon correlation spectroscopy" , "XPCS" ; skos:definition "A method for determining the size distribution of a sample of small particles in solution by bombarding the sample with coherent X-rays and measuring the time-dependent fluctuations in the intensity of the scattered X-rays caused by Brownian motion. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001518 af-p:AFP_0001518 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000683 ; skos:altLabel "chronocoulometry" ; skos:definition "An electrochemical technique where the time-dependence of the total Coulombs of electricity required to complete (fully oxidise or fully reduce the sample in) an electrochemical reaction is measured whilst the current is held at a constant value. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "chrono-coulometry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001520 af-p:AFP_0001520 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002432 ; skos:definition "The measurement of spatially resolved force-distance curves using an atomic force microscope to produce a chemical profile image. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "force spectroscopy mapping" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001521 af-p:AFP_0001521 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000618 ; skos:definition "The measurement of the intensity of the light resulting from the interference of two lasers of different wavelength at the beat frequency. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "optical heterodyne detection" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001524 af-p:AFP_0001524 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000984 ; skos:altLabel "DFWM spectroscopy" , "degenerate four-wave spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where one laser beam is split into three beams. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "degenerate four-wave mixing spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001526 af-p:AFP_0001526 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000757 ; skos:altLabel "AEES" , "AES" , "Auger electron emission spectroscopy" , "Auger electron spectrometry" , "Auger spectrometry" , "Auger spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "Any type of spectroscopy where a high energy photon ionizes a core electron and an electron from a higher energy level descends to take its place, releasing sufficient energy to eject a second so-called 'Auger' electron and the energy of the Auger electron is detected as a function of incident photon energy. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "Auger electron spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001536 af-p:AFP_0001536 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001317 ; skos:altLabel "pressure monitored pyrolysis" ; skos:definition "The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy during which the pressure of the volatile pyrolysates is recorded. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "pressure-monitored pyrolysis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001539 af-p:AFP_0001539 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001835 ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, extended range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the Auger emission is measured. Measurements are taken from the absorption edge onset to several hundred eV above it. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "surface extended electron energy loss fine structure spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001542 af-p:AFP_0001542 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001162 ; skos:altLabel "RCD" , "Raman CD" , "Raman circular dichroism" ; skos:definition "The observation of circular dichroism (the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarized light) in the Raman spectra of chiral molecules. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "Raman circular dichroism spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001545 af-p:AFP_0001545 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001196 ; skos:altLabel "vapor phase extraction" ; skos:definition "The process of transferring a substance from a vapour to a solid phase by passing the vapour sample through a stationary phase (e.g. silica particles) and then desorbing it using a desorbent or carrier gas. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "vapor-phase extraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001546 af-p:AFP_0001546 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002451 ; skos:altLabel "LFP" ; skos:definition "A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The absorption of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "laser flash photolysis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001550 af-p:AFP_0001550 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001204 ; skos:altLabel "FAST" , "PECS" , "SPS" , "field assisted sintering technique" , "field-assisted sintering technique" , "pulsed electric current sintering" ; skos:definition "The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample below its melting point, using a direct current, until its particles adhere to each other. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "spark plasma sintering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001553 af-p:AFP_0001553 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000642 , af-p:AFP_0001982 ; skos:altLabel "ASC" ; skos:definition "The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of the temperature, whilst the pressure is kept constant. Scanning rates on the order of a few mK min-1 are used and a constant power is continuously applied to (or extracted from) the sample. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "adiabatic scanning calorimetry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001560 af-p:AFP_0001560 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001066 ; skos:altLabel "BKD" , "EBSD" , "backscatter Kikuchi diffraction" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by directing a beam of electrons at the sample (the energies of which are controlled by their acceleration voltage) and recording the resulting diffraction pattern of any backscattered electrons. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "electron backscatter diffraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001562 af-p:AFP_0001562 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000766 ; skos:definition "The simultaneous precipitation of a normally soluble component with a polymer component from the same solution by the formation of a composite by adsorption, occlusion or mechanical entrapment. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "polymer co-precipitation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001563 af-p:AFP_0001563 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001056 ; skos:altLabel "CRDS" , "CRLAS" , "cavity ring-down laser absorption spectrometry cavity ringdown spectroscopy" , "cavity ring-down laser absorption spectroscopy" , "cavity ring-down spectrometry" , "cavity ringdown spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside a highly reflective laser cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. The decay time for light exiting the cavity is determined as a function of pulsed laser wavelength. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "cavity ring-down spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001565 af-p:AFP_0001565 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002834 ; skos:definition "A test which produces colour change in the sample. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "colorimetric test" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001567 af-p:AFP_0001567 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001056 ; skos:altLabel "CEAS" , "cavity enhanced absorption spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside a highly reflective laser cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. The laser light is tuned to match the frequency of the cavity bandwidth. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001571 af-p:AFP_0001571 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003335 ; skos:definition "The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') from a liquid solution in which the material is present in amounts greater than its solubility in the liquid. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "precipitation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001573 af-p:AFP_0001573 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000665 ; skos:altLabel "SCFE" , "SFE" , "supercritical extraction" , "supercritical fluid extraction" ; skos:definition "The process of transferring a substance from any matrix to a liquid phase using a supercritical fluid. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "supercritical-fluid extraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001574 af-p:AFP_0001574 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002278 ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample and phase is conserved. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "coherent neutron scattering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001579 af-p:AFP_0001579 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000406 ; skos:altLabel "DNP oximetry" ; skos:definition "A technique for measuring the amount of oxygen in a sample by collecting proton nuclear magnetic resonance data whilst irradiating the electron paramagnetic resonance signal from O2. A transfer of polarization from the electrons to the protons occurs, resulting in an enhancement of the observed NMR signal. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "dynamic nuclear polarization oximetry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001581 af-p:AFP_0001581 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002342 ; skos:altLabel "L-TAS" , "LTAS" , "laser transient absorbance spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where transient species such as radicals, ions or reactive intermediates are studied using laser pulses. The absorbance of the sample before and after an excitation laser pulse is measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "laser transient absorption spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001583 af-p:AFP_0001583 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002394 ; skos:altLabel "MESI" , "membrane extraction sorbent interface" , "membrane extraction with sorbent interface" , "membrane extraction with trapping on a sorbent interface" ; skos:definition "The transfer of a solute from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a non-porous non-polar polymer membrane. The membrane first extracts the analytes from their matrix, and these are subsequently trapped on a polymeric trap with a porous sorbent using a carrier gas stream. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "membrane extraction with a sorbent interface" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001585 af-p:AFP_0001585 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002026 ; skos:altLabel "VEELS" , "vibrational electron energy loss spectrometry." ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and energy loss the electrons suffer (corresponding to vibrational modes in the sample) is measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "vibrational electron energy loss spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001586 af-p:AFP_0001586 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002122 ; skos:altLabel "sessile-drop tensiometry" ; skos:definition "The measurement of surface tension by determining the shape of a droplet of liquid (with known surface energy) and the contact angle it makes with the surface of interest. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "sessile-drop tensiometry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001588 af-p:AFP_0001588 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002193 ; skos:altLabel "CO2 critical point drying" , "CO2 critical-point drying" , "CO2 super-critical point drying" , "supercritical CO2 drying" ; skos:definition "The removal of solvent from a sample without passing through the liquid-gas boundary, by immersion in supercritical CO2 and de-pressurization. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "supercritical carbon dioxide drying" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001590 af-p:AFP_0001590 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003335 ; skos:altLabel "sample dispersion" ; skos:definition "The distribution of particles of one phase in a continuous phase of a different nature. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "particle dispersion" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001591 af-p:AFP_0001591 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001407 ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser and molecules in the sample dissociate following the absorption of two or more high-energy photons. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "multiphoton dissociation spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001593 af-p:AFP_0001593 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003566 ; skos:altLabel "RESS" ; skos:definition "A technique where a solid sample is dissolved in a supercritical fluid and this mixture is then expanded using a restrictor, causing the solid to precipitate. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "rapid expansion of supercritical solutions" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001595 af-p:AFP_0001595 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000422 ; skos:definition "The dissolution of material from a solid phase into a liquid in which it is not wholly soluble. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "leaching" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001598 af-p:AFP_0001598 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003566 ; skos:definition "The cleavage of one or more bonds resulting from exposure to high-energy radiation. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "radiolysis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001600 af-p:AFP_0001600 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000988 ; skos:altLabel "single particle EDS" , "single particle EDX" , "single particle X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy" , "single particle energy dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy" , "single-particle EDS" , "single-particle EDS analysis" , "single-particle EDX" , "single-particle EDX analysis" , "single-particle X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy" , "single-particle X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy" , "single-particle energy dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy" , "single-particle energy-dispersive X-ray emission analysis" ; skos:definition "A type of X-ray emission spectroscopy where the energy spectrum of the X-rays emitted, by a single particle, due to core-to-core transitions is measured using a semiconductor detector. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "single-particle energy-dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001601 af-p:AFP_0001601 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001407 ; skos:altLabel "RID spectrometry" , "RID spectroscopy" , "resonance ion dissociation spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where a sample in the form of ions is illuminated with a resonant laser (a laser which is tuned to match a transition within the sample) and molecules in the sample dissociate following the absorption of one or more high-energy photons. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "resonance ion dissociation spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001602 af-p:AFP_0001602 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000214 ; skos:altLabel "MEPS" , "micro extraction by packed sorbent" , "micro-extraction in packed syringe" , "microextraction in a packed syringe" , "microextraction in packed syringe" , "packed syringe micro-extraction" , "packed syringe microextraction" , "packed-syringe micro-extraction" , "packed-syringe microextraction" ; skos:definition "The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the liquid sample through a stationary phase (1 mg) packed into a microlitre syringe. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "micro-extraction in a packed syringe" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001607 af-p:AFP_0001607 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000827 ; skos:altLabel "Cohn process" ; skos:definition "A method for separating proteins from plasma by changing the conditions of the plasma by simultaneous cooling and addition of alcohol. This causes precipitation of the proteins, which can then be removed by centrifugation. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "Cohn process" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001619 af-p:AFP_0001619 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001909 ; skos:altLabel "PL detection" ; skos:definition "The detection of luminescence emitted from a sample as a result of irradiation with light. Photoluminescence includes both fluorescence and phosphorescence. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "photoluminescence detection" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001625 af-p:AFP_0001625 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000111 ; skos:altLabel "AXD" , "AXS" , "X-ray anomalous dispersion" , "X-ray anomalous scattering" , "anomalous X-ray dispersion" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by measuring the change in phase of X-rays scattered by a sample. Normally incident X-rays continue in the same phase after encountering the scatterer. However, if the energy of the incident X-rays is at or above the absorption edge of the scatterer, a phase shift occurs. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "anomalous X-ray scattering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001628 af-p:AFP_0001628 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000984 ; skos:altLabel "TC-FWM spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where three incident laser beams are mixed, two 'pump' beams of the same frequency and one 'probe' beam of a different frequency. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "two-colour four-wave mixing spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001632 af-p:AFP_0001632 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001162 ; skos:altLabel "ECD" , "ECD spectrometry" , "ECD spectroscopy" , "electronic CD" , "electronic circular dichroism" , "electronic circular dichroism spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarized visible or near-ultraviolet radiation (200-400 nm). The optical activity of the sample is monitored using electronic transitions. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "electronic circular dichroism spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001633 af-p:AFP_0001633 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000780 ; skos:altLabel "IETS" , "inelastic electron tunneling spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where a metal-molecule-metal sandwich is formed and electrons tunnel from metal to metal through the molecules. Any additional molecules adsorbed onto the inner layer of the sandwhich can affect the tunneling via the excitation of vibrational states. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001638 af-p:AFP_0001638 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001227 ; skos:altLabel "CELIV" , "CELIV method" , "carrier extraction by linearly increasing voltage" , "charge-carrier extraction in a linearly increasing voltage" ; skos:definition "A method for measuring charge carrier mobilities and conductivities by applying two sequentional triangular-shaped voltage pulses and measuring the resulting current. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "carrier extraction by linearly increasing voltage method" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001647 af-p:AFP_0001647 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000717 ; skos:definition "The measurement of the total light, or the light of a specific wavelength emitted by a sample as a function of temperature. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "thermophotometry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001658 af-p:AFP_0001658 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000848 ; skos:altLabel "enzymatic decomposition" ; skos:definition "The conversion of a high-molecular-mass species into a lower-molecular-mass species using an enzyme. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "enzymic decomposition" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001659 af-p:AFP_0001659 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000717 ; skos:definition "The measurement of the refractive index of a sample as a function of temperature. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "thermorefractometry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001670 af-p:AFP_0001670 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000848 ; skos:definition "The separation of a chemical compound into elements or smaller compounds by heating it to a high temperature (approx. 1000 deg. C). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "thermal decomposition" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001672 af-p:AFP_0001672 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000071 ; skos:altLabel "SEANS" , "non-magnetic SEANS" , "non-magnetic spin-echo SANS" , "non-magnetic spin-echo small angle neutron scattering" , "spin-echo SANS" , "spin-echo small angle neutron scattering" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by measuring the velocity of neutrons in known magnetic fields before and after scattering at small angles by the sample. The neutrons are scattered by the interaction of neutron spin with spins in the sample ('spin echo'). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "spin-echo small angle neutron scattering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001674 af-p:AFP_0001674 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000688 ; skos:definition "A kind of activation analysis in which the elemental concentrations in the material are calculated from known nuclear constants, irradiation and measurement parameters, rather than by comparing with known standards. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "absolute activation analysis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001675 af-p:AFP_0001675 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000980 ; skos:altLabel "CL spectrometry" , "CL spectroscopy" , "chemiluminescence (CL) spectroscopy" , "chemiluminescence spectrometry" ; skos:definition "Any type of spectroscopy where luminesence (the emission of visible light) from molecules as a result of a chemical reaction) is detected as a function of wavelength. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "chemiluminescence spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001679 af-p:AFP_0001679 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000756 ; skos:definition "The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') consisting of a protein-specific antibody complex (where the protein is attached to a arger protein complex) from solution. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "protein complex immunoprecipitation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001683 af-p:AFP_0001683 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001876 ; skos:definition "The removal of solvent from a sample by applying it as a thin layer to the surface of a heated drum. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "drum drying" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001689 af-p:AFP_0001689 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000665 ; skos:definition "Extraction of plant metabolites using a 2:1 v/v mixture of water and chloroform. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "water:chloroform 2:1 extraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001691 af-p:AFP_0001691 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001317 ; skos:definition "The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy where the temperature is raised in a stepwise manner and the pyrolysates are recorded between each step. