Allotrope Foundation Taxonomy (WD/2026/03)
type: Ontology
imports: aft
contributor: Allotrope Foundation
description: Taxonomy of universals with a maturity level of working draft.
issued: 2026-03-30T12:00:00Z
license: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License
modified: 2025-12-16T12:00:00Z
publisher: Allotrope Foundation
rights: Derivative works attribution
rights: Copyright © 2015-2026 Allotrope Foundation
feature: Turtle
prior version: aft
version info: WD/2026/03

property condition
type: Class
subclass of: AFC_0000090
definition: A condition is conditionally related to another concept. The related concept is valid under this condition. [Allotrope]

solid-state laser
type: Class
subclass of: laser
source: Solid-state laser
definition: A solid-state laser is a laser that uses a gain medium that is a solid, rather than a liquid such as in dye lasers or a gas as in gas lasers. [Wikipedia]

autoclave
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000816
definition: A thick-walled steel vessel used during synthesis methods that require both high pressures and high temperatures. [CHMO]

sample outlet
type: Class
subclass of: sample passage
definition: The outlet is the compartment of a device that handles the exit of the sample. [Allotrope]

sample passage
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A sample passage is the compartment of a device that handles the conveying of samples. [Allotrope]

volumetric burette
type: Class
subclass of: burette
definition: A volumetric burette delivers measured volumes of liquid. [Wikipedia]

superconducting quantum interference device
type: Class
subclass of: magnetometer
alternative label: SQUID device
alternative label: SQUID magnetometer
alternative label: superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer
alternative label: superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer
alternative label: superconducting quantum interference magnetometer
definition: A piece of apparatus, consisting of superconducting loops containing Josephson junctions, which is used to measure the strength and/or direction of an extremely weak magnetic field (10-18 T). [CHMO]

cuvette
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000718
AFX_0002808: BAO_0000578
definition: A cuvette is a small tube of circular or square cross section, sealed at least at one end, made of plastic, glass, or fused quartz (for UV light) and designed to hold liquid samples for spectroscopic experiments. [Wikipedia]

amplifier
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A piece of apparatus that can increase the power of a signal. [CHMO]

antistatic device
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
definition: The antistatic device removes charge from the device it is attached to. [Allotrope]
example: antistatic kit of a balance that removes charge from a weighing chamber

power connector
type: Class
subclass of: connector
definition: A connector for attachment to the power line. [Allotrope]

profilometer
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0002145
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: stylus profilometer
alternative label: surface profilometer
definition: A piece of apparatus that measures surface profiles by dragging a (diamond) stylus across the sample surface. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the stylus and surface during scanning. [CHMO]

humidity sensor
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0002145
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A sensor that measures the humidity of a substance or the ambient humidity. [Allotrope]

Schlenk flask
type: Class
subclass of: flask
source: Schlenk flask
definition: A flask used as a reaction vessel in air-sensitive chemistry. It is made of glass and has a side arm fitted with a PTFE or ground glass stopcock which allows the vessel to be evacuated or filled with gas (e.g. nitrogen or argon). [CHMO]

capillary electrophoresis instrument
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0002157
AFX_0002809: OBI_0001132
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A capillary electrophoresis instrument is a device that allows measurements based on the experimental method of capillary electrophoresis. [Allotrope]

electrochemical cell
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A piece of apparatus in which a current causes chemical reactions or chemical reactions cause a current to flow. [CHMO]

free-electron laser
type: Class
subclass of: laser
source: Free-electron laser
alternative label: FEL
alternative label: free electron laser
definition: A free-electron laser is a laser whose lasing medium consists of very-high-speed electrons moving freely through a magnetic structure, hence the term free electron. [Wikipedia]

forced air temperature controller
type: Class
subclass of: temperature controller
definition: A forced air temperature controller is a temperature controller that maintains its temperature using forced air. [Allotrope]

carousel
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000073
alternative label: carrousel
alternative label: sample carousel
alternative label: sample carrousel
definition: A carousel is an autosampler that uses a circular tray that turns the sample vials. [Allotrope]
example: carousel of an autosampler

electron microscope
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000825
definition: A piece of apparatus which is used to produce an enlarged image of a specimen using a finely focused (less than 10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage of 50--150 kV under vacuum and measuring the interaction of the electrons with the specimen. [CHMO]

cell culture analyzer
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0002145
AFX_0002818: true
definition: Apparatus used to specifically measure media concentrations of various analytes. [Allotrope]

digital readout
type: Class
subclass of: readout
source: Digital read out
alternative label: DRO
alternative label: digital display
change note: 2024-09-12 Fixed malformed definition.
definition: A digital readout is a numeric readout, usually with an integrated keyboard and some means of numeric representation. [Wikipedia]

data connector
type: Class
subclass of: connector
definition: A connector that is used for the exchange of data. [Allotrope]

magnetic tweezers
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A piece of apparatus, consisting of an electromagnet containing a paramagnetic core material with a tip-shaped end, that is used to trap and manipulate magnetic particles. [CHMO]

mortar and pestle
type: Class
subclass of: comminution device
alternative label: hand mortar
alternative label: mortar grinder
definition: A mortar and pestle is a device used to prepare ingredients or substances by crushing and grinding them into a fine paste or powder. [Wikipedia]

thermocouple
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A piece of apparatus that generates electrical current when it experiences a thermal gradient. [CHMO]

micromanipulator
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A piece of apparatus which is used to physically interact with a sample under a microscope. [CHMO]

charge-coupled device diffractometer
type: Class
subclass of: diffractometer
alternative label: CCD diffractometer
definition: A diffractometer in which the detector is a charge-coupled device. [CHMO]

X-ray powder diffractometer
type: Class
subclass of: X-ray diffractometer
definition: A piece of apparatus which illuminates a powder sample with X-rays, electrons or neutrons and measures the diffraction pattern produced. It typically will contain at least one monochromator to ensure the incident radiation is of a specific energy, a goniometer which allows the geometry of the sample and detector to be precisely specified, and a detector. [CHMO]

diaphragm
type: Class
subclass of: membrane
alternative label: separator
definition: A diaphragm is a permeable membrane placed between anode and cathode. The main function of a separator is to keep the two electrodes apart to prevent electrical short circuits while also allowing the transport of ionic charge carriers that are needed to close the circuit during the passage of current in an electrochemical cell. [Wikipedia]

electron-multiplying charge-coupled-device camera
type: Class
subclass of: charge-coupled-device camera
alternative label: EMCCD camera
alternative label: electron multiplying charge coupled device camera
alternative label: electron-multiplying charge coupled device (EMCCD) camera
definition: A piece of apparatus that converts optical brightness into an electrical signal using a EMCCD and then reproduces an image of the specimen. [CHMO]

electron-multiplying charge-coupled device
type: Class
subclass of: charge-coupled device
alternative label: EMCCD
alternative label: Impactron CCD
alternative label: L3CCD
alternative label: L3Vision CCD
alternative label: electron multiplying CCD
alternative label: electron multiplying charge coupled device
alternative label: electron-multiplying CCD
definition: A piece of apparatus, based on a semiconductor chip, which converts the intensity of light falling onto its surface at different points into a potential difference. The device contains a gain register that amplifies the electrical signal by impact ionization. [CHMO]

level (device)
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: level
definition: A level is used to indicate the levelling of a device. [Allotrope]

Knudsen cell
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A piece of apparatus, consisting of a crucible (made of pyrolytic boron nitride, quartz, tungsten or graphite), heating filaments, a water cooling system, which is used to measure very low vapor pressures by measuring the mass of vapor which escapes when the vessel contains a liquid in equilibrium with its vapor. It is also used as a source evaporator during crystal growth e.g. during molecular-beam epitaxy. [CHMO]

power supply
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A power supply is an electrical device that supplies electric power to an electrical load. The primary function of a power supply is to convert electric current from a source to the correct voltage, current, and frequency to power the load. [Wikipedia]
example: high voltage power supply of a capillary electrophoresis instrument

electrostatic detection apparatus
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: ESDA
definition: A piece of apparatus which is used to detect footwear marks and indented impressions of handwriting in paper. The sample sheet of paper is placed on a sintered copper plate, a vacuum is applied and a thin mylar plastic film is rolled over the sample. An electrostatic charge is then applied to the plastic by means of a corona discharge and the subsequent pattern of charging is then visualised using photocopier toner. The toner adheres to those areas corresponding to indentations. [CHMO]

pressure sensor
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0002145
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A sensor that measures the pressure. [Allotrope]

scanning probe microscope
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000825
alternative label: SPM
definition: A scanning probe microscope is a microscope which uses a probe to scan the surface of the specimen, mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the probe-surface interaction as a function of position, producing an image of the surface. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. [CHMO]

optical tweezers
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: optical trap
alternative label: optical tweezer
alternative label: single-beam gradient force optical trap
definition: A piece of apparatus, consisting of a laser, an optical microscope, a condenser and a CCD camera, that is used to manipulate microscopic particles. [CHMO]

X-ray photoelectron spectrometer
type: Class
subclass of: X-ray spectrometer
alternative label: X-Ray photoelectron spectrometer
alternative label: XPS spectrometer
definition: A piece of apparatus, consisting of an X-ray source, an analyser and a detector, which is used to measure the photoelectron emission of samples bombarded with X-rays. [CHMO]

analog readout
type: Class
subclass of: readout
definition: An analog readout is a readout where values are indicated by a pointer against a scale or dial. [Allotrope]

dryer
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0002157
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: drier
definition: The dryer is a device that is used to remove moisture. [Allotrope]

thermal desorption autosampler
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000073
definition: A thermal desorption autosampler is an autosampler that supports the thermal desorption technique for analysis of volatile compounds. Tubes of such autosamplers need a sealing and the thermal desorption autosampler must provide a way of heating and cooling the vials. [Allotrope]

electronic tongue
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A piece of apparatus that measures and compares tastes using a number of discrete sensors; usually one for each of the five taste categories; sourness, saltiness, bitterness, sweetness, and umami. [CHMO]

charge-coupled device
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: CCD
alternative label: CCD array
alternative label: charge coupled device
definition: A piece of apparatus, based on a semiconductor chip, which converts the intensity of light falling onto its surface at different points into a charge. When a photon is absorbed by the chip, a single electron is released. Electrodes covering the chip surface hold these electrons in place in an array of wells, or pixels, so that during exposure of the chip to light, a pattern of charge builds up that corresponds to the pattern of light. [CHMO]

hydrogenator
type: Class
subclass of: chemical reactor
definition: A piece of apparatus for carrying out hydrogenation reactions, usually under high pressure. [CHMO]
example: See for example http://www.parrinst.com/products/hydrogenation/3926-hydrogenator/

monochromator
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A piece of apparatus that transmits a narrow band of wavelengths of light or other radiation (e.g. X-rays) chosen from a wider range of wavelengths available at the input. [CHMO]

thermometer
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0002145
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A thermometer is a device that measures temperature or a temperature gradient. [Allotrope]

analog-to-digital converter channel
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000145
AFX_0002818: true
definition: An analog-to-digital converter channel is a special type of channel that belongs to an analog-to-digital converter. Usually there are several channels for one converter. [Allotrope]

rotary evaporator
type: Class
subclass of: evaporator
source: Rotary evaporator
alternative label: Rotavapor
alternative label: rotavap
definition: A piece of apparatus consisting of a motor unit that rotates the evaporation flask, a vacuum system, a heated water bath and a condenser, which is used to remove solvents from samples under reduced pressure. [CHMO]

bioreactor
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000153
definition: A bioreactor is a vessel that is used for chemical processes involving biochemically active substances. [Allotrope]

dynode
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002809: MS_1000347
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A dynode is an electrode that is part of an electron multiplier whose function is to provide secondary emission of electrons. [Allotrope]

X-ray source
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000097
alternative label: X-ray generator
definition: A device that is used to generate X-rays. [CHMO]

pH meter
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0002145
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: pH measurement device
definition: A pH meter is an electronic device used for measuring the pH which is either the concentration of Hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution or the activity of the Hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution. PH meters work in liquids though special probes are sometimes used to measure the pH of semi-solid substances. A typical pH meter consists of a special measuring probe (a glass electrode) connected to an electronic meter that measures and displays the pH reading. [Wikipedia]

time-digital converter
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000555
source: MS_1000119
source: Time-to-digital converter
alternative label: TDC
alternative label: time-to-digital converter
definition: A time-digital converter is a data acquisition device for recognizing events and providing a digital representation of the time they occurred. [Wikipedia]

sample inlet
type: Class
subclass of: sample passage
definition: Introduction of sample onto the apparatus, chromatograph or mass spectrometer. [Allotrope]

thermogravimetric analyzer
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0002145
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: TG
alternative label: TGA
alternative label: TGA instrument
alternative label: thermo-gravimetric apparatus
alternative label: thermogravimetric analysis apparatus
alternative label: thermogravimetric apparatus
definition: A piece of apparatus, consisting of a quartz or alumina chamber, a balance, a sample pan and a heating mechanism, which is used to record the mass of a sample as a function of increasing temperature. [CHMO]

energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer
type: Class
subclass of: X-ray spectrometer
alternative label: EDS spectrometer
alternative label: EDX spectrometer
alternative label: EDXA spectrometer
alternative label: X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer
alternative label: X-ray energy-dispersive spectrometer
definition: A piece of apparatus, consisting of an electron source, a grating and a semiconductor detector, which is used to measure the X-ray emissions of a sample as a function of wavelength. The X-rays emerging from the sample pass through a slit then the grating disperses them by diffraction according to their wavelength. Finally, X-ray energy is converted to voltage pulses or 'counts' by the detector. [CHMO]

connector
type: Class
subclass of: joining device
definition: A connector is an electro-mechanical device for joining electrical circuits as an interface using a mechanical assembly. Connectors consist of plugs (male-ended) and jacks (female-ended). The connection may be temporary, as for portable equipment, require a tool for assembly and removal, or serve as a permanent electrical joint between two wires or devices. [Wikipedia]
example: Mini-LTW, DIN-EL-0 S7, Metrohm (LEMO), BNC, DIN 19 262, F-socket, banana, universal pin connector, USB, RS232, MultiPin, etc.

synchrotron
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: synchrotrons
definition: A large-scale particle accelerator in which a magnetic field is used to create the particle orbits. Synchrotrons produce X-ray, vacuum ultraviolet and broadband infrared radiation. [CHMO]

keyboard
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0002156
source: Computer keyboard
definition: In computing, a keyboard is a typewriter-style device, which uses an arrangement of buttons or keys, to act as mechanical levers or electronic switches. [Wikipedia]

cell counter
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0002145
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: cell counter analyzer
alternative label: cell counter device
alternative label: cell counter instrument
alternative label: cell density module
alternative label: cell viability module
alternative label: off-line analyzer
definition: A device used to count the number of cells present in known volume of sample to determine the overall concentration cells per unit volume. [Allotrope]
example: Nova CDV

temperature controller
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0002148
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: temperature control
alternative label: temperature control device
alternative label: thermostat
definition: A device used to control the temperature in a compartment. [Allotrope]

membrane
type: Class
subclass of: barrier
definition: A membrane is a selective barrier; it allows some things to pass through but stops others. [Wikipedia]

crucible
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000407
AFX_0002818: true
source: Crucible
definition: A crucible is a ceramic or metal container in which metals or other substances may be melted or subjected to very high temperatures. [Wikipedia]

microwave oven
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000816
definition: A piece of apparatus, consisting of a high- voltage transformer, a cavity magnetron, a waveguide and a sample chamber, that is used to heat samples by irradiation with microwave (2 GHz) radiation. [CHMO]

scale
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000252
alternative label: scale instrument
definition: A scale is a weighing instrument, intended predominantly for medium to high capacity weighments, with moderate to low resolutions, used indoors or outdoors. [Allotrope]

flask
type: Class
subclass of: bottle
AFX_0002808: NCIT C96144
source: Laboratory glassware
definition: Flasks are narrow-necked glass containers, typically conical or spherical, used in a laboratory to hold reagents or samples. [Wikipedia]
example: Erlenmeyer flask

piezo-driven micromanipulator
type: Class
subclass of: micromanipulator
alternative label: piezo micromanipulator
definition: A piece of apparatus which is used to physically interact with a sample under a microscope, and is driven by the application of an alternating current to a piezoelectric material. [CHMO]

Kugelrohr
type: Class
subclass of: vacuum distillation apparatus
definition: A short-path vacuum distillation apparatus consisting of an electric heater and two or more glass bulbs. The compound to be distilled is placed in the last bulb. [CHMO]

Schlenk tube
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000718
AFX_0002809: CHMO_0002572
definition: A tube used as a reaction vessel in air-sensitive chemistry. It is made of glass and has a side arm fitted with a PTFE or ground glass stopcock which allows the vessel to be evacuated or filled with gas (e.g. nitrogen or argon). [CHMO]

degasser
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0002157
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A degasser is a device to remove gasses from a fluid which could otherwise form bubbles. [Wikipedia]

printer
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: printer device
alternative label: printing device
definition: In computing, a printer is a peripheral which makes a persistent human readable representation of graphics or text on paper or similar physical media. [Wikipedia]

focal plane array
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002809: CHMO_0001909
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: FPA
alternative label: focal-plane array
alternative label: staring array
alternative label: staring plane array
alternative label: staring-plane array
definition: A sensing device, consisting of an array of light-sensing pixels at the focal plane of a lens, that is sensitive to infrared radiation. The device operates by converting infrared photons to an electrical signal, and using it to construct an image of the sample. [CHMO]

potentiostat
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0002148
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A piece of apparatus that maintains the potential through an electrochemical cell at a preset value. [CHMO]

pulse counter
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000555
definition: A pulse counter is a device that counts electric pulses. [Allotrope]

scanning mobility particle sizer
type: Class
subclass of: particle sizer
alternative label: SMPS
definition: A piece of apparatus that measures the size distribution of particles in an aerosol by neutralising the particles, passing them through a differential mobility analyser in order to control the size of the particles and then counting the particles of that size with a condensation particle counter. [CHMO]

infrared spectrometer
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0002145
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: IR spectrometer
alternative label: IR spectrophotometer
alternative label: infra-red spectrometer
definition: A piece of apparatus consisting of an infrared laser and a detector which is used to measure spectra in the infrared range. [CHMO]

magnetometer
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0002145
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A piece of apparatus used to measure the strength and/or direction of a magnetic field. [CHMO]

septum
type: Class
subclass of: barrier
definition: A septum is a type of barrier or sealing that seals the entrance to a separated space. [Allotrope]
example: disc composed of a flexible material that seals the entrance to a reservoir, enterance to the vaccum chamber

liquid temperature controller
type: Class
subclass of: temperature controller
definition: A liquid temperature controller is a temperature controller that maintains the temperature of a liquid solution. [Allotrope]

diffractometer
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0002145
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A piece of apparatus which illuminates a sample with X-rays, electrons or neutrons and measures the diffraction pattern produced. It typically will contain at least one monochromator to ensure the incident radiation is of a specific energy, a goniometer which allows the geometry of the sample and detector to be precisely specified, and a detector. [CHMO]

gas laser
type: Class
subclass of: laser
source: Gas laser
definition: A gas laser is a laser in which an electric current is discharged through a gas to produce coherent light. [Wikipedia]

nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0002145
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: NMR spectrometer
definition: An NMR spectrometer is an instrument used to conduct NMR experiments consisting of a magnet, NMR console, and NMR probe. [Allotrope]

Sievert's apparatus
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: Sieverts apparatus
alternative label: volumetric hydrogen storage capacity apparatus
definition: A piece of apparatus, consisting of a gas manifold with a series of tubes and valves connecting the sample chamber to one or more pressure reservoirs of known volume, used for measuring the thermodynamics of hydrogen sorption onto metal samples. [CHMO]

flow cytometer
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0002145
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A piece of apparatus, consisting of a flow cell, a laser and a detector, which detects the fluorescence and light scattering of individual particles (e.g. cells). [CHMO]

electron multiplier
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002809: CHMO_0001060
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: EM
definition: A piece of apparatus that on contact with a charged particle of sufficient energy emits a greater number electrons. [CHMO]

electron spin resonance spectrometer
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0002145
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: EPR spectrometer
alternative label: ESR spectrometer
alternative label: electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometer
definition: A piece of apparatus, consisting of a microwave radiation source, a resonator (a cavity), a magnet and a detector, that is used to measure electron spin resonance spectra. [CHMO]

spectropolarimeter
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0002145
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A piece of apparatus, consisting of a Xe lamp, a sample holder and at least two polarizing filters, that is used to measure optical rotations in solution. [CHMO]

charge-coupled-device camera
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: CCD camera
alternative label: camera
alternative label: charge coupled device (CCD) camera
alternative label: charge coupled device camera
alternative label: charge-coupled device (CCD) digital camera
definition: A piece of apparatus that converts optical brightness into an electrical signal using a CCD (a semiconductor chip, which converts the intensity of light falling onto its surface at different points into a charge) and then reproduces an image of the specimen. [CHMO]

glass membrane
type: Class
subclass of: membrane
definition: Glass membranes are made from an ion-exchange type of glass (silicate or chalcogenide). This type of ion-selective membrane has good selectivity, but only for several single-charged cations; mainly H+, Na+, and Ag+. Chalcogenide glass also has selectivity for double-charged metal ions, such as Pb2+, and Cd2+. The glass membrane has excellent chemical durability and can work in very aggressive media. A very common example of this type of electrode is the pH glass electrode. [Wikipedia]

photomultiplier
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: PMT
definition: Photomultiplier tubes (photomultipliers or PMTs for short), members of the class of vacuum tubes, and more specifically vacuum phototubes, are extremely sensitive detectors of light in the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum. [Wikipedia]

spectroscopic ellipsometer
type: Class
subclass of: ellipsometer
definition: A piece of apparatus, consisting of a light source, a polarizer, a compensator (which elliptically polarizes the light) and a detector, which is used to measure the intensity and change in polarization of light reflected by a sample as a function of wavelength. This information in turn can be used to determine refractive index and thin film thickness. [CHMO]
editorial note: 2017-10-26 Review with SME and better define how this is different from its parent class. [Allotrope]

density sensor
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0002145
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A sensor that measures the density of a substance. [Allotrope]

spectrofluorimeter
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000185
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: fluorescence spectrometer
alternative label: fluorescence spectrophotometer
alternative label: fluorimeter
alternative label: fluorometer
alternative label: fluorospectrophotometer
alternative label: spectrofluorometer
definition: A piece of apparatus, consisting of a laser, a monochromator (for selecting a specific excitation wavelength) and a detector, which is used to measure fluorescence spectra. [CHMO]

X-ray spectrometer
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0002145
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: X-Ray spectrometer
definition: A piece of apparatus used to measure the absorption or emission of X-rays. [CHMO]

sampling probe
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: sample probe
definition: A sampling probe is a probe that is used for measurements. [Allotrope]
example: Sampling probe for blood gas analysis. [Allotrope]

cone calorimeter
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000023
definition: A piece of apparatus, consisting of a cone-shaped heater, a hood to collect evolving gases and a laser beam, that is used to measure thermodynamic parameters such as heat release rate, heat of combustion, ignitability, and the evolution of toxic gases, smoke and soot, for flame retarding materials. [CHMO]

X-ray diffractometer
type: Class
subclass of: diffractometer
definition: A piece of apparatus which illuminates a sample with X-rays and measures the diffraction pattern produced. It typically will contain at least one monochromator to ensure the incident radiation is of a specific energy, a goniometer which allows the geometry of the sample and detector to be precisely specified, and a detector. [CHMO]

weight burette
type: Class
subclass of: burette
source: Redman, H. N. (1963). "An improved type of weight burette for use in volumetric analysis". Analyst 88: 654–655.
definition: A weight burette delivers measured weights of liquid. [Wikipedia]

ellipsometer
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0002145
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A piece of apparatus, consisting of a laser, a polarizer, a compensator (which elliptically polarizes the light) and a detector, which is used to measure the intensity and change in polarization of light reflected by a sample. This information in turn can be used to determine refractive index and thin film thickness. [CHMO]

laser
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000097
source: Laser
definition: A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. [Wikipedia]

burette
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: buret
definition: A burette (also buret) is a device used in analytical chemistry for the dispensing of variable, measured amounts of a chemical solution. [Wikipedia]

bottle
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000407
AFX_0002808: NCIT C43169
AFX_0002818: true
source: Bottle
definition: A bottle is a rigid container with a neck that is narrower than the body and a mouth. [Wikipedia]
example: buffer solution bottle

dewar
type: Class
subclass of: flask
AFX_0002808: NCIT C43190
alternative label: Dewar
alternative label: vacuum flask
definition: A double-walled flask of metal or silvered glass with a vacuum between the walls, used to hold liquids at well below ambient temperature. [Allotrope]

holographic optical tweezers
type: Class
subclass of: optical tweezers
alternative label: HOTs
alternative label: holographic optical trap
definition: A piece of apparatus, consisting of a laser, a beam splitter, an optical microscope, a condenser and a CCD camera, that is used to manipulate microscopic particles. The beam splitter is used to create multiple laser beams that interfere forming multiple optical traps. [CHMO]

osmolality analyzer
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0002145
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: osmo analyzer
alternative label: osmo module
alternative label: osmolality module
alternative label: osmometer
definition: The osmolality analyzer is used for determining the concentration of salts present per mass unit of solution. [Allotrope]

atomic absorption spectrometer
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0002145
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A piece of apparatus, consisting of a light source that emits light at element-specific wavelengths, a sample aspirator, a flame or furnace apparatus for volatilising the sample, and a photon detector, that is used to measure the atomic absorption spectrum of a sample. Atoms in the sample of a specific wavelength will absorb light produced by the lamp before it reaches the detector, and the amount of light absorbed depends on the quantity of the element present in the sample. [CHMO]

dye-laser
type: Class
subclass of: laser
source: Dye laser
change note: 2024-09-12 Fixed malformed definition.
definition: A dye laser is a laser which uses an organic dye as the lasing medium, usually as a liquid solution. [Wikipedia]

analog-digital converter
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000555
alternative label: A to D
alternative label: A/D
alternative label: A/D converter
alternative label: ADC
alternative label: analog to digital converter
definition: Analog-to-digital converter is an electronic integrated circuit that converts continuous signals to discrete digital numbers. [Allotrope]

magnet
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A device that generates a magnetic field. [Allotrope]

superconducting magnet
type: Class
subclass of: electromagnet
definition: An electromagnet made from coils of wire that are superconducting at cryogenic temperatures. [Allotrope]

electromagnet
type: Class
subclass of: magnet
definition: An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is produced by an electric current. The magnetic field disappears when the current is turned off. [Wikipedia]

concentric nebulizer
type: Class
subclass of: nebulizer
IAO_0000115: A concentric nebulizer is a pneumatic nebulizer in which the liquid flows through a central capillary and dispersion gas flows through a surrounding outer tube. [IUPAC]
source: Murray, K., Boyd, R., Eberlin, M., et al. (2013). Definitions of terms relating to mass spectrometry (IUPAC Recommendations 2013). Pure and Applied Chemistry, 85(7), pp. 1515-1609.

nebulizer
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A device for producing a mist from a liquid. [Allotrope]

cross-flow nebulizer
type: Class
subclass of: nebulizer
license: iupac-license
rights: iupac-copyright
source: Murray, K., Boyd, R., Eberlin, M., et al. (2013). Definitions of terms relating to mass spectrometry (IUPAC Recommendations 2013). Pure and Applied Chemistry, 85(7), pp. 1515-1609.
change note: 2024-09-12 Added license and rights fields. Fixed malformed definition
definition: A cross-flow nebulizer is a pneumatic nebulizer in which the dispersion gas flows at an angle, usually 90°, with respect to the column of liquid emerging from a capillary. [IUPAC]

heating element
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0001128
definition: A heating element converts electricity into heat through the process of resistive or Joule heating. Electric current passing through the element encounters resistance, resulting in heating of the element. [Wikipedia]

furnace
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000816
source: Furnace
definition: A furnace is a device used for high-temperature heating. [Wikipedia]

burner
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0001128
source: Burner
definition: A mechanical device that burns a gas or liquid fuel into a flame in a controlled manner. [Wikipedia]

Bunsen burner
type: Class
subclass of: gas burner
alternative label: bunsen burner
definition: A Bunsen burner, named after Robert Bunsen, is a common piece of laboratory equipment that produces a single open gas flame, which is used for heating, sterilization, and combustion. [Wikipedia]

gas burner
type: Class
subclass of: burner
definition: A gas burner is a device to generate a flame to heat up products using a gaseous fuel such as acetylene, natural gas or propane. Some burners have an air inlet to mix the fuel gas with air to make a complete combustion. [Wikipedia]

Meker-Fisher burner
type: Class
subclass of: gas burner
alternative label: Meker burner
alternative label: meker burner
alternative label: meker-fisher burner
definition: A Meker-Fisher burner or Meker burner is a laboratory burner that produces multiple open gas flames, used for heating, sterilization, and combustion. It is used when laboratory work requires a hotter flame than attainable using a Bunsen burner, or used when a larger-diameter flame is desired, such as with an inoculation loop or in some glassblowing operations. [Wikipedia]

Teclu burner
type: Class
subclass of: gas burner
definition: The Teclu burner is a laboratory gas burner, a variant of the Bunsen burner, named after the Romanian chemist Nicolae Teclu. It can produce a hotter flame than a Bunsen burner. [Wikipedia]

hot plate
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0002267
definition: A hot plate is a portable self-contained tabletop small appliance that features one, two or more gas burners or electric heating elements. [Wikipedia]

vacuum oven
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000816
alternative label: vacuum furnace
definition: In a vacuum oven the product in the oven is surrounded by a vacuum. The absence of air or other gases prevents heat transfer with the product through convection and removes a source of contamination. [Wikipedia]

chiller
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000785
definition: A chiller is a machine that removes heat from a liquid via a vapor-compression or absorption refrigeration cycle. This liquid can then be circulated through a heat exchanger to cool air or equipment as required. As a necessary byproduct, refrigeration creates waste heat that must be exhausted to ambient or, for greater efficiency, recovered for heating purposes. [Wikipedia]

thermoelectric cooler
type: Class
subclass of: cooler
alternative label: Peltier cooler
definition: A cooler that uses the Peltier effect along with an external fan to draw away the heat. [Wikipedia]

cooler
type: Class
subclass of: cold storage
alternative label: cool box
alternative label: ice box
alternative label: ice chest
definition: A cooler is an insulated box used to keep something cool. Ice cubes are most commonly placed in it to help the things inside stay cool. Ice packs are sometimes used, as they either contain the melting water inside, or have a gel sealed inside that stays cold longer than plain ice (absorbing heat as it changes phase). [Wikipedia]

cold storage
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000785
definition: A device used for storage under cold temperatures (below ambient). [Allotrope]

thermal bag
type: Class
subclass of: bag
alternative label: cooler bag
definition: A thermal bag is a type of thermally insulated shipping container in the form of a bag which can be carried, usually made of thermally insulating materials. It is used to help maintain the temperature of its contents, keeping cold items cold, and hot items hot. [Wikipedia]

bag
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000407
AFX_0002808: NCIT C43167
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A flexible container with an opening at the top used for carrying things. [Allotrope]

heat exchanger
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A heat exchanger is a device used to transfer heat between one or more fluids. The fluids may be separated by a solid wall to prevent mixing or they may be in direct contact. [Wikipedia]

centrifuge
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A centrifuge is a piece of equipment that puts an object in rotation around a fixed axis (spins it in a circle), applying a potentially strong force perpendicular to the axis of spin (outward). [Wikipedia]

storage
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A device used for storing something. [Allotrope]

freezer
type: Class
subclass of: cold storage
definition: A freezer is a cold storage that maintains a temperature below the freezing point of water. [Allotrope]

refrigerator
type: Class
subclass of: cold storage
source: Refrigerator
alternative label: fridge
definition: A refrigerator (colloquially fridge) is a common appliance that consists of a thermally insulated compartment and a heat pump (mechanical, electronic or chemical) that transfers heat from the inside of the fridge to its external environment so that the inside of the fridge is cooled to a temperature below the ambient temperature of the room. [Wikipedia]

cryogenic storage
type: Class
subclass of: storage
definition: A storage for very low temperatures (< -150°C). [Allotrope]

biosafety cabinet
type: Class
subclass of: cabinet
source: Biosafety cabinet
alternative label: BSC
alternative label: biological safety cabinet
alternative label: microbiological safety cabinet
alternative label: ventilated storage cabinet
definition: A biosafety cabinet is an enclosed, ventilated laboratory workspace for safely working with materials contaminated with (or potentially contaminated with) pathogens requiring a defined biosafety level. [Wikipedia]

cabinet
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: closed bench
alternative label: safety enclosure
definition: A work space that is closed to protect from hazards like toxic fumes or explosions. [Allotrope]

personal protective equipment
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: PPE
definition: Personal protective equipment refers to protective clothing, helmets, goggles, or other garments or equipment designed to protect the wearer's body from injury or infection. [Wikipedia]

respirator
type: Class
subclass of: personal protective equipment
definition: Respirators serve to protect the user from breathing in contaminants in the air, thus preserving the health of one's respiratory tract. There are two main types of respirators. One type of respirator functions by filtering out chemicals and gases or airborne particles from the air breathed by the user. [Wikipedia]

skin protection
type: Class
subclass of: personal protective equipment
definition: Skin protection is protective gear for the skin. [Allotrope]

hearing protection
type: Class
subclass of: personal protective equipment
definition: Hearing protection is protective gear for the ears. [Allotrope]

eye protection
type: Class
subclass of: personal protective equipment
source: Eye protection
alternative label: eye pro
definition: Eye protection is protective gear for the eyes, which comes in many types depending upon the threat that is to be reduced. [Wikipedia]

protective suit
type: Class
subclass of: personal protective equipment
source: Usage of personal protective equipment
definition: Protective suit is an umbrella term for any suit or clothing which protects the wearer. [Wikipedia]

safety glasses
type: Class
subclass of: eye protection
definition: Safety glasses are worn to protect the eyes during a variety of tasks. They are made with shatter-resistant plastic lenses to protect the eye from flying debris and can shield the eyes from hazardous splatters such as blood or chemicals. [Wikipedia]

chemical reactor
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000153
definition: A device for containing and controlling a chemical reaction. [Wikipedia]

hybrization incubator
type: Class
subclass of: incubator
alternative label: hybridization oven
definition: A device used for hybridization. The incubation takes place inside an oven under constant rotation. [Allotrope]

incubator
type: Class
subclass of: storage
source: Incubator (culture)
alternative label: microbiological incubator
definition: A device used to grow and maintain microbiological cultures or cell cultures. [Wikipedia]

ultrasonic humidifier
type: Class
subclass of: humidifier
source: Humidifier
definition: An ultrasonic humidifier uses a metal diaphragm vibrating at an ultrasonic frequency to create water droplets that silently exit the humidifier in the form of a cool fog. [Wikipedia]

humidifier
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
source: Humidifier
alternative label: humidity system
definition: A humidifier is a device that increases humidity (moisture) in an enclosure. [Wikipedia]

evaporative humidifiers
type: Class
subclass of: humidifier
definition: The most common portable humidifier, an "evaporative", "cool moisture", or "wick humidifier", consists of just a few basic parts: a reservoir, wick and fan. [Wikipedia]

vaporizer
type: Class
subclass of: humidifier
source: Humidifier
alternative label: boiler
alternative label: steam humidifier
alternative label: warm mist humidifier
definition: A vaporizer heats or boils water, releasing steam and moisture into the air. [Wikipedia]

spray humidifier
type: Class
subclass of: humidifier
source: Humidifier
alternative label: atomizer
alternative label: water spray
definition: A spray humidifier is a humidification device which forces water through a specialized nozzle atomizing it into the air. [Allotrope]

carbon dioxide incubator
type: Class
subclass of: incubator
alternative label: CO2 incubator
alternative label: carbon dioxide (CO2) incubator
definition: An incubator the controls the CO2 content for cell cultures. [Allotrope]

environmental chamber
type: Class
subclass of: storage
source: Environmental chamber
alternative label: climate chamber
alternative label: climatic chamber
definition: An environmental chamber is an enclosure used to test the effects of specified environmental conditions on biological items, industrial products, materials, and electronic devices and components. [Wikipedia]

refrigerated incubator
type: Class
subclass of: incubator
definition: An incubator that maintains temperatures between 5 °C and above ambient temperature to 65 °C. [Allotrope]

ultra-low temperature freezer
type: Class
subclass of: cold storage
alternative label: ultra-low freezer
definition: A freezer that maintains a temperature within the range of -40 °C and -85 °C. [Allotrope]

liquid dispenser
type: Class
subclass of: dispenser
definition: A dispenser for liquids. [Allotrope]

dispenser
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
license: iupac-license
rights: iupac-copyright
source: PAC, 1989, 61, 1657 (Nomenclature for automated and mechanised analysis (Recommendations 1989))
change note: 2024-09-12 Added license and rights fields.
definition: A device used to deliver a measured amount of material. [IUPAC]

microplate dispenser
type: Class
subclass of: liquid dispenser
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioTek#Microplate_Dispensers
alternative label: plate dispenser
definition: Microplate dispensers deliver pre-determined fluid volumes to microplate wells using either peristaltic pumps or microprocessor-controlled syringe drives. Peristaltic pumps are used for continuous or semi-continuous liquid dispensing; syringe dispensers are used for precise dispensing in sub-microliter volumes. [Wikipedia]

bottle dispenser
type: Class
subclass of: liquid dispenser
source: http://www.coleparmer.com/Category/Dispensers/826
definition: A bottle dispenser is a pumping device (manual or motorized) utilized to aliquot smaller quantities of a reagent or other solution of interest from a larger available stock. [Allotrope]

pipettor
type: Class
subclass of: liquid dispenser
definition: A liquid dispenser that dispenses a fixed volume of liquid with a pipette. [Allotrope]

cleaning device
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0002157
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: cleaning equipment
definition: A device that cleans or washes something. [Allotrope]

microplate washer
type: Class
subclass of: cleaning device
source: Microplate Washers
definition: Microplate washers remove reagents from microplate wells during assay wash steps. The rate of removal (aspiration) can range from gentle, for sensitive cell washing, to robust, for standard ELISAs. Specialized microplate washers also exist for bead-based assays using biomagnetic separation or vacuum filtration. [Wikipedia]

ultrasonic cleaner
type: Class
subclass of: cleaning device
definition: An ultrasonic cleaner is a device that uses ultrasound (usually from 20–400 kHz) and an appropriate cleaning solvent (sometimes ordinary tap water) to clean items. [Wikipedia]

