Taxonomy of universals with a maturity level of working draft.
Allotrope Foundation Taxonomy (WD/2025/12)
A condition is conditionally related to another concept. The related concept is valid under this condition. [Allotrope]
A solid-state laser is a laser that uses a gain medium that is a solid, rather than a liquid such as in dye lasers or a gas as in gas lasers. [Wikipedia]
A thick-walled steel vessel used during synthesis methods that require both high pressures and high temperatures. [CHMO]
The outlet is the compartment of a device that handles the exit of the sample. [Allotrope]
A sample passage is the compartment of a device that handles the conveying of samples. [Allotrope]
A volumetric burette delivers measured volumes of liquid. [Wikipedia]
superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer
superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer
superconducting quantum interference magnetometer
A piece of apparatus, consisting of superconducting loops containing Josephson junctions, which is used to measure the strength and/or direction of an extremely weak magnetic field (10-18 T). [CHMO]
superconducting quantum interference device
A cuvette is a small tube of circular or square cross section, sealed at least at one end, made of plastic, glass, or fused quartz (for UV light) and designed to hold liquid samples for spectroscopic experiments. [Wikipedia]
A piece of apparatus that can increase the power of a signal. [CHMO]
The antistatic device removes charge from the device it is attached to. [Allotrope]
antistatic kit of a balance that removes charge from a weighing chamber
A connector for attachment to the power line. [Allotrope]
A piece of apparatus that measures surface profiles by dragging a (diamond) stylus across the sample surface. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the stylus and surface during scanning. [CHMO]
A sensor that measures the humidity of a substance or the ambient humidity. [Allotrope]
A flask used as a reaction vessel in air-sensitive chemistry. It is made of glass and has a side arm fitted with a PTFE or ground glass stopcock which allows the vessel to be evacuated or filled with gas (e.g. nitrogen or argon). [CHMO]
A capillary electrophoresis instrument is a device that allows measurements based on the experimental method of capillary electrophoresis. [Allotrope]
A piece of apparatus in which a current causes chemical reactions or chemical reactions cause a current to flow. [CHMO]
A free-electron laser is a laser whose lasing medium consists of very-high-speed electrons moving freely through a magnetic structure, hence the term free electron. [Wikipedia]
A forced air temperature controller is a temperature controller that maintains its temperature using forced air. [Allotrope]
A carousel is an autosampler that uses a circular tray that turns the sample vials. [Allotrope]
A piece of apparatus which is used to produce an enlarged image of a specimen using a finely focused (less than 10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage of 50--150 kV under vacuum and measuring the interaction of the electrons with the specimen. [CHMO]
Apparatus used to specifically measure media concentrations of various analytes. [Allotrope]
A digital readout is a numeric readout, usually with an integrated keyboard and some means of numeric representation. [Wikipedia]
A connector that is used for the exchange of data. [Allotrope]
A piece of apparatus, consisting of an electromagnet containing a paramagnetic core material with a tip-shaped end, that is used to trap and manipulate magnetic particles. [CHMO]
A mortar and pestle is a device used to prepare ingredients or substances by crushing and grinding them into a fine paste or powder. [Wikipedia]
A piece of apparatus that generates electrical current when it experiences a thermal gradient. [CHMO]
A piece of apparatus which is used to physically interact with a sample under a microscope. [CHMO]
A diffractometer in which the detector is a charge-coupled device. [CHMO]
A piece of apparatus which illuminates a powder sample with X-rays, electrons or neutrons and measures the diffraction pattern produced. It typically will contain at least one monochromator to ensure the incident radiation is of a specific energy, a goniometer which allows the geometry of the sample and detector to be precisely specified, and a detector. [CHMO]
A diaphragm is a permeable membrane placed between anode and cathode. The main function of a separator is to keep the two electrodes apart to prevent electrical short circuits while also allowing the transport of ionic charge carriers that are needed to close the circuit during the passage of current in an electrochemical cell. [Wikipedia]
electron multiplying charge coupled device camera
electron-multiplying charge coupled device (EMCCD) camera
A piece of apparatus that converts optical brightness into an electrical signal using a EMCCD and then reproduces an image of the specimen. [CHMO]
electron-multiplying charge-coupled-device camera
electron multiplying charge coupled device
A piece of apparatus, based on a semiconductor chip, which converts the intensity of light falling onto its surface at different points into a potential difference. The device contains a gain register that amplifies the electrical signal by impact ionization. [CHMO]
electron-multiplying charge-coupled device
A level is used to indicate the levelling of a device. [Allotrope]
A piece of apparatus, consisting of a crucible (made of pyrolytic boron nitride, quartz, tungsten or graphite), heating filaments, a water cooling system, which is used to measure very low vapor pressures by measuring the mass of vapor which escapes when the vessel contains a liquid in equilibrium with its vapor. It is also used as a source evaporator during crystal growth e.g. during molecular-beam epitaxy. [CHMO]
A power supply is an electrical device that supplies electric power to an electrical load. The primary function of a power supply is to convert electric current from a source to the correct voltage, current, and frequency to power the load. [Wikipedia]
high voltage power supply of a capillary electrophoresis instrument
A piece of apparatus which is used to detect footwear marks and indented impressions of handwriting in paper. The sample sheet of paper is placed on a sintered copper plate, a vacuum is applied and a thin mylar plastic film is rolled over the sample. An electrostatic charge is then applied to the plastic by means of a corona discharge and the subsequent pattern of charging is then visualised using photocopier toner. The toner adheres to those areas corresponding to indentations. [CHMO]
A sensor that measures the pressure. [Allotrope]
A scanning probe microscope is a microscope which uses a probe to scan the surface of the specimen, mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the probe-surface interaction as a function of position, producing an image of the surface. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. [CHMO]
A piece of apparatus, consisting of a laser, an optical microscope, a condenser and a CCD camera, that is used to manipulate microscopic particles. [CHMO]
A piece of apparatus, consisting of an X-ray source, an analyser and a detector, which is used to measure the photoelectron emission of samples bombarded with X-rays. [CHMO]
An analog readout is a readout where values are indicated by a pointer against a scale or dial. [Allotrope]
The dryer is a device that is used to remove moisture. [Allotrope]
A thermal desorption autosampler is an autosampler that supports the thermal desorption technique for analysis of volatile compounds. Tubes of such autosamplers need a sealing and the thermal desorption autosampler must provide a way of heating and cooling the vials. [Allotrope]
A piece of apparatus that measures and compares tastes using a number of discrete sensors; usually one for each of the five taste categories; sourness, saltiness, bitterness, sweetness, and umami. [CHMO]
A piece of apparatus, based on a semiconductor chip, which converts the intensity of light falling onto its surface at different points into a charge. When a photon is absorbed by the chip, a single electron is released. Electrodes covering the chip surface hold these electrons in place in an array of wells, or pixels, so that during exposure of the chip to light, a pattern of charge builds up that corresponds to the pattern of light. [CHMO]
A piece of apparatus for carrying out hydrogenation reactions, usually under high pressure. [CHMO]
See for example http://www.parrinst.com/products/hydrogenation/3926-hydrogenator/
A piece of apparatus that transmits a narrow band of wavelengths of light or other radiation (e.g. X-rays) chosen from a wider range of wavelengths available at the input. [CHMO]
A thermometer is a device that measures temperature or a temperature gradient. [Allotrope]
An analog-to-digital converter channel is a special type of channel that belongs to an analog-to-digital converter. Usually there are several channels for one converter. [Allotrope]
A piece of apparatus consisting of a motor unit that rotates the evaporation flask, a vacuum system, a heated water bath and a condenser, which is used to remove solvents from samples under reduced pressure. [CHMO]
A bioreactor is a vessel that is used for chemical processes involving biochemically active substances. [Allotrope]
A dynode is an electrode that is part of an electron multiplier whose function is to provide secondary emission of electrons. [Allotrope]
A device that is used to generate X-rays. [CHMO]
A pH meter is an electronic device used for measuring the pH which is either the concentration of Hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution or the activity of the Hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution. PH meters work in liquids though special probes are sometimes used to measure the pH of semi-solid substances. A typical pH meter consists of a special measuring probe (a glass electrode) connected to an electronic meter that measures and displays the pH reading. [Wikipedia]
A time-digital converter is a data acquisition device for recognizing events and providing a digital representation of the time they occurred. [Wikipedia]
Introduction of sample onto the apparatus, chromatograph or mass spectrometer. [Allotrope]
A piece of apparatus, consisting of a quartz or alumina chamber, a balance, a sample pan and a heating mechanism, which is used to record the mass of a sample as a function of increasing temperature. [CHMO]
A piece of apparatus, consisting of an electron source, a grating and a semiconductor detector, which is used to measure the X-ray emissions of a sample as a function of wavelength. The X-rays emerging from the sample pass through a slit then the grating disperses them by diffraction according to their wavelength. Finally, X-ray energy is converted to voltage pulses or 'counts' by the detector. [CHMO]
A connector is an electro-mechanical device for joining electrical circuits as an interface using a mechanical assembly. Connectors consist of plugs (male-ended) and jacks (female-ended). The connection may be temporary, as for portable equipment, require a tool for assembly and removal, or serve as a permanent electrical joint between two wires or devices. [Wikipedia]
Mini-LTW, DIN-EL-0 S7, Metrohm (LEMO), BNC, DIN 19 262, F-socket, banana, universal pin connector, USB, RS232, MultiPin, etc.