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "stepwise pyrolysis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001693 af-p:AFP_0001693 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001891 ; skos:altLabel "microdissection" ; skos:definition "The disassembly of a small part of an object (<10 µm diameter) to determine its internal structure. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "micro-dissection" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001694 af-p:AFP_0001694 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000966 ; skos:altLabel "MALLS" , "MALS" , "multi angle light scattering" , "multi-angle laser light scattering" , "multi-angle light scattering spectrometry" , "multi-angle light scattering spectroscopy" , "multiangle light scattering" , "multiple angle laser light scattering" , "multiple angle laser light scattering spectrometry" , "multiple angle laser light scattering spectroscopy" , "multiple angle light scattering" , "multiple angle light scattering spectroscopy" , "multiple light scattering spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered visible light at a number of different angles, none of which are close to the angle of incidence of the light. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "multi-angle light scattering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001696 af-p:AFP_0001696 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002015 ; skos:altLabel "EFISH" , "EFISHG" , "EFISHG spectroscopy" , "electric field induced second harmonic generation" , "electric field induced second harmonic generation spectroscopy" , "electric-field-induced SHG" , "electric-field-induced SHG spectroscopy" , "electric-field-induced second harmonic generation" , "electric-field-induced second-harmonic- (EFISH) generation" ; skos:definition "A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser of frequency ömega whilst a direct-current electric field is applied, allowing the production of the second harmonic (2 omega). This technique is used to induce an asymmetry in an otherwise symmetric material as a probe of the molecular hyperpolarizability. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "electric-field-induced second harmonic generation spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001702 af-p:AFP_0001702 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002129 ; skos:definition "Any type of spectroscopy where a nuclear resonance is detected though its effect on an electron spin resonance. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001709 af-p:AFP_0001709 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001876 ; skos:definition "The removal of water from a sample by placing it under reduced pressure. This allows water to evaporate from (heat-sensitive) samples at a lower temperature. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "vacuum drying" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001710 af-p:AFP_0001710 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000876 ; skos:altLabel "N-ICTS" , "NICTS" , "normalized ICTS" , "normalized-ICTS" ; skos:definition "A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the normalised capacitance produced by applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at constant different temperatures, spectra are generated that exhibit peaks, the height of which are proportional to time constant for the emission rate. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "normalized isothermal capacitance transient spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001716 af-p:AFP_0001716 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000260 ; skos:altLabel "EP" ; skos:definition "The measurement of the pore diameter, pore-size distribution and total pore volume of a thin porous film sample by measuring the changes in intensity and polarization of reflected light during vapour adsorption and desorption. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "ellipsometric porosimetry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001721 af-p:AFP_0001721 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002334 ; skos:altLabel "DAPS" , "disappearance potential spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by the sudden disappearance of electrons from the beam. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "disappearance potential spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001722 af-p:AFP_0001722 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000573 ; skos:altLabel "hole burning spectroscopy" , "holeburning spectroscopy" , "laser hole-burning spectroscopy" , "spectroscopic hole burning" ; skos:definition "A type of laser spectroscopy where a dye laser is used to remove, from an inhomogeneously broadened spectral line, a narrow homogenous line causing the appearance of a dip ( or 'hole') in a spectrum. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "hole-burning spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001730 af-p:AFP_0001730 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002424 ; skos:altLabel "OHD-RIKES" , "OHRIKE spectroscopy" , "OHRIKES" , "optical heterodyne-detected Raman-induced Kerr-effect spectroscopy" , "optically heterodyned Raman induced Kerr effect spectroscopy" , "optically heterodyned Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy" , "optically heterodyned Raman-induced Kerr-effect spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) with a frequency difference close to a Raman-mode frequency in the sample induce a refractive index change in the sample. By scanning the frequency difference of the two beams and recording simultaneously the polarization change of the probe beam, the Raman spectral structure of the sample can be obtained. The polarizing filters are rotated slightly, giving rise to a heterodyne at the detector, improving the signal-to-noise ratio compared to Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "optically-heterodyned Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001733 af-p:AFP_0001733 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001227 ; skos:altLabel "Kelvin method" , "vibrating capacitor method" ; skos:definition "A measurement method for determining the contact potential difference or difference in work functions between the sample and a reference electrode. In this method, the probe, which is made ofna material with a known work function (commonly tungsten or platinum), is arranged close to the sample surface as a parallel-plate capacitor with a small spacing. The probe is vibrated, causing a change in the capacitance between the electrodes, resulting in a small ac current. The work function difference is measured by applying an opposing external bias voltage such that the ac current is zero. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "Kelvin probe method" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001736 af-p:AFP_0001736 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000626 ; skos:altLabel "TMS derivatization" ; skos:definition "Derivatization of a metabolite by addition of a trimethylsilyl reagent to protect functional groups such as hydroxy, carboxylic acid, thio and amine groups. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "trimethylsilyl derivatization" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001739 af-p:AFP_0001739 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003566 ; skos:definition "A process in which a ceramic precursor is converted into a ceramic. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "ceramization" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001741 af-p:AFP_0001741 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000777 ; skos:definition "A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. Distillation is completed before more sample mixture is added. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "batch distillation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001743 af-p:AFP_0001743 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003315 ; skos:altLabel "snapping" , "taking photo" , "taking picture" ; skos:definition "Photographing is the process of creating a recorded image. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "photographing" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001744 af-p:AFP_0001744 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001162 ; skos:altLabel "MCD" , "MCD spectrometry" , "MCD spectroscopy" , "magnetic circular dichroism spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarized photon radiation in the presence of a magnetic field. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001747 af-p:AFP_0001747 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002313 ; skos:definition "Thermal analysis where the characteristics of imposed acoustic wave passing through the sample are measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "thermoacoustimetry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001749 af-p:AFP_0001749 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001619 ; skos:altLabel "FD" , "fluorescence (FL) detection" , "fluorescence detection" ; skos:definition "A detection method which is sensitive to naturally fluorescent or tagged compounds. As the sample passes through a small cell it is excited by ultraviolet light and any fluorescence is detected. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "fluorescence detection" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001752 af-p:AFP_0001752 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000688 ; skos:altLabel "NAA" ; skos:definition "A type of activation analysis where a sample is bombarded with neutrons, the capture of which results in the generation of radioactive nuclei for most elements in the sample. These activated nuclei then decay according to their characteristic half-lives. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "neutron activation analysis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001753 af-p:AFP_0001753 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003556 ; skos:definition "Any detection or measurement method for a set of points in reciprocal space. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "reciprocal-space method" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001762 af-p:AFP_0001762 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000824 ; skos:altLabel "DRCD" , "diffuse reflectance CD" , "diffuse reflectance circular dichroism" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy based on the differential diffuse reflectance of left- and right-handed circularly polarized light by a sample. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "diffuse reflectance circular dichroism spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001767 af-p:AFP_0001767 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001946 ; skos:altLabel "acid-digestion" ; skos:definition "The decomposition of a sample in strong acids such as nitric, sulfuric or perchloric acid in order to obtain the sample in liquid form. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "acid digestion" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001768 af-p:AFP_0001768 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002278 ; skos:altLabel "SANS" , "low-Q neutron scattering" , "small angle neutron scattering" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons at small angles (corresponding to a scattering vector Q = (4/)sin(π/2) = 0.005-0.2 inverse degrees). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "small-angle neutron scattering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001771 af-p:AFP_0001771 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002334 ; skos:altLabel "TCS" , "target current spectrometry" , "target current spectroscopy" , "total current spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is determined by measuring the total electron current incident on the sample target. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "total current spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001774 af-p:AFP_0001774 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000848 ; skos:definition "A clustering reaction in a homogeneous, supersaturated solution (solid or liquid) which is unstable against infinitesimal fluctuations in density or composition. The solution therefore separates spontaneously into two phases, starting with small fluctuations and proceeding with a decrease in the Gibbs energy without a nucleation barrier. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "spinodal decomposition" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001777 af-p:AFP_0001777 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000053 ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons and the time since the indicent pulse ('time-of-flight') for each neutron. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, and suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "neutron time-of-flight scattering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001778 af-p:AFP_0001778 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001185 ; skos:altLabel "gravimetric sorption" , "gravimetric sorption-desorption" , "gravimetric sorption-desorption analysis" , "gravimetric sorption/desorption" , "gravimetric sorption/desorption analysis" ; skos:definition "The determination of the mass of a gas or vapour adsorbed to a surface. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "gravimetric sorption analysis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001780 af-p:AFP_0001780 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000291 ; skos:altLabel "APXS" , "alpha X-ray spectrometry" , "alpha X-ray spectroscopy" , "alpha-X-ray emission spectrometry" , "alpha-X-ray emission spectroscopy" , "alpha-X-ray fluorescence spectrometry" , "alpha-X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy" , "alpha-X-ray spectrometry" , "alpha-X-ray spectroscopy" , "alpha-particle X-ray emission spectrometry" , "alpha-particle X-ray emission spectroscopy" , "alpha-particle X-ray fluorescence spectrometry" , "alpha-particle X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy" , "alpha-particle X-ray spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of X-ray emission spectroscopy where the sample is irradiated with alpha-particles and the energies of the backscattered alpha-particles and X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions are measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "alpha-particle X-ray spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001781 af-p:AFP_0001781 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000217 ; skos:altLabel "plasma functionalization" ; skos:definition "A process that involves improving the adhesion properties of a sample using short pulses of a plasma (a partially ionized gas containing free electrons and radicals). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "plasma activation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001786 af-p:AFP_0001786 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000527 ; skos:altLabel "PALS" , "positron lifetime spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A method for probing the free volume between polymer chains in which the anti-particle of an electron (a positron) is injected, from a radioactive source into the sample. When the positron is annihilated a characteristic energy is emitted, and the time from injection to energy emission is measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001788 af-p:AFP_0001788 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001200 ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays (generated in a synchrotron) scattered by a sample at low angles (0-10 deg.). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001794 af-p:AFP_0001794 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001567 ; skos:altLabel "SC-CEAS" , "super continuum cavity enhanced absorption spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside a highly reflective laser cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of a supercontinuum light source is detected. The light source is tuned to match the frequency of the cavity bandwidth. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "super continuum cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001802 af-p:AFP_0001802 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001801 ; skos:altLabel "IR imaging" , "IR thermography" , "infrared imaging" , "infrared thermography" , "thermal imaging" , "thermographic imaging" ; skos:definition "An imaging method that uses infrared (900-14 000 nm) radiation and allows variation in temperature to be observed (typically brighter areas in the image represent higher temperatures). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "thermography" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001803 af-p:AFP_0001803 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000284 ; skos:altLabel "LAMES" , "laser micro emission spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where a thermally-excited vapour sample is illuminated with a finely focused (<10 m diameter) ultraviolet or visible laser and the photon emission spectrum of the sample is observed. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "laser micro emission spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001805 af-p:AFP_0001805 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000659 ; skos:altLabel "electroetching" ; skos:definition "The process of removing the unprotected areas of a surface by placing it inside an electrochemical etching solution in the presence of an electric current. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "electrolytic etching" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001807 af-p:AFP_0001807 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001546 ; skos:altLabel "fs laser flash photolysis" ; skos:definition "A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong femtosecond pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The absorption of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "femtosecond laser flash photolysis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001809 af-p:AFP_0001809 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002169 ; skos:altLabel "drying" ; skos:definition "The removal of solvent from a sample, usually by the application of heat. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "solvent evaporation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001810 af-p:AFP_0001810 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002342 ; skos:definition "Any type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is in the form of an accelerated beam of particles (atoms or ions) which is superimposed on a resonant laser beam (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample) and light absorption is measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "collinear laser spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001811 af-p:AFP_0001811 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003335 ; skos:definition "The process of dividing up a sample mixture into smaller quantities according to their physical (e.g. size, solubility) or chemical (e.g. bonding, reactivity) properties. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "fractionation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001828 af-p:AFP_0001828 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002334 ; skos:altLabel "X-ray excited electron appearance potential spectrometry" , "XEAPS" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by the sudden appearance of peaks in the photoelectron spectrum. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "X-ray excited electron appearance potential spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001832 af-p:AFP_0001832 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003409 ; skos:altLabel "levelling" ; skos:definition "Ensuring the exact horizontal position of a device is called levelling. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "leveling" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001834 af-p:AFP_0001834 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001022 ; skos:altLabel "ISM" ; skos:definition "The melting of a material by high-frequency induction within a frozen shell of the same substance. This technique is used for materials which are very corrosive when molten e.g. cubic zirconia. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "induction skull melting" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001835 af-p:AFP_0001835 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002026 ; skos:altLabel "EELFS" , "ELFS spectrometry" , "ELFS spectroscopy" , "EXEELFS" , "EXELFS spectrometry" , "EXELFS spectroscopy" , "extended electron energy loss fine structure spectrometry" , "extended energy loss fine structure spectrometry" , "extended energy loss fine structure spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, extended range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the energy loss the electrons suffer upon reflection is measured. Measurements are taken from the absorption edge onset to several hundred eV above it. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "extended electron energy loss fine structure spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001836 af-p:AFP_0001836 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000641 ; skos:altLabel "CEFFF" , "CElFFF" , "cyclic electric FFF" , "cyclic electrical FFF" , "cyclic-electric FFF" , "cyclic-electrical FFF" ; skos:definition "A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel and applying an alternating electric field perpendicular to the channel. A carrier liquid is passed through the channel and the particles are separated on the basis of electrophoretic mobility. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "cyclic electrical field-flow field fractionation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001839 af-p:AFP_0001839 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000491 ; skos:altLabel "ARXPS" , "angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with X-rays causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, which are detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001840 af-p:AFP_0001840 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001730 ; skos:altLabel "femtosecond OHD-RIKES" , "femtosecond OHRIKES" , "femtosecond optical heterodyne-detected Raman-induced Kerr-effect spectroscopy" , "femtosecond optically heterodyned Raman induced Kerr effect spectroscopy" , "femtosecond optically heterodyned Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy" , "femtosecond optically heterodyned Raman-induced Kerr-effect spectroscopy" , "fs-OHD-RIKES" , "fs-OHRIKE spectroscopy" , "fs-OHRIKES" , "fsOHD-RIKES" , "fsOHRIKES" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where femtosecond pulses of two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) with a frequency difference close to a Raman-mode frequency in the sample induce a refractive index change in the sample. By scanning the frequency difference of the two beams and recording simultaneously the polarization change of the probe beam, the Raman spectral structure of the sample can be obtained. The polarizing filters are rotated slightly, giving rise to a heterodyne at the detector, improving the signal-to-noise ratio compared to Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "femtosecond optically-heterodyned Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001842 af-p:AFP_0001842 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000056 ; skos:altLabel "HS-LPME" , "HSLPME" , "headspace LPME" , "headspace liquid-phase microextraction" ; skos:definition "The process of transferring a substance from an organic phase to an aqueous phase (or vice versa) by heating the organic sample within a confined space in the presence of an aqueous acceptor droplet suspended on the tip of a microsyringe. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "headspace liquid-phase micro-extraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001843 af-p:AFP_0001843 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000527 ; skos:altLabel "STS" , "scanning tunneling spectrometry" , "scanning tunneling spectroscopy" , "scanning tunnelling spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where a scanning tunnelling microscope is used to measure the I-V characteristics of the sample. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "scanning tunnelling spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001845 af-p:AFP_0001845 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000732 ; skos:altLabel "PFE" , "PLE" , "PSE" , "accelerated solvent extraction" , "accelerated-solvent extraction" , "pressurized liquid extraction" , "pressurized solvent extraction" , "pressurized-fluid extraction" , "pressurized-liquid extraction" , "pressurized-solvent extraction" ; skos:definition "The process of transferring a dissolved substance from one liquid phase to another (immiscible or partially miscible) liquid phase in contact with it using solvents at elevated temperature (50-200 deg. C) and pressure (7-20 MPa). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "pressurized fluid extraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001854 af-p:AFP_0001854 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001982 ; skos:altLabel "C, H, N analysis" , "C, H, N elemental analysis" , "C,H,N analysis" , "CHN analysis" ; skos:definition "A type of elemental analysis accomplished by combustion of the sample at 1200 deg. C in a stream of unreactive gas and excess oxygen and collection of the products (CO2, H2O and NOx). The masses of these combustion products can be used to calculate the composition of the unknown sample. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen elemental analysis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001857 af-p:AFP_0001857 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000527 ; skos:altLabel "beta spectrometry" , "beta spectroscopy" , "beta-particle spectrometry" , "β-particle spectrometry" , "β-particle spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "Any type of spectroscopy where the beta-particles spontaneously emitted from radioisotopes are detected. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "beta-particle spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001863 af-p:AFP_0001863 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001670 ; skos:altLabel "FVP" , "FVT" , "flash vacuum pyrolysis" , "flash vacuum thermal decomposition" ; skos:definition "The reaction of a molecule by exposing it to a short thermal shock at high temperature, usually in the gas phase. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "flash vacuum thermolysis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001868 af-p:AFP_0001868 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001460 ; skos:altLabel "DRIE" , "pulsed etching" , "time-multiplexed etching" ; skos:definition "The process of creating deep holes and trenches in a sample surface using short pulses of a plasma (a partially ionized gas containing free electrons and radicals) alternating with the deposition of a chemically inert passivation layer. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "deep reactive-ion etching" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001871 af-p:AFP_0001871 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000659 ; skos:definition "The process of using strong acids/alkalis to cut into the unprotected parts of a surface (e.g. metal or silicon) to create a pattern. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "wet etching" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001879 af-p:AFP_0001879 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000527 ; skos:altLabel "dichroism spectrometry" ; skos:definition "Any type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of polarized light by a sample. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "dichroism spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001884 af-p:AFP_0001884 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000757 ; skos:altLabel "IPES" , "IPS" , "inverse photoelectron spectrometry" , "inverse photoemission spectrometry" , "inverse photoemission spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons and the photons emitted are detected. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "inverse photoelectron spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001885 af-p:AFP_0001885 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000785 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "A serial dilution is the stepwise dilution of a substance in solution. Usually the dilution factor at each step is constant, resulting in a geometric progression of the concentration in a logarithmic fashion. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "serial dilution" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001887 af-p:AFP_0001887 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003350 ; skos:altLabel "drop dispensing" ; skos:definition "The controlled dropwise release of a liquid. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "droplet dispensing" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001889 af-p:AFP_0001889 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001271 ; skos:altLabel "angle-resolved resonant X-ray emission spectrometry" , "angle-resolved resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy" , "angular-resolved resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by measuring the energy loss of X-rays scattered by a sample as a function of emission angle, where the incident X-ray energy is chosen to coincide with an electronic transition in the sample. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "angle-resolved resonant X-ray scattering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001890 af-p:AFP_0001890 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000451 ; skos:definition "A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a material through a die at room temperature. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "cold extrusion" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001891 af-p:AFP_0001891 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003566 ; skos:altLabel "anatomization" ; skos:definition "The disassembly of an object to determine its internal structure. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "dissection" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001897 af-p:AFP_0001897 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002178 ; skos:altLabel "PCA" , "precipitation using compressed anti-solvent" , "precipitation using compressed antisolvent" , "precipitation with compressed anti-solvent" ; skos:definition "A technique where a solid sample is dissolved in a common (organic or inorganic) solvent then sprayed into a vessel pressurised with a dense gas (e.g. supercritical CO2) This results in a large decrease in solution density and precipitation. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "precipitation with compressed antisolvent" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001899 af-p:AFP_0001899 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001229 ; skos:altLabel "HRLS" , "HRS" , "SHLS" , "hyper Rayleigh light scattering" , "hyper Rayleigh scattering" , "hyper Rayleigh scattering spectrometry" , "hyper-Rayleigh light scattering" , "hyper-Rayleigh scattering" , "hyper-Rayleigh scattering spectrometry" , "hyper-Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy" , "second harmonic Rayleigh scattering" ; skos:definition "A method for determining the structure of a liquid sample by measuring the change in direction or energy of hyper-Rayleigh scattered visible light (scattering where photons from the incident laser - with frequency - are scattered into photons of the second harmonic - photons with frequency 2). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "hyper Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001901 af-p:AFP_0001901 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000757 ; skos:altLabel "ESS" , "electron scattering spectrometry" , "electron scattering spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, extended range of kinetic energies is scattered by a surface and the energy and position of the scattered electrons is measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "electron scattering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001902 af-p:AFP_0001902 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002126 ; skos:altLabel "reverse phase SPE" , "reverse phase solid-phase extraction" , "reverse-phase SPE" , "reverse-phase solid-phase extraction" , "reversed phase SPE" , "reversed-phase SPE" ; skos:definition "The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the (non-polar) liquid sample through a (polar) stationary phase. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "reversed-phase solid-phase extraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001910 af-p:AFP_0001910 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000871 ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation which is detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "angle-resolved bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001913 af-p:AFP_0001913 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002834 ; skos:altLabel "performance check" ; skos:definition "A verification is a test of an equipment under regular interval to confirm the performance of the instrument. [Allotrope]" ; skos:example "The correct function of a balance can be verified by placing a weight in the centre of the weighing pan and comparing the result with a pre-defined weight. The same weight must be used in this verification procedure. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "verification" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001914 af-p:AFP_0001914 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001104 ; skos:altLabel "ERD" , "ERDA" , "FRS" , "HFS" , "elastic recoil detection" , "forward recoil scattering" , "hydrogen forward scattering" ; skos:definition "A technique for measuring elemental concentration depth profiles in thin films by directing an ion beam at the sample and detecting recoiled atoms. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "elastic recoil detection analysis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001918 af-p:AFP_0001918 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000527 ; skos:altLabel "LIOAS" , "OAS" , "PAS" , "laser-induced optoacoustic spectrometry" , "laser-induced optoacoustic spectroscopy" , "optoacoustic spectrometry" , "optoacoustic spectroscopy" , "photoacoustic spectrometry" , "pulsed laser OAS" , "pulsed laser PAS" , "pulsed laser optoacoustic spectrometry" , "pulsed laser optoacoustic spectroscopy" , "pulsed laser photoacoustic spectrometry" , "pulsed laser photoacoustic spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sound emitted when a gaseous sample is exposed to an intense laser beam, which is rapidly interrupted by a rotating slotted disk, is measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "photoacoustic spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001919 af-p:AFP_0001919 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001200 ; skos:altLabel "USAXS" , "ultra small angle X-ray scattering" , "ultra small-angle X-ray scattering" , "ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample at ultra-low angles (corresponding to Q = 0.00005-0.005 inverse deg.). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "ultra-small angle X-ray scattering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001921 af-p:AFP_0001921 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001868 ; skos:altLabel "ASE" , "advanced silicon etch" ; skos:definition "The process of creating deep holes and trenches in a silicon surface using short pulses of a plasma (a partially ionized gas - usually SF6 - containing free electrons and radicals) alternating with the deposition of a chemically inert passivation layer (e.g. C4F8). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "advanced silicon etching" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001925 af-p:AFP_0001925 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001317 ; skos:definition "The chemical degradation of a sample caused by passing a carrier gas (H2, O2, N2 etc.) over the sample in a heated furnace. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "furnace pyrolysis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001930 af-p:AFP_0001930 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001280 ; skos:definition "A type of X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with ultra-low energy (<1 keV) X-rays and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to valence-to-core transitions are detected. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "ultra soft X-ray emission spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001931 af-p:AFP_0001931 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002052 ; skos:altLabel "UV photolysis digestion" , "UVPD" , "ultra-vioelt photolysis digestion" ; skos:definition "The decomposition of a sample by placing it in an organic matrix and irradiating the matrix with radiation in the range 200-435 nm (indirectly, using a mirror). OH radicals generated from the matrix react with the sample, degrading it. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "ultraviolet photolysis digestion" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001932 af-p:AFP_0001932 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001234 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "IMS" , "ion mobility spectrometry" , "ion mobility spectroscopy" , "ion-mobility spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "Ion-mobility spectrometry is a ion spectroscopy that that separates and identifies ionized molecules in the gas phase based on their mobility in a carrier buffer gas. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "ion-mobility spectrometry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001938 af-p:AFP_0001938 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001884 ; skos:altLabel "SPIPES" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where a magnetised ferromagnetic sample is bombarded with electrons of a specific spin polarization which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "spin-polarized inverse photoelectron spectrometry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001940 af-p:AFP_0001940 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000899 ; skos:altLabel "phosphorescence labeling" ; skos:definition "The process of covalently attaching a phosphorescent molecule to another molecule, such as a protein or nucleic acid. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "phosphoresent labeling" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001941 af-p:AFP_0001941 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000527 ; skos:altLabel "kinetic spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy used to study processes through in situ observation of the time profile of molecular absorptions. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "kinetic spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001946 af-p:AFP_0001946 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002052 ; skos:altLabel "WD" ; skos:definition "The decomposition of a sample by the addition of liquid reagents in order to solubilise it. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "wet digestion" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001947 af-p:AFP_0001947 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001571 ; skos:definition "A technique used to isolate and purify polymers. The polymer sample is dissolved in a 'good' organic solvent, and this solution is then poured into a 'poor' solvent . Introduction of the polymer to the poor solvent causes the polymer chains to collapse, aggregate and come out of solution. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "polymer precipitation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001952 af-p:AFP_0001952 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000491 ; skos:altLabel "HR-XPS" , "HRXPS" , "high resolution X-ray photoelectron spectrometry" , "high resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy" , "high resolution X-ray photoemission spectrometry" , "high resolution X-ray photoemission spectroscopy" , "high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectrometry" , "high-resolution X-ray photoemission spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with monochromatic X-rays causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001956 af-p:AFP_0001956 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001317 ; skos:altLabel "offline pyrolysis" ; skos:definition "The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy in which the products of a reaction are trapped before analysis. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "off-line pyrolysis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001957 af-p:AFP_0001957 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001234 ; skos:altLabel "IBS" , "ion-beam spectrometry" ; skos:definition "Any type of spectroscopy where a focused beam of ions is directed at a sample and the secondary ions emitted are detected. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "ion-beam spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001958 af-p:AFP_0001958 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001887 ; skos:altLabel "EHD dispensing" , "EHD droplet dispensing" , "electrohydrodynamic droplet dispensing" ; skos:definition "The dispensing of droplets between two electrodes by applying an electric field. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "electrohydrodynamic droplet dispensing" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001962 af-p:AFP_0001962 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000020 ; skos:altLabel "APD" , "APED" , "azimuthal-photoelectron diffraction" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure during photoelectron spectroscopy. Photons are directed at a sample and diffraction patterns resulting from the emission of electrons are determined as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "azimuthal photoelectron diffraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001966 af-p:AFP_0001966 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001339 ; skos:altLabel "ZEKE spectrometry" , "zero kinetic energy electron spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. The energy of the incident photons matches the ionization energy of the sample so emitted electrons have zero kinetic energy. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "zero kinetic energy electron spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001970 af-p:AFP_0001970 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002171 ; skos:definition "The determination of the viscosity of a fluid by measuring the time a defined volume of fluid requires to flow through a capillary tube of a specific length and width. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "capillary viscometry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001971 af-p:AFP_0001971 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000937 ; skos:altLabel "UVAIUPES" , "UVAIUPS" , "UVARUPES" , "UVARUPS" , "angle-integrated ultra-violet photoelectron spectrometry" , "angle-integrated ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy" , "angle-integrated ultra-violet photoemission spectrometry" , "angle-integrated ultraviolet photoelectron spectrometry" , "angle-integrated ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy" , "angle-integrated ultraviolet photoemission spectrometry" , "angle-integrated ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy" , "angle-resolved ultra-violet photoelectron spectrometry" , "angle-resolved ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy" , "angle-resolved ultra-violet photoemission spectrometry" , "angle-resolved ultra-violet photoemission spectroscopy" , "angle-resolved ultraviolet photoelectron spectrometry" , "angle-resolved ultraviolet photoemission spectrometry" , "angle-resolved ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with ultraviolet (10-400 nm) photons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, which are detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "angle-resolved ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001976 af-p:AFP_0001976 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001598 ; skos:definition "The cleavage of one or more bonds in a radioactive material resulting directly or indirectly from its own radioactive decay. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "autoradiolysis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001982 af-p:AFP_0001982 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001185 ; skos:altLabel "EA" ; skos:definition "A process where a sample is analyzed for its elemental and sometimes isotopic composition (the elements present and sometimes their weight percentage). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "elemental analysis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001987 af-p:AFP_0001987 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001638 ; skos:altLabel "photo-CELIV" , "photoinduced CELIV" , "photoinduced charge-carrier extraction in a linearly increasing voltage" ; skos:definition "A method for measuring charge carrier mobilities and conductivities by applying a short (ns) laser pulse to generate charge carriers. These charge carriers are then detected by applying a linearly increasing voltage and measuring the resulting current. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "photoinduced carrier extraction in a linearly increasing voltage" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001988 af-p:AFP_0001988 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001317 ; skos:definition "The chemical degradation of a sample caused by heating it, as a vapour, with steam. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "steam pyrolysis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001989 af-p:AFP_0001989 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001339 ; skos:altLabel "electron-induced PES" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. The energy of the incident electrons is usually greater than the ionization energy of the sample and the photoelectrons are emitted with the excess in the form of kinetic energy. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "electron-induced photoelectron spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001991 af-p:AFP_0001991 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001645 ; skos:definition "Piece counting by weighing is piece counting by weighing an uniform aggregate and an indivual of the aggregate. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "piece counting by weighing" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0001992 af-p:AFP_0001992 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001048 ; skos:altLabel "E2E" , "electron-electron coincidence spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of a pair of electrons which are detected as a function of energy. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "electron-electron coincidence spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002009 af-p:AFP_0002009 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000612 ; skos:altLabel "box smoothing" , "boxcar smoothing" , "sliding average smoothing" ; skos:definition "Moving average smoothing is a smoothing that uses moving averages to smooth data. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "moving average smoothing" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002011 af-p:AFP_0002011 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001466 ; skos:altLabel "time resolved resonance Rayleigh scattering spectrometry" , "time resolved resonance Rayleigh spectroscopy" , "time resolved resonant Rayleigh scattering spectrometry" , "time resolved resonant Rayleigh spectroscopy" , "time-resolved resonant Rayleigh scattering" , "time-resolved resonant Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light, as a function of time, where the wavelength of the incident light corresponds to an absorption band in the scattering molecules. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "time-resolved resonance Rayleigh scattering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002015 af-p:AFP_0002015 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001212 ; skos:altLabel "ILAS" ; skos:definition "Any type of laser spectroscopy where an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "indirect laser absorption spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002020 af-p:AFP_0002020 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000054 ; skos:altLabel "FP" , "FTP" , "Fourier transform profilometry" ; skos:definition "A method where the profile of a surface is determined by illuminating the sample with a beam of light which has been split into two paths, one of which is directed at the sample and the other at a reference mirror. When the reflections are recombined a Fourier transform is applied to the phase of the interference pattern which contains information about the contours of the surface. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "Fourier profilometry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002021 af-p:AFP_0002021 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001204 ; skos:altLabel "SLS" ; skos:definition "The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample below its melting point, using a high-energy laser, until its particles adhere to each other. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "selective laser sintering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002022 af-p:AFP_0002022 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000245 ; skos:altLabel "microwave spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with radiation in the microwave region (1-1000 mm). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "microwave spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002026 af-p:AFP_0002026 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000757 ; skos:altLabel "EELS" , "EIS" , "ELS" , "IESS" , "REELS" , "electron energy loss spectrometry" , "electron impact spectroscopy" , "inelastic electron scattering spectrometry" , "inelastic electron scattering spectroscopy" , "reflection electron energy loss spectrometry" , "reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "Any type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies (50-200 eV) interacts with a surface and the energy loss (0.005-100 eV) the electrons suffer as a result of the interaction is measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "electron energy loss spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002027 af-p:AFP_0002027 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002026 ; skos:altLabel "CELS" , "characteristic energy loss spectrometry" , "characteristic energy loss spectroscopy" , "characteristic energy-loss spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the number of electrons with a given characteristic energy loss is measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "characteristic energy-loss spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002037 af-p:AFP_0002037 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001666 ; skos:altLabel "neutral buoyancy densiometry" , "neutral-buoyancy densiometry" , "neutral-buoyancy densitometry" ; skos:definition "The measurement of the density of a solution by determining the neutral buoyancy of an object (the point at which it maintains a constant depth) in the solution. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "neutral buoyancy densitometry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002042 af-p:AFP_0002042 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000527 ; skos:altLabel "IS" , "dielectric spectroscopy" , "impedance spectrometry" ; skos:definition "Any type of spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of a sample during excitation is measured as a function of frequency. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "impedance spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002043 af-p:AFP_0002043 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002362 ; skos:altLabel "NEXAF spectroscopy" , "NEXAFS" , "NEXAFS spectrometry" , "NEXAFSS" , "X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy" , "X-ray absorption near edge structure spectrometry" , "X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy" , "X-ray absorption near-edge structure" , "XANES" , "XANES spectrometry" , "XANES spectroscopy" , "near edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy" , "near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient measured within 40 eV of the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are determined as a function of incident X-ray energy. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002045 af-p:AFP_0002045 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001050 ; skos:altLabel "PS" ; skos:definition "Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is irradiated with an initial pulse of polarized laser light (the 'pump') and the change in polarization of a second laser pulse (the 'probe') is determined. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "polarization spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002047 af-p:AFP_0002047 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000972 ; skos:altLabel "TDS" , "TPD" , "temperature programmed desorption" , "temperature-programmed desorption" ; skos:definition "A method of observing desorbed molecules from a surface when the surface temperature is increased. The sample is heated slowly in a vacuum and residual gas in the vacuum is detected as a change in pressure. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "thermal desorption spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002048 af-p:AFP_0002048 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002178 ; skos:altLabel "SAS-EM" , "SAS/EM" , "SASEM" , "supercritical anti-solvent precipitation with enhanced mass transfer" , "supercritical anti-solvent with enhanced mass transfer" , "supercritical antisolvent with enhanced mass transfer" ; skos:definition "A solid sample is dissolved in a common (organic or inorganic) solvent then sprayed into a supercritical fluid (held under pressure) resulting in a large decrease in solution density. This effect leads to the reduction in solubility of the solid and precipitation. A surface vibrating at an ultrasonic frequency is used to atomise the solution jet into microdroplets during spraying, increasing turbulence and mixing (resulting in higher mass transfer and smaller particles). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "supercritical antisolvent precipitation with enhanced mass transfer" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002052 af-p:AFP_0002052 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000848 ; skos:definition "The decomposition of a sample into liquid form by treatment with enzymes or strong acids or alkalis. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "sample digestion" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002058 af-p:AFP_0002058 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000548 ; skos:altLabel "VAPAS" , "variable angle polarized absorption spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the absorption of linearly (p-) polarized UV-vis light by a poled thin film sample, as it is rotated about the vertical axis, is recorded at incremental angles of incidence. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "variable-angle polarized absorption spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002061 af-p:AFP_0002061 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001918 ; skos:altLabel "IR OAS" , "IR PAS" , "IR optoacoustic spectrometry" , "IR optoacoustic spectroscopy" , "IR photoacoustic spectrometry" , "IR photoacoustic spectroscopy" , "IR-OAS" , "IR-PAS" , "IROAS" , "IRPAS" , "infra-red optoacoustic spectrometry" , "infra-red photoacoustic spectrometry" , "infra-red photoacoustic spectroscopy" , "infrared optoacoustic spectrometry" , "infrared optoacoustic spectroscopy" , "infrared photoacoustic spectrometry" , "infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sound emitted when a gaseous sample is exposed to an intense infrared laser beam, which is rapidly interrupted by a rotating slotted disk, is measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002066 af-p:AFP_0002066 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001957 ; skos:altLabel "ion micro-probe spectrometry" , "ion microprobe spectrometry" , "ion microprobe spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectrocsopy where a finely focused (<10 m diameter) beam of ions is directed at a sample and the secondary ions emitted are detected. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "ion microprobe spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002076 af-p:AFP_0002076 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002394 ; skos:altLabel "PME" ; skos:definition "The transfer of a solute from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a nonporous sillicon rubber membrane. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "polymeric membrane extraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002082 af-p:AFP_0002082 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001050 ; skos:altLabel "laser micro-probe spectrometry" , "laser microanalysis" , "laser microprobe spectrometry" , "laser microprobe spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more finely focused (<10 m diameter) laser beams and the absorption or emission of light by the sample is measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "laser microprobe spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002087 af-p:AFP_0002087 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001478 ; skos:altLabel "melt-cooling" ; skos:definition "The process of allowing a sample (a glass or polymer) at its melting point to cool at a controlled rate in order to cause changes in morphology or properties. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "melt cooling" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002090 af-p:AFP_0002090 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000226 ; skos:altLabel "CFIBLS" , "collinear fast ion beam laser spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is in the form of a high-speed accelerated beam of ions which is superimposed on a resonant laser beam (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample) and light absorption is measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "collinear fast ion-beam laser spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002091 af-p:AFP_0002091 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002409 ; skos:altLabel "PIGE" , "PIGE spectrometry" , "PIGE spectroscopy" , "particle induced gamma-ray emission spectroscopy" , "particle-induced prompt-photon spectrometry" , "particle-induced prompt-photon spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of gamma-ray emission spectroscopy where the gamma-rays are produced by bombarding the sample with a focused beam of ions. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "particle-induced gamma-ray emission spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002093 af-p:AFP_0002093 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001227 ; skos:definition "A method for measuring charge transport by sandwhiching the sample between two parallel electrodes, one of which has to be semitransparent. A short light pulse is applied to the sample giving rise to charge carriers, which traverse through the sample generating a current which is then measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "time-of-flight method" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002094 af-p:AFP_0002094 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000516 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "max peak picking" ; skos:definition "Height peak picking is a peak picking by reporting the maximum height value of all raw data points belong to the peak. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "height peak picking" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002099 af-p:AFP_0002099 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000980 ; skos:altLabel "fluorescence emission spectroscopy" , "fluorescence spectrometry" , "fluorescence spectrophotometry" , "fluorimetry" , "fluorometry" , "spectrofluorimetry" , "spectrofluorometry" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the intensity of the fluorescence emitted by molecules excited by ultraviolet light is detected as a function of wavelength or time. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "fluorescence spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002104 af-p:AFP_0002104 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002296 ; skos:definition "An apodization function applied to the unprocessed FID to improve signal resolution. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "line sharpening" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002105 af-p:AFP_0002105 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001050 ; skos:altLabel "ultrafast laser spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more laser beams and the absorption or emission of light by the sample is measured in the following fs-ns timescale is measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "ultra-fast laser spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002106 af-p:AFP_0002106 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001266 ; skos:altLabel "VSM" , "vibrating sample magnetometry" ; skos:definition "The measurement of the change in magnetic field caused by the vibration of a sample. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "vibrating-sample magnetometry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002109 af-p:AFP_0002109 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002015 ; skos:altLabel "OKE spectroscopy" , "OKES" , "optical Kerr effect spectroscopy" , "optical Kerr-effect spectroscopy" , "optical-Kerr-effect (OKE) spectroscopy" , "optical-Kerr-effect spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the refractive index change of the sample induced by two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) under the influence of an electric field (the 'optical Kerr effect') is measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "Kerr effect spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002116 af-p:AFP_0002116 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000733 ; skos:altLabel "DC amperometry" , "dc amperometry" , "direct-current amperometry" ; skos:definition "An electrochemical technique where the cell direct current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "direct current amperometry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002121 af-p:AFP_0002121 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000966 ; skos:altLabel "resonant light scattering" ; skos:definition "Resonance light scattering is a measurement method of light scattering that exploits submicroscopical particles that scatter incident light to produce monochromatic light that appears as highly intense fluorescence. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "resonance light scattering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002125 af-p:AFP_0002125 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000615 ; skos:altLabel "RHEED" , "reflection high-energy electron diffraction" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by directing a beam of high energy (10-200 keV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any reflected or elastically scattered electrons. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "reflection high energy electron diffraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002126 af-p:AFP_0002126 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001196 ; skos:altLabel "LSE" , "SPE" , "liquid-solid extraction" , "solid phase extraction" , "solid-phase extraction" , "sorbent extraction" , "sorptive extraction" ; skos:definition "The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the liquid sample through a stationary phase (e.g. silica particles). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "liquid-solid extraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002128 af-p:AFP_0002128 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000665 ; skos:altLabel "shake flask extraction" ; skos:definition "The process of transferring a substance from any matrix to an appropriate liquid phase, during which the sample and solvent are kept in contact in a mechanical shaker. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "shake-flask extraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002129 af-p:AFP_0002129 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000527 ; skos:altLabel "EMR" , "EMR spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "Any type of magnetic resonance spectroscopy involving unpaired electrons. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "electron magnetic resonance spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002130 af-p:AFP_0002130 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001753 ; skos:definition "Any detection or measurement method where reciprocal space structure can be determined by measuring the change in direction or energy of incident particles or radiation scattered by a sample. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "scattering method" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002135 af-p:AFP_0002135 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001670 ; skos:definition "The uncatalysed cleavage of one or more covalent bonds resulting from exposure of a compound to a raised temperature, or a process in which such cleavage is an essential part. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "thermolysis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002141 af-p:AFP_0002141 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000980 ; skos:altLabel "PL spectrometry" , "PL spectroscopy" , "photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy" , "photoluminescence spectrometry" ; skos:definition "Any type of spectroscopy where luminesence (the emission of visible light) from molecules irradiated with light, is detected as a function of wavelength. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "photoluminescence spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002146 af-p:AFP_0002146 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001339 ; skos:altLabel "VUVPES" , "VUVPS" , "vacuum ultra-violet photoelectron spectrometry" , "vacuum ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy" , "vacuum ultra-violet photoemission spectrometry" , "vacuum ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy" , "vacuum ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with vacuum ultraviolet (10-20 nm) photons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "vacuum ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002149 af-p:AFP_0002149 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001801 ; skos:altLabel "SP" , "surface profilometry" ; skos:definition "The measurement of the profile of a surface in order to quantify its roughness. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "profilometry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002166 af-p:AFP_0002166 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000757 ; skos:altLabel "FEED spectrometry" , "FEED spectroscopy" , "FES" , "field emission electron spectroscopy" , "field emission energy distribution spectrometry" , "field emission energy distribution spectroscopy FEEDS" ; skos:definition "Any type of electron spectroscopy where electrons are emitted from a cathode by application of an intense electric field. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "field-emission electron spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002168 af-p:AFP_0002168 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001478 ; skos:definition "A technique for cooling atoms by directing two laser beams (with energy just below an electronic transition) at the sample from opposite directions. Scattering of the laser photons by the atoms in the sample reduces their kinetic energy. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "laser cooling" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002169 af-p:AFP_0002169 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003566 ; skos:definition "The physical process by which a liquid substance is converted to a gas or vapour. This may occur at or below the normal boiling point of the liquid (the temperature at which a liquid boils at 1 atmosphere pressure) and the process is endothermic. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "evaporation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002172 af-p:AFP_0002172 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002342 ; skos:altLabel "FMS" , "frequency modulation spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser which is tuned to match an absorption frequency of the molecules in the sample. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "frequency modulation spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002175 af-p:AFP_0002175 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001768 ; skos:altLabel "USANS" , "ultra-high resolution small-angle neutron scattering" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons at ultra-small angles (corresponding to Q = 0.000003-0.01 inverse degrees). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "ultra small angle neutron scattering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002178 af-p:AFP_0002178 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001811 ; skos:altLabel "SAS" , "SF antisolvent process" , "supercritical anti-solvent fractionation" , "supercritical anti-solvent precipitation" , "supercritical anti-solvent process" , "supercritical antisolvent fractionation" , "supercritical antisolvent precipitation" , "supercritical fluid antisolvent process" ; skos:definition "A solid sample is dissolved in a common (organic or inorganic) solvent then injected into a supercritical fluid (held under pressure) resulting in a large decrease in solution density. This effect leads to the reduction in solubility of the solid and precipitation. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "supercritical antisolvent technique" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002185 af-p:AFP_0002185 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003368 ; skos:altLabel "preconcentration" ; skos:definition "A preparative step where the concentration of one component is increased. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "concentrating" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002190 af-p:AFP_0002190 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000527 ; skos:altLabel "transmission spectrometry" , "transmittance spectrometry" , "transmittance spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "The study of radiation as a function of wavelength that has been transmitted through a sample. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "transmission spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002193 af-p:AFP_0002193 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001876 ; skos:altLabel "critical point drying" , "critical-point drying" , "super-critical point drying" ; skos:definition "The removal of solvent from a sample without passing through the liquid-gas boundary, by immersion in a supercritical fluid and de-pressurization. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "supercritical drying" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002194 af-p:AFP_0002194 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000626 ; skos:definition "Derivatization of a metabolite by addition of pyridinic methoxyamine to stabilise carbonyl moieties. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "methoxyamination derivatization" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002197 af-p:AFP_0002197 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001031 ; skos:altLabel "electrolytic passivation" ; skos:definition "Any eletrochemical process that makes one sample unreactive to another, prior to using the samples together. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "electrochemical passivation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002203 af-p:AFP_0002203 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001811 ; skos:altLabel "normal freezing" , "progressive freezing" ; skos:definition "The process of enriching a solution by partially freezing it and removing frozen material that contains less of the dissolved material than the remaining solution. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "freeze distillation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002217 af-p:AFP_0002217 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000966 ; skos:altLabel "LALLS" , "LALLSS" , "LALS" , "LALSS" , "SALS" , "SALSS" , "low angle laser light scattering" , "low angle laser light scattering spectroscopy" , "low angle light scattering" , "low angle light scattering spectrometry" , "low angle light scattering spectroscopy" , "small angle light scattering" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of visible light scattered at a small angle (0.1-10 deg.) to the incident light. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "small-angle light scattering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002218 af-p:AFP_0002218 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000527 ; skos:altLabel "ORD" ; skos:definition "The measurement of light rotation as a function of wavelength. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "optical rotatory dispersion" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002222 af-p:AFP_0002222 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001909 ; skos:altLabel "CL detection" , "chemoluminescence detection" ; skos:definition "The detection of luminescence emitted from a sample as a result of a chemical reaction. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "chemiluminescence detection" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002223 af-p:AFP_0002223 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001884 ; skos:altLabel "KRIPES" , "KRIPS" , "k-resolved IPE spectrometry" , "k-resolved IPE spectroscopy" , "k-resolved inverse photoelectron spectrometry" , "k-resolved inverse photoemission spectrometry" , "k-resolved inverse photoemission spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation which is detected as a function of the vector k (where k is the difference between the wave vectors of the incident and scattered radiation). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "k-resolved inverse photoelectron spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002231 af-p:AFP_0002231 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000871 ; skos:altLabel "UVBIS" , "ultra-violet bremsstrahlung isochromat spectrometry" , "ultra-violet bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy" , "ultra-violet bremsstrahlung spectrometry" , "ultraviolet bremsstrahlung isochromat spectrometry" , "ultraviolet bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy" , "ultraviolet bremsstrahlung spectrometry" , "ultraviolet bremsstrahlung spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation in the ultraviolet region. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "ultraviolet bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002235 af-p:AFP_0002235 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002362 ; skos:altLabel "EXAFS" , "EXAFS spectrometry" , "EXAFS spectroscopy" , "EXAFSS" , "extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient measured 500-1000 eV below the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are determined as a function of incident X-ray energy. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002237 af-p:AFP_0002237 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001876 ; skos:definition "The removal of solvent from a sample by heating in an oven. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "oven drying" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002238 af-p:AFP_0002238 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001955 ; skos:altLabel "bulk electrolysis" , "controlled potential coulometry" , "controlled-potential coulometry" ; skos:definition "An electrochemical technique where the total Coulombs of electricity required to complete (fully oxidise or fully reduce the sample in) an electrochemical reaction is measured whilst the potential of the working electrode is held at a constant value. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "potentiostatic coulometry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002242 af-p:AFP_0002242 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002126 ; skos:altLabel "normal phase SPE" , "normal phase solid-phase extraction" , "normal-phase SPE" ; skos:definition "The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the (polar) liquid sample through a (non-polar) stationary phase. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "normal-phase solid-phase extraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002244 af-p:AFP_0002244 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000044 ; skos:altLabel "EM" ; skos:definition "A type of microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "electron microscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002246 af-p:AFP_0002246 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001162 ; skos:altLabel "SHG-CD" , "second harmonic generation circular dichroism spectroscopy" , "second harmonic generation-circular dichroism" , "second-harmonic generation-circular dichroism" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarized light by a sample. Laser light of frequency f is converted to light of frequency 2f by a non-linear interaction with the sample, and the polarization of this light (the 'second harmonic') is determined. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "second harmonic generation circular dichroism spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002251 af-p:AFP_0002251 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003566 ; skos:altLabel "PGSS" , "expansion from gas saturated solutions" , "particles from gas saturated solutions" ; skos:definition "A solid sample is heated above its melting point and combining the molten material with a supercritical fluid. The solution is then expanded through a nozzle, causing the precipitation of the solid as a fine powder. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "particles from gas-saturated solutions" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002254 af-p:AFP_0002254 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002015 ; skos:altLabel "TLS" , "thermal lens spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the energy generated by nonradiative thermal relaxation after laser light absorption is measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "thermal lens spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002259 af-p:AFP_0002259 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002109 ; skos:altLabel "TR-OKE spectroscopy" , "TROKE spectroscopy" , "TROKES" , "time resolved optical Kerr effect spectroscopy" , "time-resolved OKE spectroscopy" , "time-resolved OKES" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where time response of a transient birefringence induced in the sample by two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) under the influence of an electric field (the 'optical Kerr effect') is measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "time-resolved optical Kerr effect spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002267 af-p:AFP_0002267 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002065 ; skos:definition "The measurement of the intensity of the light resulting from the interference of two lasers of the same wavelength. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "homodyne detection" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002270 af-p:AFP_0002270 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001048 ; skos:altLabel "PIPECO" , "photoion photoelectron coincidence spectrometry" , "photoion photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy" , "photoion-photoelectron coincidence spectrometry" , "photoionphotoelectron coincidence spectrometry" , "photoionphotoelectron coincidence spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of a photoelectron and its corresponding ion which are detected as a function of energy. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "photoion-photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002274 af-p:AFP_0002274 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003566 ; skos:definition "The conversion of a vaporized sample into atomic components. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "atomization" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002277 af-p:AFP_0002277 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002216 ; skos:definition "A technique used to determine the extent of oxygenation of an enzyme, based on the absorption of light by the oxygenated and deoxygenated forms. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "enzyme oximetry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002278 af-p:AFP_0002278 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002130 ; skos:altLabel "neutron scattering spectrometry" , "neutron scattering spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample and the intensity of the scattering is given by the scattering vector Q = (4/)sin(pi/2). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "neutron scattering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002288 af-p:AFP_0002288 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001317 ; skos:definition "The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy in the presence of an reductive atmosphere. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "reductive pyrolysis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002292 af-p:AFP_0002292 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001809 ; skos:definition "The evaporation of solvent from a sample by placing it a centrifuge and spinning it rapidly. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "centrifugal evaporation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002298 af-p:AFP_0002298 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002313 ; skos:altLabel "DTA" ; skos:definition "The measurement of the temperature difference between the sample and a reference material. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "differential thermal analysis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002301 af-p:AFP_0002301 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001204 ; skos:altLabel "LS" ; skos:definition "The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample with a laser (e.g. a CO2 laser) below its melting point until its particles adhere to each other. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "laser sintering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002315 af-p:AFP_0002315 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002052 ; skos:altLabel "MAD" , "MOD" , "microwave oven digestion" , "microwave-assisted digestion" ; skos:definition "The assisted solubilization of a sample by the application of radiation in the 1-1000 mm region. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "microwave digestion" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002323 af-p:AFP_0002323 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000811 ; skos:altLabel "SHE" , "equilibrium headspace extraction" ; skos:definition "The process of transferring a substance from a solid or liquid matrix to the vapour phase by heating. Once the concentration of the analyte in the headspace is in equilibrium with the concentration in the sample matrix, the headspace is removed. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "static headspace extraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002324 af-p:AFP_0002324 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001227 ; skos:altLabel "FET method" , "FET technique" , "field effect transistor method" , "field-effect transistor (FET) method" ; skos:definition "A method for determining charge transport by incorporating the sample (as a thin film) into an FET. An electric field is applied to the sample (by means of the gate electrode) and the change in conductance between the source and drain electrodes is measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "field-effect transistor method" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002327 af-p:AFP_0002327 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002149 ; skos:definition "A method where the profile of a surface is determined by moving a diamond stylus laterally across it at a specified contact force and measuring its vertical displacement. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "contact profilometry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002331 af-p:AFP_0002331 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001028 ; skos:altLabel "ARPEFS" , "ARPEFSS" , "ARPES spectrometry" , "ARPES spectroscopy" , "angle-resolved photoelectron extended fine structure spectrometry" , "angle-resolved photoemission extended fine structure spectrometry" , "angle-resolved photoemission extended fine structure spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. The spectrum is recorded over an extended energy range, from the photon absorption edge onset to several hundred eV above it. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "angle-resolved photoelectron extended fine structure spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002333 af-p:AFP_0002333 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001805 ; skos:definition "The process of removing the unprotected areas of a silicon surface by placing it inside an electrochemical etching solution (KOH, HF or TMAH) in the presence of an electric current. When the silicon substrate is in contact with a noble metal (Au or Cr) a Galvanic cell is formed and the silicon is oxidized. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "galvanic etching" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002334 af-p:AFP_0002334 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000757 ; skos:altLabel "APS" , "appearance potential spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by the appearance of relaxation products (Auger electrons or X-rays) or by a change in the electron beam current. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "appearance potential spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002336 af-p:AFP_0002336 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000980 ; skos:definition "The detection of luminescence emitted over a long timescale from a sample, as a result of irradiation with light, as a function of wavelength or time. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "phosphorescence spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002342 af-p:AFP_0002342 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001212 ; skos:altLabel "DLAS" , "direct laser absorption spectrometry" , "direct laser absorption spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more laser beams and light absorption is measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "direct laser absorption spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002349 af-p:AFP_0002349 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000455 ; skos:altLabel "CFHF-LPME" , "continuous flow hollow fiber liquid-phase micro-extraction" , "continuous flow hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction" , "continuous flow hollow fibre liquid-phase micro-extraction" ; skos:definition "The process of transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase immobilised within the pores of the wall of a porous hollow fibre (<10 µm diameter). The aqueous phase is allowed to flow continuously through the fibre, allowing mass transfer to occur. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "continuous flow hollow fibre liquid-phase micro-extraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002352 af-p:AFP_0002352 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000148 ; skos:altLabel "femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy" , "fs PP spectroscopy" , "fs pump probe spectroscopy" , "fs pump-probe spectroscopy" , "ultra-fast pump-probe spectroscopy" , "ultrafast pump probe spectroscopy" , "ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with an initial laser pulse (the 'pump') followed by a second laser pulse (the 'probe') after a fs delay. The pump pulse creates excitations in the sample, which are sensed by the probe pulse. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002357 af-p:AFP_0002357 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002419 ; skos:altLabel "ILEED" , "inelastic low-energy electron diffraction" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by directing a beam of low energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any inelastically scattered (scattering where kinetic energy is not conserved) electrons. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "inelastic low energy electron diffraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002359 af-p:AFP_0002359 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000570 ; skos:altLabel "NPD" , "powder neutron diffraction" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by directing a beam of cold or thermal neutrons at a powdered solid sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted neutrons. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "neutron powder diffraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002362 af-p:AFP_0002362 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000097 ; skos:altLabel "X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements" , "X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry" , "XAFS" ; skos:definition "A type of X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient around the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are measured as a function of incident X-ray energy. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002367 af-p:AFP_0002367 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003566 ; skos:altLabel "age hardening" , "dispersion hardening" , "precipitate ageing" , "precipitation hardening" ; skos:definition "Any time-dependent change of the properties of a precipitate e.g. loss of water or growth of crystals as a result of prolonged heat treatment. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "aging" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002369 af-p:AFP_0002369 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001909 ; skos:altLabel "TL detection" ; skos:definition "The detection of luminescence exhibited by certain crystalline materials, such as some minerals, when previously absorbed energy from electromagnetic radiation or other ionizing radiation is re-emitted as light upon heating of the material. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "thermoluminescence detection" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002374 af-p:AFP_0002374 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000870 ; skos:altLabel "QENS" , "QINS" , "quasi elastic neutron scattering" , "quasi elastic neutron scattering spectrometry" , "quasi elastic neutron scattering spectroscopy" , "quasi-elastic neutron scattering spectrometry" , "quasi-elastic neutron scattering spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in a liquid sample which is in thermal motion. Phase is not conserved and although the neutrons retain all of their kinetic energy during collisions, the thermal motion of the sample causes a broadening of the energy range of the scattered neutrons. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "quasi-elastic neutron scattering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002379 af-p:AFP_0002379 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000665 ; skos:altLabel "EtOH extraction" ; skos:definition "The process of transferring a substance from any matrix into ethanol. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "ethanol extraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002380 af-p:AFP_0002380 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002334 ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by a sudden increase in secondary electron current. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "Auger electron appearance potential spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002382 af-p:AFP_0002382 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001227 ; skos:altLabel "TRMC" , "time resolved microwave conductivity" ; skos:definition "A technique allowing the quantitative and qualitative detection of radiation-induced charge separation by time-resolved measurement of the changes in microwave absorption resulting from the production and decay of charged and dipolar molecular entities. In a typical TRMC experiment, separated charge carriers, which are generated by a laser pulse, lead to a perturbation of the initial microwave absorbance. The temporal decay of the conductivity signal (i.e. microwave absorbance) reflects the lifetime of the photogenerated carriers. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "time-resolved microwave conductivity" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002383 af-p:AFP_0002383 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001162 ; skos:altLabel "FDCD" , "FDCD spectrometry" , "FDCD spectroscopy" , "fluorescence detected circular dichroism spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarized luminescence. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "fluorescence detected circular dichroism spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002387 af-p:AFP_0002387 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000527 ; skos:altLabel "photothermal spectrometry" ; skos:definition "Any type of spectroscopy where light energy absorbed by the sample results in heating and the subsequent change in temperature, pressure or density is measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "photothermal spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002388 af-p:AFP_0002388 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000191 ; skos:altLabel "SPLITT fractionation" , "split flow thin (SPLITT) fractionation" ; skos:definition "A technique for separating magnetic and nonmagentic particles by placing the sample in a narrow channel and applying a magnetic field. Magnetic particles are dragged away from their stream into a separate buffer stream, leaving the nonmagnetic particles behind. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "split flow thin fractionation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002392 af-p:AFP_0002392 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000733 ; skos:altLabel "CPA" , "constant-potential amperometry" ; skos:definition "An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is held at a constant value (sufficient to oxidize or reduce the sample). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "constant potential amperometry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002394 af-p:AFP_0002394 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001196 ; skos:definition "The transfer of a solute from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a nonporous membrane. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "membrane extraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002396 af-p:AFP_0002396 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000612 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "Savitzky-Golay smoothing is a smoothing by convolving the data by fitting successive sub-sets of adjacent data points with a low-degree polynomial by the method of linear least squares. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "Savitzky-Golay smoothing" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002398 af-p:AFP_0002398 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000756 ; skos:altLabel "RIP" , "RNA immunoprecipitation" ; skos:definition "The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') consisting of a protein-specific antibody complex (where the protein is part of a protein-RNA complex) from solution. This method is used to determine the location of RNA binding sites for particular proteins of interest. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "ribonucleic acid immunoprecipitation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002400 af-p:AFP_0002400 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000757 ; skos:altLabel "SES" ; skos:definition "Any type of spectroscopy where primary electrons interact with a sample and the electrons emitted as a result of the interaction (secondary electrons) are detected. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "secondary electron spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002401 af-p:AFP_0002401 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000527 ; skos:altLabel "MONES" , "molecular non-thermal excitation spectrometry" , "molecular non-thermal excitation spectroscopy" , "molecular nonthermal excitation spectrometry" ; skos:definition "A type of molecular spectroscopy where the sample is placed in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it, then excited using a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "molecular nonthermal excitation spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002402 af-p:AFP_0002402 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001129 ; skos:altLabel "c.w. ELDOR" , "continuous wave electron-electron double resonance spectroscopy" , "continuous-wave electron-electron double resonance spectroscopy" , "cw ELDOR" , "cw-ELDOR" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where the sample is irradiated by two microwave frequencies which match electron resonance transitions. The effect of the higher power frequency ('pump') transition on the lower power ('observed') transitionsis measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "continuous wave electron-electron double resonance spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002407 af-p:AFP_0002407 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002313 ; skos:definition "The measurement of the sound emitted by a sample as a function of temperature. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "thermosonimetry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002409 af-p:AFP_0002409 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000527 ; skos:altLabel "gamma ray spectrometry" , "gamma spectrometry" , "gamma spectroscopy" , "gamma-ray emission spectroscopy" , "gamma-ray emssion spectrometry" , "gamma-ray emssion spectroscopy" , "gamma-ray spectrometry" , "gamma-ray spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "Any type of spectroscopy where the energies of gamma-rays emitted or absorbed by a sample is measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "gamma-ray spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002410 af-p:AFP_0002410 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001767 ; skos:altLabel "bomb-digestion" ; skos:definition "The decomposition of a sample in strong acids such as nitric, sulfuric or perchloric acid in a sealed vessel (lined with PTFE), under high pressure and high temperature, in order to obtain the sample in liquid form. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "bomb digestion" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002412 af-p:AFP_0002412 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000176 ; skos:altLabel "re-crystallization" ; skos:definition "A technique for purifying a crystalline sample where the impure sample is dissolved in a small volume of solvent, forming a supersaturated solution. As the temperature of the solution drops, pure crystals form, the impurities remaining dissolved in the solvent. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "recrystallization" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002418 af-p:AFP_0002418 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002278 ; skos:altLabel "INS" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample and phase is not conserved. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "incoherent neutron scattering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002419 af-p:AFP_0002419 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001066 ; skos:altLabel "LEED" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by directing a beam of low energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "low energy electron diffraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002424 af-p:AFP_0002424 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002109 ; skos:altLabel "RIKES" , "Raman-induced Kerr-effect spectroscopy" ; skos:definition "A type of spectroscopy where two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) with a frequency difference close to a Raman-mode frequency in the sample induce a refractive index change in the sample. By scanning the frequency difference of the two beams and recording simultaneously the polarization change of the probe beam, the Raman spectral structure of the sample can be obtained. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002425 af-p:AFP_0002425 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000982 ; skos:altLabel "UV melting" , "ultra-violet melting" ; skos:definition "The process of heating a substance by irradiation with ultraviolet light (190-400 nm) to cause the solid-liquid phase change. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "ultraviolet melting" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002431 af-p:AFP_0002431 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003464 ; skos:definition "Mobilization is the last step of IEF that makes the focused compounds migrate to one of the electrodes. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "mobilization" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002432 af-p:AFP_0002432 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001801 ; skos:altLabel "CIS" , "chemical imaging spectrometry" , "chemical imaging spectroscopy" , "hyperspectral imaging" , "imaging spectrometry" , "imaging spectroscopy" , "multispectral imaging" , "spectral imaging" , "spectroscopic imaging" ; skos:definition "The simultaneous measurement of spectra and images. A radiation source illuminates the sample and a series of spatially resolved spectra are collected. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "chemical imaging" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002436 af-p:AFP_0002436 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001156 ; skos:altLabel "synchrotron radiation excited X-ray spectrometry" ; skos:definition "Any type of X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with radiation is generated in a synchrotron and the energies and intensities of the emitted X-rays are detected. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "synchrotron radiation excited X-ray spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002442 af-p:AFP_0002442 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003335 ; skos:definition "A separation method where magnetic particles move at different speeds according to their magnetic susceptibilities in a separation medium, across which a magnetic field is applied. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "magnetophoresis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002446 af-p:AFP_0002446 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000711 ; skos:definition "The formation of a gel from a solution by altering the pH of the solution. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "pH-induced gelation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002448 af-p:AFP_0002448 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001204 ; skos:definition "The fusing together of small particles by heating the powder sample below its melting point (without applied pressure) until its particles adhere to each other. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "pressureless sintering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002449 af-p:AFP_0002449 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000046 ; skos:altLabel "S-FRS" , "S-FRSM" , "SFRS" , "SFRSM" , "Soret forced Rayleigh scattering method" , "TDFRS" , "TDFRS analysis" , "TDFRS method" , "thermal diffusion forced Rayleigh scattering" , "thermal-diffusion forced Rayleigh scattering" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure where a grating created by the interference of two laser beams is written into a sample which contains a small amount of dye. The intensity grating is converted into a temperature grating which, in turn, causes a concentration grating by thermal diffusion. A further laser beam is Rayleigh scattered by the grating and the change in direction or energy of the light and the temporal evolution of the scattered beam are measured. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "thermal diffusion forced Rayleigh scattering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002451 af-p:AFP_0002451 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000148 ; skos:altLabel "FP" ; skos:definition "A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser or flash lamp. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The absorption of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "flash photolysis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002452 af-p:AFP_0002452 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000521 ; skos:altLabel "EIXES" , "electron-induced XES" ; skos:definition "Any type of X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding the sample with a focused beam of high-energy electrons. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "electron-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002453 af-p:AFP_0002453 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001885 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "half-log dilution" ; skos:definition "A half-logarithmic dilution is a serial dilution with a 3.16-fold (10^0.5) dilution for each step. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "half-logarithmic dilution" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002456 af-p:AFP_0002456 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000777 ; skos:altLabel "low temperature distillation" , "low-temperature distillation" ; skos:definition "A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a high-boiling-point sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat at low pressure and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "vacuum distillation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002457 af-p:AFP_0002457 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000966 ; skos:altLabel "LLS" , "laser-light scattering" ; skos:definition "A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered visible light. Light (from a laser source) is scattered by the electrons surrounding the atomic nuclei in the sample. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "laser light scattering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002458 af-p:AFP_0002458 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000711 ; skos:definition "The formation of a gel from a solution by the application of ultrasound (sound waves >20 kHz frequency). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "sound-induced gelation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002461 af-p:AFP_0002461 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001478 ; skos:definition "Air cooling is a type of sample cooling using gaseous air. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "air cooling" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002500 af-p:AFP_0002500 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002800 ; skos:definition "A measurement of dissolved oxygen. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "dissolved oxygen measurement" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002501 af-p:AFP_0002501 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002800 ; skos:definition "A measurement of dissolved carbon dioxide. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "dissolved carbon dioxide measurement" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002508 af-p:AFP_0002508 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000983 ; skos:altLabel "thresholding" ; skos:definition "The removal of data points based on a low or high intensity threshold. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "intensity based data point removal" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002527 af-p:AFP_0002527 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003374 ; dct:source "Murray, K., Boyd, R., Eberlin, M., et al. (2013). Definitions of terms relating to mass spectrometry (IUPAC Recommendations 2013). Pure and Applied Chemistry, 85(7), pp. 1515-1609." ; skos:altLabel "ionization suppression" ; skos:definition "Ion suppression is a state in which the ionization efficiency of a species is lowered by the presence of a different species. [IUPAC]" ; skos:note "The effect is most significant in electrospray ionization but is also observed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and to a lesser extent in other ionization methods. [IUPAC]" ; skos:prefLabel "ion suppression" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002530 af-p:AFP_0002530 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003374 ; skos:definition "A short burst of electical or magnetic energy. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "pulse" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002536 af-p:AFP_0002536 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf bfo:_0000144 ; skos:definition "A sequence of one or more pulses with defined powers, timings, and phases for excitation and detection of nuclear spins. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "pulse sequence" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002595 af-p:AFP_0002595 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003566 ; skos:definition "In chemistry, sparging, also known as gas flushing in metallurgy, is a technique which involves bubbling a chemically inert gas, such as nitrogen, argon, or helium, through a liquid. This can be used to remove dissolved gases (e.g. oxygen) from the liquid. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "sparging" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002636 af-p:AFP_0002636 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000812 ; skos:definition "The purification of water. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "water purification" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002637 af-p:AFP_0002637 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002638 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "EDI" ; skos:definition "Electrodeionization is a water treatment technology that utilizes an electricity, ion exchange membranes and resin to deionize water and separate dissolved ions (impurities) from water. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "electrodeionization" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002638 af-p:AFP_0002638 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000401 , af-p:AFP_0002636 ; skos:definition "A water purification that uses deionization. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "water deionization" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002639 af-p:AFP_0002639 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002638 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "CDI" , "capacitive desalination" , "electrochemical demineralization" , "electrosorb process for desalination of water" , "electrosorption of salt ions" ; skos:definition "Capacitive deionization is a technology to deionize water by applying an electrical potential difference over two porous carbon electrodes. Anions, ions with a negative charge, are removed from the water and are stored in the positively polarized electrode. Likewise, cations (positive charge) are stored in the cathode, which is the negatively polarized electrode. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "capacitive deionization" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002640 af-p:AFP_0002640 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002636 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "desalinization" ; skos:definition "Desalination is a process that removes minerals from saline water. More generally, desalination may also refer to the removal of salts and minerals. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "desalination" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002641 af-p:AFP_0002641 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000422 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "osmotic process" ; skos:definition "Osmosis is the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a semi-permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "osmosis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002642 af-p:AFP_0002642 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002636 , af-p:AFP_0002641 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "FO" ; skos:definition "Forward osmosis (FO) is an osmotic process that uses a semi-permeable membrane to effect separation of water from dissolved solutes. The driving force for this separation is an osmotic pressure gradient, such that a \"draw\" solution of high concentration (relative to that of the feed solution), is used to induce a net flow of water through the membrane into the draw solution, thus effectively separating the feed water from its solutes. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "forward osmosis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002643 af-p:AFP_0002643 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003473 ; dct:source "FDA Guidance for Industry Sterile Drug Products Produced by Aseptic Processing — Current Good Manufacturing Practice" ; skos:definition "A process that eliminates viable bioburden via use of sporicidal chemical agents. [FDA]" ; skos:prefLabel "decontamination" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002644 af-p:AFP_0002644 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003473 ; dct:source "FDA Guidance for Industry Sterile Drug Products Produced by Aseptic Processing — Current Good Manufacturing Practice" ; skos:definition "Process by which surface bioburden is reduced to a safe level or eliminated. Some disinfection agents are effective only against vegetative microbes, while others possess additional capability to effectively kill bacterial and fungal spores. [FDA]" ; skos:prefLabel "disinfection" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002645 af-p:AFP_0002645 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003473 ; dct:source "FDA Guidance for Industry Sterile Drug Products Produced by Aseptic Processing — Current Good Manufacturing Practice" ; skos:definition "A process used to destroy or remove pyrogens (e.g., endotoxin). [FDA]" ; skos:prefLabel "depyrogenation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002646 af-p:AFP_0002646 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003473 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "Sterilization is a term referring to any process that eliminates (removes) or kills (deactivates) all forms of life and other biological agents (such as prions, as well as viruses which some do not consider to be alive but are biological pathogens nonetheless), including transmissible agents (such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, prions, spore forms, unicellular eukaryotic organisms such as Plasmodium, etc.) present in a specified region, such as a surface, a volume of fluid, medication, or in a compound such as biological culture media. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "sterilization" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002651 af-p:AFP_0002651 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003566 ; skos:definition "Granulation is a process of forming granules. The quality of granulation determines the smooth and trouble free process of tablets manufacturing. If granulation is not done in a proper manner, the resulting mixture may damage the tableting press. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "granulation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002662 af-p:AFP_0002662 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002296 ; skos:definition "Signal averaging is a process of combining spectra of repeated measurements in order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "signal averaging" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002667 af-p:AFP_0002667 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002843 ; skos:definition "Slugging is a process where a formed solid or powder solid is compressed in a tablet press as opposed to a roller compactor. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "slugging" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002674 af-p:AFP_0002674 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003374 ; skos:definition "Desorption is the process of a species desorbing from a surface when heated. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "desorption" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002675 af-p:AFP_0002675 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000975 ; skos:altLabel "moisture sorption" ; skos:definition "Dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) is a gravimetric technique that measures how quickly and how much of a solvent is absorbed by a sample: such as a dry powder absorbing water. It does this by varying the vapor concentration surrounding the sample and measuring the change in mass which this produces. Water vapor is most commonly used, but it is also possible to use a wide range of organic solvents. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "dynamic vapor sorption" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002679 af-p:AFP_0002679 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002834 ; skos:definition "Performance testing of a device. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "integrity testing" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002681 af-p:AFP_0002681 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002834 ; skos:definition "A friability test checks the condition of being friable. Friability describes the ability of a solid substance to be reduced to smaller pieces with little effort, especially by rubbing. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "friability test" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002688 af-p:AFP_0002688 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001116 ; skos:altLabel "flow cytometry" ; skos:definition "In biotechnology, flow cytometry is a laser- or impedance-based, biophysical technology employed in cell counting, cell sorting, biomarker detection and protein engineering, by suspending cells in a stream of fluid and passing them through an electronic detection apparatus. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "flow cytometry assay" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002693 af-p:AFP_0002693 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002849 ; skos:altLabel "T-test" ; skos:definition "The t-test is a process of quantifying the closeness of two sets of data points. It is defined as the ratio of the difference between the means of the two sets divided by the standard error of the difference. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "t-test" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002700 af-p:AFP_0002700 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002680 ; dct:source , "PAC, 1996, 68, 149 (A glossary of terms used in chemical kinetics, including reaction dynamics (IUPAC Recommendations 1996)) on page 175" ; skos:altLabel "chemical kinetics" , "kinetics" ; skos:definition "A kinetics assay is an assay that investigates how different experimental conditions can influence the speed of a chemical reaction and yield information about the reaction's mechanism and transition states. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "kinetics assay" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002702 af-p:AFP_0002702 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002670 ; skos:definition "The closed loop uses feedback control for the regulation of the vapor generation. The system continuously detects deviations from the target partial pressure and adjusts the vapor generation correspondingly. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "closed loop vapor generation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002725 af-p:AFP_0002725 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003490 ; skos:definition "A thickness test is a process in order to check the thickness of an object. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "thickness test" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002736 af-p:AFP_0002736 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002843 ; skos:definition "Roller compaction is a process where a formed solid or powder solid is compressed between two rolls expressed in kN/cm where the cm value is the measurement of the roll diameter. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "roller compaction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002749 af-p:AFP_0002749 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003374 ; skos:definition "Sorption is a phenomenon whereby a substance is attached to or through a surface of a sample. This occurs in a system being in the state of sorption equilibrium between bulk phase (fluid, i.e. gas or liquid solution) and an adsorbing surface (solid or boundary separating two fluids). When the concentration (or pressure) of substance in the bulk phase is increased, some of the substance moves to the adsorbing surface. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "sorption" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002754 af-p:AFP_0002754 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0000993 ; skos:altLabel "analysis model" ; skos:definition "The particle model is the mathematical model for the calculation of particle sizes. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "particle model" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002766 af-p:AFP_0002766 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003364 ; skos:definition "The alignment of optics is a process of preparing the correct setup of the optical parts of a device. [Allotrope]" ; skos:example "After cleaning or movement of a laser it must be aligned to hit the center of the detector" ; skos:prefLabel "optics alignment" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002775 af-p:AFP_0002775 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002716 ; skos:altLabel "laser diffraction" ; skos:definition "Laser diffraction is a process of particle size measurement by observation of the angular variation in intensity of scattered laser light. [Allotrope]" ; skos:editorialNote "SME input needed on difference between multi-angle light scattering and laser diffraction method" ; skos:prefLabel "particle sizing by laser diffraction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002783 af-p:AFP_0002783 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002389 ; skos:definition "Wavelength calibration is the process of calibrating the wavelength of a device. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "wavelength calibration" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002784 af-p:AFP_0002784 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0001116 ; skos:altLabel "BLI" ; skos:definition "Bio-layer interferometry (BLI) is a label-free technology for measuring biomolecular interactions within the sample. It is an optical analytical technique that analyzes the interference pattern of white light reflected from two surfaces: a layer of immobilized protein on the biosensor tip, and an internal reference layer. Any change in the number of molecules bound to the biosensor tip causes a shift in the interference pattern that can be measured in real-time. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "bio-layer interferometry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002785 af-p:AFP_0002785 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002670 ; skos:altLabel "open loop" ; skos:definition "The open loop uses predefined tabulated values based on solvent and temperature for the regulation of the vapour generation. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "open loop vapor generation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002803 af-p:AFP_0002803 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002294 ; skos:altLabel "baseline" , "baseline measurement" ; skos:definition "Zeroing is a process of measurement in order to determine the zero value of a measurement instrument. [Allotrope]" ; skos:example "A baseline reading that is taken by a UV spectrophotometer of a cuvette/ sample vessel holding the blank/buffer/diluent without any sample. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "zeroing" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002808 af-p:AFP_0002808 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002716 ; skos:altLabel "MALS" ; skos:definition "Multiangle light scattering (MALS) is a technique for determining, independently, the absolute molar mass and the average size of particles in solution, by detecting how they scatter light. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:note "Collimated light from a laser source is most often used, in which case the technique can be referred to as multiangle laser light scattering (MALLS). The insertion of the word “laser\" was intended to reassure those used to making light scattering measurements with conventional light sources such as Hg-arc lamps that low angle measurements could now be made. Until the advent of lasers and their associated fine beams of narrow width, the width of conventional light beams used to make such measurements prevented data collection at smaller scattering angles. In recent years, since all commercial light scattering instrumentation use laser sources, this need to mention the light source has been dropped and the term MALS used throughout. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "particle sizing by multi-angle light scattering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002820 af-p:AFP_0002820 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002716 ; skos:definition "Image analysis is a process of particle size measurement by analysis of images of particles. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "particle sizing by image analysis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002834 af-p:AFP_0002834 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003315 ; skos:definition "A test can be considered a technical operation or procedure that consists of determination of one or more characteristics of a given product, process or service according to a specified procedure. Often a test is part of an experiment.The test result can be qualitative (yes/no), categorical, or quantitative (a measured value). It can be a personal observation or the output of a precision measuring instrument. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "test" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002843 af-p:AFP_0002843 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003367 ; skos:definition "Compression is the act of reducing volume by applying a force. [Allotrope]" ; skos:example "In the case of tablets it is the act of forming a solid plug from individual powder / granule components." ; skos:prefLabel "compression" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002847 af-p:AFP_0002847 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000812 ; skos:definition "Protein purification is a series of processes intended to isolate one or a few proteins from a complex mixture, usually cells, tissues or whole organisms. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "protein purification" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0002849 af-p:AFP_0002849 rdf:type owl:Class ; skos:altLabel "quantitation" ; skos:definition "In mathematics and empirical science, quantification (or quantitation) is the act of counting and measuring that maps human sense observations and experiences into members of some set of numbers. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "quantification" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003285 af-p:AFP_0003285 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003281 ; skos:prefLabel "drawing profile" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003539 af-p:AFP_0003539 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0003540 ; skos:altLabel "photoanalysis" ; skos:definition "Photo analysis refers to the study of pictures to compile various types of data, for example, to measure the size distribution of virtually anything that can be captured by photo. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "photo analysis" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003542 af-p:AFP_0003542 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002688 , af-p:AFP_0003472 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "FACS" ; skos:definition "Fluorescence-activated cell sorting is a specialized type of flow cytometry. It provides a method for sorting a heterogeneous mixture of biological cells into two or more containers, one cell at a time, based upon the specific light scattering and fluorescent characteristics of each cell. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "fluorescence-activated cell sorting" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003555 af-p:AFP_0003555 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0000862 ; skos:definition "Microgravimetry is a type of gravimetry that analyzes very small differences of masses. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "microgravimetry" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003688 af-p:AFP_0003688 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002700 ; dct:source "PAC, 1996, 68, 149 (A glossary of terms used in chemical kinetics, including reaction dynamics (IUPAC Recommendations 1996))" ; skos:altLabel "molecular kinetics" ; skos:definition "A molecular kinetics assay is a kinetics assay in which there is emphasis on the behaviour of the system at the molecular level. [IUPAC]" ; skos:prefLabel "molecular kinetics assay" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003689 af-p:AFP_0003689 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002700 ; dct:source "PAC, 1996, 68, 149 (A glossary of terms used in chemical kinetics, including reaction dynamics (IUPAC Recommendations 1996))" ; skos:altLabel "macroscopy kinetics" ; skos:definition "A macroscopic kinetics assay is a kinetics assay in which the interest is in the behaviour of bulk systems, e.g. in changes in concentrations of reactants and products. [IUPAC]" ; skos:prefLabel "macroscopic kinetics assay" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003690 af-p:AFP_0003690 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-p:AFP_0002700 ; dct:source "PAC, 1996, 68, 149 (A glossary of terms used in chemical kinetics, including reaction dynamics (IUPAC Recommendations 1996))" ; skos:altLabel "microscopy kinetics" ; skos:definition "Microscopic kinetics assay is a kinetics assay in which the emphasis is on the interpretation of the behaviour in terms of elementary reactions. [IUPAC]" ; skos:prefLabel "microscopic kinetics assay" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003790 af-p:AFP_0003790 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf bfo:_0000015 ; skos:definition "Assay preparation is the planned process of preparing an assay that produces information about the material entity that is the evaluand, by physically examining it or its proxies. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "assay preparation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003793 af-p:AFP_0003793 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf obi:_0000011 ; skos:definition "Powdering is a process of transformation of a solid substance into the form of tiny loose particles. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "powdering" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/process#AFP_0003794 af-p:AFP_0003794 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf obi:_0000011 ; skos:definition "A process of repeating a movement of a part of an object with higher frequency than the repeating movement of the total object. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "shaking" ; skos:scopeNote "The repetitive movement of a part of the body." . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/quality#AFQ_0000010 af-q:AFQ_0000010 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-q:AFQ_0000005 ; af-x:AFX_0002811 af-x:AFX_0000360 ; af-x:AFX_0002818 "true"^^xsd:boolean ; skos:altLabel "relative intensity" ; skos:note "Intensity is a measure of detector response and should not be used to describe the abundance of ions. [IUPAC]" ; skos:prefLabel "intensity relative to base height" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/quality#AFQ_0000140 af-q:AFQ_0000140 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-q:AFQ_0000138 ; skos:definition "Acoustic absorption refers to the process by which a material, structure, or object takes in sound energy when sound waves are encountered, as opposed to reflecting the energy. Part of the absorbed energy is transformed into heat and part is transmitted through the absorbing body. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "damping" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/realizable#AFRE_0000009 af-re:AFRE_0000009 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf bfo:_0000016 ; dct:replaces af-rl:AFRL_0000214 ; skos:definition "A disposition to ionize in solution is a disposition of material to separate into positively and negatively charged ions when dissolved. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "disposition to ionize in solution" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0000029 af-r:AFR_0000029 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0000428 ; skos:definition "A plot obtained from a scattering experiment on large particles which is used to determine the average molecular weight of the (polymer) sample. The plot typically consists of a grid. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "Zimm plot" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0000038 af-r:AFR_0000038 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf iao:_0000185 ; skos:altLabel "image" , "microphotograph" , "microscope image" , "microscopy image" , "photograph" ; skos:definition "A magnified image obtained using a microscope to view a small object (or specimen). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "micrograph" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0000060 af-r:AFR_0000060 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf iao:_0000101 ; skos:definition "An image of an object obtained through the effect of ionising radiation on a film or emulsion. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "autoradiogram" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0000081 af-r:AFR_0000081 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0000341 ; skos:altLabel "NEXAF spectra" , "NEXAF spectrum" , "X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectrum" , "X-ray absorption near edge structure spectra" , "X-ray absorption near edge structure spectrum" , "XANES spectra" , "XANES spectrum" , "near edge X-ray absorption spectrum" , "near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectra" ; skos:definition "A plot of intensity vs. energy obtained by measuring the number and energy of X-rays absorbed by the sample within 40 eV of the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectrum" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0000100 af-r:AFR_0000100 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0000319 ; skos:altLabel "action spectrum of the photocurrent" , "photocurrent action spectra" ; skos:definition "A plot of incident photon-to-current efficiency (IPCE) vs. photon wavelength. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "photocurrent action spectrum" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0000127 af-r:AFR_0000127 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0000053 ; skos:altLabel "MCD spectra" , "MCD spectrum" , "magnetic CD spectra" , "magnetic CD spectrum" , "magnetic circular dichroism spectra" ; skos:definition "A plot of ellipticity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised photon radiation as a function of wavelength in the presence of a magnetic field. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "magnetic circular dichroism spectrum" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0000134 af-r:AFR_0000134 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0000046 ; skos:altLabel "X-Ray photoelectron spectra" , "X-Ray photoelectron spectrum" , "X-ray photoelectron spectra" , "XPS spectra" , "XPS spectrum" , "XPS survey spectra" , "XPS survey spectrum" ; skos:definition "A plot of photoelectron count vs. kinetic energy (following illumination of the sample with X-rays). [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "X-ray photoelectron spectrum" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0000188 af-r:AFR_0000188 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0000406 ; skos:altLabel "ED data" , "ED pattern" , "electron diffraction pattern" , "electron diffraction patterns" ; skos:definition "Data which is obtained from an electron diffraction experiment. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "electron diffraction data" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0000198 af-r:AFR_0000198 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0000318 ; skos:altLabel "RT-PL spectra" , "RT-PL spectrum" , "RTPL spectra" , "RTPL spectrum" , "room temperature photoluminescence spectra" , "room temperature photoluminescence spectrum" , "room-temperature photoluminescence spectra" ; skos:definition "A plot of intensity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the amount of radiation emitted by a sample through photoluminescence (emission of visible light) against the frequency of the incident radiation at room temperature. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "room-temperature photoluminescence spectrum" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0000210 af-r:AFR_0000210 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0000318 ; skos:altLabel "phosphorescence spectra" ; skos:definition "A plot of intensity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the amount of radiation emitted by a sample through phosphorescence against the wavelength of the incident radiation. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "phosphorescence spectrum" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0000266 af-r:AFR_0000266 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0000318 ; skos:altLabel "LT-PL spectra" , "LT-PL spectrum" , "LTPL spectra" , "LTPL spectrum" , "low temperature photoluminescence spectra" , "low temperature photoluminescence spectrum" , "low-temperature photoluminescence spectra" ; skos:definition "A plot of intensity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the amount of radiation emitted by a sample through photoluminescence (emission of visible light) against the frequency of the incident radiation at low temperature. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "low-temperature photoluminescence spectrum" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0000272 af-r:AFR_0000272 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0000090 ; skos:altLabel "EDS chemical map" , "EDX chemical map" , "EDX concentration map" , "EDX elemental map" , "EDX map" , "X-ray elemental distribution map" , "energy dispersive X-ray chemical map" ; skos:definition "A data set derived from energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy consisting of a three-dimensional image where two axes describe the x and y spatial dimensions and the third dimension represents X-ray energy. The image is obtained by stacking one EDX spectrum per energy value sequentially. Energy values are characteristic of the elements in the sample thus giving a distribution of elements in the imaged area. EDX chemical maps are sometimes shown in false colour. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "energy-dispersive X-ray chemical map" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0000275 af-r:AFR_0000275 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0000166 ; skos:altLabel "TDS profile" , "TDS spectra" , "TDS spectrum" , "TPD (temperature-programmed desorption) profile" , "TPD profile" , "thermal desorption spectra" ; skos:definition "A plot of intensity or rate vs. temperature obtained by heating the sample slowly in a vacuum and measuring the change in pressure as molecules desorb from the surface of the sample. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "thermal desorption spectrum" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0000292 af-r:AFR_0000292 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0000053 ; skos:altLabel "FDCD spectra" , "FDCD spectrum" , "fluorescence-detected circular dichromism (FDCD) spectra" , "fluorescence-detected circular dichromism (FDCD) spectrum" , "fluorescence-detected circular dichrosim spectra" ; skos:definition "A plot of ellipticity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised luminescence. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "fluorescence-detected circular dichrosim spectrum" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0000304 af-r:AFR_0000304 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0000991 ; skos:altLabel "certification" ; skos:definition "A certificate refers to the confirmation of certain characteristics of an object, person or organization. This confirmation is often, but not always, provided by some form of external review, education, assessment, or audit. Accreditation is a specific organization's process of certification. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "certificate" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0000318 af-r:AFR_0000318 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0000491 ; skos:altLabel "PL emission spectra" , "PL emission spectrum" , "PL spectra" , "PL spectrum" , "photoluminescence spectra" ; skos:definition "A plot of intensity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the intensity of radiation emitted by a sample through photoluminescence (emission of light as a result of stimulation with light) against the frequency/wavelength of the incident radiation. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "photoluminescence spectrum" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0000333 af-r:AFR_0000333 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0000053 ; skos:altLabel "ECD spectra" , "ECD spectrum" , "electronic circular dichroism spectra" ; skos:definition "A plot of ellipticity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised visible or near-ultraviolet radiation as a function of wavelength. ECD spectra can also be derived computationally. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "electronic circular dichroism spectrum" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0000346 af-r:AFR_0000346 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0000164 ; skos:altLabel "FT photoacoustic spectra" , "FT photoacoustic spectrum" , "Fourier transform photoacoustic spectra" ; skos:definition "The Fourier transform of a plot of intensity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the sound emitted when a gaseous sample is exposed to an intense laser beam, which is rapidly interrupted by a rotating slotted disk. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "Fourier transform photoacoustic spectrum" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0000357 af-r:AFR_0000357 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0000318 ; skos:definition "A photoluminescence spectrum where the excitation process involves two-photon absorption. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "two-photon emission spectrum" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0000406 af-r:AFR_0000406 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0000064 ; skos:altLabel "crystal data" , "diffraction data" ; skos:definition "Data which is obtained from a diffraction experiment. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "crystallographic data" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0000428 af-r:AFR_0000428 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0000064 ; skos:definition "Data which is obtained from a scattering experiment. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "scattering data" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0000434 af-r:AFR_0000434 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0000166 ; skos:altLabel "N2 adsorption and desorption isotherm" , "N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm" , "N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms" , "N2 adsorption/desorption isotherm" , "nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm" , "nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms" ; skos:definition "A plot of relative pressure vs. volume adsorbed obtained by measuring the amount of N2 gas that adsorbs onto the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'), and the subsequent amount that desorbs at a constant temperature. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0000446 af-r:AFR_0000446 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0000300 ; skos:altLabel "ESI-GEMMA spectra" , "ESI-GEMMA spectrum" ; skos:definition "A plot of electrophoretic mobility diameter vs. particle count generated by separating singly-charged complexes in air under the influence of an electric field. The complexes are charged by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "electrospray ionization gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis spectrum" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0000470 af-r:AFR_0000470 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0000341 ; skos:altLabel "EDS spectra" , "EDS spectrum" , "EDX data" , "EDX pattern" , "EDX spectra" , "EDX spectrum" ; skos:definition "A plot of energy (keV) vs. intensity for X-rays emitted by a sample due to core-to-core transitions, following bombardment with electrons. The energies of the emitted X-rays are characteristic of the elements in the sample, therefore peaks are usually labelled with the corresponding element symbol. [CHMO]" ; skos:prefLabel "energy-dispersive X-ray spectrum" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0000638 af-r:AFR_0000638 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0000639 ; skos:definition "A raw data file is a file that contains raw data acquired from a device. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "raw data file" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0000639 af-r:AFR_0000639 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0000992 ; skos:definition "A file is a resource for storing information, which is available to a computer program and is usually based on some kind of durable storage. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "file" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0000694 af-r:AFR_0000694 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0000991 ; skos:definition "The prediction is a result from a calculation on the spectrum, i.e. the data using a model. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "prediction" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0000732 af-r:AFR_0000732 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0000733 ; skos:definition "A cumulative distribution is a type of distribution that sums up subsequent numbers of occurences up to a total number of 100%. It shows the cumulated value up to the current value of the abscissa. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "cumulative distribution" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0000733 af-r:AFR_0000733 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0001054 ; skos:altLabel "frequency distribution" ; skos:definition "A distribution is a collection of frequencies of results of a sample. Each frequency is number of occurrences within a given interval. The distribution can be expressed relatively to the width of the interval. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "distribution" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0000735 af-r:AFR_0000735 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0000639 ; skos:definition "A method file is a file that contains data of a method. [Allotrope]" ; skos:example "instrument settings and instructions for performing a measurement" ; skos:prefLabel "method file" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0000740 af-r:AFR_0000740 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0000639 ; skos:definition "A sequence file is a file that contains data of a sequence. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "sequence file" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0000774 af-r:AFR_0000774 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0001054 ; skos:altLabel "overlay of spectra" ; skos:definition "An overlay of scans is a graphic overlay of generated spectra for comparison. [Allotrope]" ; skos:example "An overlay of spectra at different times shows the degrading of peaks of the educt" ; skos:prefLabel "overlay of scans" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0001044 af-r:AFR_0001044 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0001048 ; skos:definition "Japanese Industrial Standard specifying the process of determination of pH of aqueous solutions. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "JIS Z 8802" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0001045 af-r:AFR_0001045 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0001048 ; skos:definition "DIN 19267 is a standard of pH measurement, standardizing technical buffer solutions, preferably for the calibration of technical measuring installations. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "DIN 19267" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0001048 af-r:AFR_0001048 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0001276 ; skos:definition "A standard for pH measurments. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "pH measurement standard" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0001049 af-r:AFR_0001049 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0001276 ; skos:definition "A standard that specifies trays. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "tray standard" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0001050 af-r:AFR_0001050 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0001276 ; skos:definition "A standard that specifies clean rooms. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "cleanroom standard" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0001051 af-r:AFR_0001051 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0000916 ; af-x:AFX_0002811 af-x:AFX_0001099 ; skos:definition "A class of measuring instruments or measuring systems that meet stated metrological requirements that are intended to keep measurement errors or instrumental uncertainties within specified limits under specified operating conditions. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "accuracy class" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0001052 af-r:AFR_0001052 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0000916 ; dct:source ; skos:altLabel "BSC class" ; skos:definition "CDC biosafety classification of biosafety cabinet. [Allotrope]" ; skos:example "Class I, Class II, Class III" ; skos:prefLabel "biosafety cabinet class" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0001053 af-r:AFR_0001053 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0000916 ; skos:definition "The air filter classification according to a air filter test standard. [Allotrope]" ; skos:example "E10, E11, E12, H13, H14, U15, U16, U17 from test standard BS EN779" ; skos:prefLabel "air filter class" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0001090 af-r:AFR_0001090 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0001100 ; dct:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slope" ; skos:altLabel "gradient" ; skos:definition "In mathematics, the slope or gradient of a line is a number that describes both the direction and the steepness of the line. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "slope" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0001273 af-r:AFR_0001273 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf iao:_0000010 ; dct:isReplacedBy af-r:AFR_0001273 ; skos:altLabel "device control driver" , "driver" ; skos:definition "A device driver (commonly referred to as a driver) is a computer program that operates or controls a particular type of device that is attached to a computer. A driver provides a software interface to hardware devices, enabling operating systems and other computer programs to access hardware functions without needing to know precise details of the hardware being used. [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "device driver" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0001274 af-r:AFR_0001274 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf iao:_0000064 ; skos:definition "The cell type detection algorithm handles the detection of cell types in image data. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "cell type detection algorithm" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0001681 af-r:AFR_0001681 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf iao:_0000017 ; skos:definition "The part number is a model number of a class of device parts, specified by the device manufacturer. [Allotrope]" ; skos:editorialNote "2019-09-19 This term has been rejected by the community during governance as being redundant, use model number (IAO_0000017) instead. It is kept here for reference only and will likely be removed. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "part number" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0001697 af-r:AFR_0001697 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0001243 ; skos:altLabel "AC filter" , "AC filter setting" ; skos:definition "An alternating current is a control setting, in Hz, used during the measurement run. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "alternating current filter setting" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0001702 af-r:AFR_0001702 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf iao:_0000129 ; skos:altLabel "software application name" ; skos:definition "A software name is a version number that identifies a software application. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "software name" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0001732 af-r:AFR_0001732 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0001816 ; skos:definition "A frequency is a process quantification facet that quantifies the number of waves that pass a fixed point in a given amount of time. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "frequency" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0001733 af-r:AFR_0001733 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0000951 ; skos:definition "A duration that is a preset period of time during which events are counted. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "gate time" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0001763 af-r:AFR_0001763 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0001817 ; skos:altLabel "needle extension" ; skos:definition "A needle length (datum) is a length (datum) that quantifies the length of a needle. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "needle length" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0001768 af-r:AFR_0001768 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf iao:_0000300 ; skos:altLabel "comment" ; skos:definition "A note is a brief textual entity with the purpose to add a note or comment about something. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "note" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0001773 af-r:AFR_0001773 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0000923 ; skos:altLabel "center of output" , "offset" ; skos:definition "A wave centerline value is a facet that identifies a center of ouput identifies the reference value, or centerline value between measured maximum and minimum wave amplitudes. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "wave centerline value" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0001780 af-r:AFR_0001780 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0000922 ; skos:definition "A pass-fail is a description of a Pass/Fail result against acceptance criteria. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "pass-fail" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0001785 af-r:AFR_0001785 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0000937 ; skos:definition "A print time is a time when a date and time device run report was printed. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "print time" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0001787 af-r:AFR_0001787 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0000917 ; skos:definition "A protocol number is an identifier that identifies a protocol executed during the device run. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "protocol number" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0001788 af-r:AFR_0001788 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf iao:_0000129 ; skos:definition "A protocol version number is a version number that identifies the protocol being executed during the device run. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "protocol version" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0001822 af-r:AFR_0001822 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0001583 ; skos:definition "A volume is a facet that quantifies an amount of space. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "volume" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0001824 af-r:AFR_0001824 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0001243 ; skos:definition "A backpressure setting is a control setting that defines back pressure. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "backpressure setting" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0001903 af-r:AFR_0001903 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0001583 ; skos:definition "An amplitude is a quality quantification facet that quantifies the change between peak (highest amplitude value) and trough (lowest amplitude value, which can be negative). [Wikipedia]" ; skos:prefLabel "amplitude" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0001914 af-r:AFR_0001914 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0000951 ; skos:altLabel "period" ; skos:definition "A step time is a time taken to complete a single step of a process or a step rotation. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "step time" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0002386 af-r:AFR_0002386 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0002109 ; skos:definition "The particle radius of pores within solid particles. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "pore size" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0002406 af-r:AFR_0002406 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0000989 ; dct:source "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3522631" ; skos:definition "A quantity datum that follows the digital system international as published by SmartCom. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "digital system international value" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0002407 af-r:AFR_0002407 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0000989 ; skos:definition "A quantity datum that quantifies an uncertainty of a related quantity datum. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "uncertainty" ; skos:scopeNote "Uncertainty of measurement is an expression of the fact that, for a given measurand and a given result of measurement of it, there is not one value but an infinite number of values dispersed about the result that are consistent with all of the observations and data and one's knowledge of the physical world, and that with varying degrees of credibility can be attributed to the measurand. [GUM, JCGM 100 2008 E, p. 63]" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/role#AFRL_0000026 af-rl:AFRL_0000026 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-rl:AFRL_0000288 ; skos:definition "Selected component is the role whose bearer is a material entity that has been selected. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "selected component" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/role#AFRL_0000027 af-rl:AFRL_0000027 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-rl:AFRL_0000026 ; skos:definition "A device that is selected to perform a specific function in a process. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "selected device" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/role#AFRL_0000099 af-rl:AFRL_0000099 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-rl:AFRL_0000035 ; skos:definition "A sample is a role of a material entity that is the output of a material sampling process. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "material sample" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/role#AFRL_0000175 af-rl:AFRL_0000175 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf bfo:_0000023 ; skos:definition "A role born by a material entity and realized in a process where the material is used as specified as the independent variable for an investigation or test. [OBI]" ; skos:prefLabel "test material" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/role#AFRL_0000242 af-rl:AFRL_0000242 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-rl:AFRL_0000099 ; skos:definition "A role of a material sample that has a state of a returned sample. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "returned material sample" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/role#AFRL_0000244 af-rl:AFRL_0000244 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-rl:AFRL_0000289 ; skos:altLabel "wash" ; skos:definition "Washing agent is a role of material in a cleaning process that has disposition to clean. [Allotrope]" ; skos:editorialNote "same as detergent?" ; skos:prefLabel "washing agent" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/role#AFRL_0000282 af-rl:AFRL_0000282 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-rl:AFRL_0000281 ; skos:definition "The z-coordinate is the Cartesian coordinate in the third dimension of a 3-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "z-coordinate" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/role#AFRL_0000284 af-rl:AFRL_0000284 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-rl:AFRL_0000053 ; dct:source ; skos:definition "An absolute value is the contextual role of a quantity or number that is an assertion of magnitude or distance from a fixed zero reference. [Allotrope]" ; skos:prefLabel "absolute value" . ### http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_00002008 envo:_00002008 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf envo:_00010483 ; af-x:AFX_0002865 ; skos:definition "Minute solid particles with diameters less than 500 micrometers. Occurs in and may be deposited from, the atmosphere. [ENVO]" ; skos:prefLabel "dust" . ### http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_00010483 envo:_00010483 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf bfo:_0000024 ; af-x:AFX_0002865 ; skos:definition "A portion of environmental material is a fiat object which forms the medium or part of the medium of an environmental system. [ENVO]" ; skos:prefLabel "environmental material" . ### http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000185 iao:_0000185 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf iao:_0000101 ; af-x:AFX_0002865 ; skos:definition "A photograph is created by projecting an image onto a photosensitive surface such as a chemically treated plate or film, CCD receptor, etc. [IAO]" ; skos:prefLabel "photograph" . ### http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000011 obi:_0000011 rdf:type owl:Class . ### http://purl.org/dc/terms/LicenseDocument dct:LicenseDocument rdf:type owl:Class . ### http://purl.org/dc/terms/RightsStatement dct:RightsStatement rdf:type owl:Class . ### http://qudt.org/schema/qudt#Unit qudt:Unit rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf af-r:AFR_0001101 ; skos:definition "A unit is a facet that denotes a particular quantity that has been chosen as a scale for measuring. [QUDT,OSTHUS]" ; skos:prefLabel "unit" . ### http://www.w3.org/2006/time#Instant time:Instant rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf time:TemporalEntity . ### http://www.w3.org/2006/time#Interval time:Interval rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf time:TemporalEntity . ### http://www.w3.org/2006/time#TemporalEntity time:TemporalEntity rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf bfo:_0000001 . ### http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Organization foaf:Organization rdf:type owl:Class . ################################################################# # Individuals ################################################################# ### http://www.allotrope.org rdf:type owl:NamedIndividual , foaf:Organization ; foaf:name "Allotrope Foundation" . ### http://www.rsc.org rdf:type owl:NamedIndividual , foaf:Organization . ### http://dbpedia.org/resource/Quantity rdf:type owl:NamedIndividual . ### http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:Physical_quantities rdf:type owl:NamedIndividual . ### http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:Units_of_measure rdf:type owl:NamedIndividual . ### http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:Units_of_time rdf:type owl:NamedIndividual . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/common rdf:type owl:NamedIndividual . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0000997 af-r:AFR_0000997 rdf:type owl:NamedIndividual , af-r:AFR_0000995 ; skos:prefLabel "hydraulic domain" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0000998 af-r:AFR_0000998 rdf:type owl:NamedIndividual , af-r:AFR_0000995 ; skos:prefLabel "magnetic domain" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0000999 af-r:AFR_0000999 rdf:type owl:NamedIndividual , af-r:AFR_0000995 ; skos:prefLabel "electric domain" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0001000 af-r:AFR_0001000 rdf:type owl:NamedIndividual , af-r:AFR_0000995 ; skos:prefLabel "mechanic translational domain" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0001001 af-r:AFR_0001001 rdf:type owl:NamedIndividual , af-r:AFR_0000995 ; skos:prefLabel "mechanic rotational domain" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/result#AFR_0001002 af-r:AFR_0001002 rdf:type owl:NamedIndividual , af-r:AFR_0000995 ; skos:prefLabel "thermal domain" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/ontologies/role#AFRL_0000265 af-rl:AFRL_0000265 rdf:type owl:NamedIndividual , af-r:AFR_0000995 ; skos:prefLabel "electrical domain" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/attribution rdf:type owl:NamedIndividual , dct:RightsStatement ; dct:description """ These taxonomies contain material or may constitute derivative works of material which may be subject to copyright by one of the following organizations. By using these taxonomies, you agree to the following terms and conditions applicable to its contents: ****************************************************************************** Copyright Notice and Terms for IUPAC Gold Book ______________________________________________________________________________ Copyright © 1998, Regents of the University of California All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. ****************************************************************************** Copyright Notice and Terms for PSI-MS (Proteomics Standards Initiative - Mass Spectrometry) Mass spectrometer output files and spectra interpretation _____________________________________________________________________________ Created by Matt Chambers, Andreas Bertsch, Marius Kallhardt, Eric Deutsch Fredrik Levander, Pierre-Alain Binz, and Gerhard Mayer. Publisher: HUPO Proteomics Standards Initiative Mass Spectrometry Standards Working Group and HUPO Proteomics Standards Initiative Proteomics Informatics Working Group. This work is used pursuant to a Creative Commons license available here: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode ****************************************************************************** Attribution Notice for National Center for Biomedical Ontology materials. This work contains material from the Cell Ontology and Clinical Measurement Ontology, available here: http://bioportal.bioontology.org/. ****************************************************************************** Attribution Notice for ChEBI This work contains material from the European Bioinformatics Institute’s ChEBI database. ****************************************************************************** Attribution Notice for Quantities Units Dimensions Data Types (http://www.qudt.org/) This work contains content from www.qudt.org and is used pursuant to a Creative Commons License available here: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/us/legalcode. The original work may have been modified. ****************************************************************************** Copyright and Attribution Notice for Dublin Core Metadata Initiative Document This work contains material from the following DCMI document used pursuant to a creative commons license available here: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode. This material may have been modified or changed. Timestamped URL: http://dublincore.org/documents/2012/06/14/dcmi-terms/ Date Issued: 2012-06-14 Document Status: This is a DCMI Recommendation. Copyright © 1995-2015 DCMI. All Rights Reserved. DCMI liability, trademark/service mark, document use and software licensing rules apply. ****************************************************************************** """ ; dct:title "Derivative works attribution" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/copyright rdf:type owl:NamedIndividual , dct:RightsStatement ; dct:description "Copyright © 2015-2022 Allotrope Foundation" ; dct:rightsHolder ; dct:title "Copyright © 2015-2022 Allotrope Foundation" . ### http://purl.allotrope.org/voc/creative-commons-attribution-license rdf:type owl:NamedIndividual , dct:LicenseDocument ; dct:description """This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. THESE MATERIALS ARE PROVIDED \"AS IS\" AND ALLOTROPE EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE WARRANTIES OF NON-INFRINGEMENT, TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Copyright © 2015-2022 Allotrope Foundation """ ; dct:rightsHolder ; dct:title "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License" . ### Generated by the OWL API (version 5.1.19) https://github.com/owlcs/owlapi/