PCR instrument
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
source: Polymerase chain reaction
alternative label: DNA amplifier
alternative label: polymerase chain reaction instrument
definition: An instrument to perform the polymerase chain reaction. [Allotrope]

thermal cycler
type: Class
subclass of: PCR instrument
alternative label: thermocycler
definition: A thermal cycler is a device use in the process of polymerase chain reaction in which the DNA fragments are multiplied. [Allotrope]

hygrometer
type: Class
subclass of: humidity sensor
title: Hygrometer
definition: A hygrometer is an instrument used for measuring the moisture content in the atmosphere. Humidity measurement instruments usually rely on measurements of some other quantity such as temperature, pressure, mass or a mechanical or electrical change in a substance as moisture is absorbed. [Wikipedia]

direct steam humidifier
type: Class
subclass of: vaporizer
source: Humidifiers.html
definition: A direct steam humidifier is a humidification device which feeds steam from a central boiler through a dispersion grid system and often makes use of a steam separator to filter the boiler steam. [Allotrope]

evaporative pan humidifier
type: Class
subclass of: evaporative humidifiers
source: Humidifiers.html
alternative label: water pan
definition: An evaporative pan humidifier is an humidification device for smaller applications where water is boiled in a flat open pan. [Allotrope]

steam-to-steam humidifier
type: Class
subclass of: vaporizer
source: Humidifiers.html
definition: A steam-to-steam humidifier is a humidification device which uses potentially contaminated boiler steam solely as a heat source to boil an isolated container of pure water. [Allotrope]

electronic humidifier
type: Class
subclass of: vaporizer
definition: An electric humidifier is a humidification device which uses electricity to generate steam then pump it through multiple dispersion tubes. [Allotrope]

ventilation device
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
source: Ventilation (architecture)
definition: A device that provides ventilation. Ventilating is the process of "processing" or replacing air in any space to provide high indoor air quality (i.e. to control temperature, replenish oxygen, or remove moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria and carbon dioxide). Ventilation is used to remove unpleasant smells and excessive moisture, introduce outside air, to keep interior building air circulating, and to prevent stagnation of the interior air. [Wikipedia]

hood
type: Class
subclass of: ventilation device
alternative label: laboratory hood
definition: An enclosure or canopy for carrying of fumes, dust, sprays or smoke. [Allotrope]

waste treatment device
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A device used for disposing or treating wastes. [Allotrope]

incinerator
type: Class
subclass of: waste treatment device
source: Types of incinerators
definition: A waste treatment device that involves the combustion of organic substances contained in waste materials.Incineration and other high-temperature waste treatment systems are described as "thermal treatment". Incineration of waste materials converts the waste into ash, flue gas, and heat. The ash is mostly formed by the inorganic constituents of the waste, and may take the form of solid lumps or particulates carried by the flue gas. The flue gases must be cleaned of gaseous and particulate pollutants before they are dispersed into the atmosphere. [Wikipedia]

fan
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
source: Mechanical fan
alternative label: mechanical fan
definition: A device used to create a flow within a fluid, typically a gas such as air. [Wikipedia]

cross-flow fan
type: Class
subclass of: fan
source: Mechanical fan
alternative label: tangential fan
alternative label: tubular fan
definition: The cross-flow fan is usually long in relation to the diameter, so the flow approximately remains two-dimensional away from the ends. The CFF uses an impeller with forward curved blades, placed in a housing consisting of a rear wall and vortex wall. Unlike radial machines, the main flow moves transversely across the impeller, passing the blading twice. [Wikipedia]

centrifugal fan
type: Class
subclass of: fan
source: Mechanical fan
definition: The centrifugal fan has a moving component (called an impeller) that consists of a central shaft about which a set of blades, or ribs, are positioned. Centrifugal fans blow air at right angles to the intake of the fan, and spin the air outwards to the outlet (by deflection and centrifugal force). The impeller rotates, causing air to enter the fan near the shaft and move perpendicularly from the shaft to the opening in the scroll-shaped fan casing. [Wikipedia]

axial-flow fan
type: Class
subclass of: fan
source: Mechanical fan
definition: Axial-flow fans have blades that force air to move parallel to the shaft about which the blades rotate. [Wikipedia]

bellows
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
source: Bellows
alternative label: pair of bellows
definition: A bellows is a device constructed to furnish a strong blast of air. The simplest type consists of a flexible bag comprising a pair of rigid boards with handles joined by flexible leather sides enclosing an approximately airtight cavity which can be expanded and contracted by operating the handles, and fitted with a valve allowing air to fill the cavity when expanded, and with a tube through which the air is forced out in a stream when the cavity is compressed. [Wikipedia]

scrubber
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
definition: Scrubber systems are a diverse group of air pollution control devices that can be used to remove some particulates and/or gases from industrial exhaust streams. [Wikipedia]

wet scrubber
type: Class
subclass of: scrubber
definition: A wet scrubber is used to clean air, fuel gas or other gases of various pollutants and dust particles. Wet scrubbing works via the contact of target compounds or particulate matter with the scrubbing solution. Solutions may simply be water (for dust) or solutions of reagents that specifically target certain compounds. [Wikipedia]

dry scrubber
type: Class
subclass of: scrubber
definition: A dry or semi-dry scrubbing system does not saturate the flue gas stream that is being treated with moisture. In some cases no moisture is added, while in others only the amount of moisture that can be evaporated in the flue gas without condensing is added. Therefore, dry scrubbers generally do not have a stack steam plume or wastewater handling/disposal requirements. [Wikipedia]

dry sorbent injector
type: Class
subclass of: dry scrubber
alternative label: DSI
definition: Dry sorbent injection involves the addition of an alkaline material (usually hydrated lime, soda ash, or sodium bicarbonate) into the gas stream to react with the acid gases. The sorbent can be injected directly into several different locations: the combustion process, the flue gas duct (ahead of the particulate control device), or an open reaction chamber (if one exists). The acid gases react with the alkaline sorbents to form solid salts which are removed in the particulate control device. These simple systems can achieve only limited acid gas (SO2 and HCl) removal efficiencies. Higher collection efficiencies can be achieved by increasing the flue gas humidity (i.e., cooling using water spray). [Wikipedia]

spray dryer absorber
type: Class
subclass of: dry scrubber
alternative label: SDA
definition: In spray dryer absorbers, the flue gases are introduced into an absorbing tower (dryer) where the gases are contacted with a finely atomized alkaline slurry. Acid gases are absorbed by the slurry mixture and react to form solid salts which are removed by the particulate control device. The heat of the flue gas is used to evaporate all the water droplets, leaving a non-saturated flue gas to exit the absorber tower. [Wikipedia]

absorber
type: Class
subclass of: scrubber
definition: Many chemicals can be removed from exhaust gas also by using absorber material. The flue gas is passed through a cartridge which is filled with one or several absorber materials and has been adapted to the chemical properties of the components to be removed. The absorber material has to be replaced after its surface is saturated. [Wikipedia]

beaker
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000407
AFX_0002818: true
source: Beaker (glassware)
definition: A beaker is a simple container for stirring, mixing and heating liquids commonly used in many laboratories. Beakers are generally cylindrical in shape, with a flat bottom. Most also have a small spout (or "beak") to aid pouring. [Wikipedia]

low-form beaker
type: Class
subclass of: beaker
source: Beaker (glassware)
alternative label: Griffin beaker
definition: Low-form beakers typically have a height about 1.4 times the diameter. [Wikipedia]

tall-form beaker
type: Class
subclass of: beaker
source: Beaker (glassware)
alternative label: Berzellius beaker
definition: Tall-form beakers have a height about twice their diameter. [Wikipedia]

flat beaker
type: Class
subclass of: beaker
source: Beaker (glassware)
alternative label: crystallizer
definition: A flat beaker is a flat container that can be used for crystallization or as a vessel for hot-bath heating. [Allotrope]

purification device
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: purification equipment
definition: A purification device is a device that is used for the purification of material. [Allotrope]

water purification unit
type: Class
subclass of: purification device
definition: An equipment for the purification of water. [Allotrope]

reverse osmosis unit
type: Class
subclass of: water purification unit
definition: A water purification unit that uses reverse osmosis. [Allotrope]

deionizer
type: Class
subclass of: water purification unit
definition: A water purification unit that uses deionization as purification method. [Allotrope]

electrodeionizer
type: Class
subclass of: deionizer
definition: A water deionizer that uses electrodeionization as deionization method. [Allotrope]

vented balance safety enclosure
type: Class
subclass of: cabinet
source: Vented balance safety enclosure
alternative label: VBSE
alternative label: VBSE hood
definition: Vented balance safety enclosures are used in pharmaceutical, chemical, biological, and toxicological laboratories to provide maximum containment for weighing operations in weighing scales. In laboratories weighing is generally regarded as a highly hazardous operation because it involves direct handling of pure substances. [Wikipedia]

filter
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0002157
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A device that performs filtration. [Allotrope]

room
type: Class
subclass of: BFO_0000029
definition: A room is any distinguishable space within a structure. Usually, a room is separated from other spaces or passageways by interior walls and windows moreover, it is separated from outdoor areas by an exterior wall, sometimes with a door. [Wikipedia]

cold room
type: Class
subclass of: room
definition: A room where a cold temperature (below ambient) is maintained. [Allotrope]

barrier isolator
type: Class
subclass of: cabinet
source: Barrier isolator
definition: Barrier isolator is a general term that includes two types of devices: Isolators and Restricted Access Barriers (RABS). Both are devices that provide a physical and aerodynamic (air overpressure) barrier between the external clean room environment and a work process. [Wikipedia]

isolator
type: Class
subclass of: barrier isolator
source: FDA Guidance for Industry Sterile Drug Products Produced by Aseptic Processing — Current Good Manufacturing Practice
alternative label: processing isolator
definition: A decontaminated unit, supplied with Class 100 (ISO 5) or higher air quality, that provides uncompromised, continuous isolation of its interior from the external environment (e.g., surrounding cleanroom air and personnel). [FDA]

open isolator system
type: Class
subclass of: isolator
source: FDA Guidance for Industry Sterile Drug Products Produced by Aseptic Processing — Current Good Manufacturing Practice
alternative label: open isolator
definition: Open isolator systems are designed to allow for the continuous or semi-continuous ingress and/or egress of materials during operations through one or more openings. Openings are engineered (e.g., using continuous overpressure) to exclude the entry of external contamination into the isolator. [FDA]

closed isolator system
type: Class
subclass of: isolator
source: FDA Guidance for Industry Sterile Drug Products Produced by Aseptic Processing — Current Good Manufacturing Practice
alternative label: closed isolator
definition: Closed isolator systems exclude external contamination from the isolator’s interior by accomplishing material transfer via aseptic connection to auxiliary equipment, rather than use of openings to the surrounding environment. Closed systems remain sealed throughout operations. [FDA]

restricted access barrier system
type: Class
subclass of: barrier isolator
source: Restricted-access barrier system
alternative label: RABS
definition: A Restricted Access Barrier System (RABS) is an installation which is used in many industries, such as pharmaceutical, medical, chemical, electrical engineering where clean air is needed. The RABS provides a physical barrier between workers and production areas. [Wikipedia]

open restricted access barrier system
type: Class
subclass of: restricted access barrier system
alternative label: open RABS
definition: A Restricted Access Barrier System (RABS) that is open to the environment. [Allotrope]

closed restricted access barrier system
type: Class
subclass of: restricted access barrier system
alternative label: closed RABS
definition: A Restricted Access Barrier System (RABS) that is closed to the environment. [Allotrope]

positive pressure personnel suit
type: Class
subclass of: protective suit
source: Positive pressure personnel suit
alternative label: PPPS
alternative label: positive pressure protective suit
definition: Positive pressure personnel suits are highly specialized, totally encapsulating, industrial protection garments worn only within special biocontainment or maximum containment (BSL-4) laboratory facilities. [Wikipedia]

iso 5 barrier
type: Class
subclass of: barrier
alternative label: barrier
definition: A physical partition that affords aseptic processing area (ISO 5) protection by partially separating it from the surrounding area. [FDA]

aseptic processing room
type: Class
subclass of: room
source: FDA Guidance for Industry Sterile Drug Products Produced by Aseptic Processing — Current Good Manufacturing Practice
definition: A room in which one or more aseptic activities or processes is performed. [FDA]

air lock
type: Class
subclass of: room
source: FDA Guidance for Industry Sterile Drug Products Produced by Aseptic Processing — Current Good Manufacturing Practice
definition: A small room with interlocked doors, constructed to maintain air pressure control between adjoining rooms (generally with different air cleanliness standards). The intent of an aseptic processing airlock is to preclude ingress of particulate matter and microorganism contamination from a lesser controlled area. [FDA]

sterilizer
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A device used for sterizalizing. Sterializing can be achieved through applying of proper combination of chemicals, heat, high pressure and filtration. [Allotrope]

concentrator
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A device used to increase the concentration of a constituent in a mixture. [Allotrope]

vortex evaporator
type: Class
subclass of: evaporator
definition: A vortex evaporator is used to boil samples while in a vacuum environment and while spinning the samples rapidly to create a vortex in order to keep them at a low temperature. [Allotrope]

evaporator
type: Class
subclass of: concentrator
alternative label: solvent evaporator
definition: A device to remove organic solvent and/or water from samples by evaporation. [Allotrope]

nitrogen blowdown evaporator
type: Class
subclass of: evaporator
alternative label: nitrogen evaporator
definition: An evaporator where an inert gas such as nitrogen is blown down to speed evaporation. [Allotrope]

centrifugal evaporator
type: Class
subclass of: evaporator
source: Centrifugal evaporator
definition: A centrifugal evaporator is a device used in chemical and biochemical laboratories for the efficient and gentle evaporation of solvents from many samples at the same time, and samples contained in microtitre plates. [Wikipedia]

condenser
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
source: Condenser (laboratory)
alternative label: cold trap
definition: A condenser is an apparatus or item of equipment used to condense (change the physical state of) a substance from its gaseous to its liquid state. [Wikipedia]

orbital shaking incubator
type: Class
subclass of: incubator
definition: An orbital shaking incubator combines the controlled temperature of an incubator with orbital shaking support. [Allotrope]

freeze-dryer
type: Class
subclass of: dryer
source: Freeze-drying
definition: A device used for freeze-drying. Freeze-drying works by freezing the material and then reducing the surrounding pressure to allow the frozen water in the material to sublimate directly from the solid phase to the gas phase. [Wikipedia]

glovebox
type: Class
subclass of: cabinet
source: Glovebox
alternative label: glove box
definition: A glovebox (or glove box) is a sealed container that is designed to allow one to manipulate objects where a separate atmosphere is desired. Built into the sides of the glovebox are gloves arranged in such a way that the user can place their hands into the gloves and perform tasks inside the box without breaking containment. Part or all of the box is usually transparent to allow the user to see what is being manipulated. Two types of gloveboxes exist: one allows a person to work with hazardous substances, such as radioactive materials or infectious disease agents; the other allows manipulation of substances that must be contained within a very high purity inert atmosphere, such as argon or nitrogen. It is also possible to use a glovebox for manipulation of items in a vacuum chamber. [Wikipedia]

desiccator
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
source: Desiccator
definition: Desiccators are sealable enclosures containing desiccants used for preserving moisture-sensitive items such as cobalt chloride paper for another use. A common use for desiccators is to protect chemicals which are hygroscopic or which react with water from humidity. [Wikipedia]

vacuum breaker
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A vacuum breaker is a backflow prevention device used in plumbing to prevent backflow when taking out fluids thus creating underpressure. [Allotrope]

atmospheric vacuum breaker
type: Class
subclass of: vacuum breaker
alternative label: AVB
definition: An atmospheric vacuum breaker (AVB) is a backflow prevention device used in plumbing to prevent backflow of non-potable liquids into the drinking water system. It is usually constructed of brass and resembles a 90-degree elbow with a hood on its top to allow air to enter the water system if a siphon attempts to form. Inside this elbow is a poppet valve that is held "up" by the water pressure found in the system, closing the air entrance to the device. If the pressure in the "upstream side" is reduced to atmospheric pressure or below, the poppet valve drops and allows air to enter the system, breaking the siphon. [Wikipedia]

pressure vacuum breaker
type: Class
subclass of: vacuum breaker
source: Pressure vacuum breaker
alternative label: PVB
definition: A pressure vacuum breaker is a type of backflow prevention device, used to keep non-potable (or contaminated) water from entering the water supply. A PVB is similar to an atmospheric vacuum breaker (AVB), except that the PVB contains a spring-loaded poppet. This makes it acceptable for applications that are high hazard or where valves are downstream. [Wikipedia]

still
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A still is an apparatus used to distill liquid mixtures by heating to selectively boil and then cooling to condense the vapor. A still uses the same concepts as a basic distillation apparatus, but on a much larger scale. [Wikipedia]

column still
type: Class
subclass of: still
source: Column still
alternative label: Coffey still
alternative label: continous still
definition: A column still is a variety of still consisting of two columns. The first column (called The Analyzer) in a column still has steam rising and wash descending through several levels. The second column (called the rectifier) carries the alcohol from the wash, where it circulates until it can condense at the required strength. [Wikipedia]

pot still
type: Class
subclass of: still
source: Pot still
definition: A pot still is a type of still used in distilling spirits such as whisky or brandy. Heat is applied directly to the pot containing the wash (for whisky) or wine (for brandy). This is called a batch distillation (as opposed to a continuous distillation). [Wikipedia]

reflux still
type: Class
subclass of: still
source: Reflux
definition: A reflux still uses reflux as destillation technique that is involving the condensation of vapors and the return of this condensate to the system from which it originated. [Wikipedia]

bell jar
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0001410
source: Bell jar
definition: A bell jar is a glass jar, similar in shape to a bell, and can be manufactured from a variety of materials (ranging from glass to different types of metals). Bell jars are often used in laboratories to form and contain a vacuum; they may also serve as display cases or transparent dust covers. [Wikipedia]

retort
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
source: Retort
definition: A retort is a glassware device used for distillation or dry distillation of substances. It consists of a spherical vessel with a long downward-pointing neck. The liquid to be distilled is placed in the vessel and heated. The neck acts as a condenser, allowing the vapors to condense and flow along the neck to a collection vessel placed underneath. [Wikipedia]

Büchner funnel
type: Class
subclass of: funnel
source: Büchner funnel
alternative label: Buchner funnel
definition: A Büchner funnel is a piece of laboratory equipment used in filtration. It is traditionally made of porcelain, but glass and plastic funnels are also available. On top of the funnel-shaped part there is a cylinder with a fritted glass disc/perforated plate separating it from the funnel. [Wikipedia]

Hirsch funnel
type: Class
subclass of: funnel
source: Büchner funnel
definition: A Hirsch funnel is a piece of laboratory equipment used in filtration similar in design to a Büchner funnel. It is used similarly, but for smaller quantities of material. The main difference is that the plate of a Hirsch funnel is much smaller, and the walls of the funnel angle outward instead of being vertical. [Wikipedia]

Büchner flask
type: Class
subclass of: Erlenmeyer flask
source: Büchner flask
alternative label: Buchner flask
alternative label: Kitaso flask
alternative label: filter flask
alternative label: sidearm flask
alternative label: suction flask
alternative label: vacuum flask
definition: A Büchner flask is a thick-walled Erlenmeyer flask with a short glass tube and hose barb protruding about an inch from its neck. The short tube and hose barb effectively acts as an adapter over which the end of a thick-walled flexible hose (tubing) can be fitted to form a connection to the flask. The other end of the hose can be connected to source of vacuum such as an aspirator, vacuum pump, or house vacuum. Preferably this is done through a trap (see below), which is designed to prevent the sucking back of water from the aspirator into the Büchner flask. [Wikipedia]

Erlenmeyer flask
type: Class
subclass of: flask
source: Erlenmeyer flask
alternative label: conical flask
definition: An Erlenmeyer flask or conical flask is a type of laboratory flask which features a flat bottom, a conical body, and a cylindrical neck. [Wikipedia]

Liebig condenser
type: Class
subclass of: fluid-cooled condenser
source: Condenser (laboratory)
definition: The condenser known as the Liebig type, a most basic circulating fluid-cooled design popularized by von Liebig consisted of an inner, straight tube surrounded by an outer straight tube, with the outer tube having ports for fluid inflow and outflow, and with the two tubes sealed in some fashion at the ends (eventually, by a blown glass ring seal). [Wikipedia]

West condenser
type: Class
subclass of: Liebig condenser
source: Condenser (laboratory)
definition: A variant of the Liebig condenser having a more slender design, with cone and socket. The fused-on narrower coolant jacket may render more efficient cooling with respect to coolant consumption. [Wikipedia]

Allihn condenser
type: Class
subclass of: fluid-cooled condenser
source: Condenser (laboratory)
alternative label: bulb condenser
alternative label: reflux condenser
definition: The Allihn condenser consists of a long glass tube with a water jacket. A series of bulbs on the tube increases the surface area upon which the vapor constituents may condense. Ideally suited for laboratory-scale refluxing. [Wikipedia]

fluid-cooled condenser
type: Class
subclass of: condenser
source: Condenser (laboratory)
definition: A condenser that is using a fluid for cooling. [Allotrope]

Graham condenser
type: Class
subclass of: fluid-cooled condenser
source: Condenser (laboratory)
alternative label: Grahams condenser
alternative label: Inland Revenue condenser
definition: A Graham condenser has a coolant-jacketed spiral coil running the length of the condenser serving as the vapor/condensate path. [Wikipedia]

Davies condenser
type: Class
subclass of: fluid-cooled condenser
source: Condenser (laboratory)
alternative label: double surface condenser
definition: A Davies condenser is similar to the Liebig condenser, but with three concentric glass tubes instead of two. The coolant circulates in both the outer jacket and the central tube. This increases the cooling surface, so that the condenser can be shorter than an equivalent Liebig condenser. [Wikipedia]

coil condenser
type: Class
subclass of: Graham condenser
source: Condenser (laboratory)
definition: A coil condenser is essentially a "Graham condenser" with an inverted coolant/vapor configuration. It has a spiral coil running the length of the condenser through which coolant flows, and this coolant coil is jacketed by the vapor/condensate path. [Wikipedia]

Dimroth condenser
type: Class
subclass of: spiral condenser
source: Condenser (laboratory)
definition: A Dimroth condenser is somewhat similar to the "coil condenser"; it has an internal double spiral through which coolant flows such that the coolant inlet and outlet are both at the top. The vapors travel through the jacket from bottom to top. Dimroth condensers are more effective than conventional coil condensers. [Wikipedia]

Friedrichs condenser
type: Class
subclass of: spiral condenser
source: Condenser (laboratory)
definition: A Friedrichs condenser, a spiraled finger condenser, consists of a large, spiraled internal cold finger-type capillary tube disposed within a wide cylindrical housing. Coolant flows through the internal cold finger; accordingly, vapors rising up through the housing must pass along the spiraled path. [Wikipedia]

spiral condenser
type: Class
subclass of: fluid-cooled condenser
source: Condenser (laboratory)
definition: A spiral condenser has a spiral condensing tube with both inlet and outlet connections at top, on same side. [Wikipedia]

air-cooled condenser
type: Class
subclass of: condenser
definition: A condenser that is using air for cooling. [Allotrope]

Vigreux column
type: Class
subclass of: air-cooled condenser
source: Condenser (laboratory)
definition: A Vigreux column is a type of air condenser where a glass blower has modified the simple tube to include an abundance of downward-pointing indentations, thus dramatically increasing the surface area per unit length of the condenser. [Wikipedia]

Snyder column
type: Class
subclass of: air-cooled condenser
source: Condenser (laboratory)
definition: A Snyder column is an extremely effective air-cooled column used in selected fractional distillations. It is a single glass tube with a series of circular indentations/restrictions in the walls of the cylinder (e.g., 3 or 6) in which rest, inverted, the same number of roughly tear-shaped, hollow, sealed glass stoppers; above each point where an inverted tear-shaped stopper rests, the cylinder has further Vigreux-type indentations, in this case serving to limit how high the glass stopper can be raised (by vapor flow) above its resting place, where, when not raised, it seals the circular opening created by the circular indentation. These floating glass stoppers act as check valves, closing and opening with vapor flow, and enhancing vapor-condensate mixing. [Wikipedia]

Widmer column
type: Class
subclass of: air-cooled condenser
source: Condenser (laboratory)
definition: A Widmer column is a complex type of air condenser combining Golodetz-type concentric tubes and the Dufton-type glass rod-and-wound-spiral at its center. [Wikipedia]

distillation apparatus
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0002157
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: distillation device
definition: A device used for distillation. [Allotrope]

vacuum distillation apparatus
type: Class
subclass of: distillation apparatus
source: Vacuum distillation
alternative label: vacuum distillation device
definition: A device used for vacuum distillation. [Allotrope]

Perkin triangle
type: Class
subclass of: vacuum distillation apparatus
source: Vacuum distillation
definition: A Perkin triangle distillation apparatus uses a series of Teflon valves to allow the distilled fractions to be isolated from the distillation flask without the main body of the distillation set-up being removed from either the vacuum or the heat source, and thus can remain in a state of reflux. To do this, the distillate receiver vessel is first isolated from the vacuum by means of the Teflon valves. The vacuum over the sample is then replaced with an inert gas (such as nitrogen or argon) and the distillate receiver can then be stoppered and removed from the system. [Wikipedia]

mill
type: Class
subclass of: comminution device
source: Mill (grinding)
alternative label: milling device
definition: A mill is a device that breaks solid materials into smaller pieces by grinding, crushing, or cutting. [Wikipedia]

ball mill
type: Class
subclass of: mill
source: Mill (grinding)
definition: A typical type of fine grinder is the ball mill. A slightly inclined or horizontal rotating cylinder is partially filled with balls, usually stone or metal, which grinds material to the necessary fineness by friction and impact with the tumbling balls. Ball mills normally operate with an approximate ball charge of 30%. Ball mills are characterized by their smaller (comparatively) diameter and longer length, and often have a length 1.5 to 2.5 times the diameter. [Wikipedia]

high pressure grinding rolls
type: Class
subclass of: mill
source: Mill (grinding)
alternative label: HPGR
alternative label: roller press
definition: The high pressure grinding rolls consists out of two rollers with the same dimensions, which are rotating against each other with the same circumferential speed. The special feeding of bulk material through a hopper leads to a material bed between the two rollers. The bearing units of one roller can move linearly and are pressed against the material bed by springs or hydraulic cylinders. [Wikipedia]

rod mill
type: Class
subclass of: mill
source: Mill (grinding)
definition: A rotating drum which causes friction and attrition between steel rods. Note that the term 'rod mill' is also used as a synonym for a slitting mill, which makes rods of iron or other metal. Rod mills are less common than ball mills for grinding minerals. [Wikipedia]

autogenous mill
type: Class
subclass of: mill
source: Mill (grinding)
alternative label: autogenic mill
definition: Autogenous or autogenic mills are so-called due to the self-grinding of the ore: a rotating drum throws larger rocks of ore in a cascading motion which causes impact breakage of larger rocks and compressive grinding of finer particles. It is similar in operation to a SAG mill as described below but does not use steel balls in the mill. Also known as ROM or "Run Of Mine" grinding. [Wikipedia]

semi-autogenous grinding mill
type: Class
subclass of: mill
source: Mill (grinding)
alternative label: SAG mill
definition: SAG mills are essentially autogenous mills, but utilize grinding balls to aid in grinding like in a ball mill. A SAG mill is generally used as a primary or first stage grinding solution. [Wikipedia]

pebble mill
type: Class
subclass of: mill
source: Mill (grinding)
definition: A rotating drum causes friction and attrition between rock pebbles and ore particles. May be used where product contamination by iron from steel balls must be avoided. Quartz or silica is commonly used because it is inexpensive to obtain. [Wikipedia]

buhrstone mill
type: Class
subclass of: mill
source: Mill (grinding)
alternative label: disk mill
definition: A buhrstone mill is a mill for grinding or pulverizing grain. A flat buhrstone rotates on a stationary stone to generate pressure and shear forces. [Allotrope]

vertical shaft impactor mill
type: Class
subclass of: mill
source: VSI mill
alternative label: VSI mill
definition: A VSI mill throws rock or ore particles against a wear plate by slinging them from a spinning center that rotates on a vertical shaft. [Wikipedia]

tower mill
type: Class
subclass of: mill
source: Mill (grinding)
alternative label: regrind mill
alternative label: stirred mill
alternative label: vertical mill
definition: Tower mills are a more efficient means of grinding material at smaller particle sizes, and can be used after ball mills in a grinding process. Like ball mills, grinding (steel) balls or pebbles are often added to stirred mills to help grind ore, however these mills contain a large screw mounted vertically to lift and grind material. In tower mills, there is no cascading action as in standard grinding mills. [Wikipedia]

hammer mill
type: Class
subclass of: mill
subclass of: impact crusher
source: Hammermill
alternative label: impact mill
definition: A hammermill is a mill whose purpose is to shred or crush aggregate material into smaller pieces by the repeated blows of little hammers. [Wikipedia]

blade grinder
type: Class
subclass of: mill
source: Blade grinder
alternative label: blender
alternative label: knife mill
alternative label: propeller grinder
definition: A blade grinder is a machine that chops material while mixing it, by means of a high-speed spinning blade. [Wikipedia]

comminution device
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
source: Comminution
alternative label: comminution machine
alternative label: grinding device
alternative label: milling device
alternative label: size reduction device
definition: A device used for comminution. Comminution is the reduction of solid materials from one average particle size to a smaller average particle size, by crushing, grinding, cutting, vibrating, or other processes. [Wikipedia]

separatory funnel
type: Class
subclass of: funnel
source: Separatory funnel
alternative label: sep funnel
alternative label: separating funnel
alternative label: separation funnel
definition: A separatory funnel, also known as separation funnel, separating funnel, or colloquially sep funnel, is a piece of laboratory glassware used in liquid-liquid extractions to separate (partition) the components of a mixture into two immiscible solvent phases of different densities. [Wikipedia]

dropping funnel
type: Class
subclass of: funnel
source: Dropping funnel
definition: A dropping funnel is a type of laboratory glassware used to transfer fluids. They are fitted with a stopcock which allows the flow to be controlled. Dropping funnels are useful for adding reagents slowly, i.e. drop-wise. This may be desirable when the quick addition of the reagent may result in side reactions, or if the reaction is too vigorous. [Wikipedia]

Fernbach flask
type: Class
subclass of: flask
source: Fernbach flask
definition: A Fernbach flask is a type of flask suited for large volume cell culture where the culture requires a large surface area to volume ratio. Typically, they are baffled on the bottom in order to maximize oxygen transfer to the culture medium. [Wikipedia]

Thiele tube
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000718
source: Thiele tube
definition: The Thiele tube is a laboratory glassware designed to contain and heat an oil bath. Such a setup is commonly used in the determination of the melting point of a substance. The apparatus itself resembles a glass test tube with an attached handle. [Wikipedia]

thistle tube
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000718
source: Thistle tube
definition: A thistle tube is a piece of laboratory glassware consisting of a shaft of tube, with a reservoir and funnel-like section at the top. Thistle tubes are typically used by chemists to add liquid to an existing system or apparatus. Thistle funnels are used to add small volumes of liquids to an exact position. Thistle funnels are found with taps or without taps. [Wikipedia]

crusher
type: Class
subclass of: comminution device
source: Crusher
definition: A crusher is a machine designed to reduce large solid chunks of raw material into smaller ones. Crushing is the process of transferring a force amplified by mechanical advantage through a material made of molecules that bond together more strongly, and resist deformation more, than those in the material being crushed do. Crushing devices hold material between two parallel or tangent solid surfaces, and apply sufficient force to bring the surfaces together to generate enough energy within the material being crushed so that its molecules separate from (fracturing), or change alignment in relation to (deformation), each other. [Wikipedia]

jaw crusher
type: Class
subclass of: crusher
source: Crusher
definition: A jaw crusher uses compressive force for breaking of particle. This mechanical pressure is achieved by the two jaws of the crusher of which one is fixed while the other reciprocates. A jaw or toggle crusher consists of a set of vertical jaws, one jaw is kept stationary and is called a fixed jaw while the other jaw, called a swing jaw, moves back and forth relative to it, by a cam or pitman mechanism, acting like a class II lever or a nutcracker. The volume or cavity between the two jaws is called the crushing chamber. The movement of the swing jaw can be quite small, since complete crushing is not performed in one stroke. The inertia required to crush the material is provided by a weighted flywheel that moves a shaft creating an eccentric motion that causes the closing of the gap. [Wikipedia]

cone crusher
type: Class
subclass of: crusher
source: Crusher
definition: A cone crusher is similar in operation to a gyratory crusher, with less steepness in the crushing chamber and more of a parallel zone between crushing zones. A cone crusher breaks rock by squeezing the rock between an eccentrically gyrating spindle, which is covered by a wear resistant mantle, and the enclosing concave hopper, covered by a manganese concave or a bowl liner. As rock enters the top of the cone crusher, it becomes wedged and squeezed between the mantle and the bowl liner or concave. Large pieces of ore are broken once, and then fall to a lower position (because they are now smaller) where they are broken again. This process continues until the pieces are small enough to fall through the narrow opening at the bottom of the crusher. [Wikipedia]

gyratory crusher
type: Class
subclass of: crusher
source: Crusher
definition: A gyratory crusher is similar in basic concept to a jaw crusher, consisting of a concave surface and a conical head; both surfaces are typically lined with manganese steel surfaces. The inner cone has a slight circular movement, but does not rotate; the movement is generated by an eccentric arrangement. As with the jaw crusher, material travels downward between the two surfaces being progressively crushed until it is small enough to fall out through the gap between the two surfaces. [Wikipedia]

impact crusher
type: Class
subclass of: crusher
source: Crusher
definition: Impact crushers involve the use of impact rather than pressure to crush material. The material is contained within a cage, with openings on the bottom, end, or side of the desired size to allow pulverized material to escape. There are two types of impact crushers: horizontal shaft impactor and vertical shaft impactor. [Wikipedia]

narrow neck bottle
type: Class
subclass of: bottle
alternative label: narrow mouth bottle
definition: A narrow neck bottle is a bottle that has a neck with a small diameter. [Allotrope]

closure
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
source: Closure (container)
definition: Closures are devices and techniques used to close or seal a bottle, jug, jar, tube, can, etc. Closures can be a cap, cover, lid, plug, etc. [Wikipedia]

screw top
type: Class
subclass of: closure
source: Closure (container)
alternative label: screw cap
alternative label: screw closure
definition: A screw closure is a mechanical device which is screwed on and off of a threaded "finish" on a container. Either continuous threads (C-T) or lugs are used. Metal caps can be either preformed or in some instances, rolled on after application. Plastic caps may use several types of molded polymer. [Wikipedia]

dispensing closure
type: Class
subclass of: closure
source: Closure (container)
definition: A closure with some dispensing feature. [Allotrope]
example: spray bottles, cans with aerosol spray

friction fit
type: Class
subclass of: closure
source: Interference fit
source: Closure (container)
alternative label: interference fit
definition: An interference fit or friction fit requires some force to close and open, providing additional security. [Wikipedia]
example: Paint cans often have a friction fit plug.

carboy
type: Class
subclass of: bottle
source: Carboy
alternative label: demijohn
definition: A carboy is a rigid container with a typical capacity of 20 to 60 L. Carboys are primarily used for transporting liquids, often water or chemicals. [Wikipedia]

Boston round bottle
type: Class
subclass of: bottle
source: Boston round (bottle)
alternative label: Boston round
alternative label: Winchester bottle
alternative label: round bottle
definition: A Boston round bottle, or Winchester bottle, is a strong and heavy bottle commonly used in the drug and chemical industries. It is often made of amber (brown) glass (to filter out UV light) but can also be made of plastics. [Wikipedia]

pressure vessel
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000407
AFX_0002818: true
source: Pressure vessel
definition: A pressure vessel is a container designed to hold gases or liquids at a pressure substantially different from the ambient pressure. [Wikipedia]

gas cylinder
type: Class
subclass of: pressure vessel
AFX_0002808: NCIT C43189
source: Gas cylinder
alternative label: bottle
alternative label: high pressure cylinder
definition: A gas cylinder or tank is a pressure vessel used to store gases at above atmospheric pressure. High-pressure gas cylinders are also called bottles. [Wikipedia]

squeeze bottle
type: Class
subclass of: bottle
source: Squeeze bottle
definition: A squeeze bottle is a type of container such as a bottle for dispensing a fluid, that is powered by squeezing the container by exerting pressure with the user's hand. Its fundamental characteristic is that manual pressure applied to a resilient hollow body is harnessed to compress fluid within it and thereby expel the fluid through some form of nozzle. [Wikipedia]

round-bottom flask
type: Class
subclass of: flask
source: Round-bottom flask
alternative label: R B flask
alternative label: round bottom
alternative label: round-bottomed flask
definition: A round-bottom flask is a flask with a spherical body and one or more necks with ground glass joints. [Wikipedia]

flat-bottom flask
type: Class
subclass of: flask
source: Laboratory flask
definition: Flat-bottom flasks are with a flat bottom. [Wikipedia]

Florence flask
type: Class
subclass of: flask
source: Florence flask
definition: A flask with a round body and one longer neck without a ground glass joint. [Wikipedia]

volumetric flask
type: Class
subclass of: flask
source: Laboratory flask
definition: A flask for preparing liquids with volumes of high precision. It is a flask with an approximately pear-shaped body and a long neck with a circumferential fill line. [Wikipedia]

watch glass
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000407
AFX_0002818: true
source: Watch glass
definition: A watch glass is a circular concave piece of glass used in chemistry as a surface to evaporate a liquid, to hold solids while being weighed, as a cover for a beaker, and for heating a small amount of substance. [Wikipedia]

Petri dish
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000407
AFX_0002809: NCIT C96141
AFX_0002818: true
source: Petri dish
alternative label: Petri plate
alternative label: cell-culture dish
definition: A Petri dish is a shallow cylindrical glass or plastic lidded dish that biologists use to culture cells or small mosses. [Wikipedia]

cold finger
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000785
source: Cold finger
definition: A cold finger is a piece of laboratory equipment that is used to generate a localized cold surface. It is named for its resemblance to a finger and is a type of cold trap. The device usually consists of a chamber in which a coolant fluid (cold tap water, or perhaps something colder) can enter and leave. Another version involves filling the device with a cold material. [Wikipedia]

stopper
type: Class
subclass of: closure
source: Bung
alternative label: bung
definition: A stopper is a truncated cylindrical or conical closure to seal a container. [Wikipedia]

wide neck bottle
type: Class
subclass of: bottle
alternative label: wide mouth bottle
definition: A wide neck bottle is a bottle with a neck that has a large diameter. [Allotrope]

hydrometer
type: Class
subclass of: density sensor
source: Hydrometer
definition: A hydrometer is an instrument used to measure the specific gravity (relative density) of liquids; that is, the ratio of the density of the liquid to the density of water. [Wikipedia]

densitometer
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0002145
AFX_0002818: true
source: Densitometer
definition: A densitometer is a device that measures the degree of darkness (the optical density) of a photographic or semitransparent material or of a reflecting surface. The densitometer is basically a light source aimed at a photoelectric cell. It determines the density of a sample placed between the light source and the photoelectric cell from differences in the readings. [Wikipedia]

sieve
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
source: Sieve
alternative label: sifter
definition: A sieve is a device for separating wanted elements from unwanted material or for characterizing the particle size distribution of a sample, typically using a woven screen such as a mesh or net. [Wikipedia]

strainer
type: Class
subclass of: sieve
source: Sieve
definition: A strainer is a form of sieve used to separate solids from liquid. [Wikipedia]

colorimeter
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0002145
AFX_0002818: true
source: Colorimeter (chemistry)
definition: A colorimeter is a device used in colorimetry. In scientific fields the word generally refers to the device that measures the absorbance of particular wavelengths of light by a specific solution. [Wikipedia]

nephelometer
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0002145
AFX_0002818: true
source: Nephelometer
alternative label: turbidimeter
definition: A nephelometer is an instrument for measuring concentration of suspended particulates in a liquid or gas colloid. A nephelometer measures suspended particulates by employing a light beam (source beam) and a light detector set to one side (often 90°) of the source beam. Particle density is then a function of the light reflected into the detector from the particles. [Wikipedia]

protein sequencer
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
source: Protein sequencing
definition: A protein sequencer is a machine that is used to determine the sequence of amino acids in a protein. They work by tagging and removing one amino acid at a time, which is analysed and identified. This is done repetitively for the whole polypeptide, until the whole sequence is established. [Wikipedia]

DNA sequencer
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
source: DNA sequencer
definition: A machine used to automatically produce a sequence readout from a biological DNA sample. [Wikipedia]

plate reader
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
source: Plate reader
alternative label: microplate photometer
alternative label: microplate reader
definition: Plate readers are instruments which are used to detect biological, chemical or physical events of samples in microtiter plates. [Wikipedia]

luminometer
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0001515
source: Photometer
definition: A sensitive photometer for measuring the very low intensity light intensity of luminescence. [Allotrope]

powder dispenser
type: Class
subclass of: solid dispenser
definition: A dispenser for material in powder form. [Allotrope]

controlled lab reactor
type: Class
subclass of: chemical reactor
source: Controlled lab reactor
alternative label: CLR
definition: In chemistry, a Controlled Lab Reactor or CLR is any reaction system where there is an element of automated control. Generally these devices refers to a jacketed glass vessel where a circulating chiller unit pumps a thermal control fluid through the jacket to accurately control the temperature of the vessel contents. Additional to this, it is common to have a series of sensors (temperature, pH, pressure) measuring and recording parameters about the reactor contents. It is additionally possible to control pumps to act on the reactor. [Wikipedia]

thermal insulation jacket
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: hull
alternative label: insulating
alternative label: jacket
definition: A thermal insulation jacket is a kind of insulation that seals the interior thermally from the surrounding. [Allotrope]

stacker
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: microplate handling system
alternative label: stacker system
definition: A stacker is an automated plate handling system. [Allotrope]

pipette
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
definition: Pipettes are tools to handle volumes of liquids. They use changes in air pressure to load and unload liquid. [Allotrope]

dynamic vapor sorption instrument
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0002145
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: DVS instrument
definition: A dynamic vapor sorption instrument is a device that allows for measurements of dynamic vapor sorption. [Allotrope]

cap
type: Class
subclass of: closure
alternative label: lid
definition: A cap is a protective lid or cover. [Allotrope]

radio frequency synthesizer
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0002212
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: RF synthesizer
definition: A radio frequency synthesizer creates electromagnetic radiation in the range of radio frequencies. [Allotrope]
example: RF synthesizer of an RF channel of a ssNMR console

low band radio frequency synthesizer
type: Class
subclass of: radio frequency synthesizer
alternative label: low band RF synthesizer
definition: A low band radio frequency synthesizer is a type of RF synthesizer that creates electromagnetic radiation in the range of resonance frequencies of 15N to 31P. [Allotrope]
example: low band RF synthesizer of an RF channel of a ssNMR console

full band radio frequency synthesizer
type: Class
subclass of: radio frequency synthesizer
alternative label: full band RF synthesizer
definition: A full band radio frequency synthesizer is a type of RF synthesizer that creates electromagnetic radiation in the range of resonance frequencies of 1H to 15N. [Allotrope]
example: full band RF synthesizer of an RF channel of a ssNMR console

console
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A console is a functional compartment that contains controlling or input devices. [Allotrope]
example: The console of a solid state NMR spectrometer that controls the overall system and allows for setting up parameters such as the pulse frequency. [Allotrope]

sample stage
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000407
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A sample stage is a device that contains samples for measurements. [Allotrope]

mass flow controller
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0002148
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A mass flow controller is a device that determines the mixture of different materials. [Allotrope]
example: In DVS, the mass flow controller generates the required mixture of dry and saturated gas.