A large-scale particle accelerator in which a magnetic field is used to create the particle orbits. Synchrotrons produce X-ray, vacuum ultraviolet and broadband infrared radiation. [CHMO]
In computing, a keyboard is a typewriter-style device, which uses an arrangement of buttons or keys, to act as mechanical levers or electronic switches. [Wikipedia]
A device used to count the number of cells present in known volume of sample to determine the overall concentration cells per unit volume. [Allotrope]
A device used to control the temperature in a compartment. [Allotrope]
A membrane is a selective barrier; it allows some things to pass through but stops others. [Wikipedia]
A crucible is a ceramic or metal container in which metals or other substances may be melted or subjected to very high temperatures. [Wikipedia]
A piece of apparatus, consisting of a high- voltage transformer, a cavity magnetron, a waveguide and a sample chamber, that is used to heat samples by irradiation with microwave (2 GHz) radiation. [CHMO]
A scale is a weighing instrument, intended predominantly for medium to high capacity weighments, with moderate to low resolutions, used indoors or outdoors. [Allotrope]
Flasks are narrow-necked glass containers, typically conical or spherical, used in a laboratory to hold reagents or samples. [Wikipedia]
A piece of apparatus which is used to physically interact with a sample under a microscope, and is driven by the application of an alternating current to a piezoelectric material. [CHMO]
A short-path vacuum distillation apparatus consisting of an electric heater and two or more glass bulbs. The compound to be distilled is placed in the last bulb. [CHMO]
A tube used as a reaction vessel in air-sensitive chemistry. It is made of glass and has a side arm fitted with a PTFE or ground glass stopcock which allows the vessel to be evacuated or filled with gas (e.g. nitrogen or argon). [CHMO]
A degasser is a device to remove gasses from a fluid which could otherwise form bubbles. [Wikipedia]
In computing, a printer is a peripheral which makes a persistent human readable representation of graphics or text on paper or similar physical media. [Wikipedia]
A sensing device, consisting of an array of light-sensing pixels at the focal plane of a lens, that is sensitive to infrared radiation. The device operates by converting infrared photons to an electrical signal, and using it to construct an image of the sample. [CHMO]
A piece of apparatus that maintains the potential through an electrochemical cell at a preset value. [CHMO]
A pulse counter is a device that counts electric pulses. [Allotrope]
A piece of apparatus that measures the size distribution of particles in an aerosol by neutralising the particles, passing them through a differential mobility analyser in order to control the size of the particles and then counting the particles of that size with a condensation particle counter. [CHMO]
A piece of apparatus consisting of an infrared laser and a detector which is used to measure spectra in the infrared range. [CHMO]
A piece of apparatus used to measure the strength and/or direction of a magnetic field. [CHMO]
A septum is a type of barrier or sealing that seals the entrance to a separated space. [Allotrope]
disc composed of a flexible material that seals the entrance to a reservoir, enterance to the vaccum chamber
A liquid temperature controller is a temperature controller that maintains the temperature of a liquid solution. [Allotrope]
A piece of apparatus which illuminates a sample with X-rays, electrons or neutrons and measures the diffraction pattern produced. It typically will contain at least one monochromator to ensure the incident radiation is of a specific energy, a goniometer which allows the geometry of the sample and detector to be precisely specified, and a detector. [CHMO]
A gas laser is a laser in which an electric current is discharged through a gas to produce coherent light. [Wikipedia]
An NMR spectrometer is an instrument used to conduct NMR experiments consisting of a magnet, NMR console, and NMR probe. [Allotrope]
volumetric hydrogen storage capacity apparatus
A piece of apparatus, consisting of a gas manifold with a series of tubes and valves connecting the sample chamber to one or more pressure reservoirs of known volume, used for measuring the thermodynamics of hydrogen sorption onto metal samples. [CHMO]
A piece of apparatus, consisting of a flow cell, a laser and a detector, which detects the fluorescence and light scattering of individual particles (e.g. cells). [CHMO]
A piece of apparatus that on contact with a charged particle of sufficient energy emits a greater number electrons. [CHMO]
electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometer
A piece of apparatus, consisting of a microwave radiation source, a resonator (a cavity), a magnet and a detector, that is used to measure electron spin resonance spectra. [CHMO]
A piece of apparatus, consisting of a Xe lamp, a sample holder and at least two polarizing filters, that is used to measure optical rotations in solution. [CHMO]
charge-coupled device (CCD) digital camera
A piece of apparatus that converts optical brightness into an electrical signal using a CCD (a semiconductor chip, which converts the intensity of light falling onto its surface at different points into a charge) and then reproduces an image of the specimen. [CHMO]
Glass membranes are made from an ion-exchange type of glass (silicate or chalcogenide). This type of ion-selective membrane has good selectivity, but only for several single-charged cations; mainly H+, Na+, and Ag+. Chalcogenide glass also has selectivity for double-charged metal ions, such as Pb2+, and Cd2+. The glass membrane has excellent chemical durability and can work in very aggressive media. A very common example of this type of electrode is the pH glass electrode. [Wikipedia]
Photomultiplier tubes (photomultipliers or PMTs for short), members of the class of vacuum tubes, and more specifically vacuum phototubes, are extremely sensitive detectors of light in the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum. [Wikipedia]
A piece of apparatus, consisting of a light source, a polarizer, a compensator (which elliptically polarizes the light) and a detector, which is used to measure the intensity and change in polarization of light reflected by a sample as a function of wavelength. This information in turn can be used to determine refractive index and thin film thickness. [CHMO]
2017-10-26 Review with SME and better define how this is different from its parent class. [Allotrope]
A sensor that measures the density of a substance. [Allotrope]
A piece of apparatus, consisting of a laser, a monochromator (for selecting a specific excitation wavelength) and a detector, which is used to measure fluorescence spectra. [CHMO]
A piece of apparatus used to measure the absorption or emission of X-rays. [CHMO]
A sampling probe is a probe that is used for measurements. [Allotrope]
Sampling probe for blood gas analysis. [Allotrope]
A piece of apparatus, consisting of a cone-shaped heater, a hood to collect evolving gases and a laser beam, that is used to measure thermodynamic parameters such as heat release rate, heat of combustion, ignitability, and the evolution of toxic gases, smoke and soot, for flame retarding materials. [CHMO]
A piece of apparatus which illuminates a sample with X-rays and measures the diffraction pattern produced. It typically will contain at least one monochromator to ensure the incident radiation is of a specific energy, a goniometer which allows the geometry of the sample and detector to be precisely specified, and a detector. [CHMO]
Redman, H. N. (1963). "An improved type of weight burette for use in volumetric analysis". Analyst 88: 654–655.
A weight burette delivers measured weights of liquid. [Wikipedia]
A piece of apparatus, consisting of a laser, a polarizer, a compensator (which elliptically polarizes the light) and a detector, which is used to measure the intensity and change in polarization of light reflected by a sample. This information in turn can be used to determine refractive index and thin film thickness. [CHMO]
A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. [Wikipedia]
A burette (also buret) is a device used in analytical chemistry for the dispensing of variable, measured amounts of a chemical solution. [Wikipedia]
A bottle is a rigid container with a neck that is narrower than the body and a mouth. [Wikipedia]
A double-walled flask of metal or silvered glass with a vacuum between the walls, used to hold liquids at well below ambient temperature. [Allotrope]
A piece of apparatus, consisting of a laser, a beam splitter, an optical microscope, a condenser and a CCD camera, that is used to manipulate microscopic particles. The beam splitter is used to create multiple laser beams that interfere forming multiple optical traps. [CHMO]
The osmolality analyzer is used for determining the concentration of salts present per mass unit of solution. [Allotrope]
A piece of apparatus, consisting of a light source that emits light at element-specific wavelengths, a sample aspirator, a flame or furnace apparatus for volatilising the sample, and a photon detector, that is used to measure the atomic absorption spectrum of a sample. Atoms in the sample of a specific wavelength will absorb light produced by the lamp before it reaches the detector, and the amount of light absorbed depends on the quantity of the element present in the sample. [CHMO]
A dye laser is a laser which uses an organic dye as the lasing medium, usually as a liquid solution. [Wikipedia]
Analog-to-digital converter is an electronic integrated circuit that converts continuous signals to discrete digital numbers. [Allotrope]
A device that generates a magnetic field. [Allotrope]
An electromagnet made from coils of wire that are superconducting at cryogenic temperatures. [Allotrope]
An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is produced by an electric current. The magnetic field disappears when the current is turned off. [Wikipedia]
A concentric nebulizer is a pneumatic nebulizer in which the liquid flows through a central capillary and dispersion gas flows through a surrounding outer tube. [IUPAC]
Murray, K., Boyd, R., Eberlin, M., et al. (2013). Definitions of terms relating to mass spectrometry (IUPAC Recommendations 2013). Pure and Applied Chemistry, 85(7), pp. 1515-1609.
A device for producing a mist from a liquid. [Allotrope]
2024-09-12 Added license and rights fields. Fixed malformed definition
A cross-flow nebulizer is a pneumatic nebulizer in which the dispersion gas flows at an angle, usually 90°, with respect to the column of liquid emerging from a capillary. [IUPAC]
A heating element converts electricity into heat through the process of resistive or Joule heating. Electric current passing through the element encounters resistance, resulting in heating of the element. [Wikipedia]
A furnace is a device used for high-temperature heating. [Wikipedia]
A mechanical device that burns a gas or liquid fuel into a flame in a controlled manner. [Wikipedia]
A Bunsen burner, named after Robert Bunsen, is a common piece of laboratory equipment that produces a single open gas flame, which is used for heating, sterilization, and combustion. [Wikipedia]
A gas burner is a device to generate a flame to heat up products using a gaseous fuel such as acetylene, natural gas or propane. Some burners have an air inlet to mix the fuel gas with air to make a complete combustion. [Wikipedia]
A Meker-Fisher burner or Meker burner is a laboratory burner that produces multiple open gas flames, used for heating, sterilization, and combustion. It is used when laboratory work requires a hotter flame than attainable using a Bunsen burner, or used when a larger-diameter flame is desired, such as with an inoculation loop or in some glassblowing operations. [Wikipedia]
The Teclu burner is a laboratory gas burner, a variant of the Bunsen burner, named after the Romanian chemist Nicolae Teclu. It can produce a hotter flame than a Bunsen burner. [Wikipedia]
A hot plate is a portable self-contained tabletop small appliance that features one, two or more gas burners or electric heating elements. [Wikipedia]
In a vacuum oven the product in the oven is surrounded by a vacuum. The absence of air or other gases prevents heat transfer with the product through convection and removes a source of contamination. [Wikipedia]
A chiller is a machine that removes heat from a liquid via a vapor-compression or absorption refrigeration cycle. This liquid can then be circulated through a heat exchanger to cool air or equipment as required. As a necessary byproduct, refrigeration creates waste heat that must be exhausted to ambient or, for greater efficiency, recovered for heating purposes. [Wikipedia]
A cooler that uses the Peltier effect along with an external fan to draw away the heat. [Wikipedia]
A cooler is an insulated box used to keep something cool. Ice cubes are most commonly placed in it to help the things inside stay cool. Ice packs are sometimes used, as they either contain the melting water inside, or have a gel sealed inside that stays cold longer than plain ice (absorbing heat as it changes phase). [Wikipedia]
A device used for storage under cold temperatures (below ambient). [Allotrope]
A thermal bag is a type of thermally insulated shipping container in the form of a bag which can be carried, usually made of thermally insulating materials. It is used to help maintain the temperature of its contents, keeping cold items cold, and hot items hot. [Wikipedia]
A flexible container with an opening at the top used for carrying things. [Allotrope]
A heat exchanger is a device used to transfer heat between one or more fluids. The fluids may be separated by a solid wall to prevent mixing or they may be in direct contact. [Wikipedia]
A centrifuge is a piece of equipment that puts an object in rotation around a fixed axis (spins it in a circle), applying a potentially strong force perpendicular to the axis of spin (outward). [Wikipedia]
A device used for storing something. [Allotrope]
A freezer is a cold storage that maintains a temperature below the freezing point of water. [Allotrope]
A refrigerator (colloquially fridge) is a common appliance that consists of a thermally insulated compartment and a heat pump (mechanical, electronic or chemical) that transfers heat from the inside of the fridge to its external environment so that the inside of the fridge is cooled to a temperature below the ambient temperature of the room. [Wikipedia]
A storage for very low temperatures (< -150°C). [Allotrope]
A biosafety cabinet is an enclosed, ventilated laboratory workspace for safely working with materials contaminated with (or potentially contaminated with) pathogens requiring a defined biosafety level. [Wikipedia]
A work space that is closed to protect from hazards like toxic fumes or explosions. [Allotrope]
Personal protective equipment refers to protective clothing, helmets, goggles, or other garments or equipment designed to protect the wearer's body from injury or infection. [Wikipedia]
Respirators serve to protect the user from breathing in contaminants in the air, thus preserving the health of one's respiratory tract. There are two main types of respirators. One type of respirator functions by filtering out chemicals and gases or airborne particles from the air breathed by the user. [Wikipedia]
Skin protection is protective gear for the skin. [Allotrope]
Hearing protection is protective gear for the ears. [Allotrope]
Eye protection is protective gear for the eyes, which comes in many types depending upon the threat that is to be reduced. [Wikipedia]
Protective suit is an umbrella term for any suit or clothing which protects the wearer. [Wikipedia]
Safety glasses are worn to protect the eyes during a variety of tasks. They are made with shatter-resistant plastic lenses to protect the eye from flying debris and can shield the eyes from hazardous splatters such as blood or chemicals. [Wikipedia]
A device for containing and controlling a chemical reaction. [Wikipedia]
A device used for hybridization. The incubation takes place inside an oven under constant rotation. [Allotrope]
A device used to grow and maintain microbiological cultures or cell cultures. [Wikipedia]
An ultrasonic humidifier uses a metal diaphragm vibrating at an ultrasonic frequency to create water droplets that silently exit the humidifier in the form of a cool fog. [Wikipedia]
A humidifier is a device that increases humidity (moisture) in an enclosure. [Wikipedia]
The most common portable humidifier, an "evaporative", "cool moisture", or "wick humidifier", consists of just a few basic parts: a reservoir, wick and fan. [Wikipedia]
A vaporizer heats or boils water, releasing steam and moisture into the air. [Wikipedia]
A spray humidifier is a humidification device which forces water through a specialized nozzle atomizing it into the air. [Allotrope]
An incubator the controls the CO2 content for cell cultures. [Allotrope]
An environmental chamber is an enclosure used to test the effects of specified environmental conditions on biological items, industrial products, materials, and electronic devices and components. [Wikipedia]
An incubator that maintains temperatures between 5 °C and above ambient temperature to 65 °C. [Allotrope]
A freezer that maintains a temperature within the range of -40 °C and -85 °C. [Allotrope]
PAC, 1989, 61, 1657 (Nomenclature for automated and mechanised analysis (Recommendations 1989))
2024-09-12 Added license and rights fields.
A device used to deliver a measured amount of material. [IUPAC]
Microplate dispensers deliver pre-determined fluid volumes to microplate wells using either peristaltic pumps or microprocessor-controlled syringe drives. Peristaltic pumps are used for continuous or semi-continuous liquid dispensing; syringe dispensers are used for precise dispensing in sub-microliter volumes. [Wikipedia]
A bottle dispenser is a pumping device (manual or motorized) utilized to aliquot smaller quantities of a reagent or other solution of interest from a larger available stock. [Allotrope]
A liquid dispenser that dispenses a fixed volume of liquid with a pipette. [Allotrope]
A device that cleans or washes something. [Allotrope]
Microplate washers remove reagents from microplate wells during assay wash steps. The rate of removal (aspiration) can range from gentle, for sensitive cell washing, to robust, for standard ELISAs. Specialized microplate washers also exist for bead-based assays using biomagnetic separation or vacuum filtration. [Wikipedia]
An ultrasonic cleaner is a device that uses ultrasound (usually from 20–400 kHz) and an appropriate cleaning solvent (sometimes ordinary tap water) to clean items. [Wikipedia]
An instrument to perform the polymerase chain reaction. [Allotrope]
A thermal cycler is a device use in the process of polymerase chain reaction in which the DNA fragments are multiplied. [Allotrope]
A hygrometer is an instrument used for measuring the moisture content in the atmosphere. Humidity measurement instruments usually rely on measurements of some other quantity such as temperature, pressure, mass or a mechanical or electrical change in a substance as moisture is absorbed. [Wikipedia]
A direct steam humidifier is a humidification device which feeds steam from a central boiler through a dispersion grid system and often makes use of a steam separator to filter the boiler steam. [Allotrope]
An evaporative pan humidifier is an humidification device for smaller applications where water is boiled in a flat open pan. [Allotrope]
A steam-to-steam humidifier is a humidification device which uses potentially contaminated boiler steam solely as a heat source to boil an isolated container of pure water. [Allotrope]
An electric humidifier is a humidification device which uses electricity to generate steam then pump it through multiple dispersion tubes. [Allotrope]
A device that provides ventilation. Ventilating is the process of "processing" or replacing air in any space to provide high indoor air quality (i.e. to control temperature, replenish oxygen, or remove moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria and carbon dioxide). Ventilation is used to remove unpleasant smells and excessive moisture, introduce outside air, to keep interior building air circulating, and to prevent stagnation of the interior air. [Wikipedia]
An enclosure or canopy for carrying of fumes, dust, sprays or smoke. [Allotrope]
A device used for disposing or treating wastes. [Allotrope]
A waste treatment device that involves the combustion of organic substances contained in waste materials.Incineration and other high-temperature waste treatment systems are described as "thermal treatment". Incineration of waste materials converts the waste into ash, flue gas, and heat. The ash is mostly formed by the inorganic constituents of the waste, and may take the form of solid lumps or particulates carried by the flue gas. The flue gases must be cleaned of gaseous and particulate pollutants before they are dispersed into the atmosphere. [Wikipedia]
A device used to create a flow within a fluid, typically a gas such as air. [Wikipedia]
The cross-flow fan is usually long in relation to the diameter, so the flow approximately remains two-dimensional away from the ends. The CFF uses an impeller with forward curved blades, placed in a housing consisting of a rear wall and vortex wall. Unlike radial machines, the main flow moves transversely across the impeller, passing the blading twice. [Wikipedia]
The centrifugal fan has a moving component (called an impeller) that consists of a central shaft about which a set of blades, or ribs, are positioned. Centrifugal fans blow air at right angles to the intake of the fan, and spin the air outwards to the outlet (by deflection and centrifugal force). The impeller rotates, causing air to enter the fan near the shaft and move perpendicularly from the shaft to the opening in the scroll-shaped fan casing. [Wikipedia]
Axial-flow fans have blades that force air to move parallel to the shaft about which the blades rotate. [Wikipedia]
A bellows is a device constructed to furnish a strong blast of air. The simplest type consists of a flexible bag comprising a pair of rigid boards with handles joined by flexible leather sides enclosing an approximately airtight cavity which can be expanded and contracted by operating the handles, and fitted with a valve allowing air to fill the cavity when expanded, and with a tube through which the air is forced out in a stream when the cavity is compressed. [Wikipedia]
Scrubber systems are a diverse group of air pollution control devices that can be used to remove some particulates and/or gases from industrial exhaust streams. [Wikipedia]
A wet scrubber is used to clean air, fuel gas or other gases of various pollutants and dust particles. Wet scrubbing works via the contact of target compounds or particulate matter with the scrubbing solution. Solutions may simply be water (for dust) or solutions of reagents that specifically target certain compounds. [Wikipedia]
A dry or semi-dry scrubbing system does not saturate the flue gas stream that is being treated with moisture. In some cases no moisture is added, while in others only the amount of moisture that can be evaporated in the flue gas without condensing is added. Therefore, dry scrubbers generally do not have a stack steam plume or wastewater handling/disposal requirements. [Wikipedia]
Dry sorbent injection involves the addition of an alkaline material (usually hydrated lime, soda ash, or sodium bicarbonate) into the gas stream to react with the acid gases. The sorbent can be injected directly into several different locations: the combustion process, the flue gas duct (ahead of the particulate control device), or an open reaction chamber (if one exists). The acid gases react with the alkaline sorbents to form solid salts which are removed in the particulate control device. These simple systems can achieve only limited acid gas (SO2 and HCl) removal efficiencies. Higher collection efficiencies can be achieved by increasing the flue gas humidity (i.e., cooling using water spray). [Wikipedia]
In spray dryer absorbers, the flue gases are introduced into an absorbing tower (dryer) where the gases are contacted with a finely atomized alkaline slurry. Acid gases are absorbed by the slurry mixture and react to form solid salts which are removed by the particulate control device. The heat of the flue gas is used to evaporate all the water droplets, leaving a non-saturated flue gas to exit the absorber tower. [Wikipedia]
Many chemicals can be removed from exhaust gas also by using absorber material. The flue gas is passed through a cartridge which is filled with one or several absorber materials and has been adapted to the chemical properties of the components to be removed. The absorber material has to be replaced after its surface is saturated. [Wikipedia]
A beaker is a simple container for stirring, mixing and heating liquids commonly used in many laboratories. Beakers are generally cylindrical in shape, with a flat bottom. Most also have a small spout (or "beak") to aid pouring. [Wikipedia]
Low-form beakers typically have a height about 1.4 times the diameter. [Wikipedia]
Tall-form beakers have a height about twice their diameter. [Wikipedia]
A flat beaker is a flat container that can be used for crystallization or as a vessel for hot-bath heating. [Allotrope]
A purification device is a device that is used for the purification of material. [Allotrope]
An equipment for the purification of water. [Allotrope]
A water purification unit that uses reverse osmosis. [Allotrope]
A water purification unit that uses deionization as purification method. [Allotrope]
A water deionizer that uses electrodeionization as deionization method. [Allotrope]
Vented balance safety enclosures are used in pharmaceutical, chemical, biological, and toxicological laboratories to provide maximum containment for weighing operations in weighing scales. In laboratories weighing is generally regarded as a highly hazardous operation because it involves direct handling of pure substances. [Wikipedia]
A device that performs filtration. [Allotrope]
A room is any distinguishable space within a structure. Usually, a room is separated from other spaces or passageways by interior walls and windows moreover, it is separated from outdoor areas by an exterior wall, sometimes with a door. [Wikipedia]
A room where a cold temperature (below ambient) is maintained. [Allotrope]
Barrier isolator is a general term that includes two types of devices: Isolators and Restricted Access Barriers (RABS). Both are devices that provide a physical and aerodynamic (air overpressure) barrier between the external clean room environment and a work process. [Wikipedia]
FDA Guidance for Industry Sterile Drug Products Produced by Aseptic Processing — Current Good Manufacturing Practice
A decontaminated unit, supplied with Class 100 (ISO 5) or higher air quality, that provides uncompromised, continuous isolation of its interior from the external environment (e.g., surrounding cleanroom air and personnel). [FDA]
Open isolator systems are designed to allow for the continuous or semi-continuous ingress and/or egress of materials during operations through one or more openings. Openings are engineered (e.g., using continuous overpressure) to exclude the entry of external contamination into the isolator. [FDA]
Closed isolator systems exclude external contamination from the isolator’s interior by accomplishing material transfer via aseptic connection to auxiliary equipment, rather than use of openings to the surrounding environment. Closed systems remain sealed throughout operations. [FDA]
A Restricted Access Barrier System (RABS) is an installation which is used in many industries, such as pharmaceutical, medical, chemical, electrical engineering where clean air is needed. The RABS provides a physical barrier between workers and production areas. [Wikipedia]
A Restricted Access Barrier System (RABS) that is open to the environment. [Allotrope]
A Restricted Access Barrier System (RABS) that is closed to the environment. [Allotrope]
Positive pressure personnel suits are highly specialized, totally encapsulating, industrial protection garments worn only within special biocontainment or maximum containment (BSL-4) laboratory facilities. [Wikipedia]
A physical partition that affords aseptic processing area (ISO 5) protection by partially separating it from the surrounding area. [FDA]
A room in which one or more aseptic activities or processes is performed. [FDA]
A small room with interlocked doors, constructed to maintain air pressure control between adjoining rooms (generally with different air cleanliness standards). The intent of an aseptic processing airlock is to preclude ingress of particulate matter and microorganism contamination from a lesser controlled area. [FDA]
A device used for sterizalizing. Sterializing can be achieved through applying of proper combination of chemicals, heat, high pressure and filtration. [Allotrope]
A device used to increase the concentration of a constituent in a mixture. [Allotrope]
A vortex evaporator is used to boil samples while in a vacuum environment and while spinning the samples rapidly to create a vortex in order to keep them at a low temperature. [Allotrope]
A device to remove organic solvent and/or water from samples by evaporation. [Allotrope]
An evaporator where an inert gas such as nitrogen is blown down to speed evaporation. [Allotrope]
A centrifugal evaporator is a device used in chemical and biochemical laboratories for the efficient and gentle evaporation of solvents from many samples at the same time, and samples contained in microtitre plates. [Wikipedia]
A condenser is an apparatus or item of equipment used to condense (change the physical state of) a substance from its gaseous to its liquid state. [Wikipedia]
An orbital shaking incubator combines the controlled temperature of an incubator with orbital shaking support. [Allotrope]
A device used for freeze-drying. Freeze-drying works by freezing the material and then reducing the surrounding pressure to allow the frozen water in the material to sublimate directly from the solid phase to the gas phase. [Wikipedia]
A glovebox (or glove box) is a sealed container that is designed to allow one to manipulate objects where a separate atmosphere is desired. Built into the sides of the glovebox are gloves arranged in such a way that the user can place their hands into the gloves and perform tasks inside the box without breaking containment. Part or all of the box is usually transparent to allow the user to see what is being manipulated. Two types of gloveboxes exist: one allows a person to work with hazardous substances, such as radioactive materials or infectious disease agents; the other allows manipulation of substances that must be contained within a very high purity inert atmosphere, such as argon or nitrogen. It is also possible to use a glovebox for manipulation of items in a vacuum chamber. [Wikipedia]
Desiccators are sealable enclosures containing desiccants used for preserving moisture-sensitive items such as cobalt chloride paper for another use. A common use for desiccators is to protect chemicals which are hygroscopic or which react with water from humidity. [Wikipedia]
A vacuum breaker is a backflow prevention device used in plumbing to prevent backflow when taking out fluids thus creating underpressure. [Allotrope]
An atmospheric vacuum breaker (AVB) is a backflow prevention device used in plumbing to prevent backflow of non-potable liquids into the drinking water system. It is usually constructed of brass and resembles a 90-degree elbow with a hood on its top to allow air to enter the water system if a siphon attempts to form. Inside this elbow is a poppet valve that is held "up" by the water pressure found in the system, closing the air entrance to the device. If the pressure in the "upstream side" is reduced to atmospheric pressure or below, the poppet valve drops and allows air to enter the system, breaking the siphon. [Wikipedia]
A pressure vacuum breaker is a type of backflow prevention device, used to keep non-potable (or contaminated) water from entering the water supply. A PVB is similar to an atmospheric vacuum breaker (AVB), except that the PVB contains a spring-loaded poppet. This makes it acceptable for applications that are high hazard or where valves are downstream. [Wikipedia]
A still is an apparatus used to distill liquid mixtures by heating to selectively boil and then cooling to condense the vapor. A still uses the same concepts as a basic distillation apparatus, but on a much larger scale. [Wikipedia]
A column still is a variety of still consisting of two columns. The first column (called The Analyzer) in a column still has steam rising and wash descending through several levels. The second column (called the rectifier) carries the alcohol from the wash, where it circulates until it can condense at the required strength. [Wikipedia]