optical vapor pressure sensor
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0002145
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: optical vapor concentration detector
alternative label: optical vapor concentration sensor
alternative label: vapor sensor
definition: An optical vapor pressure sensor is a device that allows for measurement of a solvents partial pressure from optically observing the solvent's dew point temperature. [Allotrope]

dual reservoir vapor generator module
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: dual reservoir vapor generator
definition: A dual reservoir vapor generator module is a device that allows for controlled transformation of a material from the liquid to the gaseous phase. There are two reservoirs for two different solutions in order to create well-defined mixtures of vapors. [Allotrope]

humidity controller
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0002148
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: humidity regulated module
definition: A humidity controller is a device that allows for controlling the relative humidity. [Allotrope]

vapor regulated module
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A vapor regulated module is a device that allows for controlling the mixture of vapors. [Allotrope]

immersion probe
type: Class
subclass of: sampling probe
alternative label: contact probe
definition: An immersion probe is a type of sampling probe that can be immersed in the sample. [Allotrope]

non-contact probe
type: Class
subclass of: sampling probe
definition: A non-contact probe allows for measurements of a sample without touching it. [Allotrope]

fiber
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber
alternative label: fiberoptic
alternative label: fibre
alternative label: optical fiber
definition: A fiber is a flexible, transparent cable with a diameter of about 1 to 200 micrometers. It can be produced by drawing glass or plastic. [Allotrope]

glass slide
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000407
AFX_0002808: OBI_0400170
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A glass slide is a small flat slide of glass that can carry a sample for inspection. [Allotrope]
example: glass slide for microscopy

optical lens
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: 2017-11-02 change pref label [Allotrope]
alternative label: lens
definition: A lens is a transmissive optical device that affects the focus of a light beam through refraction. [Wikipedia]

computer
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: desktop computer
definition: A computer is a general-purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a set of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. Since a sequence of operations can be readily changed, the computer can solve more than one kind of problem. [Wikipedia]

gas cell
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000105
source: PAC, 1988, 60, 1449 (Nomenclature, symbols, units and their usage in spectrochemical analysis - VII. Molecular absorption spectroscopy, ultraviolet and visible (UV/VIS) (Recommendations 1988)) on page 1454
definition: A gas cell is a flow cell used for analyzing gases or vapours. [Allotrope]

flow measurement device
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0002145
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A flow measurement device is a plumbing equipment with a function to quantify bulk fluid movement. [Allotrope]

roller compactor
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: roller press
definition: A roller compactor is a compaction device that uses rollers for the compaction. [Allotrope]
example: GERTEIS® roller compactor

particle sizer
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0002145
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: particle size measurement instrument
definition: A particle sizer is a device that allows for measurement of particle sizes of samples. [Allotrope]

disperser
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: dispersion unit
definition: A disperser is a device that allows for dispersing a sample for measurement. [Allotrope]

vibration feeder
type: Class
subclass of: feeder
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrating_feeder
alternative label: vibrating feeder
definition: A vibration feeder is a device that brings in a constant feed of sample by way of vibration. [Allotrope]

vacuum inhaler
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: vacuum
definition: A vacuum inhaler is a device that sucks in fine-dispersed samples. [Allotrope]
example: vacuum of a particle sizer

sonicator
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0001265
alternative label: ultrasonicator
definition: A sonicator is a device that homogenizes a sample by applying sound energy to agitate the particles. [Allotrope]

image analysis sensor
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0002145
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: imaging system
definition: An image analysis sensor is a device that allows for the analysis of particles based on high speed images of a particle dispersion. [Allotrope]
example: QICPIC

dry disperser
type: Class
subclass of: disperser
definition: A dry disperser is a type of disperser that allows for dispersing a dry sample powder by a jet of air or aerosol. [Allotrope]

wet disperser
type: Class
subclass of: disperser
definition: A wet disperser is a type of disperser that allows for dispersing liquids and suspensions. [Allotrope]

spatula
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A spatula is a small implement with a broad, flat, flexible blade used to mix, spread and lift material including foods, drugs, plaster and paints. It derives from the Latin word for a flat piece of wood or splint (a diminutive form of the Latin spatha, meaning broadsword), and hence can also refer to a tongue depressor. The words spade (digging tool) and spathe are similarly derived. [Wikipedia]

feeder
type: Class
subclass of: solid dispenser
alternative label: fooding head
alternative label: granulation feeding device
definition: A feeder is a device that allows for filling of dies with granules. [Allotrope]

deduster
type: Class
subclass of: cleaning device
definition: A deduster is a device that removes dust from the surface of objects. [Wikipedia]
example: Tablets coming out of a tablet machine have excess powder on their surface which is removed by passing them through a tablet deduster.

drum
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000407
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: coating pan
definition: A drum is a cylindrical container that can be made of steel, dense paperboard, or plastics. It is generally used for the transportation and storage of liquids and powders. Drums are often certified for shipment of dangerous goods. [Wikipedia]

plastic bag
type: Class
subclass of: bag
definition: A plastic bag, polybag, or pouch is a type of container made of thin, flexible, plastic film, nonwoven fabric, or plastic textile. Plastic bags are used for containing and transporting goods such as foods, produce, powders, ice, magazines, chemicals, and waste. It is a common form of packaging. [Wikipedia]

impeller
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: impellar
alternative label: impellor
definition: An impeller is a rotor used to increase (or decrease in case of turbines) the pressure and flow of a fluid. [Wikipedia]
example: In coating the impeller or turbine is used to provide a vortex when rotated within a solvent to allow the adequate dispersion of materials. [Allotrope]

spray gun
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A spray gun is a device that uses an air jet to atomize a fluid and turning it into a dispersed spray. [Allotrope]

roller
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A roller is a device for the compression of material. [Allotrope]

multiangle light scatterer
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0002145
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A multiangle light scatterer is a device that allows for measurements using multiangle light scattering. [Allotrope]

X-ray mirror
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_optics
definition: A device that produces specular reflection of X-rays. All known types work only at angles near grazing incidence, and only a small fraction of the rays are reflected. [Wikipedia]

sample holder
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A sample holder is an object on which the sample is placed. [Allotrope]
example: sample holder of diffractometer

loading robot
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
alternative label: sample loading robot
definition: A sample loading robot is a robot arm, that positions the sample holder onto the spinning stage. [Allotrope]

collimator
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
definition: The collimator is a device that straightens out the radiation that is not scattered in the same direction. [Allotrope]

fiber optic coupler
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0002151
alternative label: fibre optic coupler
definition: A fiber optic coupler is a device used in optical fiber systems with one or more input fibers and one or several output fibers. [Wikipedia]

fiber optics dip probe
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: fibre optics dip probe
definition: A fiber optics dip probe has openings to allow solution to flow through during measurement, thus, no traditional cuvette is needed. [Allotrope]

thermoelectric temperature controller
type: Class
subclass of: temperature controller
alternative label: Peltier controller
definition: A thermoelectric temperature controller is a type of peltier cooler, heater, or thermoelectric heat pump which transfers heat from one side of the device to the other, with consumption of electrical energy, depending on the direction of the current. [Wikipedia]

xenon lamp
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0001771
definition: A xenon lamp is a specialized type of gas lamp that produces light by passing electricity through ionized xenon gas at high pressure. It produces a bright white light that closely mimics natural sunlight. [Wikipedia]

tubing connector
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: connector
definition: A tubing connector is a part used to connect/install tubing, components, and accessories as part of a system flow path configuration. [Allotrope]

ferrule
type: Class
subclass of: joining device
definition: A ferrule is a device for fastening, joining, sealing or reinforcement. Ferrules are often narrow circular rings made from metal, or less commonly, plastic. As a connector, to connect wires, structural devices, and systems. [Wikipedia]

interferometer
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0002145
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: bio-layer interferometer
definition: A bio-layer interferometer is a device that allows for measurements using bio-layer interferometry. [Allotrope]

tungsten lamp
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0001771
definition: A tungsten lamp is a type of lamp that emits visible light by heating a tungsten filament with electric current. [Allotrope]

vacuum deduster
type: Class
subclass of: deduster
definition: A vacuum deduster is a type of deduster that applies vacuum for the removal of dust. [Allotrope]

gravity feeder
type: Class
subclass of: feeder
definition: A gravity feeder is a type of feeder that feeds in objects via gravity. [Allotrope]

force feeder
type: Class
subclass of: feeder
definition: A force feeder is a type of feeder that applies shear to a powder bed over an open die to allow material to fill into each die consistently. [Allotrope]

fermentor
type: Class
subclass of: bioreactor
definition: A bioreactor used for fermentation. [Allotrope]

barrier
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A device that separates things. [Allotrope]

screw
type: Class
subclass of: joining device
definition: A screw, or bolt, is a type of fastener, typically made of metal, and characterized by a helical ridge, known as a male thread (external thread) or just thread, wrapped around a cylinder. [Wikipedia]

downstream channel
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000145
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A channel that transports signals to the device. [Allotrope]

upstream channel
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000145
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A channel that transports signals from the device. [Allotrope]

bidirectional channel
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000145
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A channel that transports signals both from and into the device. [Allotrope]

sender
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
definition: The starting point of a communcation channel where the information comes from. [Allotrope]

receiver
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
definition: An end point of a communication channel where the information is transmitted to. [Allotrope]
example: receiver of a ssNMR spectrometer

piston
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
definition: A piston is a component of reciprocating engines, reciprocating pumps, gas compressors and pneumatic cylinders, among other similar mechanisms. It is the moving component that is contained by a cylinder and is made gas-tight by piston rings. [Wikipedia]

mechanical seal
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: seal
definition: A mechanical seal is a device that helps join systems or mechanisms together by preventing leakage (e.g. in a plumbing system), containing pressure, or excluding contamination. The effectiveness of a seal is dependent on adhesion in the case of sealants and compression in the case of gaskets. [Wikipedia]

diode
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
definition: In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts primarily in one direction (asymmetric conductance). [Wikipedia]

photodiode
type: Class
subclass of: diode
definition: A photodiode is a semiconductor device that converts light into current. The current is generated when photons are absorbed in the photodiode. [Wikipedia]

microtiter plate
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000029
AFX_0002809: OBI_0000192
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtiter_plate
alternative label: microplate
alternative label: microwell plate
alternative label: multiwell
definition: A microtiter plate is a flat plate with multiple "wells" used as small test tubes. [Wikipedia]

solid dispenser
type: Class
subclass of: dispenser
definition: A dispenser for material in solid form. [Allotrope]

funnel
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funnel
definition: A funnel is a pipe with a wide (often conical) mouth and a narrow stem. It is used to channel liquid or fine-grained substances into containers with a small opening. [Wikipedia]

coating device
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: coater
definition: A device that has the function to coat, that is to cover some object with another material. [Allotrope]

joining device
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0002151
alternative label: fastener
definition: A device that has the function to join or fasten objects. [Allotrope]

biological
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0002099
alternative label: biological artifact
definition: A biological artifact is an artifact of primary biological nature that is created by biological processes or involving organisms. [Allotrope]

chemical
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0002099
alternative label: chemical artifact
definition: A chemical artifact is an artifact of primariy chemical nature that is a portion of material that it is created as product a chemical synthesis. [Allotrope]

readout
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000761
definition: A readout is a display on a measuring system that displays the measuring value. [Allotrope]

medical device tester
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
alternative label: device tester
definition: A medical device tester is an instrument designed to measure and test the performance of medical devices. [Allotrope]
example: Medical device tester for autoinjectors

to equilibrate
type: Class
subclass of: AFFN_0000123
definition: To equilibrate is a function which is realized in the process of equilibration. [Allotrope]

cell culture
type: Class
subclass of: biological
AFX_0002796: AFR_0001223
definition: A cell culture is a continuous culture of cells that can survive in a laboratory for an indefinite period of time. [Allotrope]

air
type: Class
subclass of: environmental material
AFX_0002796: AFR_0001223
definition: The common name air is given to the atmospheric gases used in breathing and photosynthesis. [Wikipedia]

inoculum
type: Class
subclass of: cell culture
AFX_0002796: AFR_0001225
alternative label: inoculum source
definition: The inoculum source, for cell culture, is the source in which a calculated volume of cells is taken from and transfered to a new location (whether it be a vial, flask, bioreactor, etc.). [Allotrope]

antibody
type: Class
subclass of: AFM_0000877
AFX_0002796: AFR_0001224
definition: An antibody is a large, Y-shape protein produced by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. The antibody recognizes a unique molecule of the harmful agent, called an antigen, via the variable region. [Wikipedia]

antigen
type: Class
subclass of: AFM_0000877
AFX_0002796: AFR_0001224
definition: In immunology, an antigen (Ag) is any structural substance that serves as a target for the receptors of an adaptive immune response, TCR or BCR or its secreted form antibody. In simpler terms, an antigen is any substance that causes an immune system to produce antibodies against it. [Wikipedia]

salt plate
type: Class
subclass of: AFE_0000354
AFX_0002818: true
definition: Liquid samples can be sandwiched between two plates of a salt (commonly sodium chloride, or common salt, although a number of other salts such as potassium bromide or calcium fluoride are also used). [Wikipedia]

Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: ion scattering
subclass of: ion spectroscopy
alternative label: HE IS
alternative label: HE ISS
alternative label: HE-IS
alternative label: HE-ISS
alternative label: HEIS
alternative label: HEISS
alternative label: RBS
alternative label: Rutherford backscattering spectrometry
alternative label: Rutherford scattering spectrometry
alternative label: Rutherford scattering spectroscopy
alternative label: backscattering spectroscopy
alternative label: heavy ion scattering spectrometry
alternative label: heavy ion scattering spectroscopy
alternative label: heavy-ion scattering spectrometry
alternative label: heavy-ion scattering spectroscopy
alternative label: high-energy ion scattering spectrometry
alternative label: high-energy ion scattering spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with He+ or H+ ions (500-1500 eV) and the energies and positions of any backscattered ions are detected. [CHMO]

laser-induced thermophoresis
type: Class
subclass of: thermophoresis
alternative label: laser induced thermophoresis
alternative label: laser-induced thermophoretic analysis
alternative label: optically induced thermophoresis
definition: A separation method where particles move at different speeds according to their thermal conductivity in a separation medium, across which a thermal gradient (produced by laser irradiation) is applied. [CHMO]

photoinduced current transient spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0001227
alternative label: PICTS
alternative label: photo induced current transient spectroscopy
alternative label: photo-induced current transient spectroscopy
definition: A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the current produced by applying an optical pulse to the semiconductor junction at different temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit peaks, the height of which are proportional to the defect density, and the emission rate and temperature dependence are characteristic for each type of defect. [CHMO]

photoelectron diffraction
type: Class
subclass of: electron diffraction
alternative label: PD
alternative label: PED
alternative label: PhD
definition: A method for determining structure during photoelectron spectroscopy. Photons are directed at the sample and diffraction patterns resulting from the emission of electrons are recorded. [CHMO]

Fourier transform electrochemical-induced impedance spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: electrochemical-induced impedance spectroscopy
alternative label: FT-EIS
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of an electrochemical cell is measured. A Fourier transform is then applied to the spectrum. [CHMO]

colloidal dispersion
type: Class
subclass of: particle dispersion
definition: A sample preparation method where solid particles are dispersed in a liquid phase. [CHMO]

magnetic bead extraction
type: Class
subclass of: extraction
alternative label: MS
alternative label: magnetic separation
alternative label: magnetic-bead extraction
definition: A method for extracting biological molecules from a biological sample by functionalising a magnetic bead (0.001-200 µm diameter) with a molecule specific to the target molecule (e.g. complementary DNA or a specific antibody) and placing it in the sample solution. The bead is removed from the solution using a magnetized source. [CHMO]

melt extrusion
type: Class
subclass of: extrusion
definition: A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a molten polymer through a die. [CHMO]

cell counting
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000378
definition: A cellular assay that uses various methods to quantify cells in a culture. [VIVO-ISF]

sequential extraction
type: Class
subclass of: extraction
alternative label: sequential chemical extraction
definition: An analytical process that sequentially chemically leaches metals from soils, sludges or sediments. [CHMO]

Fmoc test
type: Class
subclass of: colorimetric test
alternative label: UV Fmoc test
alternative label: ultraviolet Fmoc test
definition: A colorimetric test which consists of coupling an Fmoc (9H-fluoren-9-yl-methoxycarbonyl )-protected amino acid and measuring the UV absorbance of the sample after deprotection using 20% piperidine in DMF. [CHMO]

potential sputter etching
type: Class
subclass of: electronic sputter etching
alternative label: potential sputtering
definition: The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface by bombarding it with high-energy or highly charged heavy ions. When the multiply charged ions recombine on the sample surface their potential energy is liberated, accelerating the process. [CHMO]

synchrotron circular dichroism spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: circular dichroism spectroscopy
alternative label: SRCD
alternative label: SRCD spectrometry
alternative label: SRCD spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarized synchrotron radiation (radiation produced by the movement of charged particles in a magnetic field). [CHMO]

pervaporation
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003335
definition: A method for the separation of liquid mixtures based on diffusion rate and membrane affinity. The sample mixture is placed in contact with one side of a non-porous polymeric membrane while a vacuum is applied to the other side. The components in the liquid stream permeate through the membrane, evaporate, and are then condensed. [CHMO]

X-ray appearance potential spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: appearance potential spectroscopy
alternative label: EEXAPS
alternative label: EXAPS
alternative label: SXAPS
alternative label: X-ray appearance potential spectrometry
alternative label: XAPS
alternative label: electron-excited X-ray appearance potential spectrometry
alternative label: electron-excited X-ray appearance potential spectroscopy
alternative label: soft X-ray appearance potential spectrometry
alternative label: soft X-ray appearance potential spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by the sudden appearance of soft X-ray fluorescence. [CHMO]

forced Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy
alternative label: FRLS
alternative label: FRS
alternative label: forced Rayleigh light scattering
alternative label: forced Rayleigh light scattering spectrometry
alternative label: forced Rayleigh light scattering spectroscopy
alternative label: forced Rayleigh scattering
alternative label: forced Rayleigh scattering spectrometry
definition: A method for determining structure where a grating created by the interference of two laser beams is written into a sample and a further laser beam is Rayleigh scattered by the grating. The change in direction or energy of the light and the temporal evolution of the scattered beam are measured. [CHMO]

locally weighted scatterplot smoothing
type: Class
subclass of: smoothing
source: Local regression
alternative label: LOWESS smoothing
definition: Locally weighted scatterplot smoothing is a smoothing that use use locally weighted linear regression to smooth data. [Allotrope]

inelastic neutron scattering
type: Class
subclass of: neutron scattering
alternative label: INS
alternative label: inelastic coherent neutron scattering
alternative label: inelastic neutron scattering spectrometry
alternative label: inelastic neutron scattering spectroscopy
definition: A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, and suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions. [CHMO]

optical profilometry
type: Class
subclass of: profilometry
alternative label: non-contact profilometry
definition: A method where the profile of a surface is determined by illuminating the sample with a beam of light which has been split into two paths, one of which is directed at the sample and the other at a reference mirror. When the reflections are recombined any interference contains information about the contours of the surface. [CHMO]

liquid-phase micro-extraction
type: Class
subclass of: liquid-liquid extraction
alternative label: LPME
alternative label: liquid phase micro-extraction
alternative label: liquid phase microextraction
alternative label: liquid-phase microextraction
definition: The process of transferring a µL amount of a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase (or vice versa). [CHMO]

valence-shell photoionization spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: photoelectron spectroscopy
alternative label: valence-shell photoionization spectrometry
definition: Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionization of the valence shell and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]

high-resolution energy loss spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: electron energy loss spectroscopy
alternative label: HEELS
alternative label: HR-EELS
alternative label: HREELS
alternative label: HRELS
alternative label: VELS
alternative label: high resolution energy loss spectrometry
alternative label: high resolution energy loss spectroscopy
alternative label: vibrational ELS
alternative label: vibrational energy loss spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the small energy loss (0.02-1 eV) the electrons suffer upon reflection is measured. [CHMO]

dielectrophoretic droplet dispensing
type: Class
subclass of: droplet dispensing
alternative label: DEP drop dispensing
alternative label: DEP droplet dispensing
definition: The dispensing of droplets from an electrode surface after an applied voltage has been removed. Periodic bumps along the length of the electrodes promote droplet formation by establishing an initial, static perturbation. [CHMO]

liquid scintillation counting
type: Class
subclass of: beta-particle spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the spontaneous emission of a beta-particle produces a flash of light (known as a 'scintillation') which is detected. [CHMO]

supported liquid membrane extraction
type: Class
subclass of: membrane extraction
alternative label: SLM extraction
alternative label: SLME
alternative label: supported liquid membrane (SLM) extraction
definition: The transfer of a solute from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a non-porous liquid membrane. [CHMO]

coextraction
type: Class
subclass of: extraction
alternative label: co-extraction
definition: The transfer of two solutes from a liquid phase to a (low-polarity) organic liquid phase in contact with it. The solutes form mixed-species aggregates in the organic phase. [CHMO]

spin-echo neutron scattering
type: Class
subclass of: neutron scattering
alternative label: neutron spin echo spectrometry
alternative label: neutron spin echo spectroscopy
alternative label: neutron spin-echo spectrometry
alternative label: neutron spin-echo spectroscopy
alternative label: spin-echo neutrons scattering
definition: A method for determining structure by measuring the velocity of neutrons in known magnetic fields before and after scattering by the sample. The neutrons are scattered by the interaction of neutron spin with spins in the sample ('spin echo'). [CHMO]

inertial droplet dispensing
type: Class
subclass of: droplet dispensing
alternative label: inertial drop dispensing
definition: The dispensing of droplets by applying a pattern of piezoelectric acceleration and deceleration to the droplets such that inertial force can overcome adhesion force, resulting in droplet detachment from the device. [CHMO]

laser-enhanced ionization spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: resonance ionization spectroscopy
alternative label: LEI spectrometry
alternative label: LEI spectroscopy
alternative label: LEIS
alternative label: laser enhanced ionization mass spectrometry
alternative label: laser enhanced ionization spectroscopy
alternative label: laser-enhanced ionization spectrometry
alternative label: resonance-enhanced ionization spectrometry
alternative label: resonance-enhanced laser ionization spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where resonant laser illumination (using a laser which is tuned to match an electronic transition within the sample) is used to ehanced the collisional ionization of atoms (or molecules) occurring in a flame. [CHMO]

titer testing
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0001185
alternative label: standard solution testing
alternative label: titre testing
definition: A titer (or titre) is a way of expressing concentration. Titer testing employs serial dilution to obtain approximate quantitative information from an analytical procedure that inherently only evaluates as positive or negative. The titer corresponds to the highest dilution factor that still yields a positive reading. [Wikipedia]

analytical pyrolysis
type: Class
subclass of: pyrolysis
definition: The characterization, in an inert atmosphere, of a material or a chemical process by a chemical degradation reaction induced by thermal energy. [CHMO]

X-ray absorption spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: X-ray spectroscopy
alternative label: X-ray absorption spectrometry
alternative label: XAS
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays and the X-ray absorption coefficient of the sample is measured. When the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron in an atom there is a decrease in the intensity of transmitted X-rays resulting in an absorption edge. [CHMO]

rotary evaporation
type: Class
subclass of: solvent evaporation
definition: The removal of solvent from a sample by applying heat and lowering the pressure above the sample whilst rotating it at 10-300 rpm. [CHMO]

X-ray scattering
type: Class
subclass of: scattering method
alternative label: XRS
alternative label: XS
definition: A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample. [CHMO]

catalytic pyrolysis
type: Class
subclass of: pyrolysis
definition: The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy in the presence of a catalyst. [CHMO]

batch injection calorimetry
type: Class
subclass of: calorimetry
alternative label: batch-injection enthalpimetry
alternative label: direct-injection calorimetry
alternative label: direct-injection enthalpimetry
definition: The measurement of the enthalpy change during a chemical reaction in order to measure the amount of the imiting reagent. [CHMO]

electron spin resonance imaging
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0001801
definition: An imaging method which uses the detection of unpaired spins in a magnetic field gradient so that the resonance condition is sensitive to the position of the spins in the sample. [CHMO]

calcination
type: Class
subclass of: heating
alternative label: calcining
definition: The heating of a sample to high temperatures in air or oxygen. [CHMO]

freeze drying
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0001876
alternative label: cryodesiccation
alternative label: freeze-drying
alternative label: lyophilization
definition: The removal of solvent from a sample without passing through the liquid-gas boundary. The sample is frozen at liquid nitrogen temperature (-80 deg. C) then the surrounding pressure is reduced to allow the water in the sample to sublime. [CHMO]

foam fractionation
type: Class
subclass of: fractionation
definition: A method of separation in which a component of the bulk liquid is preferentially adsorbed at the liquid-vapour interface and is removed by foaming. [CHMO]

pump-probe spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: laser spectroscopy
alternative label: PP spectroscopy
alternative label: pump probe spectroscopy
alternative label: pump-probe (PP) spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with an initial laser pulse (the 'pump') followed by a second laser pulse (the 'probe') after a short delay. The pump pulse creates excitations in the sample, which are sensed by the probe pulse. [CHMO]

terahertz four-wave mixing spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: four-wave mixing spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where three incident terahertz laser beams are mixed. [CHMO]

gravitational field-flow fractionation
type: Class
subclass of: field-flow fractionation
alternative label: G-FFF
alternative label: GFFF
alternative label: GrFFF
alternative label: gravitational FFF
definition: A technique for separating small particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel such that the Earth's gravitational field is perpendicular to the channel. A carrier liquid is then passed through the channel and the particles are separated on the basis of particle size. [CHMO]

Kugelrohr distillation
type: Class
subclass of: short-path distillation
definition: A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. As the sample mixture to be purified is heated, its vapours rise a short distance into a vertical condenser (called a 'Kugelrohr') where they are cooled by water. This technique is used for small amounts of samples with high boiling points (usually >300 deg. C) under greatly reduced pressure. [CHMO]

isothermal calorimetry
type: Class
subclass of: calorimetry
definition: The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) at constant temperature during a chemical or biochemical reaction. [CHMO]

fluorescent labeling
type: Class
subclass of: labeling
alternative label: fluorescence labeling
alternative label: fluorescence labelling
alternative label: fluorescent labelling
definition: The process of covalently attaching a chemically-reactive derivative of a fluorophore to another molecule, such as a protein or nucleic acid. [CHMO]

light-induced gelation
type: Class
subclass of: gelation
definition: The formation of a gel from a solution by irradiation with light from the visible region (400-800 nm). [CHMO]

blow drying
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0001876
definition: The removal of solvent from a sample by the application of an inert gas or air. [CHMO]

pendant-drop tensiometry
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0002122
alternative label: pendant drop dynamic tensiometry
alternative label: pendant drop tensiometry
alternative label: pendant tensiometry
alternative label: pending drop tensiometry
definition: The measurement of surface tension by determining the distortion of drop by gravity, which elongates or flattens otherwise spherical drops. [CHMO]

angle-resolved synchotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy
alternative label: angle-resolved synchotron radiation photoelectron spectrometry
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray-ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]

crystallization
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003566
definition: The formation of a crystalline solid from a solution, melt vapour, or a different solid phase, generally by lowering the temperature or by evaporation of a solvent. [CHMO]

holographic laser trapping
type: Class
subclass of: laser trapping
alternative label: holographic laser tweezing
alternative label: holographic optical trapping
alternative label: holographic optical tweezing
definition: The trapping of microscopic particles by a focused laser beam. The beam is focused through a microscope objective, producing a strong electric field gradient at its narrowest point, which attracts dielectric particles. In holographic laser trapping, computer-generated holograms are used to split single laser beams into multiple beams, creating three-dimensional configurations. [CHMO]

Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy
alternative label: FT-IR OAS
alternative label: FT-IR PAS
alternative label: FT-IR optoacoustic spectrometry
alternative label: FT-IR optoacoustic spectroscopy
alternative label: FT-IR photoacoustic spectrometry
alternative label: FT-IR photoacoustic spectroscopy
alternative label: FT/IR OAS
alternative label: FT/IR PAS
alternative label: FTIR OAS
alternative label: FTIR PAS
alternative label: FTIR-OAS
alternative label: FTIR-PAS
alternative label: FTIROAS
alternative label: FTIRPAS
alternative label: Fourier transform infra-red photoacoustic spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sound emitted when a gaseous sample is exposed to an intense infrared laser beam, which is rapidly interrupted by a rotating slotted disk, is measured. The spectrum is then subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]

sintering
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003357
definition: The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample below its melting point until its particles adhere to each other. [CHMO]

magnetic field-flow fractionation
type: Class
subclass of: field-flow fractionation
alternative label: MFFF
alternative label: MgFFF
alternative label: magnetic FFF
definition: A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel and applying a magnetic electric field perpendicular to the channel. A carrier liquid is passed through the channel and the particles are separated on the basis of magnetic susceptibility. [CHMO]

holography
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0001801
alternative label: laser holography
alternative label: optical holography
definition: The recording of an interference pattern on a photographic film. Coherent light from a laser is reflected from an object and combined at the film with light from a reference beam. Both the phase and amplitude of the light scattered by the object is recorded. [CHMO]

resonance-enhanced laser microprobe spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: laser microprobe spectroscopy
alternative label: resonance enhanced laser microanalysis
alternative label: resonance-enchanced laser micro-probe spectrometry
alternative label: resonance-enhanced laser microprobe spectrometry
definition: Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more finely focused (<10 m diameter) resonant laser beams (lasers which have been tuned to match an electronic transition within the sample) and the absorption or emission of light by the sample is measured. [CHMO]

magnetic spin-echo small angle neutron scattering
type: Class
subclass of: spin-echo neutron scattering
alternative label: magnetic SEANS
definition: A method for determining structure by measuring the velocity of neutrons in known magnetic fields before and after scattering at small angles by a magnetic sample. The neutrons are scattered by the interaction of neutron spin with spins in the sample ('spin echo'). [CHMO]

ultraviolet thermal lens spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: thermal lens spectroscopy
alternative label: UV TLS
alternative label: UV-TLS
alternative label: ultra-violet thermal lens spectrometry
alternative label: ultra-violet thermal lens spectroscopy
alternative label: ultraviolet thermal lens spectrometry
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the energy generated by nonradiative thermal relaxation after ultraviolet laser light absorption is measured. [CHMO]

nuclear spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: gamma-ray spectroscopy
alternative label: nuclear spectrometry
definition: A type of gamma-ray emission spectroscopy where atomic nuclei are excited (by a heavy ion beam or by collision with another nucleus) and their decaying gamma-ray emissions are measured. [CHMO]

temperature-dependent rheometry
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000840
alternative label: temperature dependent rheology
alternative label: temperature dependent rheometry
alternative label: temperature-dependent rheological measurements
alternative label: temperature-dependent rheology
definition: The study of the temperature dependence of the relationship between deformation and stress for fluids which cannot be defined by a single value of viscosity. [CHMO]

solid-phase micro-extraction
type: Class
subclass of: liquid-solid extraction
alternative label: SPME
alternative label: solid phase microextraction
alternative label: solid-phase microextraction
definition: The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the liquid sample through a small fibre containing a stationary phase bonded to a silica needle (<10 µm diameter). [CHMO]

activation
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003374
change note: 2024-09-12 Removed [OSTHUS] attribution as this is purely [CHMO].
definition: Any process that involves preparing or exciting a material for a subsequent reaction. [CHMO]

photocurrent spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000527
alternative label: photo-current spectrometry
alternative label: photo-current spectroscopy
alternative label: photocurrent spectrometry
definition: A type of spectroscopy where light energy absorbed by the sample results in the production of a current (the 'photocurrent') which is measured at different spectral intervals. [CHMO]

phosphorescence detection
type: Class
subclass of: photoluminescence detection
definition: The detection of luminescence emitted over a long timescale from a sample, as a result of irradiation with light. [CHMO]

collinear laser ion-beam spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: collinear laser spectroscopy
alternative label: CLIBS
alternative label: collinear laser beam spectrometry
alternative label: collinear laser beam spectroscopy
alternative label: collinear laser ion beam spectroscopy
alternative label: collinear laser ion-beam spectrometry
definition: A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is in the form of an accelerated beam of ions which is superimposed on a resonant laser beam (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample) and light absorption is measured. [CHMO]

picosecond laser flash photolysis
type: Class
subclass of: laser flash photolysis
alternative label: ps laser flash photolysis
definition: A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong picosecond pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The absorption of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse. [CHMO]

photoelectron yield spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy
alternative label: PEYS
alternative label: photoelectron yield spectrometry
alternative label: total yield spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray-ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons. All photoelectrons emitted at a particular photon energy are detected. [CHMO]

capillary micro-extraction
type: Class
subclass of: solid-phase micro-extraction
alternative label: CME
alternative label: capillary microextraction
definition: The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the liquid sample through a small fused-silica capillary. [CHMO]

infrared dichroism spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: dichroism spectroscopy
alternative label: ID
alternative label: infra-red dichroism
alternative label: infrared dichroism
alternative label: infrared dichroism measurements
definition: A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption or reflection of polarized infrared light by a sample. [CHMO]

rotational spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000527
definition: A type of spectroscopy which probes the rotational degrees of freedom of a molecule. [CHMO]

laser-induced simultaneous thermophoresis
type: Class
subclass of: laser-induced thermophoresis
alternative label: optically induced simultaneous thermophoresis
definition: A separation method where two or more particles (e.g. proteins) are separated according to their thermal conductivity in a separation medium, across which a thermal gradient (produced by laser irradiation) is applied. [CHMO]

densification
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003473
definition: The removal of impurities and elimination of pores from a xerogel (a gel that has been dried with unhindered shrinkage). [CHMO]

dielectric drying
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0001876
definition: The removal of solvent from a sample by the application of radio frequency (3 Hz to 300 GHz) or microwave (1-1000 mm) radiation. [CHMO]

photo etching
type: Class
subclass of: etching
alternative label: PCM
alternative label: photo-etching
alternative label: photochemical etching
alternative label: photochemical machining
alternative label: photochemical milling
alternative label: photoetching
definition: The process of generating a pattern in a photosensitive sample by irradiating it with UV light. After exposure, the plate is 'developed' by washing away the unexposed resist. [CHMO]

vibrating-tube densitometry
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0001666
alternative label: vibrating tube densiometry
alternative label: vibrating tube densitometry
alternative label: vibrating-tube densiometry
definition: The measurement of the density of a solution by determining the resonant frequency of a quartz U-tube which holds about 1 mL of sample. [CHMO]

vapor pressure osmometry
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000620
alternative label: VPO
alternative label: vapor-pressure osmometry
definition: A technique used to determine the concentration of osmotically active particles that reduce the vapor pressure of a solution. Vapour pressure osmometry is used to measure the average molecular weight of polymers. [CHMO]

denaturation
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003566
definition: Denaturation is the process of unfolding a protein. [Allotrope]

electron probe X-ray microanalysis
type: Class
subclass of: microbeam particle-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy
alternative label: EMPA
alternative label: EPMA
alternative label: EPXMA
alternative label: electron microprobe analysis
alternative label: electron probe microanalysis
definition: A type of X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding a flat polished sample with a finely focused (<10 µm diameter) beam of electrons which results in the ionization of the inner shells of sample atoms. The decay of the ionized states results in the emission of characteristic X-rays. [CHMO]

competition dialysis
type: Class
subclass of: dialysis
definition: The separation of molecules in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane. In competition dialysis an array of nucleic acid structures and sequences is dialysed against a common test ligand solution. After equilibration, the amount of ligand bound to each structure or sequence is determined by absorbance or fluorescence measurements. Since all structures and sequences are in equilibrium with the same free ligand concentration, the amount bound is directly proportional to the ligand binding affinity. [CHMO]

ultrasonic dispersion
type: Class
subclass of: particle dispersion
definition: The distribution of particles of one phase in a continuous phase of a different nature, assisted by sound waves (>20 KHz in frequency). [CHMO]

headspace solid-phase micro-extraction
type: Class
subclass of: solid-phase micro-extraction
alternative label: HSPME
alternative label: HSSE
alternative label: hSPME
alternative label: headspace solid-phase microextraction
alternative label: headspace sorptive extraction
definition: The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by exposing a small fibre containing a stationary phase bonded to a silica needle (<10 µm diameter) to the headspace above the liquid sample. [CHMO]

diffusing wave spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: dynamic light scattering
alternative label: DWS
alternative label: diffusing-wave spectroscopy
alternative label: diffusive wave spectroscopy
alternative label: diffusive-wave spectroscopy
definition: A method for determining molecular motion by measuring the time it takes for a particle in a highly-scattering suspension (e.g. a colloid) to move a distance comparable to the wavelength of light. [CHMO]

laser emission spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: laser spectroscopy
alternative label: LES
alternative label: laser emission spectrometry
definition: A type of spectroscopy where a thermally-excited vapour sample is illuminated with an ultraviolet or visible laser and the photon emission spectrum of the sample is observed. [CHMO]

X-ray emission spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: X-ray spectroscopy
definition: Any type of X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays or particles and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions (known as 'X-ray fluorescence') are detected. [CHMO]

reprecipitation
type: Class
subclass of: precipitation
definition: The planned repetition of a precipitation to remove impurities from a precipitate or improve its stoichiometry. [CHMO]

constant-initial-state spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy
alternative label: CISS
alternative label: constant initial state spectroscopy
alternative label: constant-initial-state spectrometry
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray-ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons. The energy distribution of electrons which have been promoted from a specific valence band is measured. [CHMO]

laser pyrolysis
type: Class
subclass of: pyrolysis
definition: A technique used to synthesize ultrafine powders by heating a mixture of reactant vapour and inert gas with a laser. [CHMO]

metastable de-excitation spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: electron spectroscopy
alternative label: MDS
alternative label: metastable de-excitation spectrometry
alternative label: metastable deexcitation spectrometry
alternative label: metastable deexcitation spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where energy transfer from a metastable atom in close proximity to (~5 ) the sample gives rise to a characteristic ejected electron energy spectrum. [CHMO]

electron-ion coincidence spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: electron coincidence spectroscopy
alternative label: EICO
alternative label: electron-ion coincidence spectrometry
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of an ion and an electron which are detected as a function of energy. [CHMO]

multiple headspace extraction
type: Class
subclass of: headspace extraction
definition: The process of transferring a substance from a solid or liquid matrix to the vapour phase by heating. Once the concentration of the analyte in the headspace is in equilibrium with the concentration in the sample matrix, the headspace is removed. The process is repeated multiple times, allowing the new equilibrium to form at each stage. [CHMO]

pole figure measurement
type: Class
subclass of: diffraction method
definition: A method for determining crystal orientation, using X-ray diffraction, which involves systematically rotating the sample about well defined angles until all possible lattice planes are reflected, and measuring the reflection intensity as a function of angle. The results are plotted as a pole figure. [CHMO]

wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: X-ray emission spectroscopy
definition: A type of X-ray emission spectroscopy where the energy spectrum of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions is measured using a diffraction grating or crystal. [CHMO]

elution
type: Class
subclass of: extraction
definition: A process wherein one material is extracted from another by interaction with a solvent. [CHMO]

Laplace deep-level transient spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: deep-level transient spectroscopy
alternative label: L-DLTS
alternative label: LDLTS
alternative label: LTDLTS
alternative label: Laplace DLTS
alternative label: Laplace deep level transient spectroscopy
alternative label: Laplace transform DLTS
alternative label: Laplace transform deep level transient spectroscopy
alternative label: Laplace transform deep-level transient spectroscopy
definition: A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the average capacitance produced by applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at a fixed temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit a peak for each 'deep level' (each energy level near the center of the band gap). The height of the peak is proportional to the defect density and the emission rate is characteristic for each type of defect. [CHMO]

Mossbauer spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: gamma-ray spectroscopy
alternative label: Moessbauer spectroscopy
alternative label: Mössbauer spectroscopy
alternative label: Mößbauer spectroscopy
alternative label: recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample is detected. [CHMO]

concentration modulated absorption spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: indirect laser absorption spectroscopy
alternative label: COMAS
definition: A type of spectroscopy where a pump laser is used to excite a chromophore and the transmitted power of a probe laser is used to determine the state concentration (excited vs. non-excited) of the sample. [CHMO]

argon plasma sintering
type: Class
subclass of: solid-state sintering
definition: The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample with an Ar plasma (a partially ionized gas containing free electrons) until the particles adhere to each other. [CHMO]

thermoluminescence spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: luminescence spectroscopy
alternative label: TL spectrometry
alternative label: TL spectroscopy
alternative label: thermoluminescence (TL) spectroscopy
alternative label: thermoluminescence spectrometry
definition: A type of spectroscopy where thermoluminescence (visible light emitted by certain crystalline materials when previously absorbed energy from electromagnetic radiation or other ionizing radiation is re-emitted as light upon heating of the material) is detected as a function of wavelength. [CHMO]

thermoluminescence
type: Class
subclass of: thermoptometry
definition: The measurement of the luminescence of a sample as a function of temperature. [CHMO]

atom scattering
type: Class
subclass of: scattering method
definition: A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered atoms. [CHMO]

ion beam patterning
type: Class
subclass of: etching
alternative label: ion-beam patterning
definition: A patterning process which involves using a focused Ga+ beam to cut trenches into substrates. [CHMO]

matrix solid-phase dispersion
type: Class
subclass of: particle dispersion
alternative label: MSPD
definition: A technique for the preparation and extraction of solid and viscous samples. The sample is blended with a bonded-phase solid support (such as silica) using a glass pestle to obtain a semi-dry material. The blended sample is then packed into a cartridge and eluted. [CHMO]

spin-polarized metastable de-excitation spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: metastable de-excitation spectroscopy
alternative label: SP-MDS
alternative label: SPMDS
alternative label: spin-polarized metastable de-excitation spectrometry
alternative label: spin-polarized metastable deexcitation spectrometry
alternative label: spin-polarized metastable deexcitation spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where energy transfer from a metastable atom in close proximity to (~5 ) the sample gives rise to a characteristic ejected electron energy spectrum. A magnet is used to align all the electron spins parallel to the surface. [CHMO]

convergent beam low energy electron diffraction
type: Class
subclass of: low energy electron diffraction
alternative label: CBLEED
alternative label: convergent beam low-energy electron diffraction
alternative label: convergent-beam low-energy electron diffraction
definition: A method for determining structure by directing a highly convergent beam (nm diameter) of low energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. [CHMO]

anodic mobilization
type: Class
subclass of: mobilization
definition: Anodic mobilization is a specialized form of electrophoretic separation of proteins and ampholytes based on their net charge, separation is achieved by the use of pH changes in the buffer with the addition of salt to the buffer resulting in excess nonproton cations. [Allotrope]

optogalvanic spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000527
alternative label: optogalvanic spectrometry
definition: Any type of spectroscopy where the current passing through a gas discharge is monitored as a laser light source is tuned through the frequencies of allowed transitions for excited atoms in the discharge. [CHMO]

microphotoluminescence spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: photoluminescence spectroscopy
alternative label: micro-PL spectroscopy
alternative label: micro-photoluminescence spectroscopy
alternative label: µ-PL spectroscopy
alternative label: µPL spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the luminesence (the emission of visible light) from a small area (<10 microns diameter) of a sample which has been illuminated with light, is detected. [CHMO]

low-energy radioactive ion-beam spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: ion-beam spectroscopy
alternative label: LeRIBS
alternative label: low-energy radioactive ion beam spectrometry
alternative label: low-energy radioactive ion beam spectroscopy
alternative label: low-energy radioactive ion-beam spectrometry
definition: A type of spectroscopy where a focused beam of proton is directed at a uranium sample and the secondary ions emitted are detected. [CHMO]

radio frequency spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000527
alternative label: RF spectroscopy
alternative label: radio frequency (RF) spectroscopy
alternative label: radiofrequency (RF) spectroscopy
alternative label: radiofrequency spectroscopy
alternative label: rf spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy using short pulses of radiation from the radio frequency (MHz) range. Radio frequency spectroscopy is used to probe cold gas atoms and single ions. [CHMO]

reflection extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy
alternative label: REFLEXAFS
alternative label: REFLEXAFS spectrometry
alternative label: REFLEXAFS spectroscopy
alternative label: reflEXAFS
alternative label: reflEXAFSS
alternative label: reflection extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry
definition: A type of X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient measured 500-1000 eV below the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are determined as a function of incident X-ray energy. Measurements are taken under total reflection conditions. [CHMO]

intensity normalization
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0002296
source: MS_1001484
definition: Intensity normalization is a data apodization to transform the data to a common intensity range for comparison. [Allotrope]

sequential pyrolysis
type: Class
subclass of: pyrolysis
definition: The repeated chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy under the same conditions of time, temperature etc. [CHMO]