A pot still is a type of still used in distilling spirits such as whisky or brandy. Heat is applied directly to the pot containing the wash (for whisky) or wine (for brandy). This is called a batch distillation (as opposed to a continuous distillation). [Wikipedia]
A reflux still uses reflux as destillation technique that is involving the condensation of vapors and the return of this condensate to the system from which it originated. [Wikipedia]
A bell jar is a glass jar, similar in shape to a bell, and can be manufactured from a variety of materials (ranging from glass to different types of metals). Bell jars are often used in laboratories to form and contain a vacuum; they may also serve as display cases or transparent dust covers. [Wikipedia]
A retort is a glassware device used for distillation or dry distillation of substances. It consists of a spherical vessel with a long downward-pointing neck. The liquid to be distilled is placed in the vessel and heated. The neck acts as a condenser, allowing the vapors to condense and flow along the neck to a collection vessel placed underneath. [Wikipedia]
A Büchner funnel is a piece of laboratory equipment used in filtration. It is traditionally made of porcelain, but glass and plastic funnels are also available. On top of the funnel-shaped part there is a cylinder with a fritted glass disc/perforated plate separating it from the funnel. [Wikipedia]
A Hirsch funnel is a piece of laboratory equipment used in filtration similar in design to a Büchner funnel. It is used similarly, but for smaller quantities of material. The main difference is that the plate of a Hirsch funnel is much smaller, and the walls of the funnel angle outward instead of being vertical. [Wikipedia]
A Büchner flask is a thick-walled Erlenmeyer flask with a short glass tube and hose barb protruding about an inch from its neck. The short tube and hose barb effectively acts as an adapter over which the end of a thick-walled flexible hose (tubing) can be fitted to form a connection to the flask. The other end of the hose can be connected to source of vacuum such as an aspirator, vacuum pump, or house vacuum. Preferably this is done through a trap (see below), which is designed to prevent the sucking back of water from the aspirator into the Büchner flask. [Wikipedia]
An Erlenmeyer flask or conical flask is a type of laboratory flask which features a flat bottom, a conical body, and a cylindrical neck. [Wikipedia]
The condenser known as the Liebig type, a most basic circulating fluid-cooled design popularized by von Liebig consisted of an inner, straight tube surrounded by an outer straight tube, with the outer tube having ports for fluid inflow and outflow, and with the two tubes sealed in some fashion at the ends (eventually, by a blown glass ring seal). [Wikipedia]
A variant of the Liebig condenser having a more slender design, with cone and socket. The fused-on narrower coolant jacket may render more efficient cooling with respect to coolant consumption. [Wikipedia]
The Allihn condenser consists of a long glass tube with a water jacket. A series of bulbs on the tube increases the surface area upon which the vapor constituents may condense. Ideally suited for laboratory-scale refluxing. [Wikipedia]
A condenser that is using a fluid for cooling. [Allotrope]
A Graham condenser has a coolant-jacketed spiral coil running the length of the condenser serving as the vapor/condensate path. [Wikipedia]
A Davies condenser is similar to the Liebig condenser, but with three concentric glass tubes instead of two. The coolant circulates in both the outer jacket and the central tube. This increases the cooling surface, so that the condenser can be shorter than an equivalent Liebig condenser. [Wikipedia]
A coil condenser is essentially a "Graham condenser" with an inverted coolant/vapor configuration. It has a spiral coil running the length of the condenser through which coolant flows, and this coolant coil is jacketed by the vapor/condensate path. [Wikipedia]
A Dimroth condenser is somewhat similar to the "coil condenser"; it has an internal double spiral through which coolant flows such that the coolant inlet and outlet are both at the top. The vapors travel through the jacket from bottom to top. Dimroth condensers are more effective than conventional coil condensers. [Wikipedia]
A Friedrichs condenser, a spiraled finger condenser, consists of a large, spiraled internal cold finger-type capillary tube disposed within a wide cylindrical housing. Coolant flows through the internal cold finger; accordingly, vapors rising up through the housing must pass along the spiraled path. [Wikipedia]
A spiral condenser has a spiral condensing tube with both inlet and outlet connections at top, on same side. [Wikipedia]
A condenser that is using air for cooling. [Allotrope]
A Vigreux column is a type of air condenser where a glass blower has modified the simple tube to include an abundance of downward-pointing indentations, thus dramatically increasing the surface area per unit length of the condenser. [Wikipedia]
A Snyder column is an extremely effective air-cooled column used in selected fractional distillations. It is a single glass tube with a series of circular indentations/restrictions in the walls of the cylinder (e.g., 3 or 6) in which rest, inverted, the same number of roughly tear-shaped, hollow, sealed glass stoppers; above each point where an inverted tear-shaped stopper rests, the cylinder has further Vigreux-type indentations, in this case serving to limit how high the glass stopper can be raised (by vapor flow) above its resting place, where, when not raised, it seals the circular opening created by the circular indentation. These floating glass stoppers act as check valves, closing and opening with vapor flow, and enhancing vapor-condensate mixing. [Wikipedia]
A Widmer column is a complex type of air condenser combining Golodetz-type concentric tubes and the Dufton-type glass rod-and-wound-spiral at its center. [Wikipedia]
A device used for distillation. [Allotrope]
A device used for vacuum distillation. [Allotrope]
A Perkin triangle distillation apparatus uses a series of Teflon valves to allow the distilled fractions to be isolated from the distillation flask without the main body of the distillation set-up being removed from either the vacuum or the heat source, and thus can remain in a state of reflux. To do this, the distillate receiver vessel is first isolated from the vacuum by means of the Teflon valves. The vacuum over the sample is then replaced with an inert gas (such as nitrogen or argon) and the distillate receiver can then be stoppered and removed from the system. [Wikipedia]
A mill is a device that breaks solid materials into smaller pieces by grinding, crushing, or cutting. [Wikipedia]
A typical type of fine grinder is the ball mill. A slightly inclined or horizontal rotating cylinder is partially filled with balls, usually stone or metal, which grinds material to the necessary fineness by friction and impact with the tumbling balls. Ball mills normally operate with an approximate ball charge of 30%. Ball mills are characterized by their smaller (comparatively) diameter and longer length, and often have a length 1.5 to 2.5 times the diameter. [Wikipedia]
The high pressure grinding rolls consists out of two rollers with the same dimensions, which are rotating against each other with the same circumferential speed. The special feeding of bulk material through a hopper leads to a material bed between the two rollers. The bearing units of one roller can move linearly and are pressed against the material bed by springs or hydraulic cylinders. [Wikipedia]
A rotating drum which causes friction and attrition between steel rods. Note that the term 'rod mill' is also used as a synonym for a slitting mill, which makes rods of iron or other metal. Rod mills are less common than ball mills for grinding minerals. [Wikipedia]
Autogenous or autogenic mills are so-called due to the self-grinding of the ore: a rotating drum throws larger rocks of ore in a cascading motion which causes impact breakage of larger rocks and compressive grinding of finer particles. It is similar in operation to a SAG mill as described below but does not use steel balls in the mill. Also known as ROM or "Run Of Mine" grinding. [Wikipedia]
SAG mills are essentially autogenous mills, but utilize grinding balls to aid in grinding like in a ball mill. A SAG mill is generally used as a primary or first stage grinding solution. [Wikipedia]
A rotating drum causes friction and attrition between rock pebbles and ore particles. May be used where product contamination by iron from steel balls must be avoided. Quartz or silica is commonly used because it is inexpensive to obtain. [Wikipedia]
A buhrstone mill is a mill for grinding or pulverizing grain. A flat buhrstone rotates on a stationary stone to generate pressure and shear forces. [Allotrope]
A VSI mill throws rock or ore particles against a wear plate by slinging them from a spinning center that rotates on a vertical shaft. [Wikipedia]
Tower mills are a more efficient means of grinding material at smaller particle sizes, and can be used after ball mills in a grinding process. Like ball mills, grinding (steel) balls or pebbles are often added to stirred mills to help grind ore, however these mills contain a large screw mounted vertically to lift and grind material. In tower mills, there is no cascading action as in standard grinding mills. [Wikipedia]
A hammermill is a mill whose purpose is to shred or crush aggregate material into smaller pieces by the repeated blows of little hammers. [Wikipedia]
A blade grinder is a machine that chops material while mixing it, by means of a high-speed spinning blade. [Wikipedia]
A device used for comminution. Comminution is the reduction of solid materials from one average particle size to a smaller average particle size, by crushing, grinding, cutting, vibrating, or other processes. [Wikipedia]
A separatory funnel, also known as separation funnel, separating funnel, or colloquially sep funnel, is a piece of laboratory glassware used in liquid-liquid extractions to separate (partition) the components of a mixture into two immiscible solvent phases of different densities. [Wikipedia]
A dropping funnel is a type of laboratory glassware used to transfer fluids. They are fitted with a stopcock which allows the flow to be controlled. Dropping funnels are useful for adding reagents slowly, i.e. drop-wise. This may be desirable when the quick addition of the reagent may result in side reactions, or if the reaction is too vigorous. [Wikipedia]
A Fernbach flask is a type of flask suited for large volume cell culture where the culture requires a large surface area to volume ratio. Typically, they are baffled on the bottom in order to maximize oxygen transfer to the culture medium. [Wikipedia]
The Thiele tube is a laboratory glassware designed to contain and heat an oil bath. Such a setup is commonly used in the determination of the melting point of a substance. The apparatus itself resembles a glass test tube with an attached handle. [Wikipedia]
A thistle tube is a piece of laboratory glassware consisting of a shaft of tube, with a reservoir and funnel-like section at the top. Thistle tubes are typically used by chemists to add liquid to an existing system or apparatus. Thistle funnels are used to add small volumes of liquids to an exact position. Thistle funnels are found with taps or without taps. [Wikipedia]
A crusher is a machine designed to reduce large solid chunks of raw material into smaller ones. Crushing is the process of transferring a force amplified by mechanical advantage through a material made of molecules that bond together more strongly, and resist deformation more, than those in the material being crushed do. Crushing devices hold material between two parallel or tangent solid surfaces, and apply sufficient force to bring the surfaces together to generate enough energy within the material being crushed so that its molecules separate from (fracturing), or change alignment in relation to (deformation), each other. [Wikipedia]
A jaw crusher uses compressive force for breaking of particle. This mechanical pressure is achieved by the two jaws of the crusher of which one is fixed while the other reciprocates. A jaw or toggle crusher consists of a set of vertical jaws, one jaw is kept stationary and is called a fixed jaw while the other jaw, called a swing jaw, moves back and forth relative to it, by a cam or pitman mechanism, acting like a class II lever or a nutcracker. The volume or cavity between the two jaws is called the crushing chamber. The movement of the swing jaw can be quite small, since complete crushing is not performed in one stroke. The inertia required to crush the material is provided by a weighted flywheel that moves a shaft creating an eccentric motion that causes the closing of the gap. [Wikipedia]
A cone crusher is similar in operation to a gyratory crusher, with less steepness in the crushing chamber and more of a parallel zone between crushing zones. A cone crusher breaks rock by squeezing the rock between an eccentrically gyrating spindle, which is covered by a wear resistant mantle, and the enclosing concave hopper, covered by a manganese concave or a bowl liner. As rock enters the top of the cone crusher, it becomes wedged and squeezed between the mantle and the bowl liner or concave. Large pieces of ore are broken once, and then fall to a lower position (because they are now smaller) where they are broken again. This process continues until the pieces are small enough to fall through the narrow opening at the bottom of the crusher. [Wikipedia]
A gyratory crusher is similar in basic concept to a jaw crusher, consisting of a concave surface and a conical head; both surfaces are typically lined with manganese steel surfaces. The inner cone has a slight circular movement, but does not rotate; the movement is generated by an eccentric arrangement. As with the jaw crusher, material travels downward between the two surfaces being progressively crushed until it is small enough to fall out through the gap between the two surfaces. [Wikipedia]
Impact crushers involve the use of impact rather than pressure to crush material. The material is contained within a cage, with openings on the bottom, end, or side of the desired size to allow pulverized material to escape. There are two types of impact crushers: horizontal shaft impactor and vertical shaft impactor. [Wikipedia]
A narrow neck bottle is a bottle that has a neck with a small diameter. [Allotrope]
Closures are devices and techniques used to close or seal a bottle, jug, jar, tube, can, etc. Closures can be a cap, cover, lid, plug, etc. [Wikipedia]
A screw closure is a mechanical device which is screwed on and off of a threaded "finish" on a container. Either continuous threads (C-T) or lugs are used. Metal caps can be either preformed or in some instances, rolled on after application. Plastic caps may use several types of molded polymer. [Wikipedia]
A closure with some dispensing feature. [Allotrope]
An interference fit or friction fit requires some force to close and open, providing additional security. [Wikipedia]
Paint cans often have a friction fit plug.
A carboy is a rigid container with a typical capacity of 20 to 60 L. Carboys are primarily used for transporting liquids, often water or chemicals. [Wikipedia]
A Boston round bottle, or Winchester bottle, is a strong and heavy bottle commonly used in the drug and chemical industries. It is often made of amber (brown) glass (to filter out UV light) but can also be made of plastics. [Wikipedia]
A pressure vessel is a container designed to hold gases or liquids at a pressure substantially different from the ambient pressure. [Wikipedia]
A gas cylinder or tank is a pressure vessel used to store gases at above atmospheric pressure. High-pressure gas cylinders are also called bottles. [Wikipedia]
A squeeze bottle is a type of container such as a bottle for dispensing a fluid, that is powered by squeezing the container by exerting pressure with the user's hand. Its fundamental characteristic is that manual pressure applied to a resilient hollow body is harnessed to compress fluid within it and thereby expel the fluid through some form of nozzle. [Wikipedia]
A round-bottom flask is a flask with a spherical body and one or more necks with ground glass joints. [Wikipedia]
Flat-bottom flasks are with a flat bottom. [Wikipedia]
A flask with a round body and one longer neck without a ground glass joint. [Wikipedia]
A flask for preparing liquids with volumes of high precision. It is a flask with an approximately pear-shaped body and a long neck with a circumferential fill line. [Wikipedia]
A watch glass is a circular concave piece of glass used in chemistry as a surface to evaporate a liquid, to hold solids while being weighed, as a cover for a beaker, and for heating a small amount of substance. [Wikipedia]
A Petri dish is a shallow cylindrical glass or plastic lidded dish that biologists use to culture cells or small mosses. [Wikipedia]
A cold finger is a piece of laboratory equipment that is used to generate a localized cold surface. It is named for its resemblance to a finger and is a type of cold trap. The device usually consists of a chamber in which a coolant fluid (cold tap water, or perhaps something colder) can enter and leave. Another version involves filling the device with a cold material. [Wikipedia]
A stopper is a truncated cylindrical or conical closure to seal a container. [Wikipedia]
A wide neck bottle is a bottle with a neck that has a large diameter. [Allotrope]
A hydrometer is an instrument used to measure the specific gravity (relative density) of liquids; that is, the ratio of the density of the liquid to the density of water. [Wikipedia]
A densitometer is a device that measures the degree of darkness (the optical density) of a photographic or semitransparent material or of a reflecting surface. The densitometer is basically a light source aimed at a photoelectric cell. It determines the density of a sample placed between the light source and the photoelectric cell from differences in the readings. [Wikipedia]
A sieve is a device for separating wanted elements from unwanted material or for characterizing the particle size distribution of a sample, typically using a woven screen such as a mesh or net. [Wikipedia]
A strainer is a form of sieve used to separate solids from liquid. [Wikipedia]
A colorimeter is a device used in colorimetry. In scientific fields the word generally refers to the device that measures the absorbance of particular wavelengths of light by a specific solution. [Wikipedia]
A nephelometer is an instrument for measuring concentration of suspended particulates in a liquid or gas colloid. A nephelometer measures suspended particulates by employing a light beam (source beam) and a light detector set to one side (often 90°) of the source beam. Particle density is then a function of the light reflected into the detector from the particles. [Wikipedia]
A protein sequencer is a machine that is used to determine the sequence of amino acids in a protein. They work by tagging and removing one amino acid at a time, which is analysed and identified. This is done repetitively for the whole polypeptide, until the whole sequence is established. [Wikipedia]
A machine used to automatically produce a sequence readout from a biological DNA sample. [Wikipedia]
Plate readers are instruments which are used to detect biological, chemical or physical events of samples in microtiter plates. [Wikipedia]
A sensitive photometer for measuring the very low intensity light intensity of luminescence. [Allotrope]
A dispenser for material in powder form. [Allotrope]
In chemistry, a Controlled Lab Reactor or CLR is any reaction system where there is an element of automated control. Generally these devices refers to a jacketed glass vessel where a circulating chiller unit pumps a thermal control fluid through the jacket to accurately control the temperature of the vessel contents. Additional to this, it is common to have a series of sensors (temperature, pH, pressure) measuring and recording parameters about the reactor contents. It is additionally possible to control pumps to act on the reactor. [Wikipedia]
A thermal insulation jacket is a kind of insulation that seals the interior thermally from the surrounding. [Allotrope]
A stacker is an automated plate handling system. [Allotrope]
Pipettes are tools to handle volumes of liquids. They use changes in air pressure to load and unload liquid. [Allotrope]
A dynamic vapor sorption instrument is a device that allows for measurements of dynamic vapor sorption. [Allotrope]
A cap is a protective lid or cover. [Allotrope]
A radio frequency synthesizer creates electromagnetic radiation in the range of radio frequencies. [Allotrope]
RF synthesizer of an RF channel of a ssNMR console
A low band radio frequency synthesizer is a type of RF synthesizer that creates electromagnetic radiation in the range of resonance frequencies of 15N to 31P. [Allotrope]
low band RF synthesizer of an RF channel of a ssNMR console
A full band radio frequency synthesizer is a type of RF synthesizer that creates electromagnetic radiation in the range of resonance frequencies of 1H to 15N. [Allotrope]
full band RF synthesizer of an RF channel of a ssNMR console
A console is a functional compartment that contains controlling or input devices. [Allotrope]
The console of a solid state NMR spectrometer that controls the overall system and allows for setting up parameters such as the pulse frequency. [Allotrope]
A sample stage is a device that contains samples for measurements. [Allotrope]
A mass flow controller is a device that determines the mixture of different materials. [Allotrope]
In DVS, the mass flow controller generates the required mixture of dry and saturated gas.
An optical vapor pressure sensor is a device that allows for measurement of a solvents partial pressure from optically observing the solvent's dew point temperature. [Allotrope]
A dual reservoir vapor generator module is a device that allows for controlled transformation of a material from the liquid to the gaseous phase. There are two reservoirs for two different solutions in order to create well-defined mixtures of vapors. [Allotrope]
A humidity controller is a device that allows for controlling the relative humidity. [Allotrope]
A vapor regulated module is a device that allows for controlling the mixture of vapors. [Allotrope]
An immersion probe is a type of sampling probe that can be immersed in the sample. [Allotrope]
A non-contact probe allows for measurements of a sample without touching it. [Allotrope]
A fiber is a flexible, transparent cable with a diameter of about 1 to 200 micrometers. It can be produced by drawing glass or plastic. [Allotrope]
A glass slide is a small flat slide of glass that can carry a sample for inspection. [Allotrope]
2017-11-02 change pref label [Allotrope]
A lens is a transmissive optical device that affects the focus of a light beam through refraction. [Wikipedia]
A computer is a general-purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a set of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. Since a sequence of operations can be readily changed, the computer can solve more than one kind of problem. [Wikipedia]
PAC, 1988, 60, 1449 (Nomenclature, symbols, units and their usage in spectrochemical analysis - VII. Molecular absorption spectroscopy, ultraviolet and visible (UV/VIS) (Recommendations 1988)) on page 1454
A gas cell is a flow cell used for analyzing gases or vapours. [Allotrope]
A flow measurement device is a plumbing equipment with a function to quantify bulk fluid movement. [Allotrope]
A roller compactor is a compaction device that uses rollers for the compaction. [Allotrope]
A particle sizer is a device that allows for measurement of particle sizes of samples. [Allotrope]
A disperser is a device that allows for dispersing a sample for measurement. [Allotrope]
A vibration feeder is a device that brings in a constant feed of sample by way of vibration. [Allotrope]
A vacuum inhaler is a device that sucks in fine-dispersed samples. [Allotrope]
A sonicator is a device that homogenizes a sample by applying sound energy to agitate the particles. [Allotrope]
An image analysis sensor is a device that allows for the analysis of particles based on high speed images of a particle dispersion. [Allotrope]
A dry disperser is a type of disperser that allows for dispersing a dry sample powder by a jet of air or aerosol. [Allotrope]
A wet disperser is a type of disperser that allows for dispersing liquids and suspensions. [Allotrope]
A spatula is a small implement with a broad, flat, flexible blade used to mix, spread and lift material including foods, drugs, plaster and paints. It derives from the Latin word for a flat piece of wood or splint (a diminutive form of the Latin spatha, meaning broadsword), and hence can also refer to a tongue depressor. The words spade (digging tool) and spathe are similarly derived. [Wikipedia]
A feeder is a device that allows for filling of dies with granules. [Allotrope]
A deduster is a device that removes dust from the surface of objects. [Wikipedia]
Tablets coming out of a tablet machine have excess powder on their surface which is removed by passing them through a tablet deduster.