Kelvin force spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: force spectroscopy
alternative label: KFS
definition: A type of spectroscopy where an atomic force microscope is used to measure the force experienced by a sample. A probe, which is made of a material with a known work function (commonly tungsten or platinum), is arranged close to the sample surface as a parallel-plate capacitor with a small spacing. The probe is vibrated, causing a change in the capacitance between the electrodes. A voltage is then applied between the probe and sample until the electric field between them vanishes. The force gradient is proportional to the change in amplitude of the vibration. The distance between the probe and sample is kept constant during the measurement using a feedback loop. [CHMO]

combustion
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003566
alternative label: burning
definition: An exothermic chemical reaction between a fuel (usually a hydrocarbon) and an oxidant (usually oxygen) which is sometimes accompanied by the production of light. [CHMO]

quarter-logarithmic dilution
type: Class
subclass of: serial dilution
source: Serial dilution
alternative label: quarter-log dilution
definition: A half-logarithmic dilution is a serial dilution with a 1.78-fold (10^0.25) dilution for each step. [Wikipedia]

non-resonance Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy
alternative label: non-resonance Rayleigh scattering
alternative label: non-resonance Rayleigh scattering spectrometry
alternative label: non-resonant Rayleigh scattering
alternative label: off-resonance Rayleigh scattering
definition: A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light, where the wavelength of the incident light does not correspond to any absorption bands in the scattering molecules. [CHMO]

partial-yield spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy
alternative label: PYS
alternative label: partial photoyield spectroscopy
alternative label: partial yield spectrometry
alternative label: partial yield spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray-ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons. All of the photoelectrons emitted within a certain energy interval are detected. [CHMO]

simple distillation
type: Class
subclass of: distillation
definition: A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat and then immediately cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. This method can only be used to separate mixtures where the components differ widely in boiling point (by approx. 25 deg.). [CHMO]

deionization
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003473
alternative label: deionization method
definition: The removal of ions from a solution using an ion-exchange method. [CHMO]

vibrational microscopy
type: Class
subclass of: microspectroscopy
alternative label: vibrational microspectroscopy
alternative label: vibrational spectroscopic imaging
definition: A type of chemical imaging spectroscopy where an optical microscope is used to image the sample and locate a small area for spectral analysis that probes the vibrational degrees of freedom of a molecule. [CHMO]

electron spin resonance oximetry
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0002216
definition: A technique used to measure the levels of oxygen in a sample by measuring the enhancement of relaxation rates (proportional to O2 concentration) of paramagnetic species ('labels' or 'probes', e.g. nitroxides) in solution with O2, using ESR spectroscopy. [CHMO]

nitrogen sorption measurements
type: Class
subclass of: sorption measurements
alternative label: N2 adsorption measurements
alternative label: N2 sorption
alternative label: nitrogen adsorption measurements
alternative label: nitrogen sorptions
definition: A method for determining surface area by measuring the amount of N2 that adsorbs onto the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'). Regression analysis is then applied to the data, resulting in an isotherm. [CHMO]

pump-repump-probe spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: pump-probe spectroscopy
alternative label: PREP spectroscopy
alternative label: PrPP spectroscopy
alternative label: double-pump pump-probe spectroscopy
alternative label: pump re-pump probe spectroscopy
alternative label: pump repump probe spectroscopy
alternative label: pump-pump-probe spectroscopy
alternative label: pump-repump-probe (PREP) spectroscopy
alternative label: pump-repump-probe (PrPP) spectroscopy
alternative label: two pump and probe spectroscopy
alternative label: two pump-probe spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with an initial laser pulse (the 'pump') followed by a second pump laser pulse, and finally a third laser pulse (the 'probe') after a short delay. The two pump pulses create excitations in the sample, which are sensed by the probe pulse. [CHMO]

air-sensitive vacuum distillation
type: Class
subclass of: vacuum distillation
definition: A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a high-boiling-point sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat at low pressure and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. The vacuum is replaced by an inert gas once the distillation is complete. [CHMO]

acoustic droplet dispensing
type: Class
subclass of: droplet dispensing
alternative label: acoustic drop dispensing
definition: The dropwise release of a liquid using a focused acoustic beam to eject a controlled droplet from an open pool of liquid. When the acoustic beam strikes the liquid surface, the pressure causes the fluid to rise up and a droplet breaks off. [CHMO]

grazing-incidence X-ray scattering
type: Class
subclass of: small-angle X-ray scattering
definition: A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample. The incident X-ray beam strikes the sample under a small angle close to the critical angle of total external X-ray reflection. [CHMO]

total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: X-ray reflection spectroscopy
definition: Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays and the energies of totally reflected X-rays are measured. [CHMO]

flash pyrolysis
type: Class
subclass of: pyrolysis
definition: The chemical degradation of a sample caused by a fast rate of temperature increase (10,000 K/s). [CHMO]

resonance ionization spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: laser ionization spectroscopy
subclass of: metastable-quenched electron spectroscopy
alternative label: RIS
alternative label: resonance enhanced ionisation spectroscopy
alternative label: resonance enhanced ionization spectrometry
alternative label: resonance enhanced ionization spectroscopy
alternative label: resonance ionization spectrometry
alternative label: resonance-ionization spectrometry
alternative label: resonance-ionization spectroscopy
definition: Any type of spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with resonant laser light (using a laser which is tuned to match an electronic transition within the sample) and photoexcitation is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionization potential to create an ion. [CHMO]

hot isostatic pressing
type: Class
subclass of: isostatic pressing
alternative label: HIP
alternative label: HIPping
alternative label: hipping
definition: The process of pressing a powder under a gas or liquid at elevated temperatures so that pressure is transmitted equally in all directions. [CHMO]

surface Penning-ionization electron spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: metastable-quenched electron spectroscopy
alternative label: surface Penning-ionization electron spectrometry
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with metastable atoms resulting in the emission of an electron (by Penning ionization) and an Auger electron. [CHMO]

cathodic mobilization
type: Class
subclass of: mobilization
definition: Cathodic mobilization is a specialized form of electrophoretic separation of molecules based on their net charge, separation is achieved by the use of progressive pH changes in the buffer with the addition of salt to the buffer resulting in excess nonhydroxyl anions. [Allotrope]

pulse oximetry
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0002216
definition: A technique used to determine the extent of oxygenation of haemoglobin based on the red (600-750 nm) and infrared (800-1000 nm) light absorption characteristics of the oxygenated and deoxygenated forms. [CHMO]

electrodialysis
type: Class
subclass of: dialysis
definition: The selective separation of molecules in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion across a semipermeable membrane under the influence of an electric field. [CHMO]

extrusion
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003351
alternative label: extrusion molding
alternative label: extrusion moulding
definition: A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a material through a die. [CHMO]

space-charge-limited current method
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0001227
alternative label: SCLC method
alternative label: SCLC technique
alternative label: space charge limited current
alternative label: space-charge-limited current
definition: A method for measuring density-of-state (DOS) distributions by injecting a nonequilibrium density of charges and measuring the resulting current. [CHMO]

hollow fiber liquid-phase micro-extraction
type: Class
subclass of: liquid-phase micro-extraction
alternative label: HF-LPME
alternative label: HFLPME
alternative label: hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction
alternative label: hollow fiber-based liquid phase microextraction
alternative label: hollow-fiber LPME
alternative label: hollow-fiber based LPME
alternative label: hollow-fiber liquid-phase micro-extraction
alternative label: hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction
alternative label: hollow-fiber-based LPME
definition: The process of transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase immobilised within the pores of the wall of a porous hollow fibre (<10 µm diameter). [CHMO]

water:methanol:chloroform 1:3:1 extraction
type: Class
subclass of: solvent extraction
definition: Extraction of plant metabolites using a 1:3:1 v/v mixture of water, methanol and chloroform. [CHMO]

constant-capacitance deep-level transient spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: deep-level transient spectroscopy
alternative label: CC-DLTS
alternative label: CCDLTS
alternative label: constant capacitance DLTS
alternative label: constant capacitance deep level transient spectroscopy
alternative label: constant capacitance deep-level transient spectroscopy
alternative label: constant-capacitance DLTS
definition: A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By holding the capacitance constant and monitoring the carrier emission produced when applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at different temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit a peak for each 'deep level' (each energy level near the center of the band gap). The height of the peak is proportional to the defect density and the emission rate and temperature dependence are characteristic for each type of defect. [CHMO]

alpha-particle scattering
type: Class
subclass of: scattering method
alternative label: alpha scattering
alternative label: alpha-scattering
definition: A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered alpha-particles. [CHMO]

two-dimensional small-angle X-ray scattering
type: Class
subclass of: small-angle X-ray scattering
definition: A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of two separate beams of X-rays scattered by a sample at low angles (0-10 deg.). [CHMO]

angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: photoelectron spectroscopy
alternative label: ARP
alternative label: ARPES
alternative label: ARPS
alternative label: angle-resolved photoelectron spectrometry
alternative label: angle-resolved photoemission spectrometry
alternative label: angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]

X-ray diffraction
type: Class
subclass of: diffraction method
alternative label: X-Ray crystallographic analysis
alternative label: X-ray analysis
alternative label: X-ray crystallography
alternative label: X-ray diffraction analysis
alternative label: X-ray diffractometry
alternative label: X-ray structure determination
alternative label: XRD
definition: A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. [CHMO]

pulsed electron-electron double resonance spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: electron-electron double resonance spectroscopy
alternative label: PELDOR
alternative label: PELDOR spectroscopy
alternative label: pulse ELDOR
alternative label: pulsed ELDOR
alternative label: pulsed electron double resonance
alternative label: pulsed electron double resonance spectroscopy
alternative label: pulsed electron-electron double resonance
definition: A type of spectroscopy where two microwave frequency pulse sequences are used to excite two electron resonance transitions and the effect of the first transition on the second is measured. [CHMO]

aerosol solvent extraction system
type: Class
subclass of: supercritical antisolvent technique
alternative label: ASES
definition: A technique where a solid sample is dissolved in a common (organic or inorganic) solvent, mixed with a supercritical fluid and sprayed into an autoclave. This leads to the reduction in solubility of the solid and precipitation. [CHMO]

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: photoelectron spectroscopy
alternative label: ESCA
alternative label: PESIS
alternative label: X-ray photoelectron emission spectroscopy
alternative label: X-ray photoelectron scattering (XPS) spectroscopy
alternative label: X-ray photoelectron scattering spectroscopy
alternative label: X-ray photoelectron spectrometry
alternative label: X-ray photoemission spectroscopy
alternative label: XPES
alternative label: XPS
alternative label: electron spectrometry for chemical analysis
alternative label: electron spectrometry for chemical applications
alternative label: electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis
alternative label: electron spectroscopy for chemical applications
alternative label: photoelectron spectroscopy of the inner shell
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with X-rays causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]

surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000527
alternative label: SPR
alternative label: SPR spectrometry
alternative label: SPR spectroscopy
alternative label: SPRS
alternative label: surface plasmon resonance
alternative label: surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy
alternative label: surface plasmon resonance spectrometry
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the resonant excitation of surface plasmons (usually on a noble metal e.g. Au or Ag surface) by ultraviolet or visible light is measured. The light source is incident on the noble metal surface through a prism, at a range of angles that are above the critical angle where total internal reflection occurs. At a certain angle excitation of the surface plasmons occurs, leading to a minimum in the reflected light. The resonance angle shifts whenever the optical density of the sample in contact with the noble metal undergoes a change, and thus it allows detection of the adsorption or desorption of molecules. [CHMO]

extractive distillation
type: Class
subclass of: distillation
definition: A method of separating two components of very similar boiling point from a mixture. A third, miscible and high-boiling-point solvent is added to the mixture which causes a change in the volatilities of the components. These components are then vaporised by the application of heat and cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. [CHMO]

thermogravimetry
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0002313
alternative label: TG
alternative label: TG analysis
alternative label: TG measurements
alternative label: TGA
alternative label: thermal gravimetric analysis
alternative label: thermo-gravimetric analysis
alternative label: thermogravimetric (TG) analyses
alternative label: thermogravimetric (TG) analysis
alternative label: thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis
alternative label: thermogravimetric analysis
definition: The measurement of the mass of a sample as a function of temperature. [CHMO]

phase profilometry
type: Class
subclass of: optical profilometry
alternative label: PP
definition: A method where the profile of a surface is determined by illuminating the sample with a beam of light which has been split into two paths, one of which is directed at the sample and the other at a reference mirror. When the reflections are recombined any distortions of periodic shadows due to interference contain information about the contours of the surface. [CHMO]

particle-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: X-ray emission spectroscopy
alternative label: PIXE
alternative label: PIXES
alternative label: particle-induced X-ray emission spectrometry
definition: Any type of X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding the sample with a focused beam of high-energy particles. [CHMO]

thermophoresis
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000422
alternative label: thermophoretic analysis
definition: A separation method where particles move at different speeds according to their thermal conductivity in a separation medium, across which a thermal gradient is applied. [CHMO]

reflectance spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000527
alternative label: reflectance spectrometry
alternative label: reflection spectrometry
alternative label: reflection spectroscopy
definition: The study of radiation as a function of wavelength that has been reflected from or scattered by a sample. [CHMO]

angle-resolved electron-electron coincidence spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: electron-electron coincidence spectroscopy
alternative label: ARE2E
alternative label: angle-resolved E2E
alternative label: angle-resolved electron-electron coincidence spectrometry
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of a pair of electrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]

heating
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003419
definition: Heating is a process involving the increase in temperature of an object. [Allotrope]

continuous-flow calorimetry
type: Class
subclass of: calorimetry
alternative label: continuous flow enthalpimetric analysis
alternative label: continuous flow enthalpimetry
alternative label: continuous-flow enthalpimetry
definition: A term used to describe methods wherein a reagent is continuously fed into a flowing analyte stream and the temperature difference is measured before and after a reactor (mixing chamber). Alternatively, the temperature may be measured in a differential manner between a reference and a reactor chamber. The analyte concentration is directly proportional to the measured temperature difference. [CHMO]

micro-dialysis
type: Class
subclass of: dialysis
alternative label: microdialysis
definition: The separation of molecules in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion across a semipermeable membrane. The membrane is attached to a small probe (<10 µm diameter) which is inserted into the sample. [CHMO]

transmission high energy electron diffraction
type: Class
subclass of: high energy electron diffraction
alternative label: SADP
alternative label: SAED
alternative label: THEED
alternative label: selected area electron diffraction
alternative label: selected-area electron diffraction
alternative label: transmission high-energy electron diffraction
definition: A method for determining structure by directing a beam of high energy (10-200 keV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any electrons transmitted through the sample. [CHMO]

fermentation
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003566
definition: The process in which cells (microorganisms, plant or animal cells) are cultured in a bioreactor in a liquid or solid medium to convert organic substances into biomass (growth) or into products. [CHMO]

linear dichroism spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: dichroism spectroscopy
alternative label: LD
alternative label: LD spectroscopy
alternative label: linear dichroism
alternative label: linear dichroism spectrometry
definition: A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption (parallel and perpendicular to the orientation axis) of linearly polarized light by a sample. [CHMO]

neutron backscattering
type: Class
subclass of: inelastic neutron scattering
alternative label: neutron backscattering spectrometry
alternative label: neutron backscattering spectroscopy
definition: A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of backscattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, and suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions. [CHMO]

cocrystallization
type: Class
subclass of: crystallization
alternative label: co crystallization
alternative label: co-crystallization
definition: The simultaneous crystallization of two different substances or two different structural elements of the same substance. [CHMO]

continuous-flow liquid-phase micro-extraction
type: Class
subclass of: liquid-phase micro-extraction
alternative label: CF-LPME
alternative label: CFME
alternative label: continuous flow liquid phase microextraction
alternative label: continuous-flow liquid-phase microextraction
alternative label: continuous-flow micro-extraction
alternative label: continuous-flow microextraction
definition: A process for transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase (or vice versa) by injecting one phase into a glass chamber using a conventional microsyringe and holding the µL droplet at the outlet tip of a PTFE connecting tube. The other phase then flows continuously over the droplet, allowing mass transfer to occur. [CHMO]

cone calorimetry
type: Class
subclass of: calorimetry
definition: The measurement of thermodynamic parameters such as heat release rate, heat of combustion, ignitability, and the evolution of toxic gases, smoke and soot, for flame retarding materials using a cone calorimeter. [CHMO]

neutron diffraction
type: Class
subclass of: diffraction method
alternative label: neutron crystallography
alternative label: neutron diffraction analysis
alternative label: neutron diffractometry
definition: A method for determining structure by directing a beam of cold or thermal neutrons at a sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. [CHMO]

site-selection spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: direct laser absorption spectroscopy
definition: A type spectroscopy where a sub-ensemble of molecules within an inhomogeneously broadened absorption band is selectively excited by means of a narrow-band laser and the fluorescence and phosphorescence signal is detected with a monochromator or interferometer. [CHMO]

photovoltage spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000527
alternative label: photo-voltage spectrometry
alternative label: photo-voltage spectroscopy
alternative label: photovoltage spectrometry
definition: A type of spectroscopy where light energy absorbed by the sample results in the production of a potential difference (the 'photovoltage') which is measured at different spectral intervals. [CHMO]

tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: direct laser absorption spectroscopy
alternative label: TDLAS
alternative label: tunable diode laser absorbance spectrometry
alternative label: tunable diode laser absorbance spectroscopy
alternative label: tunable diode laser absorption spectrometry
definition: A type of laser spectroscopy where a diode laser is tuned to a specific absorption line of interest in the sample and the intensity of the transmitted radiation is measured. [CHMO]

terahertz time-domain spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000527
alternative label: Thz-TDS
alternative label: terahertz time-domain spectrometry
definition: A type of spectroscopy using short pulses of radiation from the teraherz range (1 mm-100 µ m). [CHMO]

optical extinction spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000527
alternative label: extinction spectroscopy
alternative label: optical transmission spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the amount of light transmitted through a sample is measured. [CHMO]

electrophoretic light scattering
type: Class
subclass of: light scattering
alternative label: ELS
definition: A method for determining the electrophoretic mobility and zeta-potential of a sample of colloidal particles in solution by illuminating the sample with a light source (usually a laser) and measuring the time dependent fluctuations in the frequency of the scattered light caused by an oscillating electric field. [CHMO]

logarithmic dilution
type: Class
subclass of: serial dilution
source: Serial dilution
alternative label: log-dilution
definition: A logarithmic dilution is a serial dilution with a tenfold dilution for each step. [Wikipedia]

infrared thermal diffusion forced Rayleigh scattering
type: Class
subclass of: thermal diffusion forced Rayleigh scattering
alternative label: IR-TDFRS
alternative label: IR-TDFRS analysis
alternative label: IR-TDFRS method
definition: A method for determining structure where a grating created by the interference of infrared laser beams is written into a sample which contains a small amount of dye. The intensity grating is converted into a temperature grating which, in turn, causes a concentration grating by thermal diffusion. A further infrared laser beam is Rayleigh scattered by the grating and the change in direction or energy of the light and the temporal evolution of the scattered beam are measured. [CHMO]

constant-final-state spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy
alternative label: CFSS
alternative label: constant final state spectroscopy
alternative label: constant-final-state spectrometry
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray-ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons. The energy distribution of electrons which have been promoted to a specific conduction band is measured. [CHMO]

calorimetry
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0002313
alternative label: enthalpimetric analysis
alternative label: enthalpimetry
definition: The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction. [CHMO]

smoothing
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0002296
source: Smoothing
definition: Smooting is a data apodization in statistics and image processing to create an approximating function that attempts to capture important patterns in the data, while leaving out noise or other fine-scale structures/rapid phenomena. [Wikipedia]

site-specific infrared dichroism spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: infrared dichroism spectroscopy
alternative label: SSID
alternative label: site specific infrared dichroism
alternative label: site-specific ID
alternative label: site-specific infrared dichroism
definition: A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of polarized infrared light by a set of isotopically labelled sites in a sample. The introduction of a labelled atom e.g. 13C=16O, results in a shift of the corresponding absorption frequency. [CHMO]

high energy electron diffraction
type: Class
subclass of: electron diffraction
alternative label: HEED
alternative label: high-energy electron diffraction
definition: A method for determining structure by directing a beam of high energy (10-200 keV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. [CHMO]

bulb-to-bulb distillation
type: Class
subclass of: short-path distillation
alternative label: bulb to bulb distillation
definition: A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture under reduced pressure. As a small quantity of the sample mixture is heated using several glass bulbs connected in line, its vapours rise a short distance into a vertical condenser where they are cooled by dry ice in acetone (-78 deg.C). [CHMO]

heterodyne detection
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0002065
definition: The measurement of the intensity of the light resulting from the interference of two lasers of different wavelength. [CHMO]

single-drop micro-extraction
type: Class
subclass of: liquid-liquid extraction
alternative label: SDME
alternative label: single drop microextraction
alternative label: single-drop microextraction
definition: The process of transferring a dissolved substance from one liquid phase to another (immiscible or partially miscible) liquid phase in contact with it. A microdrop of organic solvent (8 µL), is suspended from the end of Teflon rod immersed in a stirred aqueous solution of the sample. The sample solution is stirred until equilibrium is reached, after which, the drop is retracted into the Teflon rod. [CHMO]

oxidative pyrolysis
type: Class
subclass of: pyrolysis
definition: The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy in the presence of an oxidative atmosphere. [CHMO]

derivatization
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003566
definition: The transformation of a chemical compound (the 'educt') into another similar compound (the 'derivative') by altering one or more of its functional groups. Derviatisation is generally perfomed to alter reactivity or change a physical property such as solubility, boiling point, melting point, thermal stability etc. [CHMO]

dynamic-surface tensiometry
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0002122
alternative label: dynamic surface tensiometry
definition: The measurement of the surface tension of a non-static liquid. [CHMO]

proton-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: particle-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy
alternative label: proton-induced X-ray emission spectrometry
alternative label: proton-induced XES
definition: Any type of X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding the sample with a focused beam of high-energy protons. [CHMO]

electrical field-flow fractionation
type: Class
subclass of: field-flow fractionation
alternative label: EF-FFF
alternative label: ElFFF
alternative label: electric FFF
alternative label: electric field field-flow fractionation
alternative label: electrical FFF
definition: A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel and applying an electric field perpendicular to the channel. A carrier liquid is passed through the channel and the particles are separated on the basis of electrophoretic mobility. [CHMO]

temperature-controlled scanning calorimetry
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0001936
alternative label: TCSC
definition: The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of the temperature, whilst the pressure is kept constant. [CHMO]

etching
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003473
definition: The process of chemically removing a thin layer from a sample surface, usually to leave behind a pattern. [CHMO]

solution-enhanced dispersion by supercritical fluids
type: Class
subclass of: supercritical antisolvent technique
alternative label: SEDS
alternative label: solution enhanced dispersion by supercritical fluids
alternative label: solution-enhanced dispersion of solids
definition: A solid sample is dissolved in a common (organic or inorganic) solvent mixed with a supercritical fluid and sprayed into an autoclave (using a nozzle with two or three coaxial channels) resulting in precipitation. [CHMO]

microwave-assisted extraction
type: Class
subclass of: solid-liquid extraction
alternative label: MAE
alternative label: microwave extraction
definition: The process of transferring the organic components of a solid to an organic liquid phase. The process is accelerated by directing radiation in the microwave region (1-1000 mm) at the sample. [CHMO]

neutron spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000527
alternative label: inelastic neutron scattering
alternative label: neutron absorption spectrometry
alternative label: neutron absorption spectroscopy
alternative label: neutron spectrometry
alternative label: slow neutron spectrometry
alternative label: slow neutron spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where a beam of neutrons is used to probe atomic and magnetic dynamics. [CHMO]

solvent extraction
type: Class
subclass of: extraction
definition: The process of transferring a substance from any matrix to an appropriate liquid phase. [CHMO]

wide-angle X-ray scattering
type: Class
subclass of: X-ray scattering
definition: A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample at wide angles (>10 deg.). Wide-angle X-ray scattering is used for determining the structure of polymers. [CHMO]

fractionated pyrolysis
type: Class
subclass of: pyrolysis
definition: The chemical degradation of different fractions of the same sample by heating at different temperatures for different times. [CHMO]

laser oximetry
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0002216
definition: A technique used to determine the amount of oxygen in sample based on the absorption of laser radiation. [CHMO]

dynamic scanning calorimetry
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0001936
definition: The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction as a function of temperature. [CHMO]

amperostatic coulometry
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0001955
alternative label: controlled current coulometry
alternative label: controlled-current coulometry
definition: An electrochemical technique where the total Coulombs of electricity required to complete (fully oxidise or fully reduce the sample in) an electrochemical reaction is measured whilst the current is held at a constant value. [CHMO]

activation analysis
type: Class
subclass of: elemental analysis
definition: A kind of elemental or isotopic analysis based on the measurement of characteristic radiation from nuclides formed directly or indirectly by activation of the test portion. [CHMO]

glass refractive index measurement
type: Class
subclass of: thermorefractometry
alternative label: GRIM
definition: The measurement of the refractive index of small glass fragments as a function of temperature. The glass fragments are placed in silicone oil and observed as the temperature is raised. At the point where the glass fragment disappear the refractive index of the oil and glass are equal. [CHMO]

low-energy electron loss spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: electron energy loss spectroscopy
alternative label: LEELS
alternative label: low energy electron energy loss spectrometry
alternative label: low-energy electron energy loss spectrometry
alternative label: low-energy electron energy loss spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of low kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the energy loss the electrons suffer upon reflection is measured. [CHMO]

radioactive labeling
type: Class
subclass of: isotopic labeling
alternative label: radio isotopic labeling
alternative label: radio labeling
alternative label: radioisotopic labeling
definition: The substitution of an atom or an ion (present in the form of its stable isotope) by a radioactive isotope of the same element. [CHMO]

Ostwald ripening
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003368
alternative label: Ostwald-ripening
definition: The growth of larger crystals from those of smaller size, which have a higher solubility that the larger ones. [CHMO]

sedimentation field-flow fractionation
type: Class
subclass of: field-flow fractionation
alternative label: SdFFF
alternative label: sedimentation FFF
alternative label: sedimentation field flow fractionation
definition: A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel within a centrifuge such that the centripetal force is applied perpendicular to the flow stream (driving the particles towards the walls of the channel). A carrier liquid is then passed through the channel removing the smallest particles first. [CHMO]

laser micro-dissection
type: Class
subclass of: micro-dissection
alternative label: laser microdissection
definition: A type of dissection where a laser is coupled to a microscope and focused onto a biological sample (e.g. tissue) on the slide. [CHMO]

gelation
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003566
definition: The formation of a gel or solidification of a gelatin solution caused by a change in conditions (such as temperature or pH). [CHMO]

thermoptometry
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0002313
definition: The measurement of an optical characteristic of a sample as a function of temperature. [CHMO]

Soxhlet extraction
type: Class
subclass of: solid-liquid extraction
definition: The process of transferring the partially soluble components of a solid to the liquid phase using a Soxhlet extractor. The solid is placed in a filter paper thimble which is then placed into the main chamber of the Soxhlet extractor. The solvent (heated to reflux) travels into the main chamber and the partially soluble components are slowly tranferred to the solvent. [CHMO]

liquid-liquid extraction
type: Class
subclass of: solvent extraction
alternative label: LLE
alternative label: liquid phase extraction
alternative label: liquid-liquid distribution
alternative label: liquid-liquid partition
alternative label: liquid-phase extraction
definition: The process of transferring a dissolved substance from one liquid phase to another (immiscible or partially miscible) liquid phase in contact with it. [CHMO]

electron spin resonance spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: electron magnetic resonance spectroscopy
alternative label: EPR
alternative label: EPR spectroscopy
alternative label: ESR
alternative label: ESR spectroscopy
alternative label: electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometry
alternative label: electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy
alternative label: electron spin resonance spectrometry
definition: Any type of spectroscopy where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to a perturbing magnetic field is measured. [CHMO]

cryogenic deep reactive-ion etching
type: Class
subclass of: deep reactive-ion etching
alternative label: cryo-DRIE
definition: The process of creating deep holes and trenches in a sample surface (cooled to -110 deg. C) using short pulses of a plasma (a partially ionized gas containing free electrons and radicals) alternating with the deposition of a chemically inert passivation layer. [CHMO]

field emission electron spin-polarization spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: field-emission electron spectroscopy
alternative label: FEESP
alternative label: field-emission electron spin-polarization spectroscopy
alternative label: field-emitted electron spin-polarization spectrometry
definition: Any type of electron spectroscopy where electrons are emitted from a cathode by application of an intense electric field and a magnet is used to align all electron spins parallel to the sample surface. [CHMO]

ratio variable angle polarized absorption spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: variable-angle polarized absorption spectroscopy
alternative label: RVAPAS
alternative label: VAPRAS
alternative label: ratio variable-angle polarized absorption spectroscopy
alternative label: variable angle polarization referenced absorbtion spectroscopy
alternative label: variable angle polarized-referenced absorption spectroscopy
alternative label: variable-angle polarized-referenced absorption spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the absorption of linearly (p-) polarized UV-vis light by the sample, as it is rotated about the vertical axis, is recorded at incremental angles of incidence. The angle-independent s-polarization of the light is also measured as a reference. [CHMO]

immunoprecipitation
type: Class
subclass of: precipitation
alternative label: IP
definition: The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate'), consisting of an antigen-specific antibody complex, from solution. [CHMO]

electron spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000527
alternative label: ES
alternative label: electron spectrometry
definition: Any type of spectroscopy where the absorption or emission of electrons is detected. [CHMO]

thermomagnetometry
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0002313
definition: The measurement of the magnetic susceptibility of a sample as a function of temperature. [CHMO]

sol-gel capillary micro-extraction
type: Class
subclass of: capillary micro-extraction
alternative label: sgCME
alternative label: sol-gel CME
alternative label: sol-gel capillary microextraction
alternative label: solgel CME
alternative label: solgel capillary microextraction
definition: The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the liquid sample through a small sol-gel-coated fused-silica capillary. [CHMO]

surface extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy
alternative label: SEXAFS
alternative label: SEXAFS spectrometry
alternative label: SEXAFS spectroscopy
alternative label: SEXAFSS
definition: A type of X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient and the Auger emission of the sample are measured 500-1000 eV below the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) as a function of incident X-ray energy. [CHMO]

co-precipitation
type: Class
subclass of: precipitation
alternative label: coprecipitation
definition: The simultaneous precipitation of a normally soluble component with a macro-component from the same solution by the formation of mixed crystals, by adsorption, occlusion or mechanical entrapment. [CHMO]

ionization spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: electron energy loss spectroscopy
alternative label: CLS
alternative label: ILS
alternative label: IS
alternative label: core level characteristic loss spectroscopy
alternative label: core-level characteristic loss spectroscopy
alternative label: ionization loss spectrometry
alternative label: ionization loss spectroscopy
alternative label: ionization spectrometry
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the loss in energy of electrons produced by ionization is measured. [CHMO]

distillation
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000422
definition: A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. [CHMO]

pulse radiolysis
type: Class
subclass of: radiolysis
definition: The cleavage of one or more bonds resulting from exposure to a beam of highly accelerated (10 MeV) electrons. Pulse radiolysis is a method of initiating reactions which occur on a timescale faster than 100 µs. [CHMO]

annealing
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003566
definition: A heat treatment that alters the microstructure of a material causing changes in its properties such as strength and hardness. [CHMO]

X-ray bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy
alternative label: X-ray bremsstrahlung spectrometry
alternative label: XBIS
alternative label: ultraviolet bremsstrahlung spectrometry
alternative label: ultraviolet bremsstrahlung spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation in the X-ray region. [CHMO]

ultrasonication
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0002293
alternative label: ultra-sonication
definition: The irradiation of a liquid sample with ultrasonic (>20 kHz) waves resulting in agitation. Sound waves propagate into the liquid media result in alternating high-pressure (compression) and low-pressure (rarefaction) cycles. During rarefaction, high-intensity sonic waves create small vacuum bubbles or voids in the liquid, which then collapse violently (cavitation) during compression, creating very high local temperatures. [CHMO]

headspace extraction
type: Class
subclass of: extraction
definition: The process of transferring a substance from a solid or liquid matrix to the vapour phase by heating. [CHMO]

intensity-modulated photovoltage spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: photovoltage spectroscopy
alternative label: IMVS
definition: A type of spectroscopy where light energy (from a fluctuating light source) absorbed by the sample results in the production of a potential difference (the 'photovoltage') which is measured at different spectral intervals as a function of the modulation frequency of the light source. [CHMO]

centrifugation
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003335
definition: A method where components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density in a centrifuge according to the centrifugal force they experience. [CHMO]

reflectance circular dichroism spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: circular dichroism spectroscopy
alternative label: RCD
alternative label: reflectance CD
alternative label: reflectance circular dichroism
alternative label: reflection CD
alternative label: reflection circular dichroism
alternative label: reflection circular dichroism spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy based on the differential reflectance of left- and right-handed circularly polarized light by a sample. [CHMO]

plasma protein fractionation
type: Class
subclass of: fractionation
alternative label: plasma-protein fractionation
definition: A method for separating proteins from plasma by changing the conditions (e.g. temperature or acidity) of the plasma, causing precipitation of the proteins, which can then be removed by centrifugation. [CHMO]

oxygen plasma etching
type: Class
subclass of: plasma etching
alternative label: O2 plasma etching
definition: The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface using short pulses of an oxygen plasma (a partially ionized gas containing free electrons and radicals e.g. O, O+ and O2+). [CHMO]

intensity calibration
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0002389
definition: The intensity calibration is a type of calibration of cameras such as those used in cell counter devices. [Allotrope]

elastic low energy electron diffraction
type: Class
subclass of: low energy electron diffraction
alternative label: ELEED
alternative label: elastic low-energy electron diffraction
alternative label: low-energy electron diffraction
definition: A method for determining structure by directing a beam of low energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any elastically scattered (scattering where kinetic energy is conserved) electrons. [CHMO]

ion amperometry
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000733
alternative label: ion-amperometry
definition: The measurement of cell current, whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled, associated with the ion transfer across the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES). [CHMO]

gas-liquid extraction
type: Class
subclass of: solvent extraction
alternative label: sublation
definition: A flotation process in which the material of interest, adsorbed on the surface of gas bubbles in a liquid, is collected on an upper layer of immiscible liquid. [CHMO]

vacuum pyrolysis
type: Class
subclass of: pyrolysis
definition: The chemical degradation of a sample (usually an organic material) by heating it in a vacuum in order to decrease its boiling point and avoid adverse chemical reactions. [CHMO]

X-ray-ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: photoelectron spectroscopy
alternative label: XU photoelectron spectrometry
alternative label: XU photoelectron spectroscopy
alternative label: XUPES
alternative label: XUPS
alternative label: XUV photoelectron spectrometry
alternative label: XUV photoelectron spectroscopy
alternative label: XUVPES
alternative label: XUVPS
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation in the range Xray-ultraviolet, which causes ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]

decomposition
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003566
definition: The breakdown of a single phase into two or more phases by heating or treatment with acid, alkali or enzymes. [CHMO]

continuous distillation
type: Class
subclass of: distillation
definition: A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. The distillation is ongoing with sample mixture being continuously added. [CHMO]

chrono-amperometry
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000733
alternative label: chronoamperometry
definition: An electrochemical technique where the time dependence of the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled. [CHMO]

femtosecond two-colour four-wave mixing spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: two-colour four-wave mixing spectroscopy
alternative label: femtosecond two-colour four-wave spectroscopy
alternative label: fsTC-FWM spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where three femtosecond pulse incident laser beams are mixed, two 'pump' beams of the same frequency and one 'probe' beam of a different frequency. [CHMO]

current deep-level transient spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: deep-level transient spectroscopy
alternative label: I-DLTS
alternative label: IDLTS
alternative label: current DLTS
alternative label: current-DLTS
definition: A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the current produced when applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at different temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit a peak for each 'deep level' (each energy level near the center of the band gap). The height of the peak is proportional to the defect density and the emission rate and temperature dependence are characteristic for each type of defect. [CHMO]

pulse radiolysis time-resolved microwave conductivity
type: Class
subclass of: time-resolved microwave conductivity
alternative label: pulse radiolysis TRMC
alternative label: pulse radiolysis time resolved microwave conductivity
alternative label: pulse-radiolysis TRMC
alternative label: pulse-radiolysis time-resolved microwave conductivity
definition: A technique allowing the quantitative and qualitative detection of radiation-induced charge separation by time-resolved measurement of the changes in microwave absorption resulting from the production and decay of charged and dipolar molecular entities. In a typical pulse-radiolysis TRMC experiment, separated charge carriers, which are generated by a nanosecond pulse of 3-MeV electrons, lead to a perturbation of the initial microwave absorbance. The temporal decay of the conductivity signal (i.e. microwave absorbance) reflects the lifetime of the electrogenerated carriers. [CHMO]

normal photoelectron diffraction
type: Class
subclass of: photoelectron diffraction
alternative label: NPD
alternative label: NPED
alternative label: normal-photoelectron diffraction
definition: A method for determining structure during photoelectron spectroscopy. Photons are directed at a sample and diffraction patterns resulting from the emission of electrons at 90 deg. from the surface are recorded. [CHMO]

non-resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: X-ray emission spectroscopy
alternative label: NRIXS
alternative label: NRXES
alternative label: NXES
alternative label: non-resonant X-ray emission spectrometry
definition: A type of X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with incident X-rays of a wavelength which does not correspond to a specific electronic transition within the atoms of the sample, and the energies and intensities of the emitted X-rays are measured. [CHMO]

X-ray photoelectron diffraction
type: Class
subclass of: photoelectron diffraction
alternative label: XPD
alternative label: XPED
alternative label: XPhD
definition: A method for determining structure during X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. X-rays are directed at a sample and diffraction patterns resulting from the emission of electrons are recorded. [CHMO]

nuclear activation analysis
type: Class
subclass of: activation analysis
alternative label: NAA
definition: A type of activation analysis where atomic nuclei are excited (by a heavy ion beam or by collision with another nucleus) and their decaying gamma-ray emissions are measured and compared to reference spectra. [CHMO]

elastic incoherent neutron scattering
type: Class
subclass of: incoherent neutron scattering
alternative label: EINS
definition: A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, phase is not conserved and the neutrons retain all of their kinetic energy during collisions. [CHMO]

bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: inverse photoelectron spectroscopy
alternative label: BIS
alternative label: bremsstrahlung isochromat spectrometry
alternative label: bremsstrahlung spectrometry
alternative label: bremsstrahlung spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation. [CHMO]

isothermal capacitance transient spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: deep-level transient spectroscopy
alternative label: ICTS
definition: A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the capacitance produced by applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at constant different temperatures, spectra are generated that exhibit peaks, the height of which are proportional to the height of which are proportional to time constant for the emission rate. [CHMO]

laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: indirect laser absorption spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser causing molecules in the sample to be electronically excited. The photons emitted as a result of the decay of the molecules back down to the ground state are measured. [CHMO]

isothermal pyrolysis
type: Class
subclass of: pyrolysis
definition: The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy during which the temperature is held constant. [CHMO]

direct drying
type: Class
subclass of: blow drying
definition: The removal of solvent from a sample by the application of heated air. [CHMO]

X-ray magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy
alternative label: X-ray magnetic circular dichroism spectrometry
alternative label: XMCD
alternative label: XMCD spectrometry
alternative label: XMCD spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised X-ray radiation in the presence of a magnetic field. [CHMO]

photon cross correlation spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: dynamic light scattering
alternative label: PCCS
definition: A method for determining the size distribution of a sample of small particles in concentrated or opaque solutions by illuminating the sample with two laser beams and cross-correlating the time-dependent fluctuations in the intensity of the scattered light caused by Brownian motion. [CHMO]

Auger-photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: electron coincidence spectroscopy
alternative label: AEPECS
alternative label: APECS
alternative label: Auger electron photoelectron coincidence spectrometry
alternative label: Auger electron-photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy
alternative label: Auger-photoelectron electron coincidence spectrometry
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays resulting in the emission of photoelectrons and 'Auger' electrons which are detected as a function of energy. [CHMO]

electron appearance potential fine structure analysis
type: Class
subclass of: appearance potential spectroscopy
alternative label: EAPFS
alternative label: EAPFSS
alternative label: electron appearance potential fine structure spectrometry
alternative label: electron appearance potential fine structure spectroscopy
alternative label: extended appearance potential fine structure analysis
alternative label: extended appearance potential fine structure spectrometry
alternative label: extended appearance potential fine structure spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by a sudden change in the electron beam current. The fine structure close to the threshold is analysed by measuring the change in electron beam current. [CHMO]

anomalous wide-angle X-ray scattering
type: Class
subclass of: wide-angle X-ray scattering
definition: A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample at wide angles (>10 deg.). The wavelength of the X-rays used is scanned over an absorption edge which changes the scattering in a known way (the 'anomalous dispersion effect'). [CHMO]

hydrostatic extrusion
type: Class
subclass of: extrusion
definition: A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a material through a die in the presence of a pressurised fluid. [CHMO]

affinity precipitation
type: Class
subclass of: precipitation
definition: The selective sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') from a liquid sample containing a ligand and a target protein. The precipitate evolves after the application of a suitable stimulus (e.g. Ca2+ or Ba2+). [CHMO]

labeling
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003639
definition: The process of attaching a label onto a substance. Labels are molecular entities that facilitate the detection (through fluorescence, radioactivity, etc.) of the species to which they are attached. [CHMO]

electrochemical gelation
type: Class
subclass of: gelation
definition: The formation of a gel from a solution by electrochemical oxidation. [CHMO]

gamma-ray scattering spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: gamma-ray spectroscopy
alternative label: gamma-ray scattering
alternative label: gamma-ray scattering spectrometry
definition: A type of spectroscopy where gamma-rays are absorbed by a sample resulting in the ejection of an electron and the emission of light which is detected. [CHMO]

near-infrared surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy
alternative label: NIR SPR
alternative label: near-infrared SPR
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the resonant excitation of surface plasmons (usually on a noble metal e.g. Au or Ag surface) by radiation from the near infrared region (0.8-2 µm) is measured. [CHMO]

inelastic X-ray scattering
type: Class
subclass of: X-ray scattering
definition: A method for determining structure by measuring the energy loss of X-rays scattered by a sample. [CHMO]

laser ionization spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: laser spectroscopy
alternative label: LIS
alternative label: laser ionization spectrometry
definition: Any type of spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with a laser and photoexcitation is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionization potential to create an ion. [CHMO]

grinding
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003473
alternative label: dry grinding
alternative label: milling
alternative label: solid-state grinding
alternative label: solvent-free grinding
definition: The mechanical reduction of the particle size of a solid sample by attribution (friction), impact or cutting. [CHMO]