A drum is a cylindrical container that can be made of steel, dense paperboard, or plastics. It is generally used for the transportation and storage of liquids and powders. Drums are often certified for shipment of dangerous goods. [Wikipedia]
A plastic bag, polybag, or pouch is a type of container made of thin, flexible, plastic film, nonwoven fabric, or plastic textile. Plastic bags are used for containing and transporting goods such as foods, produce, powders, ice, magazines, chemicals, and waste. It is a common form of packaging. [Wikipedia]
An impeller is a rotor used to increase (or decrease in case of turbines) the pressure and flow of a fluid. [Wikipedia]
In coating the impeller or turbine is used to provide a vortex when rotated within a solvent to allow the adequate dispersion of materials. [Allotrope]
A spray gun is a device that uses an air jet to atomize a fluid and turning it into a dispersed spray. [Allotrope]
A roller is a device for the compression of material. [Allotrope]
A multiangle light scatterer is a device that allows for measurements using multiangle light scattering. [Allotrope]
A device that produces specular reflection of X-rays. All known types work only at angles near grazing incidence, and only a small fraction of the rays are reflected. [Wikipedia]
A sample holder is an object on which the sample is placed. [Allotrope]
A sample loading robot is a robot arm, that positions the sample holder onto the spinning stage. [Allotrope]
The collimator is a device that straightens out the radiation that is not scattered in the same direction. [Allotrope]
A fiber optic coupler is a device used in optical fiber systems with one or more input fibers and one or several output fibers. [Wikipedia]
A fiber optics dip probe has openings to allow solution to flow through during measurement, thus, no traditional cuvette is needed. [Allotrope]
A thermoelectric temperature controller is a type of peltier cooler, heater, or thermoelectric heat pump which transfers heat from one side of the device to the other, with consumption of electrical energy, depending on the direction of the current. [Wikipedia]
A xenon lamp is a specialized type of gas lamp that produces light by passing electricity through ionized xenon gas at high pressure. It produces a bright white light that closely mimics natural sunlight. [Wikipedia]
A tubing connector is a part used to connect/install tubing, components, and accessories as part of a system flow path configuration. [Allotrope]
A ferrule is a device for fastening, joining, sealing or reinforcement. Ferrules are often narrow circular rings made from metal, or less commonly, plastic. As a connector, to connect wires, structural devices, and systems. [Wikipedia]
A bio-layer interferometer is a device that allows for measurements using bio-layer interferometry. [Allotrope]
A tungsten lamp is a type of lamp that emits visible light by heating a tungsten filament with electric current. [Allotrope]
A vacuum deduster is a type of deduster that applies vacuum for the removal of dust. [Allotrope]
A gravity feeder is a type of feeder that feeds in objects via gravity. [Allotrope]
A force feeder is a type of feeder that applies shear to a powder bed over an open die to allow material to fill into each die consistently. [Allotrope]
A bioreactor used for fermentation. [Allotrope]
A device that separates things. [Allotrope]
A screw, or bolt, is a type of fastener, typically made of metal, and characterized by a helical ridge, known as a male thread (external thread) or just thread, wrapped around a cylinder. [Wikipedia]
A channel that transports signals to the device. [Allotrope]
A channel that transports signals from the device. [Allotrope]
A channel that transports signals both from and into the device. [Allotrope]
The starting point of a communcation channel where the information comes from. [Allotrope]
An end point of a communication channel where the information is transmitted to. [Allotrope]
A piston is a component of reciprocating engines, reciprocating pumps, gas compressors and pneumatic cylinders, among other similar mechanisms. It is the moving component that is contained by a cylinder and is made gas-tight by piston rings. [Wikipedia]
A mechanical seal is a device that helps join systems or mechanisms together by preventing leakage (e.g. in a plumbing system), containing pressure, or excluding contamination. The effectiveness of a seal is dependent on adhesion in the case of sealants and compression in the case of gaskets. [Wikipedia]
In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts primarily in one direction (asymmetric conductance). [Wikipedia]
A photodiode is a semiconductor device that converts light into current. The current is generated when photons are absorbed in the photodiode. [Wikipedia]
A microtiter plate is a flat plate with multiple "wells" used as small test tubes. [Wikipedia]
A dispenser for material in solid form. [Allotrope]
A funnel is a pipe with a wide (often conical) mouth and a narrow stem. It is used to channel liquid or fine-grained substances into containers with a small opening. [Wikipedia]
A device that has the function to coat, that is to cover some object with another material. [Allotrope]
A device that has the function to join or fasten objects. [Allotrope]
A biological artifact is an artifact of primary biological nature that is created by biological processes or involving organisms. [Allotrope]
A chemical artifact is an artifact of primariy chemical nature that is a portion of material that it is created as product a chemical synthesis. [Allotrope]
A readout is a display on a measuring system that displays the measuring value. [Allotrope]
A medical device tester is an instrument designed to measure and test the performance of medical devices. [Allotrope]
To equilibrate is a function which is realized in the process of equilibration. [Allotrope]
A cell culture is a continuous culture of cells that can survive in a laboratory for an indefinite period of time. [Allotrope]
The common name air is given to the atmospheric gases used in breathing and photosynthesis. [Wikipedia]
The inoculum source, for cell culture, is the source in which a calculated volume of cells is taken from and transfered to a new location (whether it be a vial, flask, bioreactor, etc.). [Allotrope]
An antibody is a large, Y-shape protein produced by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. The antibody recognizes a unique molecule of the harmful agent, called an antigen, via the variable region. [Wikipedia]
In immunology, an antigen (Ag) is any structural substance that serves as a target for the receptors of an adaptive immune response, TCR or BCR or its secreted form antibody. In simpler terms, an antigen is any substance that causes an immune system to produce antibodies against it. [Wikipedia]
Liquid samples can be sandwiched between two plates of a salt (commonly sodium chloride, or common salt, although a number of other salts such as potassium bromide or calcium fluoride are also used). [Wikipedia]
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with He+ or H+ ions (500-1500 eV) and the energies and positions of any backscattered ions are detected. [CHMO]
A separation method where particles move at different speeds according to their thermal conductivity in a separation medium, across which a thermal gradient (produced by laser irradiation) is applied. [CHMO]
photo induced current transient spectroscopy
photo-induced current transient spectroscopy
A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the current produced by applying an optical pulse to the semiconductor junction at different temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit peaks, the height of which are proportional to the defect density, and the emission rate and temperature dependence are characteristic for each type of defect. [CHMO]
photoinduced current transient spectroscopy
A method for determining structure during photoelectron spectroscopy. Photons are directed at the sample and diffraction patterns resulting from the emission of electrons are recorded. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of an electrochemical cell is measured. A Fourier transform is then applied to the spectrum. [CHMO]
Fourier transform electrochemical-induced impedance spectroscopy
A sample preparation method where solid particles are dispersed in a liquid phase. [CHMO]
A method for extracting biological molecules from a biological sample by functionalising a magnetic bead (0.001-200 µm diameter) with a molecule specific to the target molecule (e.g. complementary DNA or a specific antibody) and placing it in the sample solution. The bead is removed from the solution using a magnetized source. [CHMO]
A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a molten polymer through a die. [CHMO]
A cellular assay that uses various methods to quantify cells in a culture. [VIVO-ISF]
An analytical process that sequentially chemically leaches metals from soils, sludges or sediments. [CHMO]
A colorimetric test which consists of coupling an Fmoc (9H-fluoren-9-yl-methoxycarbonyl )-protected amino acid and measuring the UV absorbance of the sample after deprotection using 20% piperidine in DMF. [CHMO]
The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface by bombarding it with high-energy or highly charged heavy ions. When the multiply charged ions recombine on the sample surface their potential energy is liberated, accelerating the process. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarized synchrotron radiation (radiation produced by the movement of charged particles in a magnetic field). [CHMO]
synchrotron circular dichroism spectroscopy
A method for the separation of liquid mixtures based on diffusion rate and membrane affinity. The sample mixture is placed in contact with one side of a non-porous polymeric membrane while a vacuum is applied to the other side. The components in the liquid stream permeate through the membrane, evaporate, and are then condensed. [CHMO]
electron-excited X-ray appearance potential spectrometry
electron-excited X-ray appearance potential spectroscopy
soft X-ray appearance potential spectrometry
soft X-ray appearance potential spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by the sudden appearance of soft X-ray fluorescence. [CHMO]
forced Rayleigh light scattering spectrometry
forced Rayleigh light scattering spectroscopy
A method for determining structure where a grating created by the interference of two laser beams is written into a sample and a further laser beam is Rayleigh scattered by the grating. The change in direction or energy of the light and the temporal evolution of the scattered beam are measured. [CHMO]
Locally weighted scatterplot smoothing is a smoothing that use use locally weighted linear regression to smooth data. [Allotrope]
inelastic neutron scattering spectrometry
inelastic neutron scattering spectroscopy
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, and suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions. [CHMO]
A method where the profile of a surface is determined by illuminating the sample with a beam of light which has been split into two paths, one of which is directed at the sample and the other at a reference mirror. When the reflections are recombined any interference contains information about the contours of the surface. [CHMO]
The process of transferring a µL amount of a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase (or vice versa). [CHMO]
valence-shell photoionization spectrometry
Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionization of the valence shell and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]
valence-shell photoionization spectroscopy
high resolution energy loss spectrometry
high resolution energy loss spectroscopy
high-resolution energy loss spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the small energy loss (0.02-1 eV) the electrons suffer upon reflection is measured. [CHMO]
The dispensing of droplets from an electrode surface after an applied voltage has been removed. Periodic bumps along the length of the electrodes promote droplet formation by establishing an initial, static perturbation. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where the spontaneous emission of a beta-particle produces a flash of light (known as a 'scintillation') which is detected. [CHMO]
supported liquid membrane (SLM) extraction
The transfer of a solute from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a non-porous liquid membrane. [CHMO]
The transfer of two solutes from a liquid phase to a (low-polarity) organic liquid phase in contact with it. The solutes form mixed-species aggregates in the organic phase. [CHMO]
A method for determining structure by measuring the velocity of neutrons in known magnetic fields before and after scattering by the sample. The neutrons are scattered by the interaction of neutron spin with spins in the sample ('spin echo'). [CHMO]
The dispensing of droplets by applying a pattern of piezoelectric acceleration and deceleration to the droplets such that inertial force can overcome adhesion force, resulting in droplet detachment from the device. [CHMO]
laser enhanced ionization mass spectrometry
resonance-enhanced ionization spectrometry
resonance-enhanced laser ionization spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where resonant laser illumination (using a laser which is tuned to match an electronic transition within the sample) is used to ehanced the collisional ionization of atoms (or molecules) occurring in a flame. [CHMO]
A titer (or titre) is a way of expressing concentration. Titer testing employs serial dilution to obtain approximate quantitative information from an analytical procedure that inherently only evaluates as positive or negative. The titer corresponds to the highest dilution factor that still yields a positive reading. [Wikipedia]
The characterization, in an inert atmosphere, of a material or a chemical process by a chemical degradation reaction induced by thermal energy. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays and the X-ray absorption coefficient of the sample is measured. When the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron in an atom there is a decrease in the intensity of transmitted X-rays resulting in an absorption edge. [CHMO]
The removal of solvent from a sample by applying heat and lowering the pressure above the sample whilst rotating it at 10-300 rpm. [CHMO]
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample. [CHMO]
The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy in the presence of a catalyst. [CHMO]
The measurement of the enthalpy change during a chemical reaction in order to measure the amount of the imiting reagent. [CHMO]
An imaging method which uses the detection of unpaired spins in a magnetic field gradient so that the resonance condition is sensitive to the position of the spins in the sample. [CHMO]
The heating of a sample to high temperatures in air or oxygen. [CHMO]
The removal of solvent from a sample without passing through the liquid-gas boundary. The sample is frozen at liquid nitrogen temperature (-80 deg. C) then the surrounding pressure is reduced to allow the water in the sample to sublime. [CHMO]
A method of separation in which a component of the bulk liquid is preferentially adsorbed at the liquid-vapour interface and is removed by foaming. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with an initial laser pulse (the 'pump') followed by a second laser pulse (the 'probe') after a short delay. The pump pulse creates excitations in the sample, which are sensed by the probe pulse. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where three incident terahertz laser beams are mixed. [CHMO]
A technique for separating small particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel such that the Earth's gravitational field is perpendicular to the channel. A carrier liquid is then passed through the channel and the particles are separated on the basis of particle size. [CHMO]
A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. As the sample mixture to be purified is heated, its vapours rise a short distance into a vertical condenser (called a 'Kugelrohr') where they are cooled by water. This technique is used for small amounts of samples with high boiling points (usually >300 deg. C) under greatly reduced pressure. [CHMO]
The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) at constant temperature during a chemical or biochemical reaction. [CHMO]
The process of covalently attaching a chemically-reactive derivative of a fluorophore to another molecule, such as a protein or nucleic acid. [CHMO]
The formation of a gel from a solution by irradiation with light from the visible region (400-800 nm). [CHMO]
The removal of solvent from a sample by the application of an inert gas or air. [CHMO]
The measurement of surface tension by determining the distortion of drop by gravity, which elongates or flattens otherwise spherical drops. [CHMO]
angle-resolved synchotron radiation photoelectron spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray-ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]
angle-resolved synchotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy
The formation of a crystalline solid from a solution, melt vapour, or a different solid phase, generally by lowering the temperature or by evaporation of a solvent. [CHMO]
The trapping of microscopic particles by a focused laser beam. The beam is focused through a microscope objective, producing a strong electric field gradient at its narrowest point, which attracts dielectric particles. In holographic laser trapping, computer-generated holograms are used to split single laser beams into multiple beams, creating three-dimensional configurations. [CHMO]
Fourier transform infra-red photoacoustic spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sound emitted when a gaseous sample is exposed to an intense infrared laser beam, which is rapidly interrupted by a rotating slotted disk, is measured. The spectrum is then subject to a Fourier transform. [CHMO]
Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy
The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample below its melting point until its particles adhere to each other. [CHMO]
A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel and applying a magnetic electric field perpendicular to the channel. A carrier liquid is passed through the channel and the particles are separated on the basis of magnetic susceptibility. [CHMO]
The recording of an interference pattern on a photographic film. Coherent light from a laser is reflected from an object and combined at the film with light from a reference beam. Both the phase and amplitude of the light scattered by the object is recorded. [CHMO]
resonance-enchanced laser micro-probe spectrometry
resonance-enhanced laser microprobe spectrometry
resonance-enhanced laser microprobe spectroscopy
Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more finely focused (<10 m diameter) resonant laser beams (lasers which have been tuned to match an electronic transition within the sample) and the absorption or emission of light by the sample is measured. [CHMO]
A method for determining structure by measuring the velocity of neutrons in known magnetic fields before and after scattering at small angles by a magnetic sample. The neutrons are scattered by the interaction of neutron spin with spins in the sample ('spin echo'). [CHMO]
magnetic spin-echo small angle neutron scattering
A type of spectroscopy where the energy generated by nonradiative thermal relaxation after ultraviolet laser light absorption is measured. [CHMO]
A type of gamma-ray emission spectroscopy where atomic nuclei are excited (by a heavy ion beam or by collision with another nucleus) and their decaying gamma-ray emissions are measured. [CHMO]
temperature-dependent rheological measurements
The study of the temperature dependence of the relationship between deformation and stress for fluids which cannot be defined by a single value of viscosity. [CHMO]
The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the liquid sample through a small fibre containing a stationary phase bonded to a silica needle (<10 µm diameter). [CHMO]
2024-09-12 Removed [OSTHUS] attribution as this is purely [CHMO].
Any process that involves preparing or exciting a material for a subsequent reaction. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where light energy absorbed by the sample results in the production of a current (the 'photocurrent') which is measured at different spectral intervals. [CHMO]
The detection of luminescence emitted over a long timescale from a sample, as a result of irradiation with light. [CHMO]
A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is in the form of an accelerated beam of ions which is superimposed on a resonant laser beam (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample) and light absorption is measured. [CHMO]
A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong picosecond pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The absorption of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray-ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons. All photoelectrons emitted at a particular photon energy are detected. [CHMO]
The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the liquid sample through a small fused-silica capillary. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption or reflection of polarized infrared light by a sample. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy which probes the rotational degrees of freedom of a molecule. [CHMO]
optically induced simultaneous thermophoresis
A separation method where two or more particles (e.g. proteins) are separated according to their thermal conductivity in a separation medium, across which a thermal gradient (produced by laser irradiation) is applied. [CHMO]
laser-induced simultaneous thermophoresis
The removal of impurities and elimination of pores from a xerogel (a gel that has been dried with unhindered shrinkage). [CHMO]
The removal of solvent from a sample by the application of radio frequency (3 Hz to 300 GHz) or microwave (1-1000 mm) radiation. [CHMO]
The process of generating a pattern in a photosensitive sample by irradiating it with UV light. After exposure, the plate is 'developed' by washing away the unexposed resist. [CHMO]
The measurement of the density of a solution by determining the resonant frequency of a quartz U-tube which holds about 1 mL of sample. [CHMO]
A technique used to determine the concentration of osmotically active particles that reduce the vapor pressure of a solution. Vapour pressure osmometry is used to measure the average molecular weight of polymers. [CHMO]
Denaturation is the process of unfolding a protein. [Allotrope]
A type of X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding a flat polished sample with a finely focused (<10 µm diameter) beam of electrons which results in the ionization of the inner shells of sample atoms. The decay of the ionized states results in the emission of characteristic X-rays. [CHMO]
The separation of molecules in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane. In competition dialysis an array of nucleic acid structures and sequences is dialysed against a common test ligand solution. After equilibration, the amount of ligand bound to each structure or sequence is determined by absorbance or fluorescence measurements. Since all structures and sequences are in equilibrium with the same free ligand concentration, the amount bound is directly proportional to the ligand binding affinity. [CHMO]
The distribution of particles of one phase in a continuous phase of a different nature, assisted by sound waves (>20 KHz in frequency). [CHMO]
The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by exposing a small fibre containing a stationary phase bonded to a silica needle (<10 µm diameter) to the headspace above the liquid sample. [CHMO]
A method for determining molecular motion by measuring the time it takes for a particle in a highly-scattering suspension (e.g. a colloid) to move a distance comparable to the wavelength of light. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where a thermally-excited vapour sample is illuminated with an ultraviolet or visible laser and the photon emission spectrum of the sample is observed. [CHMO]
Any type of X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays or particles and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions (known as 'X-ray fluorescence') are detected. [CHMO]
The planned repetition of a precipitation to remove impurities from a precipitate or improve its stoichiometry. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray-ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons. The energy distribution of electrons which have been promoted from a specific valence band is measured. [CHMO]
A technique used to synthesize ultrafine powders by heating a mixture of reactant vapour and inert gas with a laser. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where energy transfer from a metastable atom in close proximity to (~5 ) the sample gives rise to a characteristic ejected electron energy spectrum. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of an ion and an electron which are detected as a function of energy. [CHMO]
The process of transferring a substance from a solid or liquid matrix to the vapour phase by heating. Once the concentration of the analyte in the headspace is in equilibrium with the concentration in the sample matrix, the headspace is removed. The process is repeated multiple times, allowing the new equilibrium to form at each stage. [CHMO]
A method for determining crystal orientation, using X-ray diffraction, which involves systematically rotating the sample about well defined angles until all possible lattice planes are reflected, and measuring the reflection intensity as a function of angle. The results are plotted as a pole figure. [CHMO]
A type of X-ray emission spectroscopy where the energy spectrum of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions is measured using a diffraction grating or crystal. [CHMO]
wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
A process wherein one material is extracted from another by interaction with a solvent. [CHMO]
Laplace deep level transient spectroscopy
Laplace transform deep level transient spectroscopy
Laplace transform deep-level transient spectroscopy
A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the average capacitance produced by applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at a fixed temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit a peak for each 'deep level' (each energy level near the center of the band gap). The height of the peak is proportional to the defect density and the emission rate is characteristic for each type of defect. [CHMO]
Laplace deep-level transient spectroscopy
recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample is detected. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where a pump laser is used to excite a chromophore and the transmitted power of a probe laser is used to determine the state concentration (excited vs. non-excited) of the sample. [CHMO]
concentration modulated absorption spectroscopy
The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample with an Ar plasma (a partially ionized gas containing free electrons) until the particles adhere to each other. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where thermoluminescence (visible light emitted by certain crystalline materials when previously absorbed energy from electromagnetic radiation or other ionizing radiation is re-emitted as light upon heating of the material) is detected as a function of wavelength. [CHMO]
The measurement of the luminescence of a sample as a function of temperature. [CHMO]
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered atoms. [CHMO]
A patterning process which involves using a focused Ga+ beam to cut trenches into substrates. [CHMO]
A technique for the preparation and extraction of solid and viscous samples. The sample is blended with a bonded-phase solid support (such as silica) using a glass pestle to obtain a semi-dry material. The blended sample is then packed into a cartridge and eluted. [CHMO]
spin-polarized metastable de-excitation spectrometry
spin-polarized metastable de-excitation spectroscopy
spin-polarized metastable deexcitation spectrometry
spin-polarized metastable deexcitation spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where energy transfer from a metastable atom in close proximity to (~5 ) the sample gives rise to a characteristic ejected electron energy spectrum. A magnet is used to align all the electron spins parallel to the surface. [CHMO]
convergent beam low-energy electron diffraction
convergent-beam low-energy electron diffraction
A method for determining structure by directing a highly convergent beam (nm diameter) of low energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. [CHMO]
convergent beam low energy electron diffraction
Anodic mobilization is a specialized form of electrophoretic separation of proteins and ampholytes based on their net charge, separation is achieved by the use of pH changes in the buffer with the addition of salt to the buffer resulting in excess nonproton cations. [Allotrope]
Any type of spectroscopy where the current passing through a gas discharge is monitored as a laser light source is tuned through the frequencies of allowed transitions for excited atoms in the discharge. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where the luminesence (the emission of visible light) from a small area (<10 microns diameter) of a sample which has been illuminated with light, is detected. [CHMO]
low-energy radioactive ion beam spectrometry
low-energy radioactive ion beam spectroscopy
low-energy radioactive ion-beam spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where a focused beam of proton is directed at a uranium sample and the secondary ions emitted are detected. [CHMO]
low-energy radioactive ion-beam spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy using short pulses of radiation from the radio frequency (MHz) range. Radio frequency spectroscopy is used to probe cold gas atoms and single ions. [CHMO]
reflection extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry
A type of X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient measured 500-1000 eV below the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are determined as a function of incident X-ray energy. Measurements are taken under total reflection conditions. [CHMO]
reflection extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy
Intensity normalization is a data apodization to transform the data to a common intensity range for comparison. [Allotrope]
The repeated chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy under the same conditions of time, temperature etc. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where an atomic force microscope is used to measure the force experienced by a sample. A probe, which is made of a material with a known work function (commonly tungsten or platinum), is arranged close to the sample surface as a parallel-plate capacitor with a small spacing. The probe is vibrated, causing a change in the capacitance between the electrodes. A voltage is then applied between the probe and sample until the electric field between them vanishes. The force gradient is proportional to the change in amplitude of the vibration. The distance between the probe and sample is kept constant during the measurement using a feedback loop. [CHMO]
An exothermic chemical reaction between a fuel (usually a hydrocarbon) and an oxidant (usually oxygen) which is sometimes accompanied by the production of light. [CHMO]
A half-logarithmic dilution is a serial dilution with a 1.78-fold (10^0.25) dilution for each step. [Wikipedia]
non-resonance Rayleigh scattering spectrometry
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light, where the wavelength of the incident light does not correspond to any absorption bands in the scattering molecules. [CHMO]
non-resonance Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray-ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons. All of the photoelectrons emitted within a certain energy interval are detected. [CHMO]
A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat and then immediately cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. This method can only be used to separate mixtures where the components differ widely in boiling point (by approx. 25 deg.). [CHMO]