X-ray microemission spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: X-ray emission spectroscopy
alternative label: X-ray microemission
alternative label: X-ray microemission spectrometry
alternative label: X-ray microfluorescence
alternative label: X-ray microfluorescence spectrometry
alternative label: X-ray microfluorescence spectroscopy
alternative label: XRME
alternative label: XRME spectrometry
alternative label: XRME spectroscopy
alternative label: XRMF
alternative label: XRMF spectrometry
alternative label: XRMF spectroscopy
definition: A type of X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 m diameter) X-ray beam and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions (known as 'X-ray fluorescence') are detected. [CHMO]

momentum-resolved bremsstrahlung spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy
alternative label: BS
alternative label: momentum-resolved bremsstrahlung spectrometry
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation which is detected as a function of photon momentum. [CHMO]

laser-assisted particle removal
type: Class
subclass of: laser ablation
alternative label: LAPR
alternative label: laser assisted particle removal
definition: A sample preparation method where (contaminated) material is removed from a specimen by illuminating it with a laser beam. An energy transfer medium is illuminated with the laser beam, and preferentially absorbs energy into capillary spaces under and around the particles on the contaminated specimen. This energy transfer causes explosive evaporation of the energy transfer medium, and the propulsion of particles off the specimen much like a small rocket engine. [CHMO]

substoichiometric extraction
type: Class
subclass of: extraction
definition: The process of transferring a substance from any matrix to another where the amount of reagent used is lower than that dictated by stoichiometry. [CHMO]

stir-bar solid-phase extraction
type: Class
subclass of: liquid-solid extraction
alternative label: SBSE
alternative label: solid phase stir bar extraction
alternative label: solid phase stir-bar extraction
alternative label: solid-phase stir bar extraction
alternative label: solid-phase stir-bar extraction
alternative label: stir bar extraction
alternative label: stir bar solid phase extraction
alternative label: stir bar solid-phase extraction
alternative label: stir bar sorptive extraction
alternative label: stir-bar solid phase extraction
alternative label: stir-bar sorptive extraction
definition: The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by attaching a stationary phase to a stir bar which moves throughout the liquid sample. [CHMO]

ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: photoelectron spectroscopy
alternative label: UPES
alternative label: UPS
alternative label: UVPES
alternative label: UVPS
alternative label: ultra-violet photoelectron spectrometry
alternative label: ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy
alternative label: ultra-violet photoemission spectroscopy ultra-violet photoemission spectrometry
alternative label: ultraviolet photoelectron spectrometry
alternative label: ultraviolet photoemission spectrometry
alternative label: ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with ultraviolet (10-400 nm) photons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]

spray drying
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0001876
alternative label: spray-drying
definition: The removal of water from a liquid sample by pumping it through an atomiser (to produce a spray of fine droplets) then passing a hot gas (e.g. air or N2) through it. [CHMO]

X-ray microprobe spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: X-ray absorption spectroscopy
alternative label: X-ray micro-probe spectrometry
alternative label: X-ray microanalysis
alternative label: X-ray microprobe spectrometry
alternative label: XMPS
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with a finely focused X-ray beam (<10 m diameter) and the X-ray absorption coefficient of the sample is measured. [CHMO]

microspectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: chemical imaging
alternative label: microspectrometry
definition: Any type of chemical imaging spectroscopy where an optical microscope is used to image the sample and locate a small area for spectral analysis. [CHMO]

scanning probe microscopy
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000044
alternative label: SPM
alternative label: scanning-probe microscopy
definition: A type of microscopy which uses a probe to scan the surface of the specimen and measure some form of interaction between surface and probe. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the probe-surface interaction as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. [CHMO]

alpha-particle spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000527
alternative label: alpha spectroscopy
alternative label: alpha-particle spectrometry
definition: A type of spectrometry where the alpha-particles (or 4He nuclei) spontaneously emitted from radioisotopes are detected. [CHMO]

laser electric resonance spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: direct laser absorption spectroscopy
alternative label: Stark spectroscopy
alternative label: laser Stark spectrometry
alternative label: laser Stark spectroscopy
alternative label: laser electric resonance spectrometry
definition: A type of laser spectroscopy where a fixed-wavelength infrared or ultraviolet laser is used to excite the sample which is placed in an electric field. By varying the strength of the applied electric field some vibrational-rotational transitions can be made to coincide with the laser wavelength and the absorption of the laser light is measured. [CHMO]

area peak picking
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000516
source: MS_1000801
alternative label: sum peak picking
definition: Height peak picking is a peak picking by reporting the area defined by all raw data points. [Allotrope]

heavy-ion elastic recoil detection analysis
type: Class
subclass of: elastic recoil detection analysis
alternative label: HERDA
alternative label: HI ERDA
alternative label: HI-ERDA
alternative label: heavy ion elastic recoil detection analysis
alternative label: heavy-ion ERDA
definition: A technique for measuring elemental concentration depth profiles in thin films by directing a heavy-ion (such as iodine-127) beam at the sample and detecting the recoiled atoms. [CHMO]

light scattering
type: Class
subclass of: scattering method
alternative label: LSS
alternative label: LiSSP
alternative label: light scattering spectrometry
alternative label: light scattering spectroscopy
definition: A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered visible light. Light is scattered by the electrons surrounding the atomic nuclei in the sample. [CHMO]

desorption measurements
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000855
definition: A method for determining surface area by measuring the amount of an inert gasesous or liquid substance (the 'sorbent', usually H2 or N2) which desorbs from the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'). Regression analysis is then applied to the data, resulting in an isotherm. [CHMO]

sorption measurements
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000855
alternative label: adsorption measurements
alternative label: adsorptions
alternative label: sorptions
definition: A method for determining surface area by measuring the amount of an inert gaseous or liquid substance (the 'sorbent', usually H2 or N2) which adsorbs onto the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'). Regression analysis is then applied to the data, resulting in an isotherm. [CHMO]

luminescence spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000527
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the intensity of luminescence emitted by molecules excited is detected as a function of wavelength or time. [CHMO]

melting
type: Class
subclass of: heating
definition: The process of heating a substance to cause the solid-liquid phase change. [CHMO]

four-wave mixing spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: laser spectroscopy
alternative label: FWM spectroscopy
alternative label: four-wave mixing (FWM) spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where three incident laser beams are mixed. [CHMO]

high-frequency conductometry
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000525
alternative label: high frequency conductometry
definition: The measurement of the conductance of a solution as a function of concentration. Measurements are made indirectly across the resistance of the solution with high-frequency alternating current (>0.1 MHz). [CHMO]

energy-dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: X-ray emission spectroscopy
alternative label: EDAX
alternative label: EDCS
alternative label: EDS
alternative label: EDS analysis
alternative label: EDX
alternative label: EDX analysis
alternative label: EDXA
alternative label: EDXRF
alternative label: X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy
alternative label: X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy
alternative label: energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis
alternative label: energy dispersive X-ray analysis
alternative label: energy dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy
alternative label: energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry
alternative label: energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy
alternative label: energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry
alternative label: energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
alternative label: energy dispersive spectroscopy
alternative label: energy distribution curve spectroscopy
alternative label: energy distribution spectroscopy
alternative label: energy-dispersive X-ray emission analysis
definition: A type of X-ray emission spectroscopy where the energy spectrum of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions is measured using a semiconductor detector. [CHMO]

deep-level transient spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0001227
alternative label: C-DLTS
alternative label: CDLTS
alternative label: DLTS
alternative label: capacitance deep level transient spectroscopy
alternative label: capacitance deep-level transient spectroscopy
alternative label: deep level transient spectroscopy
definition: A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the capacitance produced by applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at different temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit a peak for each 'deep level' (each energy level near the center of the band gap). The height of the peak is proportional to the defect density and the emission rate and temperature dependence are characteristic for each type of defect. [CHMO]

anodization
type: Class
subclass of: electrochemical passivation
definition: An eletrochemical process that increases the thickness of the oxide layer on the surface of a metal sample in order to make it less reactive. Anodization proceeds by passing a direct current through an electrolytic solution, with the sample serving as the anode. [CHMO]

depth-selective photoelectron spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: photoelectron spectroscopy
alternative label: DSPES
alternative label: depth-selective photoelectron spectrometry
alternative label: depth-selective photoemission spectrometry
alternative label: gamma-ray photoelectron spectrometry
alternative label: gamma-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
alternative label: gamma-ray photoemission spectrometry
alternative label: gamma-ray photoemission spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with gamma-rays causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]

postprecipitation
type: Class
subclass of: precipitation
definition: The subsequent precipitation of a chemically different species upon the surface of an initial precipitate usually, but not necessarily, including a common ion. [CHMO]

alternating current force spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: force spectroscopy
alternative label: AC force spectroscopy
alternative label: AC-modulated force spectroscopy
alternative label: ac mode force spectroscopy
alternative label: ac-mode force spectroscopy
alternative label: alternating-current force spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where an atomic force microscope is used to measure the force experienced by a sample. The method involves the application of a small sinusoidal oscillating force to the tip via a magnetic field created by a conducting coil which interacts with a magnetic particle glued on the backside of the cantilever and measuring the change in amplitude during the approach and retraction of the sample. [CHMO]

quartz crystal microgravimetry
type: Class
subclass of: microgravimetry
alternative label: QCM measurements
alternative label: QCM technique
definition: A method used to measure the mass (micrograms) per unit area of a sample using a quartz crystal microbalance (a piece of apparatus that measures the change in frequency of a quartz crystal sandwiched between a pair of electrodes as a function of the mass of the sample). [CHMO]

molecular distillation
type: Class
subclass of: vacuum distillation
definition: A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a high-boiling-point sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat at low pressure (< 0.01 Torr) and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. [CHMO]

skull melting
type: Class
subclass of: melting
alternative label: skull melting process
alternative label: skull melting technique
definition: The melting of a material within a frozen shell of the same substance. This technique is used for materials which are very corrosive when molten e.g. cubic zirconia. [CHMO]

intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: photocurrent spectroscopy
alternative label: IMPS
definition: A type of spectroscopy where light energy (from a fluctuating light source) absorbed by the sample results in the production of a current (the 'photocurrent') which is measured at different spectral intervals as a function of the modulation frequency of the light source. [CHMO]

photoelectron extended fine structure spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: photoelectron spectroscopy
alternative label: PEFS
alternative label: PEFS spectrometry
alternative label: PEFS spectroscopy
alternative label: PEFSS
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected as a function of energy. The spectrum is recorded over an extended energy range, from the photon absorption edge onset to several hundred eV above it. [CHMO]

passivation
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003566
definition: Any process that makes one sample unreactive to another, prior to using the samples together. [CHMO]

potential barrier field-flow fractionation
type: Class
subclass of: gravitational field-flow fractionation
alternative label: PBGFFF
alternative label: potential barrier GFFF
alternative label: potential barrier GrFFF
definition: A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel, such that the Earth's gravitational field is perpendicular to the channel, and varying the ionic strength of the solution or Hamaker constant/surface potential of the particles. [CHMO]

thermodilatometry
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0002313
definition: The measurement of a dimension of the sample under negligible load as a function of temperature. [CHMO]

electron coincidence spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: electron spectroscopy
alternative label: ECS
alternative label: electron coincidence spectrometry
definition: Any type of spectroscopy where two or more particles (electrons, photons or ions) originating from a single event, such as an ionization, are detected as a function of energy. [CHMO]

laser spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000527
alternative label: laser spectrometry
definition: Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more laser beams and the absorption or emission of light by the sample is measured. [CHMO]

reactive distillation
type: Class
subclass of: distillation
definition: A method of separating a lower-boiling-point product from its reactants in a reaction mixture. The product is vaporised by the application of heat and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. [CHMO]

intracavity laser absorption spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: indirect laser absorption spectroscopy
alternative label: ICAS
alternative label: ICL spectrometry
alternative label: ICL spectroscopy
alternative label: ICLAS
alternative label: ICLS
alternative label: ILS
alternative label: intra cavity laser absorption spectroscopy
alternative label: intra-cavity laser absorption spectrometry
alternative label: intra-cavity laser spectrometry
alternative label: intra-cavity laser spectroscopy
alternative label: intracavity laser absorption spectrometry
alternative label: intracavity laser spectroscopy
alternative label: intracavity spectrometry
definition: Any type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside the laser cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. [CHMO]

dual-phase extraction
type: Class
subclass of: extraction
alternative label: DPE
alternative label: bioslurping
alternative label: dual phase extraction
alternative label: multi-phase extraction
alternative label: multiphase extraction
alternative label: vacuum-enhanced extraction
definition: An extraction method for soil samples that uses a high-vacuum system to remove liquid and gas from low-permeability or heterogeneous soil. By removing water from the sample (liquid-phase extraction) the water table is lowered exposing the solid sample to vapor-phase extraction. [CHMO]

high-speed chrono-amperometry
type: Class
subclass of: chrono-amperometry
alternative label: high-speed chronoamperometry
definition: An electrochemical technique where the time dependence of the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled. Measurements are taken every 1-5 s. [CHMO]

electron diffraction
type: Class
subclass of: diffraction method
alternative label: ED
alternative label: electron crystallography
alternative label: electron diffraction analysis
alternative label: electron diffractometry
definition: A method for determining structure by directing a beam of electrons (the energies of which are controlled by their acceleration voltage) and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. [CHMO]

liquid-liquid-liquid micro-extraction
type: Class
subclass of: liquid-phase micro-extraction
alternative label: LLLME
alternative label: liquid-liquid-liquid microextraction
definition: The process of transferring a µL amount of an ionisable substance from an aqueous phase to another aqueous phase, via an organic phase, by performing simultaneous extraction and back-extraction between the phases. [CHMO]

synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: photoelectron spectroscopy
alternative label: SRPES
alternative label: SRPS
alternative label: synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectrometry
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray-ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]

nanosecond laser flash photolysis
type: Class
subclass of: laser flash photolysis
alternative label: ns laser flash photolysis
definition: A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong nanosecond pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The absorption of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse. [CHMO]

resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization spectrometry
type: Class
subclass of: laser multiphoton ionization spectroscopy
alternative label: REMPI
alternative label: REMPI spectrometry
alternative label: REMPI spectroscopy
alternative label: resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization spectrometry
alternative label: resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization spectroscopy
definition: Any type of spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with resonant laser light (using a laser which is tuned to match an electronic transitions within the sample) and photoexcitation (by the absorption of two or more photons) is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionization potential to create an ion. [CHMO]

sputter etching
type: Class
subclass of: etching
alternative label: ion etching
alternative label: ion milling
alternative label: sputtering
definition: The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface by bombarding it with energetic ions. [CHMO]

radio frequency pulse
type: Class
subclass of: pulse
definition: A short (microsecond to second) period of radio frequency wavelength radiation. [CHMO]

thermal gelation
type: Class
subclass of: gelation
alternative label: heat-induced gelation
definition: The formation of a gel from a solution by heating. [CHMO]

microporous membrane liquid-liquid extraction
type: Class
subclass of: liquid-liquid extraction
alternative label: MMLLE
alternative label: microporous membrane solvent extraction
definition: The transfer of a solute from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (organic) phase (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a porous hydrophobic membrane the pores of which are filled with the same acceptor phase. [CHMO]

near-infrared magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy
alternative label: NIR-MCD
alternative label: NIR-MCD spectrometry
alternative label: NIR-MCD spectroscopy
alternative label: NIRMCD
alternative label: near-infrared magnetic circular dichroism spectrometry
definition: A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarized near-infrared radiation in the presence of a magnetic field. [CHMO]

X-ray reflection spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: X-ray spectroscopy
alternative label: X-ray reflection spectrometry
alternative label: X-ray reflectivity spectrometry
alternative label: X-ray reflectivity spectroscopy
definition: Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays and the energies of reflected X-rays are measured. [CHMO]

pressure-controlled scanning calorimetry
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0001936
alternative label: PCSC
definition: The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of the pressure, whilst the temperature is kept constant. [CHMO]

ion scattering
type: Class
subclass of: scattering method
alternative label: ISS
alternative label: ion scattering spectrometry
alternative label: ion scattering spectroscopy
definition: A method for determining structure where the sample is bombarded with ions (100-1000 eV) and the energies and positions of the scattered ions are detected. [CHMO]

azeotropic distillation
type: Class
subclass of: distillation
definition: A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. An azeotrope (a mixture of two or more liquids which produces vapor with the same ratio of constituents as the original mixture) cannot be separated by normal distillation, therefore an additional third component (known as an 'entrainer') is added to the mixture. This has the effect of changing the volatility of one of liquids in the azeotrope to a greater extent than the other, allowing separation to occur. [CHMO]

total-reflection X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy
alternative label: TR-XAFS
alternative label: TR-XAFSS
alternative label: TRXAFS
alternative label: TRXAFSS
alternative label: total-reflection X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry
definition: A type of X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient around the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are measured as a function of incident X-ray energy. Measurements are taken under total reflection conditions. [CHMO]

steam distillation
type: Class
subclass of: distillation
definition: A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a sample mixture are vaporised by bubbling steam through it and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. [CHMO]

solid-liquid extraction
type: Class
subclass of: solvent extraction
alternative label: solid-liquid extraction dry extraction
definition: The process of transferring the soluble components of a solid to the liquid phase using a solvent. [CHMO]

peak area integration
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000970
alternative label: peak integration
definition: An operation applied to a spectra to determine the area under a peak or set of peaks. [Allotrope]

electron-electron double resonance spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: electron spin resonance spectroscopy
definition: Any type of spectroscopy where one electron spin resonance is detected though its effect on another. [CHMO]

base digestion
type: Class
subclass of: wet digestion
alternative label: alkali digestion
definition: The decompositon of a sample in strong alkalis (e.g. NaOH) to obtain the sample in liquid form. [CHMO]

synchrotron X-ray scattering
type: Class
subclass of: X-ray scattering
definition: A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample. X-Rays are generated in a synchrotron. [CHMO]

nanowire electron scattering
type: Class
subclass of: electron scattering
alternative label: NESS
alternative label: nanowire electron scattering spectrometry
alternative label: nanowire electron scattering spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, extended range of kinetic energies is scattered by a sample supported on a nano-sized wire (such as a carbon nanotube) and the energy loss the electrons suffer upon scattering is measured. [CHMO]

inelastic atom scattering
type: Class
subclass of: atom scattering
definition: A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction and energy of scattered He atoms. The He atoms suffer energy loss upon scattering by colliding inelastically with surfaces leading to the absorption or emission of surface phonons. [CHMO]

electrochemical quartz crystal microgravimetry
type: Class
subclass of: microgravimetry
alternative label: EQCM measurements
alternative label: EQCM technique
alternative label: eQCM measurements
alternative label: eQCM technique
alternative label: electrochemical QCM
alternative label: electrochemical QCM measurements
alternative label: electrochemical QCM technique
alternative label: electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance measurements
alternative label: electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance technique
definition: A method used to determine the ratio of the mass, deposited at the electrode surface during an electrochemical reaction, to the total charge passed through the electrode (the 'current efficiency'). The electrode surface is deposited on a piezoelectric quartz crystal, and the change in resonance frequency of the crystal is measured. [CHMO]

isotopic labeling
type: Class
subclass of: labeling
alternative label: isotope labeling
definition: The substitution of an atom or an ion (present in the form of its stable isotope) by an isotope of the same element. [CHMO]

hot extrusion
type: Class
subclass of: extrusion
definition: A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a material through a die at elevated temperatures (up to 2000 °C). [CHMO]

partial sample digestion
type: Class
subclass of: sample digestion
definition: The decomposition of only part of a sample by the addition of liquid reagents to solubilise it. [CHMO]

pressure perturbation calorimetry
type: Class
subclass of: temperature-controlled scanning calorimetry
alternative label: PPC
alternative label: pressure-perturbation calorimetry
definition: The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of the temperature, whilst the pressure (10-100 atm) is kept constant. [CHMO]

localized surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the resonant excitation of surface plasmons (usually on a Au or Ag nanosized surface) by ultraviolet or visible light is measured. [CHMO]

X-ray spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000527
alternative label: X-ray spectrometry
definition: Any type of spectroscopy where the absorption or emission of X-rays is detected. [CHMO]

optically-heterodyned Kerr effect spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: Kerr effect spectroscopy
alternative label: HOKE spectroscopy
alternative label: HOKES
alternative label: OHD-OKE
alternative label: heterodyne optical Kerr effect (HOKE) spectroscopy
alternative label: heterodyne optical Kerr effect spectroscopy
alternative label: heterodyne-detected optical Kerr effect spectroscopy
alternative label: optically heterodyne detected optical Kerr effect spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the refractive index change of the sample induced by two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) under the influence of an electric field (the 'optical Kerr effect') is measured. The polarizing filters are rotated slightly, giving rise to a heterodyne at the detector, improving the signal-to-noise ratio compared to optical Kerr effect spectroscopy. [CHMO]

circular dichroism spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: dichroism spectroscopy
alternative label: CD spectrometry
alternative label: CD spectroscopy
alternative label: circular dichrosim spectrometry
alternative label: direct transmittance circular dichroism
definition: A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised light by a sample. [CHMO]

photodetachment photoelectron spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: photoelectron spectroscopy
alternative label: PD-PES
alternative label: PD/PES
alternative label: photo-detachment photoelectron spectroscopy
alternative label: photodetachment PES
alternative label: photodetachment-photoelectron spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a fixed-energy light source resulting in the detachment of electrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]

spray pyrolysis
type: Class
subclass of: pyrolysis
definition: The chemical degradation of a sample caused by spraying it, as a liquid mixture, onto a heated substrate. [CHMO]

metastable-quenched electron spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: electron coincidence spectroscopy
alternative label: MQES
alternative label: metastable-quenched electron spectrometry
definition: Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with metastable atoms resulting in the emission of two or more particles (electrons, photons or ions) which are detected as a function of energy. [CHMO]

dry etching
type: Class
subclass of: etching
definition: The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface by sputtering or dissolving using reactive ions or a vapour-phase etchant. [CHMO]

laser multiphoton ionization spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: laser ionization spectroscopy
alternative label: laser multiphoton ionization spectrometry
definition: Any type of spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with a laser and photoexcitation (by the absorption of two or more photons) is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionization potential to create an ion. [CHMO]

Gaussian smoothing
type: Class
subclass of: smoothing
source: MS_1000784
source: Gaussian blur
alternative label: Gaussian blur
alternative label: Weierstrass transform
alternative label: binomial smoothing
definition: A Gaussian smoothing is a smoothing by convolving the data with a one-dimensional Gaussian function. [Allotrope]

wide angle neutron scattering
type: Class
subclass of: neutron scattering
alternative label: WANS
definition: A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons at wide angles (corresponding to Q >1 inverse degrees). [CHMO]

elastic neutron scattering
type: Class
subclass of: neutron scattering
definition: A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample and retain all of their kinetic energy during collisions. [CHMO]

resonance-enhanced photoelectron spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy
alternative label: REPS
alternative label: resonance-enhanced photoelectron spectrometry
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray-ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons. The energy of the incoming photons is adjusted such that it coincides with an electronic transition of the molecule. [CHMO]

extraction
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003336
definition: The transfer of a solute from a liquid phase to another immiscible or partially-miscible liquid phase in contact with it. [CHMO]

collinear fast atom-beam spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: collinear laser spectroscopy
alternative label: CLABS
alternative label: collinear fast atom beam spectrometry
alternative label: collinear fast atom beam spectroscopy
definition: A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is in the form of a high-speed accelerated beam of atoms which is superimposed on a resonant laser beam (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample) and light absorption is measured. [CHMO]

shear rheometry
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000840
alternative label: shear rheology
definition: The characterization of flow or deformation of a liquid, which cannot be defined by a single value of viscosity, as a result of shear stress. [CHMO]

small-angle X-ray scattering
type: Class
subclass of: X-ray scattering
definition: A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample at low angles (0-10 deg.). [CHMO]

vibrational circular dichroism spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: circular dichroism spectroscopy
alternative label: VCD
alternative label: VCD spectrometry
alternative label: VCD spectroscopy
alternative label: vibrating circular dichroism spectrometry
alternative label: vibrational CD
alternative label: vibrational circular dichroism
definition: A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarized infrared radiation during a vibrational transition. [CHMO]

solid-state sintering
type: Class
subclass of: sintering
alternative label: solid state sintering
definition: The fusing together of small particles by heating a powder sample below its melting point until its particles adhere to each other. [CHMO]

dynamic light scattering
type: Class
subclass of: light scattering
alternative label: DLS
alternative label: PCS
alternative label: QELS
alternative label: dynamic laser scattering
alternative label: dynamic light scattering spectrometry
alternative label: dynamic light scattering spectroscopy
alternative label: photocorrelation spectroscopy
alternative label: photon correlation spectrometry
alternative label: photon correlation spectroscopy
alternative label: quasi-elastic light scattering
alternative label: quasi-elastic light scattering spectrometry
alternative label: quasi-elastic light scattering spectroscopy
definition: A method for determining the size distribution of a sample of small particles in solution by illuminating the sample with a light source (usually a laser) and measuring the time-dependent fluctuations in the intensity of the scattered light caused by Brownian motion. [CHMO]

synchrotron radiation X-ray emission spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: X-ray emission spectroscopy
definition: A type of X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with synchrotron radiation (radiation produced by the movement of charged particles in a magnetic field) and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions (known as 'X-ray fluorescence') are detected. [CHMO]

laser absorption spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: laser spectroscopy
alternative label: LAS
alternative label: laser absorbance spectrometry
alternative label: laser absorbance spectroscopy
alternative label: laser absorption spectrometry
definition: Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more laser beams and the absorption of light by the sample is measured. [CHMO]

angle-resolved secondary electron spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: electron spectroscopy
alternative label: ARSES
alternative label: angle-resolved secondary electron spectrometry
alternative label: angular resolved secondary electron spectrometry
alternative label: angular resolved secondary electron spectroscopy
definition: Any type of spectroscopy where primary electrons interact with a sample and the electrons emitted as a result of the interaction (secondary electrons) are detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]

flow field-flow fractionation
type: Class
subclass of: field-flow fractionation
alternative label: FIFFF
alternative label: flow FFF
alternative label: flow field flow fractionation
definition: A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel and applying a carrier liquid flow perpendicular to the channel. A carrier liquid is then passed through the channel and the particles elute in order of decreasing diffusion coefficient. [CHMO]

diffraction method
type: Class
subclass of: reciprocal-space method
alternative label: crystallography
alternative label: diffraction analysis
definition: Any detection or measurement method where the structure of a crystal or molecule can be determined by directing a beam of particles or radiation at a sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. [CHMO]

angle-resolved electron-electron ion coincidence spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: electron-electron-ion coincidence spectroscopy
alternative label: AREEICO
alternative label: angle-resolved electron-electron ion coincidence spectrometry
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of an ion and a pair of electrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]

warm extrusion
type: Class
subclass of: extrusion
definition: A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a material through a die at a temperature that is above room temperature, but below the recrystallization temperature of the material (400-900 deg. C). [CHMO]

protein precipitation
type: Class
subclass of: precipitation
definition: The sedimentation of a solid protein (a 'precipitate') from an aqueous solution caused by the addition of an organic solvent (e.g. methanol), a polyelectrolyte (e.g. alginate) or a salt (e.g. ammonium sulfate) in a process known as 'salting out'. [CHMO]

Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: light scattering
alternative label: Rayleigh scattering method
alternative label: elastic light scattering
alternative label: laser Rayleigh scattering
alternative label: laser Rayleigh scattering spectrometry
alternative label: laser Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy
alternative label: laser-Rayleigh scattering
definition: A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light. [CHMO]

diffuse reflectance laser flash photolysis
type: Class
subclass of: laser flash photolysis
alternative label: DFLPF
definition: A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The diffuse reflectance of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse. [CHMO]

ion spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000527
alternative label: ion spectrometry
definition: Any type of spectroscopy where the absorption of emission of ions is detected. [CHMO]

trituration
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000812
definition: A process used to purify crude chemical compounds containing solid impurities. A solvent is chosen in which the desired product is insoluble and the undesired by-products are very soluble (or vice versa). The crude material is washed with the solvent and filtered away, leaving the purified product in solid form and any impurities in solution. [CHMO]

magneto optical Kerr effect spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: Kerr effect spectroscopy
alternative label: MOKE spectroscopy
alternative label: magneto-optical Kerr effect spectroscopy
alternative label: magneto-optical Kerr spectroscopy
alternative label: magneto-optical Kerr-effect spectroscopy
alternative label: magnetooptical Kerr spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the refractive index change of laser light reflected by a magnetized sample (the 'magneto-optic Kerr effect') is measured. [CHMO]

gasification
type: Class
subclass of: thermal decomposition
definition: The conversion of carbonaceous materials (e.g. such as coal, petroleum, biofuel, or biomass) into CO and H2 by heating with a controlled amount of oxygen and/or steam. The resulting gas mixture is called a 'syngas'. [CHMO]

femtosecond Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy
alternative label: FRIKES
alternative label: femtosecond Raman induced Kerr effect spectroscopy
alternative label: femtosecond Raman-induced Kerr-effect spectroscopy
alternative label: fs RIKES
alternative label: fs-RIKES
definition: A type of spectroscopy where femtosecond pulses of two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) with a frequency difference close to a Raman-mode frequency in the sample induce a refractive index change in the sample. By scanning the frequency difference of the two beams and recording simultaneously the polarization change of the probe beam, the Raman spectral structure of the sample can be obtained.Information is obtained regarding ultrafast solvent dynamics by measuring the time response of a transient birefringence that is induced in the sample by a polarized femtosecond optical pulse. [CHMO]

steric field-flow fractionation
type: Class
subclass of: field-flow fractionation
alternative label: StFFF
alternative label: steric FFF
alternative label: steric field flow fractionation
definition: A technique for separating large (= channel width) particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel. Normally particles migrate towards the walls of the channel but large particles are unable to approach the walls and when a carrier liquid is passed through the channel, these particles are removed first. [CHMO]

individual protein immunoprecipitation
type: Class
subclass of: immunoprecipitation
alternative label: Co-IP
definition: The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate'), consisting of a specific protein-antibody complex, from a solution containing many different proteins. [CHMO]

magneto-optical rotatory dispersion
type: Class
subclass of: optical rotatory dispersion
alternative label: MORD
alternative label: magnetic optical rotatory dispersion
definition: The measurement of magneto-optical activity by placing the sample in a strong magnetic field and observing a beam of plane-polarized light which is directed along the magnetic field axis. [CHMO]

transmission electron energy loss spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: electron energy loss spectroscopy
alternative label: ETS
alternative label: TEELS
alternative label: electron transmission spectrometry
alternative label: electron transmission spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies is transmitted through a sample and the energy distribution of the transmitted electrons is measured. [CHMO]

acoustic emission spectrometry
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000527
alternative label: acoustic emission spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectrometry where the noise generated by the movement of bubbles or particles is detected. [CHMO]

electrochemical-induced impedance spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: impedance spectroscopy
alternative label: EIS
alternative label: electrical impedance spectrometry
alternative label: electrical-impedance spectrometry
alternative label: electrical-impedance spectroscopy
alternative label: electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
alternative label: electrochemical-induced impedance spectrometry
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of an electrochemical cell is measured. [CHMO]

direct recoil spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: ion-beam spectroscopy
alternative label: DRS
definition: A type of spectroscopy where a focused beam of ions is directed at a sample causes binary collisions with surface molecules which result in molecular decomposition and the emission of atoms. [CHMO]

magnetic trapping
type: Class
subclass of: trapping
definition: The trapping of microscopic particles by a localised magnetic field. [CHMO]

resonant inelastic X-ray scattering
type: Class
subclass of: inelastic X-ray scattering
alternative label: RIXES
alternative label: RIXS
alternative label: resonant inelastic X-ray emission spectrometry
alternative label: resonant inelastic X-ray emission spectroscopy
alternative label: resonant inelastic X-ray scattering spectrometry
alternative label: resonant inelastic X-ray scattering spectroscopy
definition: A method for determining structure by measuring the energy loss of X-rays scattered by a sample where the incident X-ray energy is chosen to coincide with an electronic transition in the sample. [CHMO]

surface plasmon resonance imaging
type: Class
subclass of: surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the resonant excitation of surface plasmons (usually on a Au or Ag surface) by ultraviolet or visible light is measured, during which the reflectivity of the sample is measured at a fixed angle or wavelength. [CHMO]

deuterium labeling
type: Class
subclass of: isotopic labeling
definition: The substitution of one or more hydrogen atoms in a molecule with deuterium atoms. [CHMO]

field-flow fractionation
type: Class
subclass of: fractionation
alternative label: FFF
alternative label: field flow fractionation
definition: Any separation technique based on the application of a field perpendicular to a flow stream in a narrow channel. [CHMO]

soft X-ray emission spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: X-ray emission spectroscopy
alternative label: SXES
alternative label: VBXES
alternative label: soft X-ray emission spectrometry
alternative label: soft X-ray fluorescence spectrometry
alternative label: soft X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy
alternative label: valence band X-ray emission spectrometry
alternative label: valence band X-ray emission spectroscopy
alternative label: valence band X-ray fluorescence spectrometry
alternative label: valence band X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy
alternative label: valence to core X-ray emission spectrometry
alternative label: valence to core X-ray emission spectroscopy
alternative label: valence to core X-ray fluorescence spectrometry
alternative label: valence to core X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy
alternative label: valence to core XES
alternative label: valence to core XFS
alternative label: valence-to-core X-ray emission spectrometry
alternative label: valence-to-core X-ray emission spectroscopy
alternative label: valence-to-core X-ray fluorescence spectrometry
alternative label: valence-to-core X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy
alternative label: valence-to-core XES
alternative label: valence-to-core XFS
definition: A type of X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with low energy X-rays and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to valence-to-core transitions are detected. [CHMO]

differential isothermal capacitance transient spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: isothermal capacitance transient spectroscopy
alternative label: D-ICTS
alternative label: DICTS
alternative label: differential ICTS
alternative label: differential-ICTS
definition: A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the differential of the capacitance produced by applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at constant different temperatures, spectra are generated that exhibit peaks, the height of which are proportional to the height of which are proportional to time constant for the emission rate. [CHMO]

transmission low energy electron diffraction
type: Class
subclass of: low energy electron diffraction
alternative label: TLEED
alternative label: transmission low-energy electron diffraction
definition: A method for determining structure by directing a beam of high energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any electrons transmitted through the sample. [CHMO]

line broadening
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0002296
definition: An apodization function applied to the unprocessed FID to improve signal to noise (S/N). [Allotrope]

superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0001266
alternative label: SQUID magnetometry
alternative label: SQUID measurements
definition: The measurement of very small magnetic fields (5 x 10-18 T) using a superconducting quantum interference device. [CHMO]

isobaric calorimetry
type: Class
subclass of: calorimetry
alternative label: constant pressure calorimetry
alternative label: constant-pressure calorimetry
definition: The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) at constant pressure during a chemical or biochemical reaction. [CHMO]

isostatic pressing
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003368
definition: The process of pressing a powder under a gas or liquid so that pressure is transmitted equally in all directions. [CHMO]

static liquid-phase micro-extraction
type: Class
subclass of: liquid-phase micro-extraction
alternative label: static LPME
alternative label: static liquid-phase microextraction
definition: The process of transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase (or vice versa) by suspending a microlitre-sized drop of the organic phase in a large volume of the aqueous phase. [CHMO]

thermal field-flow fractionation
type: Class
subclass of: field-flow fractionation
alternative label: ThFFF
alternative label: thermal FFF
alternative label: thermal field flow fractionation
definition: A technique for separating polymer particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel and heating one end, whilst cooling the other. The polymer particles migrate towards the cooler plate and are then removed with a carrier liquid. [CHMO]

potential step chrono-amperometry
type: Class
subclass of: chrono-amperometry
alternative label: potential step chronoamperometry
definition: An electrochemical technique where the time dependence of the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is varied as a step function. [CHMO]

short-path distillation
type: Class
subclass of: vacuum distillation
alternative label: short path distillation
definition: A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture under reduced pressure. As the sample mixture to be purified is heated, its vapours rise a short distance into a vertical condenser where they are cooled by water. This technique is used for compounds which are unstable at high temperatures because it allows a lower boiling temperature to be used. [CHMO]

carrier extraction using pulsed voltage method
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0001227
alternative label: CEPV
alternative label: carrier extraction using pulsed voltage
alternative label: charge-carrier extraction using pulsed voltage
definition: A method for measuring charge carrier mobilities and conductivities by applying two sequentional square-shaped voltage pulses and measuring the resulting current. [CHMO]

pyrolysis
type: Class
subclass of: thermal decomposition
alternative label: destructive distillation
alternative label: dry distillation
definition: The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy. The term pyrolysis generally refers to heating in an inert environment. [CHMO]

fractional distillation
type: Class
subclass of: distillation
definition: A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. As the sample mixture to be purified is heated, its vapours rise into a condenser where they are cooled by water. The vapours stick to the inside surface of the condenser where they continue to be heated until they vaporise again. [CHMO]

sampling
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003332
alternative label: sample taking
definition: Sampling is the process of taking parts or units of a population or material of interest for studying. [Allotrope]
editorial note: sampling can be both separating or partitioning or a combination of it
example: pulling a small sample outside a bioreactor

ultrasound extraction
type: Class
subclass of: solvent extraction
alternative label: UE
alternative label: ultrasonic accelerated extraction
alternative label: ultrasonic assisted extraction
alternative label: ultrasonic extraction
alternative label: ultrasonic-accelerated extraction
alternative label: ultrasonic-assisted extraction
definition: The process of transferring a substance from any matrix to an appropriate liquid phase, assisted by sound waves (>20 KHz in frequency) that propagate through the liquid media. [CHMO]

microspectrophotometry
type: Class
subclass of: microspectroscopy
alternative label: MSP
definition: A type of spectroscopy where an optical microscope is used to image the sample and locate a small area for spectral analysis with radiation in the ultraviolet to near infrared range. [CHMO]

electron-electron-ion coincidence spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: electron coincidence spectroscopy
alternative label: EEICO
alternative label: electron-electron ion coincidence spectrometry
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of an ion and a pair of electrons which are detected as a function of energy. [CHMO]

near-resonance Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy
alternative label: NRRLS
alternative label: NRRS
alternative label: near-Rayleigh resonance scattering
alternative label: near-Rayleigh resonant scattering
alternative label: near-resonance Rayleigh light scattering
alternative label: near-resonance Rayleigh scattering
alternative label: near-resonance Rayleigh scattering spectrometry
alternative label: near-resonant Rayleigh light scattering
alternative label: near-resonant Rayleigh scattering
definition: A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light, where the wavelength of the incident light corresponds to an energy which is near to an absorption band in the scattering molecules. [CHMO]

photoelectron spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: electron spectroscopy
alternative label: PES
alternative label: PS
alternative label: photo emission spectrometry
alternative label: photo emission spectroscopy
alternative label: photoelectron emission spectroscopy
alternative label: photoelectron spectrometry
alternative label: photoemission spectrometry
alternative label: photoemission spectroscopy
definition: Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. The energy of the incident photons is usually greater than the ionization energy of the sample and the photoelectrons are emitted with the excess in the form of kinetic energy. [CHMO]

laser capture micro-dissection
type: Class
subclass of: laser micro-dissection
alternative label: LCM
alternative label: laser capture microdissection
alternative label: laser-capture micro-dissection
alternative label: laser-capture microdissection
definition: A method for isolating specific cells of interest from microscopic regions of tissue using a microscope coupled to a UV laser. [CHMO]

alternating current impedance spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: impedance spectroscopy
alternative label: AC-IS
alternative label: AC-impedance spectrometry
alternative label: AC-impedance spectroscopy
alternative label: ACIS
alternative label: Ac-impedance spectrometry
alternative label: Ac-impedance spectroscopy
alternative label: ac-impedance spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of a sample during excitation with an alternating-current voltage is measured. [CHMO]

cloud-point extraction
type: Class
subclass of: liquid-liquid extraction
alternative label: CPE
alternative label: cloud point extraction
definition: The process of transferring a non-ionic surfactant from one liquid phase to another by heating. As the temperature of the solution rises, the surfactant molecules form micelles, if the temperature increases above the cloud point (CPT) the micelles become dehydrated and aggregate. This leads to macroscopic phase separation of the solution into a surfactant-rich phase and a solvent phase. [CHMO]

dialysis
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000422
definition: The separation of molecules in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane. [CHMO]

analytical solution calorimetry
type: Class
subclass of: calorimetry
definition: The measurement of the enthalpy change during chemical reaction in order to determine quantitative values of a reactant or catalyst. In general, at least one reactant is a liquid or solution. [CHMO]

laser ablation
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003473
source: Laser ablation
alternative label: photoablation
definition: Laser ablation is the process of removing material from a solid (or occasionally liquid) surface by irradiating it with a laser beam. At low laser flux, the material is heated by the absorbed laser energy and evaporates or sublimates. [Wikipedia]

trapping
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003409
alternative label: trapping method
definition: Any method used to trap a sample for further analysis. [CHMO]

fractional crystallization
type: Class
subclass of: crystallization
definition: The stepwise crystallisation of two or more different substances induced by changes in concentration or temperature. The sample is mixed with a solvent, heated, and then gradually cooled so that, as each of its constituent components crystallises, it can be removed in its pure form from the solution. [CHMO]

anisotropic wet etching
type: Class
subclass of: wet etching
alternative label: wet anisotropic etching
definition: The process of using strong acids/alkalis to remove a thin layer of the unprotected parts of a sample surface (e.g. metal or silicon) to create a pattern. Anisotropic etching occurs when different etch rates are observed in different directions in the sample (e.g. for different crystal faces). [CHMO]

force spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000527
definition: Any type of spectroscopy where an atomic force microscope is used to measure the force experienced by a sample, usually by taking force-distance curves. [CHMO]

microwave-detected photoinduced current transient spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: photoinduced current transient spectroscopy
alternative label: MD-PICTS
alternative label: microwave detected PICTS
alternative label: microwave detected photoinduced current transient spectroscopy
alternative label: microwave-detected PICTS
alternative label: microwave-detected photo-induced current transient spectroscopy
definition: A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the current produced by applying a microwave pulse to the semiconductor junction at different temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit peaks, the height of which are proportional to the defect density, and the emission rate and temperature dependence are characteristic for each type of defect. [CHMO]

electrochemical surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy
alternative label: EC SPRS
alternative label: EC-SPR EC SPR
alternative label: EC-SPR spectrometry
alternative label: EC-SPR spectroscopy
alternative label: EC-SPRS
alternative label: ECSPR
alternative label: ECSPRS
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the resonant excitation of surface plasmons on a surface, which is the working electrode in an electrochemical experiment, by ultraviolet or visible light is measured. [CHMO]

inelastic incoherent neutron scattering
type: Class
subclass of: incoherent neutron scattering
alternative label: IINS
alternative label: incoherent inelastic neutron scattering
definition: A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, phase is not conserved and the neutrons suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions. [CHMO]

laser trapping
type: Class
subclass of: trapping
alternative label: laser tweezing
alternative label: optical trapping
alternative label: optical tweezing
definition: The trapping of microscopic particles by a focused laser beam. The beam is focused through a microscope objective, producing a strong electric field gradient at its narrowest point, which attracts dielectric particles. [CHMO]

laser dissociation spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: indirect laser absorption spectroscopy
alternative label: laser dissociation spectrometry
alternative label: laser photo-fragmentation spectrometry
alternative label: laser photo-fragmentation spectroscopy
alternative label: laser photodissociation spectrometry
alternative label: laser photodissociation spectroscopy
alternative label: laser photofragmentation spectrometry
alternative label: laser photofragmentation spectroscopy
alternative label: laser-induced fragmentation spectrometry
alternative label: laser-induced fragmentation spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser and molecules in the sample dissociate following the absorption of one or more high-energy photons. [CHMO]

electronic sputter etching
type: Class
subclass of: sputter etching
alternative label: electronic sputtering
definition: The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface by bombarding it with high-energy or highly charged heavy ions. [CHMO]

high-vacuum sublimation
type: Class
subclass of: vacuum sublimation
alternative label: high vacuum sublimation
definition: A technique for purifying solid samples by heating the sample under high vacuum (<0.1 Pa). The sample sublimes and the vapours condense as a purified compound on a cooled surface, leaving the non-volatile residue impurities behind. [CHMO]

vacuum sublimation
type: Class
subclass of: sublimation
alternative label: vacuum-sublimation method
definition: A technique for purifying solid samples by heating the sample under vacuum. The sample sublimes and the vapours condense as a purified compound on a cooled surface, leaving the non-volatile residue impurities behind. [CHMO]

microbeam particle-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: particle-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy
alternative label: PIXE
alternative label: PIXE microanalysis
alternative label: microbeam PIXE
definition: Any type of X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding the sample with a finely focused (<10 m diameter) beam of high-energy particles. [CHMO]

mass spectrometry
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000527
source: Murray, K., Boyd, R., Eberlin, M., et al. (2013). Definitions of terms relating to mass spectrometry (IUPAC Recommendations 2013). Pure and Applied Chemistry, 85(7), pp. 1515-1609.
alternative label: MS
alternative label: mass spectroscopy
definition: Mass spectrometry is a spectrometry that studies matter through the formation of gas-phase ions that are characterized using mass spectrometers by their mass, charge, structure, and/or physico-chemical properties. [IUPAC]
note: Mass spectroscopy is an obsolete synonym for mass spectrometry that should not be used to avoid confusion with spectroscopies in which the measured quantity is the absorption or emission of electromagnetic radiation. [IUPAC]
note: The term is a misnomer because it is m/z rather than mass that is the independent variable in a mass spectrum.

nitrogen sorption-desorption measurements
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000855
alternative label: N2 sorption-desorption experiments
alternative label: N2 sorption-desorption measurements
definition: A method for determining surface area by measuring the amount of an N2 which adsorbs onto the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'), and the subsequent amount that desorbs at a constant temperature. Regression analysis is then applied to the data, resulting in an isotherm. [CHMO]

sublimation
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003419
definition: Any technique used to purify samples by forcing it to pass from the solid to gas phase without passing through an intermediate liquid phase. [CHMO]

grazing incidence small-angle neutron scattering
type: Class
subclass of: small-angle neutron scattering
alternative label: GISANS
definition: A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of neutrons scattered at low angles. The incident neutron beam strikes the sample under a small angle close to the critical angle of total external neutron reflection. [CHMO]

pump-dump-probe spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: pump-probe spectroscopy
alternative label: PDP spectroscopy
alternative label: pump-dump-probe (PDP) spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with an initial laser pulse (the 'pump') which causes excitations within the sample. This is followed by a second laser pulse which is tuned to the correct frequency to excite transitions resonantly back down to the lower electronic state (the 'dump'). After a short delay a third laser pulse (the 'probe') is used to sense changes in the sample. [CHMO]

optical feedback cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy
alternative label: OF-CEAS
alternative label: optical feedback cavity enhanced absorption spectrometry
definition: A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside a v-shaped optical cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. The laser light is allowed to feed back to the laser diode. [CHMO]

enzyme digestion
type: Class
subclass of: sample digestion
alternative label: enzymatic digestion
alternative label: enzymic digestion
definition: The decomposition of sample by an enzyme to obtain the sample in liquid form. [CHMO]

visible thermal lens spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: thermal lens spectroscopy
alternative label: visible TLS
alternative label: visible-TLS
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the energy generated by nonradiative thermal relaxation after visible laser light absorption is measured. [CHMO]

high-resolution soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
alternative label: HR-SXPS
alternative label: HRSXPS
alternative label: high resolution soft X-ray photoelectron spectrometry
alternative label: high resolution soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
alternative label: high resolution soft X-ray photoemission spectrometry
alternative label: high resolution soft X-ray photoemission spectroscopy
alternative label: high-resolution soft X-ray photoelectron spectrometry
alternative label: high-resolution soft X-ray photoemission spectrometry
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with monochromatic 'soft' (<300 eV) X-rays causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]

interferometric Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy
alternative label: interferometric Rayleigh scattering
alternative label: interferometric Rayleigh scattering method
alternative label: interferometric Rayleigh scattering spectrometry
definition: A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light which has been passed through an inferometer. [CHMO]

plasma etching
type: Class
subclass of: etching
alternative label: RIE
alternative label: reactive ion etching
alternative label: reactive-ion etching
definition: The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface using short pulses of a plasma (a partially ionized gas containing free electrons and radicals). [CHMO]

scattering spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000527
definition: Any method that measures the amount of light that a substance scatters at certain wavelengths, incident angles, and polarization angles. [CHMO]

volume perturbation calorimetry
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0001936
alternative label: VPC
alternative label: volume-controlled scanning calorimetry
alternative label: volume-perturbation calorimetry
definition: The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction. The temperature and pressure is measured whilst the sample volume is slightly perturbed by the extension of piezoelectric crystals. [CHMO]

resonance Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy
alternative label: RRLS
alternative label: RRS
alternative label: RRS detection
alternative label: RRSD
alternative label: resonance Rayleigh light scattering
alternative label: resonance Rayleigh scattering
alternative label: resonance Rayleigh scattering spectrometry
definition: A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light, where the wavelength of the incident light corresponds to an absorption band in the scattering molecules. [CHMO]

static light scattering
type: Class
subclass of: light scattering
alternative label: DLSS
alternative label: SLS
alternative label: TILS
alternative label: classical light scattering
alternative label: differential light scattering
alternative label: differential light-scattering spectroscopy
alternative label: differential static light scattering
alternative label: integrated light scattering
alternative label: static light scattering spectrometry
alternative label: static light scattering spectroscopy
alternative label: total intensity light scattering
alternative label: traditional light scattering
definition: A method for determining structure by measuring the total or time-averaged scattering intensity of scattered visible light as a function of angle. [CHMO]

resonance enhanced multiphoton dissociation spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: multiphoton dissociation spectroscopy
alternative label: REMPD spectrometry
alternative label: REMPD spectroscopy
alternative label: resonance enhanced multiphoton dissociation spectrometry
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a resonant laser (a laser which is tuned to match a transition within the sample) and molecules in the sample dissociate following the absorption of two or more high-energy photons. [CHMO]

spin-echo wide angle neutron scattering
type: Class
subclass of: spin-echo neutron scattering
definition: A method for determining structure by measuring the velocity of neutrons in known magnetic fields before and after scattering at wide angles by the sample. The neutrons are scattered by the interaction of neutron spin with spins in the sample ('spin echo'). [CHMO]

cooling
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003367
definition: The transfer of thermal energy from a material to its surrounding environment. [CHMO]

gas antisolvent technique
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003566
alternative label: GAS
alternative label: GAS recrystallisation
alternative label: GAS recrystallization
alternative label: GASP
alternative label: GASR
alternative label: gas anti-solvent precipitation
alternative label: gas anti-solvent reaction
alternative label: gas anti-solvent recrystallization
alternative label: gas antisolvent precipitation
alternative label: gas antisolvent reaction
alternative label: gas antisolvent recrystallization
definition: A technique where a solid sample is first partially dissolved in a organic solvent in a vessel. The solution is then pressurised with a dense gas or supercritical fluid resulting in precipitation of the solid as a fine powder. [CHMO]

liquid-state sintering
type: Class
subclass of: sintering
alternative label: liquid state sintering
definition: The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample (consisting of a powder and a liquid) below the melting point of the solid until its particles adhere to each other. [CHMO]

fractional sublimation
type: Class
subclass of: vacuum sublimation
definition: A method for purifying samples by heating the sample under reduced pressure and allowing the fractions to sublime order of increasing sublimation temperature (a function of vapor pressure). [CHMO]

quick extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy
alternative label: QEXAFS spectrometry
alternative label: QEXAFS spectroscopy
alternative label: QEXAFSS
alternative label: quick extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry
alternative label: quick-scanning EXAFS
alternative label: quick-scanning EXAFSS
alternative label: quick-scanning extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry
alternative label: quick-scanning extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy
definition: A type of X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient measured 500-1000 eV below the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are determined as a function of incident X-ray energy. A monochromator is scanned continuously and rapidly around the absorption edge resulting in measurement times of seconds (normal EXAFS measurements take minutes). [CHMO]

laser-induced impedance spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: impedance spectroscopy
alternative label: impedance laser spectroscopy
alternative label: laser induced impedance spectrometry
alternative label: laser induced impedance spectroscopy
alternative label: laser-induced impedance spectrometry
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of a sample during laser excitation is measured. [CHMO]

spin-polarized secondary electron spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: electron spectroscopy
definition: Any type of spectroscopy where primary electrons interact with a sample and the electrons emitted as a result of the interaction (secondary electrons) are detected. A manget is used to align all electron spins parallel to the surface of the sample. [CHMO]

photoelectron spectroscopy of adsorbed xenon
type: Class
subclass of: photoelectron spectroscopy
alternative label: PAX
alternative label: photoelectron spectrometry of adsorbed xenon
alternative label: photoemission spectrometry of adsorbed xenon
alternative label: photoemission spectroscopy of adsorbed xenon
definition: A type of spectroscopy where Xe atoms adsorbed on the surface of a sample are illuminated with photons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected. The binding energy of the core or valence levels of Xe weakly bound to the surface, relative to the Fermi level of the substrate, depends on the local work function of its adsorption site. [CHMO]

dynamic force spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: force spectroscopy
definition: The use of an atomic force microscope to measure rupture or fusion force as a function of loading rate. [CHMO]

dynamic headspace extraction
type: Class
subclass of: headspace extraction
alternative label: purge and trap
alternative label: purge and trap extraction
definition: The process of transferring a substance from a solid or liquid matrix to the vapour phase by heating, and removing analytes from the headspace in a carrier gas. [CHMO]

soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
alternative label: SXPS
alternative label: soft X-ray photoelectron spectrometry
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with 'soft' (<300 eV) X-rays causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]

solvent precipitation
type: Class
subclass of: precipitation
definition: The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') from a liquid solution caused by the addition of an additional different solvent. [CHMO]

dynamic liquid-phase micro-extraction
type: Class
subclass of: liquid-phase micro-extraction
alternative label: dynamic LPME
alternative label: dynamic liquid-phase microextraction
definition: The process of transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase (or vice versa) by the repeated movement of a microsyringe. [CHMO]

triple-axis neutron scattering
type: Class
subclass of: inelastic neutron scattering
alternative label: TAS
alternative label: triple-axis neutron scattering spectrometry
alternative label: triple-axis neutron spectrometry
alternative label: triple-axis neutron spectroscopy
definition: A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction, energy and momentum of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, and suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions. [CHMO]

X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: X-ray scattering
alternative label: X-Ray photon correlation spectroscopy
alternative label: XPCS
definition: A method for determining the size distribution of a sample of small particles in solution by bombarding the sample with coherent X-rays and measuring the time-dependent fluctuations in the intensity of the scattered X-rays caused by Brownian motion. [CHMO]

chrono-coulometry
type: Class
subclass of: amperostatic coulometry
alternative label: chronocoulometry
definition: An electrochemical technique where the time-dependence of the total Coulombs of electricity required to complete (fully oxidise or fully reduce the sample in) an electrochemical reaction is measured whilst the current is held at a constant value. [CHMO]

force spectroscopy mapping
type: Class
subclass of: chemical imaging
definition: The measurement of spatially resolved force-distance curves using an atomic force microscope to produce a chemical profile image. [CHMO]

optical heterodyne detection
type: Class
subclass of: heterodyne detection
definition: The measurement of the intensity of the light resulting from the interference of two lasers of different wavelength at the beat frequency. [CHMO]

degenerate four-wave mixing spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: four-wave mixing spectroscopy
alternative label: DFWM spectroscopy
alternative label: degenerate four-wave spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where one laser beam is split into three beams. [CHMO]

Auger electron spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: electron spectroscopy
alternative label: AEES
alternative label: AES
alternative label: Auger electron emission spectroscopy
alternative label: Auger electron spectrometry
alternative label: Auger spectrometry
alternative label: Auger spectroscopy
definition: Any type of spectroscopy where a high energy photon ionizes a core electron and an electron from a higher energy level descends to take its place, releasing sufficient energy to eject a second so-called 'Auger' electron and the energy of the Auger electron is detected as a function of incident photon energy. [CHMO]

pressure-monitored pyrolysis
type: Class
subclass of: pyrolysis
alternative label: pressure monitored pyrolysis
definition: The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy during which the pressure of the volatile pyrolysates is recorded. [CHMO]

surface extended electron energy loss fine structure spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: extended electron energy loss fine structure spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, extended range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the Auger emission is measured. Measurements are taken from the absorption edge onset to several hundred eV above it. [CHMO]

Raman circular dichroism spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: circular dichroism spectroscopy
alternative label: RCD
alternative label: Raman CD
alternative label: Raman circular dichroism
definition: The observation of circular dichroism (the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarized light) in the Raman spectra of chiral molecules. [CHMO]

vapor-phase extraction
type: Class
subclass of: extraction
alternative label: vapor phase extraction
definition: The process of transferring a substance from a vapour to a solid phase by passing the vapour sample through a stationary phase (e.g. silica particles) and then desorbing it using a desorbent or carrier gas. [CHMO]

laser flash photolysis
type: Class
subclass of: flash photolysis
alternative label: LFP
definition: A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The absorption of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse. [CHMO]

spark plasma sintering
type: Class
subclass of: solid-state sintering
alternative label: FAST
alternative label: PECS
alternative label: SPS
alternative label: field assisted sintering technique
alternative label: field-assisted sintering technique
alternative label: pulsed electric current sintering
definition: The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample below its melting point, using a direct current, until its particles adhere to each other. [CHMO]

adiabatic scanning calorimetry
type: Class
subclass of: temperature-controlled scanning calorimetry
subclass of: elemental analysis
alternative label: ASC
definition: The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of the temperature, whilst the pressure is kept constant. Scanning rates on the order of a few mK min-1 are used and a constant power is continuously applied to (or extracted from) the sample. [CHMO]

electron backscatter diffraction
type: Class
subclass of: electron diffraction
alternative label: BKD
alternative label: EBSD
alternative label: backscatter Kikuchi diffraction
definition: A method for determining structure by directing a beam of electrons at the sample (the energies of which are controlled by their acceleration voltage) and recording the resulting diffraction pattern of any backscattered electrons. [CHMO]

polymer co-precipitation
type: Class
subclass of: co-precipitation
definition: The simultaneous precipitation of a normally soluble component with a polymer component from the same solution by the formation of a composite by adsorption, occlusion or mechanical entrapment. [CHMO]

cavity ring-down spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: intracavity laser absorption spectroscopy
alternative label: CRDS
alternative label: CRLAS
alternative label: cavity ring-down laser absorption spectrometry cavity ringdown spectroscopy
alternative label: cavity ring-down laser absorption spectroscopy
alternative label: cavity ring-down spectrometry
alternative label: cavity ringdown spectrometry
definition: A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside a highly reflective laser cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. The decay time for light exiting the cavity is determined as a function of pulsed laser wavelength. [CHMO]

colorimetric test
type: Class
subclass of: test
definition: A test which produces colour change in the sample. [CHMO]

cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: intracavity laser absorption spectroscopy
alternative label: CEAS
alternative label: cavity enhanced absorption spectrometry
definition: A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside a highly reflective laser cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. The laser light is tuned to match the frequency of the cavity bandwidth. [CHMO]

precipitation
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003335
definition: The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') from a liquid solution in which the material is present in amounts greater than its solubility in the liquid. [CHMO]

supercritical-fluid extraction
type: Class
subclass of: solvent extraction
alternative label: SCFE
alternative label: SFE
alternative label: supercritical extraction
alternative label: supercritical fluid extraction
definition: The process of transferring a substance from any matrix to a liquid phase using a supercritical fluid. [CHMO]

coherent neutron scattering
type: Class
subclass of: neutron scattering
definition: A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample and phase is conserved. [CHMO]

dynamic nuclear polarization oximetry
type: Class
subclass of: electron spin resonance oximetry
alternative label: DNP oximetry
definition: A technique for measuring the amount of oxygen in a sample by collecting proton nuclear magnetic resonance data whilst irradiating the electron paramagnetic resonance signal from O2. A transfer of polarization from the electrons to the protons occurs, resulting in an enhancement of the observed NMR signal. [CHMO]

laser transient absorption spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: direct laser absorption spectroscopy
alternative label: L-TAS
alternative label: LTAS
alternative label: laser transient absorbance spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where transient species such as radicals, ions or reactive intermediates are studied using laser pulses. The absorbance of the sample before and after an excitation laser pulse is measured. [CHMO]

membrane extraction with a sorbent interface
type: Class
subclass of: membrane extraction
alternative label: MESI
alternative label: membrane extraction sorbent interface
alternative label: membrane extraction with sorbent interface
alternative label: membrane extraction with trapping on a sorbent interface
definition: The transfer of a solute from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a non-porous non-polar polymer membrane. The membrane first extracts the analytes from their matrix, and these are subsequently trapped on a polymeric trap with a porous sorbent using a carrier gas stream. [CHMO]

vibrational electron energy loss spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: electron energy loss spectroscopy
alternative label: VEELS
alternative label: vibrational electron energy loss spectrometry.
definition: A type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and energy loss the electrons suffer (corresponding to vibrational modes in the sample) is measured. [CHMO]

sessile-drop tensiometry
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0002122
definition: The measurement of surface tension by determining the shape of a droplet of liquid (with known surface energy) and the contact angle it makes with the surface of interest. [CHMO]

supercritical carbon dioxide drying
type: Class
subclass of: supercritical drying
alternative label: CO2 critical point drying
alternative label: CO2 critical-point drying
alternative label: CO2 super-critical point drying
alternative label: supercritical CO2 drying
definition: The removal of solvent from a sample without passing through the liquid-gas boundary, by immersion in supercritical CO2 and de-pressurization. [CHMO]

particle dispersion
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003335
alternative label: sample dispersion
definition: The distribution of particles of one phase in a continuous phase of a different nature. [CHMO]

multiphoton dissociation spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: laser dissociation spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser and molecules in the sample dissociate following the absorption of two or more high-energy photons. [CHMO]

rapid expansion of supercritical solutions
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003566
alternative label: RESS
definition: A technique where a solid sample is dissolved in a supercritical fluid and this mixture is then expanded using a restrictor, causing the solid to precipitate. [CHMO]

leaching
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000422
definition: The dissolution of material from a solid phase into a liquid in which it is not wholly soluble. [CHMO]

radiolysis
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003566
definition: The cleavage of one or more bonds resulting from exposure to high-energy radiation. [CHMO]

single-particle energy-dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: energy-dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy
alternative label: single particle EDS
alternative label: single particle EDX
alternative label: single particle X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy
alternative label: single particle energy dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy
alternative label: single-particle EDS
alternative label: single-particle EDS analysis
alternative label: single-particle EDX
alternative label: single-particle EDX analysis
alternative label: single-particle X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy
alternative label: single-particle X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy
alternative label: single-particle energy dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy
alternative label: single-particle energy-dispersive X-ray emission analysis
definition: A type of X-ray emission spectroscopy where the energy spectrum of the X-rays emitted, by a single particle, due to core-to-core transitions is measured using a semiconductor detector. [CHMO]

resonance ion dissociation spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: laser dissociation spectroscopy
alternative label: RID spectrometry
alternative label: RID spectroscopy
alternative label: resonance ion dissociation spectrometry
definition: A type of spectroscopy where a sample in the form of ions is illuminated with a resonant laser (a laser which is tuned to match a transition within the sample) and molecules in the sample dissociate following the absorption of one or more high-energy photons. [CHMO]

micro-extraction in a packed syringe
type: Class
subclass of: solid-phase micro-extraction
alternative label: MEPS
alternative label: micro extraction by packed sorbent
alternative label: micro-extraction in packed syringe
alternative label: microextraction in a packed syringe
alternative label: microextraction in packed syringe
alternative label: packed syringe micro-extraction
alternative label: packed syringe microextraction
alternative label: packed-syringe micro-extraction
alternative label: packed-syringe microextraction
definition: The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the liquid sample through a stationary phase (1 mg) packed into a microlitre syringe. [CHMO]

Cohn process
type: Class
subclass of: plasma protein fractionation
definition: A method for separating proteins from plasma by changing the conditions of the plasma by simultaneous cooling and addition of alcohol. This causes precipitation of the proteins, which can then be removed by centrifugation. [CHMO]

photoluminescence detection
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0001909
alternative label: PL detection
definition: The detection of luminescence emitted from a sample as a result of irradiation with light. Photoluminescence includes both fluorescence and phosphorescence. [CHMO]

anomalous X-ray scattering
type: Class
subclass of: X-ray scattering
alternative label: AXD
alternative label: AXS
alternative label: X-ray anomalous dispersion
alternative label: X-ray anomalous scattering
alternative label: anomalous X-ray dispersion
definition: A method for determining structure by measuring the change in phase of X-rays scattered by a sample. Normally incident X-rays continue in the same phase after encountering the scatterer. However, if the energy of the incident X-rays is at or above the absorption edge of the scatterer, a phase shift occurs. [CHMO]

two-colour four-wave mixing spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: four-wave mixing spectroscopy
alternative label: TC-FWM spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where three incident laser beams are mixed, two 'pump' beams of the same frequency and one 'probe' beam of a different frequency. [CHMO]

electronic circular dichroism spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: circular dichroism spectroscopy
alternative label: ECD
alternative label: ECD spectrometry
alternative label: ECD spectroscopy
alternative label: electronic CD
alternative label: electronic circular dichroism
alternative label: electronic circular dichroism spectrometry
definition: A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarized visible or near-ultraviolet radiation (200-400 nm). The optical activity of the sample is monitored using electronic transitions. [CHMO]

inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000780
alternative label: IETS
alternative label: inelastic electron tunneling spectrometry
definition: A type of spectroscopy where a metal-molecule-metal sandwich is formed and electrons tunnel from metal to metal through the molecules. Any additional molecules adsorbed onto the inner layer of the sandwhich can affect the tunneling via the excitation of vibrational states. [CHMO]

carrier extraction by linearly increasing voltage method
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0001227
alternative label: CELIV
alternative label: CELIV method
alternative label: carrier extraction by linearly increasing voltage
alternative label: charge-carrier extraction in a linearly increasing voltage
definition: A method for measuring charge carrier mobilities and conductivities by applying two sequentional triangular-shaped voltage pulses and measuring the resulting current. [CHMO]

thermophotometry
type: Class
subclass of: thermoptometry
definition: The measurement of the total light, or the light of a specific wavelength emitted by a sample as a function of temperature. [CHMO]

enzymic decomposition
type: Class
subclass of: decomposition
alternative label: enzymatic decomposition
definition: The conversion of a high-molecular-mass species into a lower-molecular-mass species using an enzyme. [CHMO]

thermorefractometry
type: Class
subclass of: thermoptometry
definition: The measurement of the refractive index of a sample as a function of temperature. [CHMO]

thermal decomposition
type: Class
subclass of: decomposition
definition: The separation of a chemical compound into elements or smaller compounds by heating it to a high temperature (approx. 1000 deg. C). [CHMO]

spin-echo small angle neutron scattering
type: Class
subclass of: spin-echo neutron scattering
alternative label: SEANS
alternative label: non-magnetic SEANS
alternative label: non-magnetic spin-echo SANS
alternative label: non-magnetic spin-echo small angle neutron scattering
alternative label: spin-echo SANS
definition: A method for determining structure by measuring the velocity of neutrons in known magnetic fields before and after scattering at small angles by the sample. The neutrons are scattered by the interaction of neutron spin with spins in the sample ('spin echo'). [CHMO]

absolute activation analysis
type: Class
subclass of: activation analysis
definition: A kind of activation analysis in which the elemental concentrations in the material are calculated from known nuclear constants, irradiation and measurement parameters, rather than by comparing with known standards. [CHMO]

chemiluminescence spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: luminescence spectroscopy
alternative label: CL spectrometry
alternative label: CL spectroscopy
alternative label: chemiluminescence (CL) spectroscopy
alternative label: chemiluminescence spectrometry
definition: Any type of spectroscopy where luminesence (the emission of visible light) from molecules as a result of a chemical reaction) is detected as a function of wavelength. [CHMO]

protein complex immunoprecipitation
type: Class
subclass of: immunoprecipitation
definition: The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') consisting of a protein-specific antibody complex (where the protein is attached to a arger protein complex) from solution. [CHMO]

drum drying
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0001876
definition: The removal of solvent from a sample by applying it as a thin layer to the surface of a heated drum. [CHMO]

water:chloroform 2:1 extraction
type: Class
subclass of: solvent extraction
definition: Extraction of plant metabolites using a 2:1 v/v mixture of water and chloroform. [CHMO]

stepwise pyrolysis
type: Class
subclass of: pyrolysis
definition: The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy where the temperature is raised in a stepwise manner and the pyrolysates are recorded between each step. [CHMO]

micro-dissection
type: Class
subclass of: dissection
alternative label: microdissection
definition: The disassembly of a small part of an object (<10 µm diameter) to determine its internal structure. [CHMO]

multi-angle light scattering
type: Class
subclass of: light scattering
alternative label: MALLS
alternative label: MALS
alternative label: multi angle light scattering
alternative label: multi-angle laser light scattering
alternative label: multi-angle light scattering spectrometry
alternative label: multi-angle light scattering spectroscopy
alternative label: multiangle light scattering
alternative label: multiple angle laser light scattering
alternative label: multiple angle laser light scattering spectrometry
alternative label: multiple angle laser light scattering spectroscopy
alternative label: multiple angle light scattering
alternative label: multiple angle light scattering spectroscopy
alternative label: multiple light scattering spectrometry
definition: A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered visible light at a number of different angles, none of which are close to the angle of incidence of the light. [CHMO]

electric-field-induced second harmonic generation spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: indirect laser absorption spectroscopy
alternative label: EFISH
alternative label: EFISHG
alternative label: EFISHG spectroscopy
alternative label: electric field induced second harmonic generation
alternative label: electric field induced second harmonic generation spectroscopy
alternative label: electric-field-induced SHG
alternative label: electric-field-induced SHG spectroscopy
alternative label: electric-field-induced second harmonic generation
alternative label: electric-field-induced second-harmonic- (EFISH) generation
definition: A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser of frequency ömega whilst a direct-current electric field is applied, allowing the production of the second harmonic (2 omega). This technique is used to induce an asymmetry in an otherwise symmetric material as a probe of the molecular hyperpolarizability. [CHMO]

electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: electron magnetic resonance spectroscopy
definition: Any type of spectroscopy where a nuclear resonance is detected though its effect on an electron spin resonance. [CHMO]

vacuum drying
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0001876
definition: The removal of water from a sample by placing it under reduced pressure. This allows water to evaporate from (heat-sensitive) samples at a lower temperature. [CHMO]

normalized isothermal capacitance transient spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: isothermal capacitance transient spectroscopy
alternative label: N-ICTS
alternative label: NICTS
alternative label: normalized ICTS
alternative label: normalized-ICTS
definition: A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the normalised capacitance produced by applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at constant different temperatures, spectra are generated that exhibit peaks, the height of which are proportional to time constant for the emission rate. [CHMO]

ellipsometric porosimetry
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000260
alternative label: EP
definition: The measurement of the pore diameter, pore-size distribution and total pore volume of a thin porous film sample by measuring the changes in intensity and polarization of reflected light during vapour adsorption and desorption. [CHMO]

disappearance potential spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: appearance potential spectroscopy
alternative label: DAPS
alternative label: disappearance potential spectrometry
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by the sudden disappearance of electrons from the beam. [CHMO]

hole-burning spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: site-selection spectroscopy
alternative label: hole burning spectroscopy
alternative label: holeburning spectroscopy
alternative label: laser hole-burning spectroscopy
alternative label: spectroscopic hole burning
definition: A type of laser spectroscopy where a dye laser is used to remove, from an inhomogeneously broadened spectral line, a narrow homogenous line causing the appearance of a dip ( or 'hole') in a spectrum. [CHMO]

optically-heterodyned Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy
alternative label: OHD-RIKES
alternative label: OHRIKE spectroscopy
alternative label: OHRIKES
alternative label: optical heterodyne-detected Raman-induced Kerr-effect spectroscopy
alternative label: optically heterodyned Raman induced Kerr effect spectroscopy
alternative label: optically heterodyned Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy
alternative label: optically heterodyned Raman-induced Kerr-effect spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) with a frequency difference close to a Raman-mode frequency in the sample induce a refractive index change in the sample. By scanning the frequency difference of the two beams and recording simultaneously the polarization change of the probe beam, the Raman spectral structure of the sample can be obtained. The polarizing filters are rotated slightly, giving rise to a heterodyne at the detector, improving the signal-to-noise ratio compared to Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy. [CHMO]

Kelvin probe method
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0001227
alternative label: Kelvin method
alternative label: vibrating capacitor method
definition: A measurement method for determining the contact potential difference or difference in work functions between the sample and a reference electrode. In this method, the probe, which is made ofna material with a known work function (commonly tungsten or platinum), is arranged close to the sample surface as a parallel-plate capacitor with a small spacing. The probe is vibrated, causing a change in the capacitance between the electrodes, resulting in a small ac current. The work function difference is measured by applying an opposing external bias voltage such that the ac current is zero. [CHMO]

trimethylsilyl derivatization
type: Class
subclass of: derivatization
alternative label: TMS derivatization
definition: Derivatization of a metabolite by addition of a trimethylsilyl reagent to protect functional groups such as hydroxy, carboxylic acid, thio and amine groups. [CHMO]

ceramization
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003566
definition: A process in which a ceramic precursor is converted into a ceramic. [CHMO]

batch distillation
type: Class
subclass of: distillation
definition: A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. Distillation is completed before more sample mixture is added. [CHMO]

photographing
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003315
alternative label: snapping
alternative label: taking photo
alternative label: taking picture
definition: Photographing is the process of creating a recorded image. [Allotrope]

magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: circular dichroism spectroscopy
alternative label: MCD
alternative label: MCD spectrometry
alternative label: MCD spectroscopy
alternative label: magnetic circular dichroism spectrometry
definition: A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarized photon radiation in the presence of a magnetic field. [CHMO]

thermoacoustimetry
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0002313
definition: Thermal analysis where the characteristics of imposed acoustic wave passing through the sample are measured. [CHMO]

fluorescence detection
type: Class
subclass of: photoluminescence detection
alternative label: FD
alternative label: fluorescence (FL) detection
definition: A detection method which is sensitive to naturally fluorescent or tagged compounds. As the sample passes through a small cell it is excited by ultraviolet light and any fluorescence is detected. [CHMO]

neutron activation analysis
type: Class
subclass of: activation analysis
alternative label: NAA
definition: A type of activation analysis where a sample is bombarded with neutrons, the capture of which results in the generation of radioactive nuclei for most elements in the sample. These activated nuclei then decay according to their characteristic half-lives. [CHMO]

reciprocal-space method
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003556
definition: Any detection or measurement method for a set of points in reciprocal space. [CHMO]

diffuse reflectance circular dichroism spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: reflectance circular dichroism spectroscopy
alternative label: DRCD
alternative label: diffuse reflectance CD
alternative label: diffuse reflectance circular dichroism
definition: A type of spectroscopy based on the differential diffuse reflectance of left- and right-handed circularly polarized light by a sample. [CHMO]

acid digestion
type: Class
subclass of: wet digestion
alternative label: acid-digestion
definition: The decomposition of a sample in strong acids such as nitric, sulfuric or perchloric acid in order to obtain the sample in liquid form. [CHMO]

small-angle neutron scattering
type: Class
subclass of: neutron scattering
alternative label: SANS
alternative label: low-Q neutron scattering
alternative label: small angle neutron scattering
definition: A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons at small angles (corresponding to a scattering vector Q = (4/)sin(π/2) = 0.005-0.2 inverse degrees). [CHMO]

total current spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: appearance potential spectroscopy
alternative label: TCS
alternative label: target current spectrometry
alternative label: target current spectroscopy
alternative label: total current spectrometry
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is determined by measuring the total electron current incident on the sample target. [CHMO]

spinodal decomposition
type: Class
subclass of: decomposition
definition: A clustering reaction in a homogeneous, supersaturated solution (solid or liquid) which is unstable against infinitesimal fluctuations in density or composition. The solution therefore separates spontaneously into two phases, starting with small fluctuations and proceeding with a decrease in the Gibbs energy without a nucleation barrier. [CHMO]

neutron time-of-flight scattering
type: Class
subclass of: inelastic neutron scattering
definition: A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons and the time since the indicent pulse ('time-of-flight') for each neutron. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, and suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions. [CHMO]

gravimetric sorption analysis
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0001185
alternative label: gravimetric sorption
alternative label: gravimetric sorption-desorption
alternative label: gravimetric sorption-desorption analysis
alternative label: gravimetric sorption/desorption
alternative label: gravimetric sorption/desorption analysis
definition: The determination of the mass of a gas or vapour adsorbed to a surface. [CHMO]

alpha-particle X-ray spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: X-ray emission spectroscopy
alternative label: APXS
alternative label: alpha X-ray spectrometry
alternative label: alpha X-ray spectroscopy
alternative label: alpha-X-ray emission spectrometry
alternative label: alpha-X-ray emission spectroscopy
alternative label: alpha-X-ray fluorescence spectrometry
alternative label: alpha-X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy
alternative label: alpha-X-ray spectrometry
alternative label: alpha-X-ray spectroscopy
alternative label: alpha-particle X-ray emission spectrometry
alternative label: alpha-particle X-ray emission spectroscopy
alternative label: alpha-particle X-ray fluorescence spectrometry
alternative label: alpha-particle X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy
alternative label: alpha-particle X-ray spectrometry
definition: A type of X-ray emission spectroscopy where the sample is irradiated with alpha-particles and the energies of the backscattered alpha-particles and X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions are measured. [CHMO]

plasma activation
type: Class
subclass of: activation
alternative label: plasma functionalization
definition: A process that involves improving the adhesion properties of a sample using short pulses of a plasma (a partially ionized gas containing free electrons and radicals). [CHMO]

positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000527
alternative label: PALS
alternative label: positron lifetime spectroscopy
definition: A method for probing the free volume between polymer chains in which the anti-particle of an electron (a positron) is injected, from a radioactive source into the sample. When the positron is annihilated a characteristic energy is emitted, and the time from injection to energy emission is measured. [CHMO]

synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering
type: Class
subclass of: small-angle X-ray scattering
definition: A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays (generated in a synchrotron) scattered by a sample at low angles (0-10 deg.). [CHMO]

super continuum cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy
alternative label: SC-CEAS
alternative label: super continuum cavity enhanced absorption spectrometry
definition: A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside a highly reflective laser cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of a supercontinuum light source is detected. The light source is tuned to match the frequency of the cavity bandwidth. [CHMO]

thermography
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0001801
alternative label: IR imaging
alternative label: IR thermography
alternative label: infrared imaging
alternative label: infrared thermography
alternative label: thermal imaging
alternative label: thermographic imaging
definition: An imaging method that uses infrared (900-14 000 nm) radiation and allows variation in temperature to be observed (typically brighter areas in the image represent higher temperatures). [CHMO]

laser micro emission spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: laser emission spectroscopy
alternative label: LAMES
alternative label: laser micro emission spectrometry
definition: A type of spectroscopy where a thermally-excited vapour sample is illuminated with a finely focused (<10 m diameter) ultraviolet or visible laser and the photon emission spectrum of the sample is observed. [CHMO]

electrolytic etching
type: Class
subclass of: etching
alternative label: electroetching
definition: The process of removing the unprotected areas of a surface by placing it inside an electrochemical etching solution in the presence of an electric current. [CHMO]

femtosecond laser flash photolysis
type: Class
subclass of: laser flash photolysis
alternative label: fs laser flash photolysis
definition: A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong femtosecond pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The absorption of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse. [CHMO]

solvent evaporation
type: Class
subclass of: evaporation
alternative label: drying
definition: The removal of solvent from a sample, usually by the application of heat. [CHMO]

collinear laser spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: direct laser absorption spectroscopy
definition: Any type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is in the form of an accelerated beam of particles (atoms or ions) which is superimposed on a resonant laser beam (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample) and light absorption is measured. [CHMO]

fractionation
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003335
definition: The process of dividing up a sample mixture into smaller quantities according to their physical (e.g. size, solubility) or chemical (e.g. bonding, reactivity) properties. [CHMO]

X-ray excited electron appearance potential spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: appearance potential spectroscopy
alternative label: X-ray excited electron appearance potential spectrometry
alternative label: XEAPS
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by the sudden appearance of peaks in the photoelectron spectrum. [CHMO]

leveling
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003409
alternative label: levelling
definition: Ensuring the exact horizontal position of a device is called levelling. [Allotrope]

induction skull melting
type: Class
subclass of: skull melting
alternative label: ISM
definition: The melting of a material by high-frequency induction within a frozen shell of the same substance. This technique is used for materials which are very corrosive when molten e.g. cubic zirconia. [CHMO]

extended electron energy loss fine structure spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: electron energy loss spectroscopy
alternative label: EELFS
alternative label: ELFS spectrometry
alternative label: ELFS spectroscopy
alternative label: EXEELFS
alternative label: EXELFS spectrometry
alternative label: EXELFS spectroscopy
alternative label: extended electron energy loss fine structure spectrometry
alternative label: extended energy loss fine structure spectrometry
alternative label: extended energy loss fine structure spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, extended range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the energy loss the electrons suffer upon reflection is measured. Measurements are taken from the absorption edge onset to several hundred eV above it. [CHMO]

cyclic electrical field-flow field fractionation
type: Class
subclass of: electrical field-flow fractionation
alternative label: CEFFF
alternative label: CElFFF
alternative label: cyclic electric FFF
alternative label: cyclic electrical FFF
alternative label: cyclic-electric FFF
alternative label: cyclic-electrical FFF
definition: A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel and applying an alternating electric field perpendicular to the channel. A carrier liquid is passed through the channel and the particles are separated on the basis of electrophoretic mobility. [CHMO]

angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
alternative label: ARXPS
alternative label: angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectrometry
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with X-rays causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, which are detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]

femtosecond optically-heterodyned Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: optically-heterodyned Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy
alternative label: femtosecond OHD-RIKES
alternative label: femtosecond OHRIKES
alternative label: femtosecond optical heterodyne-detected Raman-induced Kerr-effect spectroscopy
alternative label: femtosecond optically heterodyned Raman induced Kerr effect spectroscopy
alternative label: femtosecond optically heterodyned Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy
alternative label: femtosecond optically heterodyned Raman-induced Kerr-effect spectroscopy
alternative label: fs-OHD-RIKES
alternative label: fs-OHRIKE spectroscopy
alternative label: fs-OHRIKES
alternative label: fsOHD-RIKES
alternative label: fsOHRIKES
definition: A type of spectroscopy where femtosecond pulses of two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) with a frequency difference close to a Raman-mode frequency in the sample induce a refractive index change in the sample. By scanning the frequency difference of the two beams and recording simultaneously the polarization change of the probe beam, the Raman spectral structure of the sample can be obtained. The polarizing filters are rotated slightly, giving rise to a heterodyne at the detector, improving the signal-to-noise ratio compared to Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy. [CHMO]

headspace liquid-phase micro-extraction
type: Class
subclass of: liquid-phase micro-extraction
alternative label: HS-LPME
alternative label: HSLPME
alternative label: headspace LPME
alternative label: headspace liquid-phase microextraction
definition: The process of transferring a substance from an organic phase to an aqueous phase (or vice versa) by heating the organic sample within a confined space in the presence of an aqueous acceptor droplet suspended on the tip of a microsyringe. [CHMO]

scanning tunnelling spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000527
alternative label: STS
alternative label: scanning tunneling spectrometry
alternative label: scanning tunneling spectroscopy
alternative label: scanning tunnelling spectrometry
definition: A type of spectroscopy where a scanning tunnelling microscope is used to measure the I-V characteristics of the sample. [CHMO]

pressurized fluid extraction
type: Class
subclass of: liquid-liquid extraction
alternative label: PFE
alternative label: PLE
alternative label: PSE
alternative label: accelerated solvent extraction
alternative label: accelerated-solvent extraction
alternative label: pressurized liquid extraction
alternative label: pressurized solvent extraction
alternative label: pressurized-fluid extraction
alternative label: pressurized-liquid extraction
alternative label: pressurized-solvent extraction
definition: The process of transferring a dissolved substance from one liquid phase to another (immiscible or partially miscible) liquid phase in contact with it using solvents at elevated temperature (50-200 deg. C) and pressure (7-20 MPa). [CHMO]

carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen elemental analysis
type: Class
subclass of: elemental analysis
alternative label: C, H, N analysis
alternative label: C, H, N elemental analysis
alternative label: C,H,N analysis
alternative label: CHN analysis
definition: A type of elemental analysis accomplished by combustion of the sample at 1200 deg. C in a stream of unreactive gas and excess oxygen and collection of the products (CO2, H2O and NOx). The masses of these combustion products can be used to calculate the composition of the unknown sample. [CHMO]

beta-particle spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000527
alternative label: beta spectrometry
alternative label: beta spectroscopy
alternative label: beta-particle spectrometry
alternative label: β-particle spectrometry
alternative label: β-particle spectroscopy
definition: Any type of spectroscopy where the beta-particles spontaneously emitted from radioisotopes are detected. [CHMO]

flash vacuum thermolysis
type: Class
subclass of: thermal decomposition
alternative label: FVP
alternative label: FVT
alternative label: flash vacuum pyrolysis
alternative label: flash vacuum thermal decomposition
definition: The reaction of a molecule by exposing it to a short thermal shock at high temperature, usually in the gas phase. [CHMO]

deep reactive-ion etching
type: Class
subclass of: plasma etching
alternative label: DRIE
alternative label: pulsed etching
alternative label: time-multiplexed etching
definition: The process of creating deep holes and trenches in a sample surface using short pulses of a plasma (a partially ionized gas containing free electrons and radicals) alternating with the deposition of a chemically inert passivation layer. [CHMO]

wet etching
type: Class
subclass of: etching
definition: The process of using strong acids/alkalis to cut into the unprotected parts of a surface (e.g. metal or silicon) to create a pattern. [CHMO]

dichroism spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000527
alternative label: dichroism spectrometry
definition: Any type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of polarized light by a sample. [CHMO]

inverse photoelectron spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: electron spectroscopy
alternative label: IPES
alternative label: IPS
alternative label: inverse photoelectron spectrometry
alternative label: inverse photoemission spectrometry
alternative label: inverse photoemission spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons and the photons emitted are detected. [CHMO]

serial dilution
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000785
source: Serial dilution
definition: A serial dilution is the stepwise dilution of a substance in solution. Usually the dilution factor at each step is constant, resulting in a geometric progression of the concentration in a logarithmic fashion. [Wikipedia]

droplet dispensing
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003350
alternative label: drop dispensing
definition: The controlled dropwise release of a liquid. [CHMO]

angle-resolved resonant X-ray scattering
type: Class
subclass of: resonant inelastic X-ray scattering
alternative label: angle-resolved resonant X-ray emission spectrometry
alternative label: angle-resolved resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy
alternative label: angular-resolved resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy
definition: A method for determining structure by measuring the energy loss of X-rays scattered by a sample as a function of emission angle, where the incident X-ray energy is chosen to coincide with an electronic transition in the sample. [CHMO]

cold extrusion
type: Class
subclass of: extrusion
definition: A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a material through a die at room temperature. [CHMO]

dissection
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003566
alternative label: anatomization
definition: The disassembly of an object to determine its internal structure. [CHMO]

precipitation with compressed antisolvent
type: Class
subclass of: supercritical antisolvent technique
alternative label: PCA
alternative label: precipitation using compressed anti-solvent
alternative label: precipitation using compressed antisolvent
alternative label: precipitation with compressed anti-solvent
definition: A technique where a solid sample is dissolved in a common (organic or inorganic) solvent then sprayed into a vessel pressurised with a dense gas (e.g. supercritical CO2) This results in a large decrease in solution density and precipitation. [CHMO]

hyper Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy
alternative label: HRLS
alternative label: HRS
alternative label: SHLS
alternative label: hyper Rayleigh light scattering
alternative label: hyper Rayleigh scattering
alternative label: hyper Rayleigh scattering spectrometry
alternative label: hyper-Rayleigh light scattering
alternative label: hyper-Rayleigh scattering
alternative label: hyper-Rayleigh scattering spectrometry
alternative label: hyper-Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy
alternative label: second harmonic Rayleigh scattering
definition: A method for determining the structure of a liquid sample by measuring the change in direction or energy of hyper-Rayleigh scattered visible light (scattering where photons from the incident laser - with frequency - are scattered into photons of the second harmonic - photons with frequency 2). [CHMO]

electron scattering
type: Class
subclass of: electron spectroscopy
alternative label: ESS
alternative label: electron scattering spectrometry
alternative label: electron scattering spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, extended range of kinetic energies is scattered by a surface and the energy and position of the scattered electrons is measured. [CHMO]

reversed-phase solid-phase extraction
type: Class
subclass of: liquid-solid extraction
alternative label: reverse phase SPE
alternative label: reverse phase solid-phase extraction
alternative label: reverse-phase SPE
alternative label: reverse-phase solid-phase extraction
alternative label: reversed phase SPE
alternative label: reversed-phase SPE
definition: The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the (non-polar) liquid sample through a (polar) stationary phase. [CHMO]

angle-resolved bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation which is detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]

verification
type: Class
subclass of: test
alternative label: performance check
definition: A verification is a test of an equipment under regular interval to confirm the performance of the instrument. [Allotrope]
example: The correct function of a balance can be verified by placing a weight in the centre of the weighing pan and comparing the result with a pre-defined weight. The same weight must be used in this verification procedure. [Allotrope]

elastic recoil detection analysis
type: Class
subclass of: ion scattering
alternative label: ERD
alternative label: ERDA
alternative label: FRS
alternative label: HFS
alternative label: elastic recoil detection
alternative label: forward recoil scattering
alternative label: hydrogen forward scattering
definition: A technique for measuring elemental concentration depth profiles in thin films by directing an ion beam at the sample and detecting recoiled atoms. [CHMO]

photoacoustic spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000527
alternative label: LIOAS
alternative label: OAS
alternative label: PAS
alternative label: laser-induced optoacoustic spectrometry
alternative label: laser-induced optoacoustic spectroscopy
alternative label: optoacoustic spectrometry
alternative label: optoacoustic spectroscopy
alternative label: photoacoustic spectrometry
alternative label: pulsed laser OAS
alternative label: pulsed laser PAS
alternative label: pulsed laser optoacoustic spectrometry
alternative label: pulsed laser optoacoustic spectroscopy
alternative label: pulsed laser photoacoustic spectrometry
alternative label: pulsed laser photoacoustic spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sound emitted when a gaseous sample is exposed to an intense laser beam, which is rapidly interrupted by a rotating slotted disk, is measured. [CHMO]

ultra-small angle X-ray scattering
type: Class
subclass of: small-angle X-ray scattering
alternative label: USAXS
alternative label: ultra small angle X-ray scattering
alternative label: ultra small-angle X-ray scattering
alternative label: ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering
definition: A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample at ultra-low angles (corresponding to Q = 0.00005-0.005 inverse deg.). [CHMO]

advanced silicon etching
type: Class
subclass of: deep reactive-ion etching
alternative label: ASE
alternative label: advanced silicon etch
definition: The process of creating deep holes and trenches in a silicon surface using short pulses of a plasma (a partially ionized gas - usually SF6 - containing free electrons and radicals) alternating with the deposition of a chemically inert passivation layer (e.g. C4F8). [CHMO]

furnace pyrolysis
type: Class
subclass of: pyrolysis
definition: The chemical degradation of a sample caused by passing a carrier gas (H2, O2, N2 etc.) over the sample in a heated furnace. [CHMO]

ultra soft X-ray emission spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: soft X-ray emission spectroscopy
definition: A type of X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with ultra-low energy (<1 keV) X-rays and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to valence-to-core transitions are detected. [CHMO]

ultraviolet photolysis digestion
type: Class
subclass of: sample digestion
alternative label: UV photolysis digestion
alternative label: UVPD
alternative label: ultra-vioelt photolysis digestion
definition: The decomposition of a sample by placing it in an organic matrix and irradiating the matrix with radiation in the range 200-435 nm (indirectly, using a mirror). OH radicals generated from the matrix react with the sample, degrading it. [CHMO]

ion-mobility spectrometry
type: Class
subclass of: ion spectroscopy
source: Ion-mobility spectrometry
alternative label: IMS
alternative label: ion mobility spectrometry
alternative label: ion mobility spectroscopy
alternative label: ion-mobility spectroscopy
definition: Ion-mobility spectrometry is a ion spectroscopy that that separates and identifies ionized molecules in the gas phase based on their mobility in a carrier buffer gas. [Wikipedia]

spin-polarized inverse photoelectron spectrometry
type: Class
subclass of: inverse photoelectron spectroscopy
alternative label: SPIPES
definition: A type of spectroscopy where a magnetised ferromagnetic sample is bombarded with electrons of a specific spin polarization which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation. [CHMO]

phosphoresent labeling
type: Class
subclass of: labeling
alternative label: phosphorescence labeling
definition: The process of covalently attaching a phosphorescent molecule to another molecule, such as a protein or nucleic acid. [CHMO]

kinetic spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000527
alternative label: kinetic spectrometry
definition: A type of spectroscopy used to study processes through in situ observation of the time profile of molecular absorptions. [CHMO]

wet digestion
type: Class
subclass of: sample digestion
alternative label: WD
definition: The decomposition of a sample by the addition of liquid reagents in order to solubilise it. [CHMO]

polymer precipitation
type: Class
subclass of: precipitation
definition: A technique used to isolate and purify polymers. The polymer sample is dissolved in a 'good' organic solvent, and this solution is then poured into a 'poor' solvent . Introduction of the polymer to the poor solvent causes the polymer chains to collapse, aggregate and come out of solution. [CHMO]

high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
alternative label: HR-XPS
alternative label: HRXPS
alternative label: high resolution X-ray photoelectron spectrometry
alternative label: high resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
alternative label: high resolution X-ray photoemission spectrometry
alternative label: high resolution X-ray photoemission spectroscopy
alternative label: high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectrometry
alternative label: high-resolution X-ray photoemission spectrometry
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with monochromatic X-rays causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]

off-line pyrolysis
type: Class
subclass of: pyrolysis
alternative label: offline pyrolysis
definition: The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy in which the products of a reaction are trapped before analysis. [CHMO]

ion-beam spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: ion spectroscopy
alternative label: IBS
alternative label: ion-beam spectrometry
definition: Any type of spectroscopy where a focused beam of ions is directed at a sample and the secondary ions emitted are detected. [CHMO]

electrohydrodynamic droplet dispensing
type: Class
subclass of: droplet dispensing
alternative label: EHD dispensing
alternative label: EHD droplet dispensing
definition: The dispensing of droplets between two electrodes by applying an electric field. [CHMO]

azimuthal photoelectron diffraction
type: Class
subclass of: photoelectron diffraction
alternative label: APD
alternative label: APED
alternative label: azimuthal-photoelectron diffraction
definition: A method for determining structure during photoelectron spectroscopy. Photons are directed at a sample and diffraction patterns resulting from the emission of electrons are determined as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]

zero kinetic energy electron spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: photoelectron spectroscopy
alternative label: ZEKE spectrometry
alternative label: zero kinetic energy electron spectrometry
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. The energy of the incident photons matches the ionization energy of the sample so emitted electrons have zero kinetic energy. [CHMO]

capillary viscometry
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0002171
definition: The determination of the viscosity of a fluid by measuring the time a defined volume of fluid requires to flow through a capillary tube of a specific length and width. [CHMO]

angle-resolved ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy
alternative label: UVAIUPES
alternative label: UVAIUPS
alternative label: UVARUPES
alternative label: UVARUPS
alternative label: angle-integrated ultra-violet photoelectron spectrometry
alternative label: angle-integrated ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy
alternative label: angle-integrated ultra-violet photoemission spectrometry
alternative label: angle-integrated ultraviolet photoelectron spectrometry
alternative label: angle-integrated ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy
alternative label: angle-integrated ultraviolet photoemission spectrometry
alternative label: angle-integrated ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy
alternative label: angle-resolved ultra-violet photoelectron spectrometry
alternative label: angle-resolved ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy
alternative label: angle-resolved ultra-violet photoemission spectrometry
alternative label: angle-resolved ultra-violet photoemission spectroscopy
alternative label: angle-resolved ultraviolet photoelectron spectrometry
alternative label: angle-resolved ultraviolet photoemission spectrometry
alternative label: angle-resolved ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with ultraviolet (10-400 nm) photons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, which are detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]

autoradiolysis
type: Class
subclass of: radiolysis
definition: The cleavage of one or more bonds in a radioactive material resulting directly or indirectly from its own radioactive decay. [CHMO]

elemental analysis
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0001185
alternative label: EA
definition: A process where a sample is analyzed for its elemental and sometimes isotopic composition (the elements present and sometimes their weight percentage). [CHMO]

photoinduced carrier extraction in a linearly increasing voltage
type: Class
subclass of: carrier extraction by linearly increasing voltage method
alternative label: photo-CELIV
alternative label: photoinduced CELIV
alternative label: photoinduced charge-carrier extraction in a linearly increasing voltage
definition: A method for measuring charge carrier mobilities and conductivities by applying a short (ns) laser pulse to generate charge carriers. These charge carriers are then detected by applying a linearly increasing voltage and measuring the resulting current. [CHMO]

steam pyrolysis
type: Class
subclass of: pyrolysis
definition: The chemical degradation of a sample caused by heating it, as a vapour, with steam. [CHMO]

electron-induced photoelectron spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: photoelectron spectroscopy
alternative label: electron-induced PES
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. The energy of the incident electrons is usually greater than the ionization energy of the sample and the photoelectrons are emitted with the excess in the form of kinetic energy. [CHMO]

piece counting by weighing
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0001645
definition: Piece counting by weighing is piece counting by weighing an uniform aggregate and an indivual of the aggregate. [Allotrope]

electron-electron coincidence spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: electron coincidence spectroscopy
alternative label: E2E
alternative label: electron-electron coincidence spectrometry
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of a pair of electrons which are detected as a function of energy. [CHMO]

moving average smoothing
type: Class
subclass of: smoothing
alternative label: box smoothing
alternative label: boxcar smoothing
alternative label: sliding average smoothing
definition: Moving average smoothing is a smoothing that uses moving averages to smooth data. [Allotrope]

time-resolved resonance Rayleigh scattering
type: Class
subclass of: resonance Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy
alternative label: time resolved resonance Rayleigh scattering spectrometry
alternative label: time resolved resonance Rayleigh spectroscopy
alternative label: time resolved resonant Rayleigh scattering spectrometry
alternative label: time resolved resonant Rayleigh spectroscopy
alternative label: time-resolved resonant Rayleigh scattering
alternative label: time-resolved resonant Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy
definition: A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light, as a function of time, where the wavelength of the incident light corresponds to an absorption band in the scattering molecules. [CHMO]

indirect laser absorption spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: laser absorption spectroscopy
alternative label: ILAS
definition: Any type of laser spectroscopy where an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. [CHMO]

Fourier profilometry
type: Class
subclass of: optical profilometry
alternative label: FP
alternative label: FTP
alternative label: Fourier transform profilometry
definition: A method where the profile of a surface is determined by illuminating the sample with a beam of light which has been split into two paths, one of which is directed at the sample and the other at a reference mirror. When the reflections are recombined a Fourier transform is applied to the phase of the interference pattern which contains information about the contours of the surface. [CHMO]

selective laser sintering
type: Class
subclass of: solid-state sintering
alternative label: SLS
definition: The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample below its melting point, using a high-energy laser, until its particles adhere to each other. [CHMO]

microwave spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: rotational spectroscopy
alternative label: microwave spectrometry
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with radiation in the microwave region (1-1000 mm). [CHMO]

electron energy loss spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: electron spectroscopy
alternative label: EELS
alternative label: EIS
alternative label: ELS
alternative label: IESS
alternative label: REELS
alternative label: electron energy loss spectrometry
alternative label: electron impact spectroscopy
alternative label: inelastic electron scattering spectrometry
alternative label: inelastic electron scattering spectroscopy
alternative label: reflection electron energy loss spectrometry
alternative label: reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy
definition: Any type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies (50-200 eV) interacts with a surface and the energy loss (0.005-100 eV) the electrons suffer as a result of the interaction is measured. [CHMO]

characteristic energy-loss spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: electron energy loss spectroscopy
alternative label: CELS
alternative label: characteristic energy loss spectrometry
alternative label: characteristic energy loss spectroscopy
alternative label: characteristic energy-loss spectrometry
definition: A type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the number of electrons with a given characteristic energy loss is measured. [CHMO]

neutral buoyancy densitometry
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0001666
alternative label: neutral buoyancy densiometry
alternative label: neutral-buoyancy densiometry
alternative label: neutral-buoyancy densitometry
definition: The measurement of the density of a solution by determining the neutral buoyancy of an object (the point at which it maintains a constant depth) in the solution. [CHMO]

impedance spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000527
alternative label: IS
alternative label: dielectric spectroscopy
alternative label: impedance spectrometry
definition: Any type of spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of a sample during excitation is measured as a function of frequency. [CHMO]

near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy
alternative label: NEXAF spectroscopy
alternative label: NEXAFS
alternative label: NEXAFS spectrometry
alternative label: NEXAFSS
alternative label: X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy
alternative label: X-ray absorption near edge structure spectrometry
alternative label: X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy
alternative label: X-ray absorption near-edge structure
alternative label: XANES
alternative label: XANES spectrometry
alternative label: XANES spectroscopy
alternative label: near edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy
alternative label: near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry
definition: A type of X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient measured within 40 eV of the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are determined as a function of incident X-ray energy. [CHMO]

polarization spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: laser spectroscopy
alternative label: PS
definition: Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is irradiated with an initial pulse of polarized laser light (the 'pump') and the change in polarization of a second laser pulse (the 'probe') is determined. [CHMO]

thermal desorption spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: desorption measurements
alternative label: TDS
alternative label: TPD
alternative label: temperature programmed desorption
alternative label: temperature-programmed desorption
definition: A method of observing desorbed molecules from a surface when the surface temperature is increased. The sample is heated slowly in a vacuum and residual gas in the vacuum is detected as a change in pressure. [CHMO]

supercritical antisolvent precipitation with enhanced mass transfer
type: Class
subclass of: supercritical antisolvent technique
alternative label: SAS-EM
alternative label: SAS/EM
alternative label: SASEM
alternative label: supercritical anti-solvent precipitation with enhanced mass transfer
alternative label: supercritical anti-solvent with enhanced mass transfer
alternative label: supercritical antisolvent with enhanced mass transfer
definition: A solid sample is dissolved in a common (organic or inorganic) solvent then sprayed into a supercritical fluid (held under pressure) resulting in a large decrease in solution density. This effect leads to the reduction in solubility of the solid and precipitation. A surface vibrating at an ultrasonic frequency is used to atomise the solution jet into microdroplets during spraying, increasing turbulence and mixing (resulting in higher mass transfer and smaller particles). [CHMO]

sample digestion
type: Class
subclass of: decomposition
definition: The decomposition of a sample into liquid form by treatment with enzymes or strong acids or alkalis. [CHMO]

variable-angle polarized absorption spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: linear dichroism spectroscopy
alternative label: VAPAS
alternative label: variable angle polarized absorption spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the absorption of linearly (p-) polarized UV-vis light by a poled thin film sample, as it is rotated about the vertical axis, is recorded at incremental angles of incidence. [CHMO]

infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: photoacoustic spectroscopy
alternative label: IR OAS
alternative label: IR PAS
alternative label: IR optoacoustic spectrometry
alternative label: IR optoacoustic spectroscopy
alternative label: IR photoacoustic spectrometry
alternative label: IR photoacoustic spectroscopy
alternative label: IR-OAS
alternative label: IR-PAS
alternative label: IROAS
alternative label: IRPAS
alternative label: infra-red optoacoustic spectrometry
alternative label: infra-red photoacoustic spectrometry
alternative label: infra-red photoacoustic spectroscopy
alternative label: infrared optoacoustic spectrometry
alternative label: infrared optoacoustic spectroscopy
alternative label: infrared photoacoustic spectrometry
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sound emitted when a gaseous sample is exposed to an intense infrared laser beam, which is rapidly interrupted by a rotating slotted disk, is measured. [CHMO]

ion microprobe spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: ion-beam spectroscopy
alternative label: ion micro-probe spectrometry
alternative label: ion microprobe spectrometry
definition: A type of spectrocsopy where a finely focused (<10 m diameter) beam of ions is directed at a sample and the secondary ions emitted are detected. [CHMO]

polymeric membrane extraction
type: Class
subclass of: membrane extraction
alternative label: PME
definition: The transfer of a solute from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a nonporous sillicon rubber membrane. [CHMO]

laser microprobe spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: laser spectroscopy
alternative label: laser micro-probe spectrometry
alternative label: laser microanalysis
alternative label: laser microprobe spectrometry
definition: Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more finely focused (<10 m diameter) laser beams and the absorption or emission of light by the sample is measured. [CHMO]

melt cooling
type: Class
subclass of: cooling
alternative label: melt-cooling
definition: The process of allowing a sample (a glass or polymer) at its melting point to cool at a controlled rate in order to cause changes in morphology or properties. [CHMO]

collinear fast ion-beam laser spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: collinear laser ion-beam spectroscopy
alternative label: CFIBLS
alternative label: collinear fast ion beam laser spectrometry
definition: A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is in the form of a high-speed accelerated beam of ions which is superimposed on a resonant laser beam (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample) and light absorption is measured. [CHMO]

particle-induced gamma-ray emission spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: gamma-ray spectroscopy
alternative label: PIGE
alternative label: PIGE spectrometry
alternative label: PIGE spectroscopy
alternative label: particle induced gamma-ray emission spectroscopy
alternative label: particle-induced prompt-photon spectrometry
alternative label: particle-induced prompt-photon spectroscopy
definition: A type of gamma-ray emission spectroscopy where the gamma-rays are produced by bombarding the sample with a focused beam of ions. [CHMO]

time-of-flight method
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0001227
definition: A method for measuring charge transport by sandwhiching the sample between two parallel electrodes, one of which has to be semitransparent. A short light pulse is applied to the sample giving rise to charge carriers, which traverse through the sample generating a current which is then measured. [CHMO]

height peak picking
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000516
source: MS_1000802
alternative label: max peak picking
definition: Height peak picking is a peak picking by reporting the maximum height value of all raw data points belong to the peak. [Allotrope]

fluorescence spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: luminescence spectroscopy
alternative label: fluorescence emission spectroscopy
alternative label: fluorescence spectrometry
alternative label: fluorescence spectrophotometry
alternative label: fluorimetry
alternative label: fluorometry
alternative label: spectrofluorimetry
alternative label: spectrofluorometry
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the intensity of the fluorescence emitted by molecules excited by ultraviolet light is detected as a function of wavelength or time. [CHMO]

line sharpening
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0002296
definition: An apodization function applied to the unprocessed FID to improve signal resolution. [Allotrope]

ultra-fast laser spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: laser spectroscopy
alternative label: ultrafast laser spectroscopy
definition: Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more laser beams and the absorption or emission of light by the sample is measured in the following fs-ns timescale is measured. [CHMO]

vibrating-sample magnetometry
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0001266
alternative label: VSM
alternative label: vibrating sample magnetometry
definition: The measurement of the change in magnetic field caused by the vibration of a sample. [CHMO]

Kerr effect spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: indirect laser absorption spectroscopy
alternative label: OKE spectroscopy
alternative label: OKES
alternative label: optical Kerr effect spectroscopy
alternative label: optical Kerr-effect spectroscopy
alternative label: optical-Kerr-effect (OKE) spectroscopy
alternative label: optical-Kerr-effect spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the refractive index change of the sample induced by two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) under the influence of an electric field (the 'optical Kerr effect') is measured. [CHMO]

direct current amperometry
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000733
alternative label: DC amperometry
alternative label: dc amperometry
alternative label: direct-current amperometry
definition: An electrochemical technique where the cell direct current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled. [CHMO]

resonance light scattering
type: Class
subclass of: light scattering
alternative label: resonant light scattering
definition: Resonance light scattering is a measurement method of light scattering that exploits submicroscopical particles that scatter incident light to produce monochromatic light that appears as highly intense fluorescence. [Allotrope]

reflection high energy electron diffraction
type: Class
subclass of: high energy electron diffraction
alternative label: RHEED
alternative label: reflection high-energy electron diffraction
definition: A method for determining structure by directing a beam of high energy (10-200 keV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any reflected or elastically scattered electrons. [CHMO]

liquid-solid extraction
type: Class
subclass of: extraction
alternative label: LSE
alternative label: SPE
alternative label: solid phase extraction
alternative label: solid-phase extraction
alternative label: sorbent extraction
alternative label: sorptive extraction
definition: The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the liquid sample through a stationary phase (e.g. silica particles). [CHMO]

shake-flask extraction
type: Class
subclass of: solvent extraction
alternative label: shake flask extraction
definition: The process of transferring a substance from any matrix to an appropriate liquid phase, during which the sample and solvent are kept in contact in a mechanical shaker. [CHMO]

electron magnetic resonance spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000527
alternative label: EMR
alternative label: EMR spectroscopy
definition: Any type of magnetic resonance spectroscopy involving unpaired electrons. [CHMO]

scattering method
type: Class
subclass of: reciprocal-space method
definition: Any detection or measurement method where reciprocal space structure can be determined by measuring the change in direction or energy of incident particles or radiation scattered by a sample. [CHMO]

thermolysis
type: Class
subclass of: thermal decomposition
definition: The uncatalysed cleavage of one or more covalent bonds resulting from exposure of a compound to a raised temperature, or a process in which such cleavage is an essential part. [CHMO]

photoluminescence spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: luminescence spectroscopy
alternative label: PL spectrometry
alternative label: PL spectroscopy
alternative label: photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy
alternative label: photoluminescence spectrometry
definition: Any type of spectroscopy where luminesence (the emission of visible light) from molecules irradiated with light, is detected as a function of wavelength. [CHMO]

vacuum ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: photoelectron spectroscopy
alternative label: VUVPES
alternative label: VUVPS
alternative label: vacuum ultra-violet photoelectron spectrometry
alternative label: vacuum ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy
alternative label: vacuum ultra-violet photoemission spectrometry
alternative label: vacuum ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with vacuum ultraviolet (10-20 nm) photons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]

profilometry
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0001801
alternative label: SP
alternative label: surface profilometry
definition: The measurement of the profile of a surface in order to quantify its roughness. [CHMO]

field-emission electron spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: electron spectroscopy
alternative label: FEED spectrometry
alternative label: FEED spectroscopy
alternative label: FES
alternative label: field emission electron spectroscopy
alternative label: field emission energy distribution spectrometry
alternative label: field emission energy distribution spectroscopy FEEDS
definition: Any type of electron spectroscopy where electrons are emitted from a cathode by application of an intense electric field. [CHMO]

laser cooling
type: Class
subclass of: cooling
definition: A technique for cooling atoms by directing two laser beams (with energy just below an electronic transition) at the sample from opposite directions. Scattering of the laser photons by the atoms in the sample reduces their kinetic energy. [CHMO]

evaporation
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003566
definition: The physical process by which a liquid substance is converted to a gas or vapour. This may occur at or below the normal boiling point of the liquid (the temperature at which a liquid boils at 1 atmosphere pressure) and the process is endothermic. [CHMO]

frequency modulation spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: direct laser absorption spectroscopy
alternative label: FMS
alternative label: frequency modulation spectrometry
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser which is tuned to match an absorption frequency of the molecules in the sample. [CHMO]

ultra small angle neutron scattering
type: Class
subclass of: small-angle neutron scattering
alternative label: USANS
alternative label: ultra-high resolution small-angle neutron scattering
definition: A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons at ultra-small angles (corresponding to Q = 0.000003-0.01 inverse degrees). [CHMO]

supercritical antisolvent technique
type: Class
subclass of: fractionation
alternative label: SAS
alternative label: SF antisolvent process
alternative label: supercritical anti-solvent fractionation
alternative label: supercritical anti-solvent precipitation
alternative label: supercritical anti-solvent process
alternative label: supercritical antisolvent fractionation
alternative label: supercritical antisolvent precipitation
alternative label: supercritical fluid antisolvent process
definition: A solid sample is dissolved in a common (organic or inorganic) solvent then injected into a supercritical fluid (held under pressure) resulting in a large decrease in solution density. This effect leads to the reduction in solubility of the solid and precipitation. [CHMO]

concentrating
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003368
alternative label: preconcentration
definition: A preparative step where the concentration of one component is increased. [CHMO]

transmission spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000527
alternative label: transmission spectrometry
alternative label: transmittance spectrometry
alternative label: transmittance spectroscopy
definition: The study of radiation as a function of wavelength that has been transmitted through a sample. [CHMO]

supercritical drying
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0001876
alternative label: critical point drying
alternative label: critical-point drying
alternative label: super-critical point drying
definition: The removal of solvent from a sample without passing through the liquid-gas boundary, by immersion in a supercritical fluid and de-pressurization. [CHMO]

methoxyamination derivatization
type: Class
subclass of: derivatization
definition: Derivatization of a metabolite by addition of pyridinic methoxyamine to stabilise carbonyl moieties. [CHMO]

electrochemical passivation
type: Class
subclass of: passivation
alternative label: electrolytic passivation
definition: Any eletrochemical process that makes one sample unreactive to another, prior to using the samples together. [CHMO]

freeze distillation
type: Class
subclass of: fractionation
alternative label: normal freezing
alternative label: progressive freezing
definition: The process of enriching a solution by partially freezing it and removing frozen material that contains less of the dissolved material than the remaining solution. [CHMO]

small-angle light scattering
type: Class
subclass of: light scattering
alternative label: LALLS
alternative label: LALLSS
alternative label: LALS
alternative label: LALSS
alternative label: SALS
alternative label: SALSS
alternative label: low angle laser light scattering
alternative label: low angle laser light scattering spectroscopy
alternative label: low angle light scattering
alternative label: low angle light scattering spectrometry
alternative label: low angle light scattering spectroscopy
alternative label: small angle light scattering
definition: A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of visible light scattered at a small angle (0.1-10 deg.) to the incident light. [CHMO]

optical rotatory dispersion
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000527
alternative label: ORD
definition: The measurement of light rotation as a function of wavelength. [CHMO]

chemiluminescence detection
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0001909
alternative label: CL detection
alternative label: chemoluminescence detection
definition: The detection of luminescence emitted from a sample as a result of a chemical reaction. [CHMO]

k-resolved inverse photoelectron spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: inverse photoelectron spectroscopy
alternative label: KRIPES
alternative label: KRIPS
alternative label: k-resolved IPE spectrometry
alternative label: k-resolved IPE spectroscopy
alternative label: k-resolved inverse photoelectron spectrometry
alternative label: k-resolved inverse photoemission spectrometry
alternative label: k-resolved inverse photoemission spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation which is detected as a function of the vector k (where k is the difference between the wave vectors of the incident and scattered radiation). [CHMO]

ultraviolet bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy
alternative label: UVBIS
alternative label: ultra-violet bremsstrahlung isochromat spectrometry
alternative label: ultra-violet bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy
alternative label: ultra-violet bremsstrahlung spectrometry
alternative label: ultraviolet bremsstrahlung isochromat spectrometry
alternative label: ultraviolet bremsstrahlung spectrometry
alternative label: ultraviolet bremsstrahlung spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation in the ultraviolet region. [CHMO]

extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy
alternative label: EXAFS
alternative label: EXAFS spectrometry
alternative label: EXAFS spectroscopy
alternative label: EXAFSS
alternative label: extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry
definition: A type of X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient measured 500-1000 eV below the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are determined as a function of incident X-ray energy. [CHMO]

oven drying
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0001876
definition: The removal of solvent from a sample by heating in an oven. [CHMO]

potentiostatic coulometry
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0001955
alternative label: bulk electrolysis
alternative label: controlled potential coulometry
alternative label: controlled-potential coulometry
definition: An electrochemical technique where the total Coulombs of electricity required to complete (fully oxidise or fully reduce the sample in) an electrochemical reaction is measured whilst the potential of the working electrode is held at a constant value. [CHMO]

normal-phase solid-phase extraction
type: Class
subclass of: liquid-solid extraction
alternative label: normal phase SPE
alternative label: normal phase solid-phase extraction
alternative label: normal-phase SPE
definition: The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the (polar) liquid sample through a (non-polar) stationary phase. [CHMO]

electron microscopy
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000044
alternative label: EM
definition: A type of microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. [CHMO]

second harmonic generation circular dichroism spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: circular dichroism spectroscopy
alternative label: SHG-CD
alternative label: second harmonic generation-circular dichroism
alternative label: second-harmonic generation-circular dichroism
definition: A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarized light by a sample. Laser light of frequency f is converted to light of frequency 2f by a non-linear interaction with the sample, and the polarization of this light (the 'second harmonic') is determined. [CHMO]

particles from gas-saturated solutions
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003566
alternative label: PGSS
alternative label: expansion from gas saturated solutions
alternative label: particles from gas saturated solutions
definition: A solid sample is heated above its melting point and combining the molten material with a supercritical fluid. The solution is then expanded through a nozzle, causing the precipitation of the solid as a fine powder. [CHMO]

thermal lens spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: indirect laser absorption spectroscopy
alternative label: TLS
alternative label: thermal lens spectrometry
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the energy generated by nonradiative thermal relaxation after laser light absorption is measured. [CHMO]

time-resolved optical Kerr effect spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: Kerr effect spectroscopy
alternative label: TR-OKE spectroscopy
alternative label: TROKE spectroscopy
alternative label: TROKES
alternative label: time resolved optical Kerr effect spectroscopy
alternative label: time-resolved OKE spectroscopy
alternative label: time-resolved OKES
definition: A type of spectroscopy where time response of a transient birefringence induced in the sample by two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) under the influence of an electric field (the 'optical Kerr effect') is measured. [CHMO]

homodyne detection
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0002065
definition: The measurement of the intensity of the light resulting from the interference of two lasers of the same wavelength. [CHMO]

photoion-photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: electron coincidence spectroscopy
alternative label: PIPECO
alternative label: photoion photoelectron coincidence spectrometry
alternative label: photoion photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy
alternative label: photoion-photoelectron coincidence spectrometry
alternative label: photoionphotoelectron coincidence spectrometry
alternative label: photoionphotoelectron coincidence spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of a photoelectron and its corresponding ion which are detected as a function of energy. [CHMO]

atomization
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003566
definition: The conversion of a vaporized sample into atomic components. [CHMO]

enzyme oximetry
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0002216
definition: A technique used to determine the extent of oxygenation of an enzyme, based on the absorption of light by the oxygenated and deoxygenated forms. [CHMO]

neutron scattering
type: Class
subclass of: scattering method
alternative label: neutron scattering spectrometry
alternative label: neutron scattering spectroscopy
definition: A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample and the intensity of the scattering is given by the scattering vector Q = (4/)sin(pi/2). [CHMO]

reductive pyrolysis
type: Class
subclass of: pyrolysis
definition: The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy in the presence of an reductive atmosphere. [CHMO]

centrifugal evaporation
type: Class
subclass of: solvent evaporation
definition: The evaporation of solvent from a sample by placing it a centrifuge and spinning it rapidly. [CHMO]

differential thermal analysis
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0002313
alternative label: DTA
definition: The measurement of the temperature difference between the sample and a reference material. [CHMO]

laser sintering
type: Class
subclass of: solid-state sintering
alternative label: LS
definition: The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample with a laser (e.g. a CO2 laser) below its melting point until its particles adhere to each other. [CHMO]

microwave digestion
type: Class
subclass of: sample digestion
alternative label: MAD
alternative label: MOD
alternative label: microwave oven digestion
alternative label: microwave-assisted digestion
definition: The assisted solubilization of a sample by the application of radiation in the 1-1000 mm region. [CHMO]

static headspace extraction
type: Class
subclass of: headspace extraction
alternative label: SHE
alternative label: equilibrium headspace extraction
definition: The process of transferring a substance from a solid or liquid matrix to the vapour phase by heating. Once the concentration of the analyte in the headspace is in equilibrium with the concentration in the sample matrix, the headspace is removed. [CHMO]

field-effect transistor method
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0001227
alternative label: FET method
alternative label: FET technique
alternative label: field effect transistor method
alternative label: field-effect transistor (FET) method
definition: A method for determining charge transport by incorporating the sample (as a thin film) into an FET. An electric field is applied to the sample (by means of the gate electrode) and the change in conductance between the source and drain electrodes is measured. [CHMO]

contact profilometry
type: Class
subclass of: profilometry
definition: A method where the profile of a surface is determined by moving a diamond stylus laterally across it at a specified contact force and measuring its vertical displacement. [CHMO]

angle-resolved photoelectron extended fine structure spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: photoelectron extended fine structure spectroscopy
alternative label: ARPEFS
alternative label: ARPEFSS
alternative label: ARPES spectrometry
alternative label: ARPES spectroscopy
alternative label: angle-resolved photoelectron extended fine structure spectrometry
alternative label: angle-resolved photoemission extended fine structure spectrometry
alternative label: angle-resolved photoemission extended fine structure spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. The spectrum is recorded over an extended energy range, from the photon absorption edge onset to several hundred eV above it. [CHMO]

galvanic etching
type: Class
subclass of: electrolytic etching
definition: The process of removing the unprotected areas of a silicon surface by placing it inside an electrochemical etching solution (KOH, HF or TMAH) in the presence of an electric current. When the silicon substrate is in contact with a noble metal (Au or Cr) a Galvanic cell is formed and the silicon is oxidized. [CHMO]

appearance potential spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: electron spectroscopy
alternative label: APS
alternative label: appearance potential spectrometry
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by the appearance of relaxation products (Auger electrons or X-rays) or by a change in the electron beam current. [CHMO]

phosphorescence spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: luminescence spectroscopy
definition: The detection of luminescence emitted over a long timescale from a sample, as a result of irradiation with light, as a function of wavelength or time. [CHMO]

direct laser absorption spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: laser absorption spectroscopy
alternative label: DLAS
alternative label: direct laser absorption spectrometry
definition: Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more laser beams and light absorption is measured. [CHMO]

continuous flow hollow fibre liquid-phase micro-extraction
type: Class
subclass of: hollow fiber liquid-phase micro-extraction
alternative label: CFHF-LPME
alternative label: continuous flow hollow fiber liquid-phase micro-extraction
alternative label: continuous flow hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction
definition: The process of transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase immobilised within the pores of the wall of a porous hollow fibre (<10 µm diameter). The aqueous phase is allowed to flow continuously through the fibre, allowing mass transfer to occur. [CHMO]

femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: pump-probe spectroscopy
alternative label: fs PP spectroscopy
alternative label: fs pump probe spectroscopy
alternative label: fs pump-probe spectroscopy
alternative label: ultra-fast pump-probe spectroscopy
alternative label: ultrafast pump probe spectroscopy
alternative label: ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with an initial laser pulse (the 'pump') followed by a second laser pulse (the 'probe') after a fs delay. The pump pulse creates excitations in the sample, which are sensed by the probe pulse. [CHMO]

inelastic low energy electron diffraction
type: Class
subclass of: low energy electron diffraction
alternative label: ILEED
alternative label: inelastic low-energy electron diffraction
definition: A method for determining structure by directing a beam of low energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any inelastically scattered (scattering where kinetic energy is not conserved) electrons. [CHMO]

neutron powder diffraction
type: Class
subclass of: neutron diffraction
alternative label: NPD
alternative label: powder neutron diffraction
definition: A method for determining structure by directing a beam of cold or thermal neutrons at a powdered solid sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted neutrons. [CHMO]

X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: X-ray absorption spectroscopy
alternative label: X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements
alternative label: X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry
alternative label: XAFS
definition: A type of X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient around the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are measured as a function of incident X-ray energy. [CHMO]

aging
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003566
alternative label: age hardening
alternative label: dispersion hardening
alternative label: precipitate ageing
alternative label: precipitation hardening
definition: Any time-dependent change of the properties of a precipitate e.g. loss of water or growth of crystals as a result of prolonged heat treatment. [CHMO]

thermoluminescence detection
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0001909
alternative label: TL detection
definition: The detection of luminescence exhibited by certain crystalline materials, such as some minerals, when previously absorbed energy from electromagnetic radiation or other ionizing radiation is re-emitted as light upon heating of the material. [CHMO]

quasi-elastic neutron scattering
type: Class
subclass of: elastic incoherent neutron scattering
alternative label: QENS
alternative label: QINS
alternative label: quasi elastic neutron scattering
alternative label: quasi elastic neutron scattering spectrometry
alternative label: quasi elastic neutron scattering spectroscopy
alternative label: quasi-elastic neutron scattering spectrometry
alternative label: quasi-elastic neutron scattering spectroscopy
definition: A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in a liquid sample which is in thermal motion. Phase is not conserved and although the neutrons retain all of their kinetic energy during collisions, the thermal motion of the sample causes a broadening of the energy range of the scattered neutrons. [CHMO]

ethanol extraction
type: Class
subclass of: solvent extraction
alternative label: EtOH extraction
definition: The process of transferring a substance from any matrix into ethanol. [CHMO]

Auger electron appearance potential spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: appearance potential spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by a sudden increase in secondary electron current. [CHMO]

time-resolved microwave conductivity
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0001227
alternative label: TRMC
alternative label: time resolved microwave conductivity
definition: A technique allowing the quantitative and qualitative detection of radiation-induced charge separation by time-resolved measurement of the changes in microwave absorption resulting from the production and decay of charged and dipolar molecular entities. In a typical TRMC experiment, separated charge carriers, which are generated by a laser pulse, lead to a perturbation of the initial microwave absorbance. The temporal decay of the conductivity signal (i.e. microwave absorbance) reflects the lifetime of the photogenerated carriers. [CHMO]

fluorescence detected circular dichroism spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: circular dichroism spectroscopy
alternative label: FDCD
alternative label: FDCD spectrometry
alternative label: FDCD spectroscopy
alternative label: fluorescence detected circular dichroism spectrometry
definition: A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarized luminescence. [CHMO]

photothermal spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000527
alternative label: photothermal spectrometry
definition: Any type of spectroscopy where light energy absorbed by the sample results in heating and the subsequent change in temperature, pressure or density is measured. [CHMO]

split flow thin fractionation
type: Class
subclass of: magnetic field-flow fractionation
alternative label: SPLITT fractionation
alternative label: split flow thin (SPLITT) fractionation
definition: A technique for separating magnetic and nonmagentic particles by placing the sample in a narrow channel and applying a magnetic field. Magnetic particles are dragged away from their stream into a separate buffer stream, leaving the nonmagnetic particles behind. [CHMO]

constant potential amperometry
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000733
alternative label: CPA
alternative label: constant-potential amperometry
definition: An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is held at a constant value (sufficient to oxidize or reduce the sample). [CHMO]

membrane extraction
type: Class
subclass of: extraction
definition: The transfer of a solute from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a nonporous membrane. [CHMO]

Savitzky-Golay smoothing
type: Class
subclass of: smoothing
source: Savitzky–Golay filter
definition: Savitzky-Golay smoothing is a smoothing by convolving the data by fitting successive sub-sets of adjacent data points with a low-degree polynomial by the method of linear least squares. [Allotrope]

ribonucleic acid immunoprecipitation
type: Class
subclass of: immunoprecipitation
alternative label: RIP
alternative label: RNA immunoprecipitation
definition: The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') consisting of a protein-specific antibody complex (where the protein is part of a protein-RNA complex) from solution. This method is used to determine the location of RNA binding sites for particular proteins of interest. [CHMO]

secondary electron spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: electron spectroscopy
alternative label: SES
definition: Any type of spectroscopy where primary electrons interact with a sample and the electrons emitted as a result of the interaction (secondary electrons) are detected. [CHMO]

molecular nonthermal excitation spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000527
alternative label: MONES
alternative label: molecular non-thermal excitation spectrometry
alternative label: molecular non-thermal excitation spectroscopy
alternative label: molecular nonthermal excitation spectrometry
definition: A type of molecular spectroscopy where the sample is placed in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it, then excited using a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas). [CHMO]

continuous wave electron-electron double resonance spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: electron-electron double resonance spectroscopy
alternative label: c.w. ELDOR
alternative label: continuous-wave electron-electron double resonance spectroscopy
alternative label: cw ELDOR
alternative label: cw-ELDOR
definition: A type of spectroscopy where the sample is irradiated by two microwave frequencies which match electron resonance transitions. The effect of the higher power frequency ('pump') transition on the lower power ('observed') transitionsis measured. [CHMO]

thermosonimetry
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0002313
definition: The measurement of the sound emitted by a sample as a function of temperature. [CHMO]

gamma-ray spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000527
alternative label: gamma ray spectrometry
alternative label: gamma spectrometry
alternative label: gamma spectroscopy
alternative label: gamma-ray emission spectroscopy
alternative label: gamma-ray emssion spectrometry
alternative label: gamma-ray emssion spectroscopy
alternative label: gamma-ray spectrometry
definition: Any type of spectroscopy where the energies of gamma-rays emitted or absorbed by a sample is measured. [CHMO]

bomb digestion
type: Class
subclass of: acid digestion
alternative label: bomb-digestion
definition: The decomposition of a sample in strong acids such as nitric, sulfuric or perchloric acid in a sealed vessel (lined with PTFE), under high pressure and high temperature, in order to obtain the sample in liquid form. [CHMO]

recrystallization
type: Class
subclass of: crystallization
alternative label: re-crystallization
definition: A technique for purifying a crystalline sample where the impure sample is dissolved in a small volume of solvent, forming a supersaturated solution. As the temperature of the solution drops, pure crystals form, the impurities remaining dissolved in the solvent. [CHMO]

incoherent neutron scattering
type: Class
subclass of: neutron scattering
alternative label: INS
definition: A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample and phase is not conserved. [CHMO]

low energy electron diffraction
type: Class
subclass of: electron diffraction
alternative label: LEED
definition: A method for determining structure by directing a beam of low energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. [CHMO]

Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: Kerr effect spectroscopy
alternative label: RIKES
alternative label: Raman-induced Kerr-effect spectroscopy
definition: A type of spectroscopy where two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) with a frequency difference close to a Raman-mode frequency in the sample induce a refractive index change in the sample. By scanning the frequency difference of the two beams and recording simultaneously the polarization change of the probe beam, the Raman spectral structure of the sample can be obtained. [CHMO]

ultraviolet melting
type: Class
subclass of: melting
alternative label: UV melting
alternative label: ultra-violet melting
definition: The process of heating a substance by irradiation with ultraviolet light (190-400 nm) to cause the solid-liquid phase change. [CHMO]

mobilization
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003464
definition: Mobilization is the last step of IEF that makes the focused compounds migrate to one of the electrodes. [Allotrope]

chemical imaging
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0001801
alternative label: CIS
alternative label: chemical imaging spectrometry
alternative label: chemical imaging spectroscopy
alternative label: hyperspectral imaging
alternative label: imaging spectrometry
alternative label: imaging spectroscopy
alternative label: multispectral imaging
alternative label: spectral imaging
alternative label: spectroscopic imaging
definition: The simultaneous measurement of spectra and images. A radiation source illuminates the sample and a series of spatially resolved spectra are collected. [CHMO]

synchrotron radiation excited X-ray spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: X-ray spectroscopy
alternative label: synchrotron radiation excited X-ray spectrometry
definition: Any type of X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with radiation is generated in a synchrotron and the energies and intensities of the emitted X-rays are detected. [CHMO]

magnetophoresis
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003335
definition: A separation method where magnetic particles move at different speeds according to their magnetic susceptibilities in a separation medium, across which a magnetic field is applied. [CHMO]

pH-induced gelation
type: Class
subclass of: gelation
definition: The formation of a gel from a solution by altering the pH of the solution. [CHMO]

pressureless sintering
type: Class
subclass of: solid-state sintering
definition: The fusing together of small particles by heating the powder sample below its melting point (without applied pressure) until its particles adhere to each other. [CHMO]

thermal diffusion forced Rayleigh scattering
type: Class
subclass of: forced Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy
alternative label: S-FRS
alternative label: S-FRSM
alternative label: SFRS
alternative label: SFRSM
alternative label: Soret forced Rayleigh scattering method
alternative label: TDFRS
alternative label: TDFRS analysis
alternative label: TDFRS method
alternative label: thermal-diffusion forced Rayleigh scattering
definition: A method for determining structure where a grating created by the interference of two laser beams is written into a sample which contains a small amount of dye. The intensity grating is converted into a temperature grating which, in turn, causes a concentration grating by thermal diffusion. A further laser beam is Rayleigh scattered by the grating and the change in direction or energy of the light and the temporal evolution of the scattered beam are measured. [CHMO]

flash photolysis
type: Class
subclass of: pump-probe spectroscopy
alternative label: FP
definition: A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser or flash lamp. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The absorption of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse. [CHMO]

electron-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: particle-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy
alternative label: EIXES
alternative label: electron-induced XES
definition: Any type of X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding the sample with a focused beam of high-energy electrons. [CHMO]

half-logarithmic dilution
type: Class
subclass of: serial dilution
source: Serial dilution
alternative label: half-log dilution
definition: A half-logarithmic dilution is a serial dilution with a 3.16-fold (10^0.5) dilution for each step. [Wikipedia]

vacuum distillation
type: Class
subclass of: distillation
alternative label: low temperature distillation
alternative label: low-temperature distillation
definition: A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a high-boiling-point sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat at low pressure and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. [CHMO]

laser light scattering
type: Class
subclass of: light scattering
alternative label: LLS
alternative label: laser-light scattering
definition: A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered visible light. Light (from a laser source) is scattered by the electrons surrounding the atomic nuclei in the sample. [CHMO]

sound-induced gelation
type: Class
subclass of: gelation
definition: The formation of a gel from a solution by the application of ultrasound (sound waves >20 kHz frequency). [CHMO]

air cooling
type: Class
subclass of: cooling
definition: Air cooling is a type of sample cooling using gaseous air. [Allotrope]

dissolved oxygen measurement
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0002800
definition: A measurement of dissolved oxygen. [Allotrope]

dissolved carbon dioxide measurement
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0002800
definition: A measurement of dissolved carbon dioxide. [Allotrope]

intensity based data point removal
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000983
alternative label: thresholding
definition: The removal of data points based on a low or high intensity threshold. [Allotrope]

ion suppression
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003374
license: iupac-license
rights: iupac-copyright
source: Murray, K., Boyd, R., Eberlin, M., et al. (2013). Definitions of terms relating to mass spectrometry (IUPAC Recommendations 2013). Pure and Applied Chemistry, 85(7), pp. 1515-1609.
alternative label: ionization suppression
change note: 2024-09-12 Added license and rights fields.
definition: Ion suppression is a state in which the ionization efficiency of a species is lowered by the presence of a different species. [IUPAC]
note: The effect is most significant in electrospray ionization but is also observed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and to a lesser extent in other ionization methods. [IUPAC]

pulse
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003374
definition: A short burst of electical or magnetic energy. [Allotrope]

pulse sequence
type: Class
subclass of: BFO_0000144
definition: A sequence of one or more pulses with defined powers, timings, and phases for excitation and detection of nuclear spins. [Allotrope]

sparging
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003566
definition: In chemistry, sparging, also known as gas flushing in metallurgy, is a technique which involves bubbling a chemically inert gas, such as nitrogen, argon, or helium, through a liquid. This can be used to remove dissolved gases (e.g. oxygen) from the liquid. [Wikipedia]

water purification
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000812
definition: The purification of water. [Allotrope]

electrodeionization
type: Class
subclass of: water deionization
source: Electrodeionization
alternative label: EDI
definition: Electrodeionization is a water treatment technology that utilizes an electricity, ion exchange membranes and resin to deionize water and separate dissolved ions (impurities) from water. [Wikipedia]

water deionization
type: Class
subclass of: deionization
subclass of: water purification
definition: A water purification that uses deionization. [Allotrope]

capacitive deionization
type: Class
subclass of: water deionization
source: Capacitive deionization
alternative label: CDI
alternative label: capacitive desalination
alternative label: electrochemical demineralization
alternative label: electrosorb process for desalination of water
alternative label: electrosorption of salt ions
definition: Capacitive deionization is a technology to deionize water by applying an electrical potential difference over two porous carbon electrodes. Anions, ions with a negative charge, are removed from the water and are stored in the positively polarized electrode. Likewise, cations (positive charge) are stored in the cathode, which is the negatively polarized electrode. [Wikipedia]

desalination
type: Class
subclass of: water purification
source: Desalination
alternative label: desalinization
definition: Desalination is a process that removes minerals from saline water. More generally, desalination may also refer to the removal of salts and minerals. [Wikipedia]

osmosis
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000422
source: Osmosis
alternative label: osmotic process
definition: Osmosis is the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a semi-permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides. [Wikipedia]

forward osmosis
type: Class
subclass of: water purification
subclass of: osmosis
source: Forward osmosis
alternative label: FO
definition: Forward osmosis (FO) is an osmotic process that uses a semi-permeable membrane to effect separation of water from dissolved solutes. The driving force for this separation is an osmotic pressure gradient, such that a "draw" solution of high concentration (relative to that of the feed solution), is used to induce a net flow of water through the membrane into the draw solution, thus effectively separating the feed water from its solutes. [Wikipedia]

decontamination
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003473
source: FDA Guidance for Industry Sterile Drug Products Produced by Aseptic Processing — Current Good Manufacturing Practice
definition: A process that eliminates viable bioburden via use of sporicidal chemical agents. [FDA]

disinfection
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003473
source: FDA Guidance for Industry Sterile Drug Products Produced by Aseptic Processing — Current Good Manufacturing Practice
definition: Process by which surface bioburden is reduced to a safe level or eliminated. Some disinfection agents are effective only against vegetative microbes, while others possess additional capability to effectively kill bacterial and fungal spores. [FDA]

depyrogenation
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003473
source: FDA Guidance for Industry Sterile Drug Products Produced by Aseptic Processing — Current Good Manufacturing Practice
definition: A process used to destroy or remove pyrogens (e.g., endotoxin). [FDA]

sterilization
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003473
source: Sterilization (microbiology)
definition: Sterilization is a term referring to any process that eliminates (removes) or kills (deactivates) all forms of life and other biological agents (such as prions, as well as viruses which some do not consider to be alive but are biological pathogens nonetheless), including transmissible agents (such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, prions, spore forms, unicellular eukaryotic organisms such as Plasmodium, etc.) present in a specified region, such as a surface, a volume of fluid, medication, or in a compound such as biological culture media. [Wikipedia]

granulation
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003566
definition: Granulation is a process of forming granules. The quality of granulation determines the smooth and trouble free process of tablets manufacturing. If granulation is not done in a proper manner, the resulting mixture may damage the tableting press. [Wikipedia]

signal averaging
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0002296
definition: Signal averaging is a process of combining spectra of repeated measurements in order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. [Allotrope]

slugging
type: Class
subclass of: compression
definition: Slugging is a process where a formed solid or powder solid is compressed in a tablet press as opposed to a roller compactor. [Allotrope]

desorption
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003374
definition: Desorption is the process of a species desorbing from a surface when heated. [Allotrope]

dynamic vapor sorption
type: Class
subclass of: sorption measurements
alternative label: moisture sorption
definition: Dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) is a gravimetric technique that measures how quickly and how much of a solvent is absorbed by a sample: such as a dry powder absorbing water. It does this by varying the vapor concentration surrounding the sample and measuring the change in mass which this produces. Water vapor is most commonly used, but it is also possible to use a wide range of organic solvents. [Wikipedia]

integrity testing
type: Class
subclass of: test
definition: Performance testing of a device. [Allotrope]

friability test
type: Class
subclass of: test
definition: A friability test checks the condition of being friable. Friability describes the ability of a solid substance to be reduced to smaller pieces with little effort, especially by rubbing. [Wikipedia]

flow cytometry assay
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0001116
alternative label: flow cytometry
definition: In biotechnology, flow cytometry is a laser- or impedance-based, biophysical technology employed in cell counting, cell sorting, biomarker detection and protein engineering, by suspending cells in a stream of fluid and passing them through an electronic detection apparatus. [Wikipedia]

t-test
type: Class
subclass of: quantification
alternative label: T-test
definition: The t-test is a process of quantifying the closeness of two sets of data points. It is defined as the ratio of the difference between the means of the two sets divided by the standard error of the difference. [Allotrope]

kinetics assay
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0002680
source: Chemical kinetics
source: PAC, 1996, 68, 149 (A glossary of terms used in chemical kinetics, including reaction dynamics (IUPAC Recommendations 1996)) on page 175
alternative label: chemical kinetics
alternative label: kinetics
definition: A kinetics assay is an assay that investigates how different experimental conditions can influence the speed of a chemical reaction and yield information about the reaction's mechanism and transition states. [Wikipedia]

closed loop vapor generation
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0002670
definition: The closed loop uses feedback control for the regulation of the vapor generation. The system continuously detects deviations from the target partial pressure and adjusts the vapor generation correspondingly. [Allotrope]

thickness test
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003490
definition: A thickness test is a process in order to check the thickness of an object. [Allotrope]

roller compaction
type: Class
subclass of: compression
definition: Roller compaction is a process where a formed solid or powder solid is compressed between two rolls expressed in kN/cm where the cm value is the measurement of the roll diameter. [Allotrope]

sorption
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003374
definition: Sorption is a phenomenon whereby a substance is attached to or through a surface of a sample. This occurs in a system being in the state of sorption equilibrium between bulk phase (fluid, i.e. gas or liquid solution) and an adsorbing surface (solid or boundary separating two fluids). When the concentration (or pressure) of substance in the bulk phase is increased, some of the substance moves to the adsorbing surface. [Allotrope]

particle model
type: Class
subclass of: AFR_0000993
alternative label: analysis model
definition: The particle model is the mathematical model for the calculation of particle sizes. [Allotrope]

optics alignment
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003364
definition: The alignment of optics is a process of preparing the correct setup of the optical parts of a device. [Allotrope]
example: After cleaning or movement of a laser it must be aligned to hit the center of the detector

particle sizing by laser diffraction
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0002716
alternative label: laser diffraction
definition: Laser diffraction is a process of particle size measurement by observation of the angular variation in intensity of scattered laser light. [Allotrope]
editorial note: SME input needed on difference between multi-angle light scattering and laser diffraction method

wavelength calibration
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0002389
definition: Wavelength calibration is the process of calibrating the wavelength of a device. [Allotrope]

bio-layer interferometry
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0001116
alternative label: BLI
definition: Bio-layer interferometry (BLI) is a label-free technology for measuring biomolecular interactions within the sample. It is an optical analytical technique that analyzes the interference pattern of white light reflected from two surfaces: a layer of immobilized protein on the biosensor tip, and an internal reference layer. Any change in the number of molecules bound to the biosensor tip causes a shift in the interference pattern that can be measured in real-time. [Wikipedia]

open loop vapor generation
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0002670
alternative label: open loop
definition: The open loop uses predefined tabulated values based on solvent and temperature for the regulation of the vapour generation. [Allotrope]

zeroing
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0002294
alternative label: baseline
alternative label: baseline measurement
definition: Zeroing is a process of measurement in order to determine the zero value of a measurement instrument. [Allotrope]
example: A baseline reading that is taken by a UV spectrophotometer of a cuvette/ sample vessel holding the blank/buffer/diluent without any sample. [Allotrope]

particle sizing by multi-angle light scattering
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0002716
alternative label: MALS
definition: Multiangle light scattering (MALS) is a technique for determining, independently, the absolute molar mass and the average size of particles in solution, by detecting how they scatter light. [Wikipedia]
note: Collimated light from a laser source is most often used, in which case the technique can be referred to as multiangle laser light scattering (MALLS). The insertion of the word “laser" was intended to reassure those used to making light scattering measurements with conventional light sources such as Hg-arc lamps that low angle measurements could now be made. Until the advent of lasers and their associated fine beams of narrow width, the width of conventional light beams used to make such measurements prevented data collection at smaller scattering angles. In recent years, since all commercial light scattering instrumentation use laser sources, this need to mention the light source has been dropped and the term MALS used throughout. [Wikipedia]

particle sizing by image analysis
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0002716
definition: Image analysis is a process of particle size measurement by analysis of images of particles. [Allotrope]

test
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003315
definition: A test can be considered a technical operation or procedure that consists of determination of one or more characteristics of a given product, process or service according to a specified procedure. Often a test is part of an experiment.The test result can be qualitative (yes/no), categorical, or quantitative (a measured value). It can be a personal observation or the output of a precision measuring instrument. [Wikipedia]

compression
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003367
definition: Compression is the act of reducing volume by applying a force. [Allotrope]
example: In the case of tablets it is the act of forming a solid plug from individual powder / granule components.

protein purification
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000812
definition: Protein purification is a series of processes intended to isolate one or a few proteins from a complex mixture, usually cells, tissues or whole organisms. [Wikipedia]

quantification
type: Class
alternative label: quantitation
definition: In mathematics and empirical science, quantification (or quantitation) is the act of counting and measuring that maps human sense observations and experiences into members of some set of numbers. [Wikipedia]

drawing profile
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003281

photo analysis
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0003540
alternative label: photoanalysis
definition: Photo analysis refers to the study of pictures to compile various types of data, for example, to measure the size distribution of virtually anything that can be captured by photo. [Wikipedia]

fluorescence-activated cell sorting
type: Class
subclass of: flow cytometry assay
subclass of: AFP_0003472
source: Flow cytometry
alternative label: FACS
definition: Fluorescence-activated cell sorting is a specialized type of flow cytometry. It provides a method for sorting a heterogeneous mixture of biological cells into two or more containers, one cell at a time, based upon the specific light scattering and fluorescent characteristics of each cell. [Wikipedia]

microgravimetry
type: Class
subclass of: AFP_0000862
definition: Microgravimetry is a type of gravimetry that analyzes very small differences of masses. [Allotrope]

molecular kinetics assay
type: Class
subclass of: kinetics assay
license: iupac-license
rights: iupac-copyright
source: PAC, 1996, 68, 149 (A glossary of terms used in chemical kinetics, including reaction dynamics (IUPAC Recommendations 1996))
alternative label: molecular kinetics
change note: 2024-09-12 Added license and rights fields.
definition: A molecular kinetics assay is a kinetics assay in which there is emphasis on the behaviour of the system at the molecular level. [IUPAC]

macroscopic kinetics assay
type: Class
subclass of: kinetics assay
license: iupac-license
rights: iupac-copyright
source: PAC, 1996, 68, 149 (A glossary of terms used in chemical kinetics, including reaction dynamics (IUPAC Recommendations 1996))
alternative label: macroscopy kinetics
change note: 2024-09-12 Added license and rights fields.
definition: A macroscopic kinetics assay is a kinetics assay in which the interest is in the behaviour of bulk systems, e.g. in changes in concentrations of reactants and products. [IUPAC]

microscopic kinetics assay
type: Class
subclass of: kinetics assay
license: iupac-license
rights: iupac-copyright
source: PAC, 1996, 68, 149 (A glossary of terms used in chemical kinetics, including reaction dynamics (IUPAC Recommendations 1996))
alternative label: microscopy kinetics
change note: 2024-09-12 Added license and rights fields.
definition: Microscopic kinetics assay is a kinetics assay in which the emphasis is on the interpretation of the behaviour in terms of elementary reactions. [IUPAC]

assay preparation
type: Class
subclass of: BFO_0000015
definition: Assay preparation is the planned process of preparing an assay that produces information about the material entity that is the evaluand, by physically examining it or its proxies. [Allotrope]

powdering
type: Class
subclass of: OBI_0000011
definition: Powdering is a process of transformation of a solid substance into the form of tiny loose particles. [Allotrope]

shaking
type: Class
subclass of: OBI_0000011
definition: A process of repeating a movement of a part of an object with higher frequency than the repeating movement of the total object. [Allotrope]
scope note: The repetitive movement of a part of the body.

intensity relative to base height
type: Class
subclass of: AFQ_0000005
AFX_0002811: AFX_0000360
AFX_0002818: true
alternative label: relative intensity
note: Intensity is a measure of detector response and should not be used to describe the abundance of ions. [IUPAC]

damping
type: Class
subclass of: AFQ_0000138
definition: Acoustic absorption refers to the process by which a material, structure, or object takes in sound energy when sound waves are encountered, as opposed to reflecting the energy. Part of the absorbed energy is transformed into heat and part is transmitted through the absorbing body. [Wikipedia]

disposition to ionize in solution
type: Class
subclass of: BFO_0000016
replaces: AFRL_0000214
definition: A disposition to ionize in solution is a disposition of material to separate into positively and negatively charged ions when dissolved. [Allotrope]

Zimm plot
type: Class
subclass of: scattering data
definition: A plot obtained from a scattering experiment on large particles which is used to determine the average molecular weight of the (polymer) sample. The plot typically consists of a grid. [CHMO]

micrograph
type: Class
subclass of: photograph
alternative label: image
alternative label: microphotograph
alternative label: microscope image
alternative label: microscopy image
alternative label: photograph
definition: A magnified image obtained using a microscope to view a small object (or specimen). [CHMO]

autoradiogram
type: Class
subclass of: IAO_0000101
definition: An image of an object obtained through the effect of ionising radiation on a film or emulsion. [CHMO]

near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectrum
type: Class
subclass of: AFR_0000341
alternative label: NEXAF spectra
alternative label: NEXAF spectrum
alternative label: X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectrum
alternative label: X-ray absorption near edge structure spectra
alternative label: X-ray absorption near edge structure spectrum
alternative label: XANES spectra
alternative label: XANES spectrum
alternative label: near edge X-ray absorption spectrum
alternative label: near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectra
definition: A plot of intensity vs. energy obtained by measuring the number and energy of X-rays absorbed by the sample within 40 eV of the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron). [CHMO]

photocurrent action spectrum
type: Class
subclass of: AFR_0000319
alternative label: action spectrum of the photocurrent
alternative label: photocurrent action spectra
definition: A plot of incident photon-to-current efficiency (IPCE) vs. photon wavelength. [CHMO]

magnetic circular dichroism spectrum
type: Class
subclass of: AFR_0000053
alternative label: MCD spectra
alternative label: MCD spectrum
alternative label: magnetic CD spectra
alternative label: magnetic CD spectrum
alternative label: magnetic circular dichroism spectra
definition: A plot of ellipticity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised photon radiation as a function of wavelength in the presence of a magnetic field. [CHMO]

X-ray photoelectron spectrum
type: Class
subclass of: AFR_0000046
alternative label: X-Ray photoelectron spectra
alternative label: X-Ray photoelectron spectrum
alternative label: X-ray photoelectron spectra
alternative label: XPS spectra
alternative label: XPS spectrum
alternative label: XPS survey spectra
alternative label: XPS survey spectrum
definition: A plot of photoelectron count vs. kinetic energy (following illumination of the sample with X-rays). [CHMO]

electron diffraction data
type: Class
subclass of: crystallographic data
alternative label: ED data
alternative label: ED pattern
alternative label: electron diffraction pattern
alternative label: electron diffraction patterns
definition: Data which is obtained from an electron diffraction experiment. [CHMO]

room-temperature photoluminescence spectrum
type: Class
subclass of: photoluminescence spectrum
alternative label: RT-PL spectra
alternative label: RT-PL spectrum
alternative label: RTPL spectra
alternative label: RTPL spectrum
alternative label: room temperature photoluminescence spectra
alternative label: room temperature photoluminescence spectrum
alternative label: room-temperature photoluminescence spectra
definition: A plot of intensity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the amount of radiation emitted by a sample through photoluminescence (emission of visible light) against the frequency of the incident radiation at room temperature. [CHMO]

phosphorescence spectrum
type: Class
subclass of: photoluminescence spectrum
alternative label: phosphorescence spectra
definition: A plot of intensity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the amount of radiation emitted by a sample through phosphorescence against the wavelength of the incident radiation. [CHMO]

low-temperature photoluminescence spectrum
type: Class
subclass of: photoluminescence spectrum
alternative label: LT-PL spectra
alternative label: LT-PL spectrum
alternative label: LTPL spectra
alternative label: LTPL spectrum
alternative label: low temperature photoluminescence spectra
alternative label: low temperature photoluminescence spectrum
alternative label: low-temperature photoluminescence spectra
definition: A plot of intensity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the amount of radiation emitted by a sample through photoluminescence (emission of visible light) against the frequency of the incident radiation at low temperature. [CHMO]

energy-dispersive X-ray chemical map
type: Class
subclass of: AFR_0000090
alternative label: EDS chemical map
alternative label: EDX chemical map
alternative label: EDX concentration map
alternative label: EDX elemental map
alternative label: EDX map
alternative label: X-ray elemental distribution map
alternative label: energy dispersive X-ray chemical map
definition: A data set derived from energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy consisting of a three-dimensional image where two axes describe the x and y spatial dimensions and the third dimension represents X-ray energy. The image is obtained by stacking one EDX spectrum per energy value sequentially. Energy values are characteristic of the elements in the sample thus giving a distribution of elements in the imaged area. EDX chemical maps are sometimes shown in false colour. [CHMO]

thermal desorption spectrum
type: Class
subclass of: AFR_0000166
alternative label: TDS profile
alternative label: TDS spectra
alternative label: TDS spectrum
alternative label: TPD (temperature-programmed desorption) profile
alternative label: TPD profile
alternative label: thermal desorption spectra
definition: A plot of intensity or rate vs. temperature obtained by heating the sample slowly in a vacuum and measuring the change in pressure as molecules desorb from the surface of the sample. [CHMO]

fluorescence-detected circular dichrosim spectrum
type: Class
subclass of: AFR_0000053
alternative label: FDCD spectra
alternative label: FDCD spectrum
alternative label: fluorescence-detected circular dichromism (FDCD) spectra
alternative label: fluorescence-detected circular dichromism (FDCD) spectrum
alternative label: fluorescence-detected circular dichrosim spectra
definition: A plot of ellipticity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised luminescence. [CHMO]

certificate
type: Class
subclass of: AFR_0000991
alternative label: certification
definition: A certificate refers to the confirmation of certain characteristics of an object, person or organization. This confirmation is often, but not always, provided by some form of external review, education, assessment, or audit. Accreditation is a specific organization's process of certification. [Wikipedia]

photoluminescence spectrum
type: Class
subclass of: AFR_0000491
alternative label: PL emission spectra
alternative label: PL emission spectrum
alternative label: PL spectra
alternative label: PL spectrum
alternative label: photoluminescence spectra
definition: A plot of intensity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the intensity of radiation emitted by a sample through photoluminescence (emission of light as a result of stimulation with light) against the frequency/wavelength of the incident radiation. [CHMO]

electronic circular dichroism spectrum
type: Class
subclass of: AFR_0000053
alternative label: ECD spectra
alternative label: ECD spectrum
alternative label: electronic circular dichroism spectra
definition: A plot of ellipticity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised visible or near-ultraviolet radiation as a function of wavelength. ECD spectra can also be derived computationally. [CHMO]

Fourier transform photoacoustic spectrum
type: Class
subclass of: AFR_0000164
alternative label: FT photoacoustic spectra
alternative label: FT photoacoustic spectrum
alternative label: Fourier transform photoacoustic spectra
definition: The Fourier transform of a plot of intensity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the sound emitted when a gaseous sample is exposed to an intense laser beam, which is rapidly interrupted by a rotating slotted disk. [CHMO]

two-photon emission spectrum
type: Class
subclass of: photoluminescence spectrum
definition: A photoluminescence spectrum where the excitation process involves two-photon absorption. [CHMO]

crystallographic data
type: Class
subclass of: AFR_0000064
alternative label: crystal data
alternative label: diffraction data
definition: Data which is obtained from a diffraction experiment. [CHMO]

scattering data
type: Class
subclass of: AFR_0000064
definition: Data which is obtained from a scattering experiment. [CHMO]

nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm
type: Class
subclass of: AFR_0000166
alternative label: N2 adsorption and desorption isotherm
alternative label: N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm
alternative label: N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms
alternative label: N2 adsorption/desorption isotherm
alternative label: nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms
definition: A plot of relative pressure vs. volume adsorbed obtained by measuring the amount of N2 gas that adsorbs onto the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'), and the subsequent amount that desorbs at a constant temperature. [CHMO]

electrospray ionization gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis spectrum
type: Class
subclass of: AFR_0000300
alternative label: ESI-GEMMA spectra
alternative label: ESI-GEMMA spectrum
definition: A plot of electrophoretic mobility diameter vs. particle count generated by separating singly-charged complexes in air under the influence of an electric field. The complexes are charged by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. [CHMO]

energy-dispersive X-ray spectrum
type: Class
subclass of: AFR_0000341
alternative label: EDS spectra
alternative label: EDS spectrum
alternative label: EDX data
alternative label: EDX pattern
alternative label: EDX spectra
alternative label: EDX spectrum
definition: A plot of energy (keV) vs. intensity for X-rays emitted by a sample due to core-to-core transitions, following bombardment with electrons. The energies of the emitted X-rays are characteristic of the elements in the sample, therefore peaks are usually labelled with the corresponding element symbol. [CHMO]

raw data file
type: Class
subclass of: file
definition: A raw data file is a file that contains raw data acquired from a device. [Allotrope]

file
type: Class
subclass of: AFR_0000992
definition: A file is a resource for storing information, which is available to a computer program and is usually based on some kind of durable storage. [Wikipedia]

prediction
type: Class
subclass of: AFR_0000991
definition: The prediction is a result from a calculation on the spectrum, i.e. the data using a model. [Allotrope]

cumulative distribution
type: Class
subclass of: distribution
definition: A cumulative distribution is a type of distribution that sums up subsequent numbers of occurences up to a total number of 100%. It shows the cumulated value up to the current value of the abscissa. [Allotrope]

distribution
type: Class
subclass of: AFR_0001054
alternative label: frequency distribution
definition: A distribution is a collection of frequencies of results of a sample. Each frequency is number of occurrences within a given interval. The distribution can be expressed relatively to the width of the interval. [Allotrope]

method file
type: Class
subclass of: file
definition: A method file is a file that contains data of a method. [Allotrope]
example: instrument settings and instructions for performing a measurement

sequence file
type: Class
subclass of: file
definition: A sequence file is a file that contains data of a sequence. [Allotrope]

overlay of scans
type: Class
subclass of: AFR_0001054
alternative label: overlay of spectra
definition: An overlay of scans is a graphic overlay of generated spectra for comparison. [Allotrope]
example: An overlay of spectra at different times shows the degrading of peaks of the educt

JIS Z 8802
type: Class
subclass of: pH measurement standard
definition: Japanese Industrial Standard specifying the process of determination of pH of aqueous solutions. [Allotrope]

DIN 19267
type: Class
subclass of: pH measurement standard
definition: DIN 19267 is a standard of pH measurement, standardizing technical buffer solutions, preferably for the calibration of technical measuring installations. [Allotrope]

pH measurement standard
type: Class
subclass of: AFR_0001276
definition: A standard for pH measurments. [Allotrope]

tray standard
type: Class
subclass of: AFR_0001276
definition: A standard that specifies trays. [Allotrope]

cleanroom standard
type: Class
subclass of: AFR_0001276
definition: A standard that specifies clean rooms. [Allotrope]

accuracy class
type: Class
subclass of: AFR_0000916
AFX_0002811: AFX_0001099
definition: A class of measuring instruments or measuring systems that meet stated metrological requirements that are intended to keep measurement errors or instrumental uncertainties within specified limits under specified operating conditions. [Allotrope]

biosafety cabinet class
type: Class
subclass of: AFR_0000916
source: bmbl.pdf
alternative label: BSC class
definition: CDC biosafety classification of biosafety cabinet. [Allotrope]
example: Class I, Class II, Class III

air filter class
type: Class
subclass of: AFR_0000916
definition: The air filter classification according to a air filter test standard. [Allotrope]
example: E10, E11, E12, H13, H14, U15, U16, U17 from test standard BS EN779

slope
type: Class
subclass of: AFR_0001100
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slope
alternative label: gradient
definition: In mathematics, the slope or gradient of a line is a number that describes both the direction and the steepness of the line. [Wikipedia]

device driver
type: Class
subclass of: IAO_0000010
alternative label: device control driver
alternative label: driver
definition: A device driver (commonly referred to as a driver) is a computer program that operates or controls a particular type of device that is attached to a computer. A driver provides a software interface to hardware devices, enabling operating systems and other computer programs to access hardware functions without needing to know precise details of the hardware being used. [Wikipedia]

cell type detection algorithm
type: Class
subclass of: IAO_0000064
definition: The cell type detection algorithm handles the detection of cell types in image data. [Allotrope]

part number
type: Class
subclass of: IAO_0000017
definition: The part number is a model number of a class of device parts, specified by the device manufacturer. [Allotrope]
editorial note: 2019-09-19 This term has been rejected by the community during governance as being redundant, use model number (IAO_0000017) instead. It is kept here for reference only and will likely be removed. [Allotrope]

alternating current filter setting
type: Class
subclass of: AFR_0001243
alternative label: AC filter
alternative label: AC filter setting
definition: An alternating current is a control setting, in Hz, used during the measurement run. [Allotrope]

software name
type: Class
subclass of: IAO_0000129
alternative label: software application name
definition: A software name is a version number that identifies a software application. [Allotrope]

frequency
type: Class
subclass of: AFR_0001816
change note: 2024-09-12 Fixed malformed definition.
definition: A frequency is a process quantification facet that quantifies the number of waves that pass a fixed point in a given amount of time. [Allotrope]

gate time
type: Class
subclass of: AFR_0000951
definition: A duration that is a preset period of time during which events are counted. [Allotrope]

needle length
type: Class
subclass of: AFR_0001817
alternative label: needle extension
definition: A needle length (datum) is a length (datum) that quantifies the length of a needle. [Allotrope]

note
type: Class
subclass of: IAO_0000300
alternative label: comment
definition: A note is a brief textual entity with the purpose to add a note or comment about something. [Allotrope]

wave centerline value
type: Class
subclass of: AFR_0000923
alternative label: center of output
alternative label: offset
definition: A wave centerline value is a facet that identifies a center of ouput identifies the reference value, or centerline value between measured maximum and minimum wave amplitudes. [Allotrope]

pass-fail
type: Class
subclass of: AFR_0000922
definition: A pass-fail is a description of a Pass/Fail result against acceptance criteria. [Allotrope]

print time
type: Class
subclass of: AFR_0000937
definition: A print time is a time when a date and time device run report was printed. [Allotrope]

protocol number
type: Class
subclass of: AFR_0000917
definition: A protocol number is an identifier that identifies a protocol executed during the device run. [Allotrope]

protocol version
type: Class
subclass of: IAO_0000129
definition: A protocol version number is a version number that identifies the protocol being executed during the device run. [Allotrope]

volume
type: Class
subclass of: AFR_0001583
definition: A volume is a facet that quantifies an amount of space. [Allotrope]

backpressure setting
type: Class
subclass of: AFR_0001243
definition: A backpressure setting is a control setting that defines back pressure. [Allotrope]

amplitude
type: Class
subclass of: AFR_0001583
definition: An amplitude is a quality quantification facet that quantifies the change between peak (highest amplitude value) and trough (lowest amplitude value, which can be negative). [Wikipedia]

step time
type: Class
subclass of: AFR_0000951
alternative label: period
definition: A step time is a time taken to complete a single step of a process or a step rotation. [Allotrope]

pore size
type: Class
subclass of: AFR_0002109
definition: The particle radius of pores within solid particles. [Allotrope]

digital system international value
type: Class
subclass of: AFR_0000989
source: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3522631
definition: A quantity datum that follows the digital system international as published by SmartCom. [Allotrope]

uncertainty
type: Class
subclass of: AFR_0000989
definition: A quantity datum that quantifies an uncertainty of a related quantity datum. [Allotrope]
scope note: Uncertainty of measurement is an expression of the fact that, for a given measurand and a given result of measurement of it, there is not one value but an infinite number of values dispersed about the result that are consistent with all of the observations and data and one's knowledge of the physical world, and that with varying degrees of credibility can be attributed to the measurand. [GUM, JCGM 100 2008 E, p. 63]

selected component
type: Class
subclass of: AFRL_0000288
definition: Selected component is the role whose bearer is a material entity that has been selected. [Allotrope]

selected device
type: Class
subclass of: selected component
definition: A device that is selected to perform a specific function in a process. [Allotrope]

material sample
type: Class
subclass of: AFRL_0000035
definition: A sample is a role of a material entity that is the output of a material sampling process. [Allotrope]

test material
type: Class
subclass of: BFO_0000023
definition: A role born by a material entity and realized in a process where the material is used as specified as the independent variable for an investigation or test. [OBI]

returned material sample
type: Class
subclass of: material sample
definition: A role of a material sample that has a state of a returned sample. [Allotrope]

washing agent
type: Class
subclass of: AFRL_0000289
alternative label: wash
definition: Washing agent is a role of material in a cleaning process that has disposition to clean. [Allotrope]
editorial note: same as detergent?

z-coordinate
type: Class
subclass of: AFRL_0000281
definition: The z-coordinate is the Cartesian coordinate in the third dimension of a 3-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system. [Allotrope]

absolute value
type: Class
subclass of: AFRL_0000053
source: Absolute value
definition: An absolute value is the contextual role of a quantity or number that is an assertion of magnitude or distance from a fixed zero reference. [Allotrope]

dust
type: Class
subclass of: environmental material
AFX_0002865: envo.owl
definition: Minute solid particles with diameters less than 500 micrometers. Occurs in and may be deposited from, the atmosphere. [ENVO]

environmental material
type: Class
subclass of: BFO_0000024
AFX_0002865: envo.owl
definition: A portion of environmental material is a fiat object which forms the medium or part of the medium of an environmental system. [ENVO]

photograph
type: Class
subclass of: IAO_0000101
AFX_0002865: iao.owl
definition: A photograph is created by projecting an image onto a photosensitive surface such as a chemically treated plate or film, CCD receptor, etc. [IAO]

unit
type: Class
subclass of: AFR_0001101
definition: A unit is a facet that denotes a particular quantity that has been chosen as a scale for measuring. [QUDT,OSTHUS]

Allotrope Foundation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Organization

hydraulic domain
type: NamedIndividual
type: AFR_0000995

magnetic domain
type: NamedIndividual
type: AFR_0000995

electric domain
type: NamedIndividual
type: AFR_0000995

mechanic translational domain
type: NamedIndividual
type: AFR_0000995

mechanic rotational domain
type: NamedIndividual
type: AFR_0000995

thermal domain
type: NamedIndividual
type: AFR_0000995

electrical domain
type: NamedIndividual
type: AFR_0000995

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rights holder: Allotrope Foundation

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License
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