The removal of ions from a solution using an ion-exchange method. [CHMO]
A type of chemical imaging spectroscopy where an optical microscope is used to image the sample and locate a small area for spectral analysis that probes the vibrational degrees of freedom of a molecule. [CHMO]
A technique used to measure the levels of oxygen in a sample by measuring the enhancement of relaxation rates (proportional to O2 concentration) of paramagnetic species ('labels' or 'probes', e.g. nitroxides) in solution with O2, using ESR spectroscopy. [CHMO]
A method for determining surface area by measuring the amount of N2 that adsorbs onto the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'). Regression analysis is then applied to the data, resulting in an isotherm. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with an initial laser pulse (the 'pump') followed by a second pump laser pulse, and finally a third laser pulse (the 'probe') after a short delay. The two pump pulses create excitations in the sample, which are sensed by the probe pulse. [CHMO]
A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a high-boiling-point sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat at low pressure and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. The vacuum is replaced by an inert gas once the distillation is complete. [CHMO]
The dropwise release of a liquid using a focused acoustic beam to eject a controlled droplet from an open pool of liquid. When the acoustic beam strikes the liquid surface, the pressure causes the fluid to rise up and a droplet breaks off. [CHMO]
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample. The incident X-ray beam strikes the sample under a small angle close to the critical angle of total external X-ray reflection. [CHMO]
Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays and the energies of totally reflected X-rays are measured. [CHMO]
total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy
The chemical degradation of a sample caused by a fast rate of temperature increase (10,000 K/s). [CHMO]
resonance enhanced ionisation spectroscopy
resonance enhanced ionization spectrometry
resonance enhanced ionization spectroscopy
Any type of spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with resonant laser light (using a laser which is tuned to match an electronic transition within the sample) and photoexcitation is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionization potential to create an ion. [CHMO]
The process of pressing a powder under a gas or liquid at elevated temperatures so that pressure is transmitted equally in all directions. [CHMO]
surface Penning-ionization electron spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with metastable atoms resulting in the emission of an electron (by Penning ionization) and an Auger electron. [CHMO]
surface Penning-ionization electron spectroscopy
Cathodic mobilization is a specialized form of electrophoretic separation of molecules based on their net charge, separation is achieved by the use of progressive pH changes in the buffer with the addition of salt to the buffer resulting in excess nonhydroxyl anions. [Allotrope]
A technique used to determine the extent of oxygenation of haemoglobin based on the red (600-750 nm) and infrared (800-1000 nm) light absorption characteristics of the oxygenated and deoxygenated forms. [CHMO]
The selective separation of molecules in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion across a semipermeable membrane under the influence of an electric field. [CHMO]
A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a material through a die. [CHMO]
A method for measuring density-of-state (DOS) distributions by injecting a nonequilibrium density of charges and measuring the resulting current. [CHMO]
hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction
hollow fiber-based liquid phase microextraction
hollow-fiber liquid-phase micro-extraction
hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction
The process of transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase immobilised within the pores of the wall of a porous hollow fibre (<10 µm diameter). [CHMO]
hollow fiber liquid-phase micro-extraction
Extraction of plant metabolites using a 1:3:1 v/v mixture of water, methanol and chloroform. [CHMO]
water:methanol:chloroform 1:3:1 extraction
constant capacitance deep level transient spectroscopy
constant capacitance deep-level transient spectroscopy
A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By holding the capacitance constant and monitoring the carrier emission produced when applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at different temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit a peak for each 'deep level' (each energy level near the center of the band gap). The height of the peak is proportional to the defect density and the emission rate and temperature dependence are characteristic for each type of defect. [CHMO]
constant-capacitance deep-level transient spectroscopy
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered alpha-particles. [CHMO]
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of two separate beams of X-rays scattered by a sample at low angles (0-10 deg.). [CHMO]
two-dimensional small-angle X-ray scattering
angle-resolved photoelectron spectrometry
angle-resolved photoemission spectrometry
angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]
angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. [CHMO]
pulsed electron double resonance spectroscopy
pulsed electron-electron double resonance
pulsed electron-electron double resonance spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where two microwave frequency pulse sequences are used to excite two electron resonance transitions and the effect of the first transition on the second is measured. [CHMO]
A technique where a solid sample is dissolved in a common (organic or inorganic) solvent, mixed with a supercritical fluid and sprayed into an autoclave. This leads to the reduction in solubility of the solid and precipitation. [CHMO]
X-ray photoelectron emission spectroscopy
X-ray photoelectron scattering (XPS) spectroscopy
X-ray photoelectron scattering spectroscopy
electron spectrometry for chemical analysis
electron spectrometry for chemical applications
electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis
electron spectroscopy for chemical applications
photoelectron spectroscopy of the inner shell
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with X-rays causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]
surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the resonant excitation of surface plasmons (usually on a noble metal e.g. Au or Ag surface) by ultraviolet or visible light is measured. The light source is incident on the noble metal surface through a prism, at a range of angles that are above the critical angle where total internal reflection occurs. At a certain angle excitation of the surface plasmons occurs, leading to a minimum in the reflected light. The resonance angle shifts whenever the optical density of the sample in contact with the noble metal undergoes a change, and thus it allows detection of the adsorption or desorption of molecules. [CHMO]
A method of separating two components of very similar boiling point from a mixture. A third, miscible and high-boiling-point solvent is added to the mixture which causes a change in the volatilities of the components. These components are then vaporised by the application of heat and cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. [CHMO]
The measurement of the mass of a sample as a function of temperature. [CHMO]
A method where the profile of a surface is determined by illuminating the sample with a beam of light which has been split into two paths, one of which is directed at the sample and the other at a reference mirror. When the reflections are recombined any distortions of periodic shadows due to interference contain information about the contours of the surface. [CHMO]
particle-induced X-ray emission spectrometry
Any type of X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding the sample with a focused beam of high-energy particles. [CHMO]
particle-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy
A separation method where particles move at different speeds according to their thermal conductivity in a separation medium, across which a thermal gradient is applied. [CHMO]
The study of radiation as a function of wavelength that has been reflected from or scattered by a sample. [CHMO]
angle-resolved electron-electron coincidence spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of a pair of electrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]
angle-resolved electron-electron coincidence spectroscopy
Heating is a process involving the increase in temperature of an object. [Allotrope]
A term used to describe methods wherein a reagent is continuously fed into a flowing analyte stream and the temperature difference is measured before and after a reactor (mixing chamber). Alternatively, the temperature may be measured in a differential manner between a reference and a reactor chamber. The analyte concentration is directly proportional to the measured temperature difference. [CHMO]
The separation of molecules in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion across a semipermeable membrane. The membrane is attached to a small probe (<10 µm diameter) which is inserted into the sample. [CHMO]
transmission high-energy electron diffraction
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of high energy (10-200 keV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any electrons transmitted through the sample. [CHMO]
transmission high energy electron diffraction
The process in which cells (microorganisms, plant or animal cells) are cultured in a bioreactor in a liquid or solid medium to convert organic substances into biomass (growth) or into products. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption (parallel and perpendicular to the orientation axis) of linearly polarized light by a sample. [CHMO]
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of backscattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, and suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions. [CHMO]
The simultaneous crystallization of two different substances or two different structural elements of the same substance. [CHMO]
continuous flow liquid phase microextraction
continuous-flow liquid-phase microextraction
A process for transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase (or vice versa) by injecting one phase into a glass chamber using a conventional microsyringe and holding the µL droplet at the outlet tip of a PTFE connecting tube. The other phase then flows continuously over the droplet, allowing mass transfer to occur. [CHMO]
continuous-flow liquid-phase micro-extraction
The measurement of thermodynamic parameters such as heat release rate, heat of combustion, ignitability, and the evolution of toxic gases, smoke and soot, for flame retarding materials using a cone calorimeter. [CHMO]
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of cold or thermal neutrons at a sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. [CHMO]
A type spectroscopy where a sub-ensemble of molecules within an inhomogeneously broadened absorption band is selectively excited by means of a narrow-band laser and the fluorescence and phosphorescence signal is detected with a monochromator or interferometer. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where light energy absorbed by the sample results in the production of a potential difference (the 'photovoltage') which is measured at different spectral intervals. [CHMO]
tunable diode laser absorbance spectrometry
tunable diode laser absorbance spectroscopy
tunable diode laser absorption spectrometry
A type of laser spectroscopy where a diode laser is tuned to a specific absorption line of interest in the sample and the intensity of the transmitted radiation is measured. [CHMO]
tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy using short pulses of radiation from the teraherz range (1 mm-100 µ m). [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where the amount of light transmitted through a sample is measured. [CHMO]
A method for determining the electrophoretic mobility and zeta-potential of a sample of colloidal particles in solution by illuminating the sample with a light source (usually a laser) and measuring the time dependent fluctuations in the frequency of the scattered light caused by an oscillating electric field. [CHMO]
A logarithmic dilution is a serial dilution with a tenfold dilution for each step. [Wikipedia]
infrared thermal diffusion forced Rayleigh scattering
A method for determining structure where a grating created by the interference of infrared laser beams is written into a sample which contains a small amount of dye. The intensity grating is converted into a temperature grating which, in turn, causes a concentration grating by thermal diffusion. A further infrared laser beam is Rayleigh scattered by the grating and the change in direction or energy of the light and the temporal evolution of the scattered beam are measured. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray-ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons. The energy distribution of electrons which have been promoted to a specific conduction band is measured. [CHMO]
The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction. [CHMO]
Smooting is a data apodization in statistics and image processing to create an approximating function that attempts to capture important patterns in the data, while leaving out noise or other fine-scale structures/rapid phenomena. [Wikipedia]
A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of polarized infrared light by a set of isotopically labelled sites in a sample. The introduction of a labelled atom e.g. 13C=16O, results in a shift of the corresponding absorption frequency. [CHMO]
site-specific infrared dichroism spectroscopy
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of high energy (10-200 keV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. [CHMO]
A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture under reduced pressure. As a small quantity of the sample mixture is heated using several glass bulbs connected in line, its vapours rise a short distance into a vertical condenser where they are cooled by dry ice in acetone (-78 deg.C). [CHMO]
The measurement of the intensity of the light resulting from the interference of two lasers of different wavelength. [CHMO]
The process of transferring a dissolved substance from one liquid phase to another (immiscible or partially miscible) liquid phase in contact with it. A microdrop of organic solvent (8 µL), is suspended from the end of Teflon rod immersed in a stirred aqueous solution of the sample. The sample solution is stirred until equilibrium is reached, after which, the drop is retracted into the Teflon rod. [CHMO]
The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy in the presence of an oxidative atmosphere. [CHMO]
The transformation of a chemical compound (the 'educt') into another similar compound (the 'derivative') by altering one or more of its functional groups. Derviatisation is generally perfomed to alter reactivity or change a physical property such as solubility, boiling point, melting point, thermal stability etc. [CHMO]
The measurement of the surface tension of a non-static liquid. [CHMO]
proton-induced X-ray emission spectrometry
Any type of X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding the sample with a focused beam of high-energy protons. [CHMO]
proton-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy
A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel and applying an electric field perpendicular to the channel. A carrier liquid is passed through the channel and the particles are separated on the basis of electrophoretic mobility. [CHMO]
The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of the temperature, whilst the pressure is kept constant. [CHMO]
temperature-controlled scanning calorimetry
The process of chemically removing a thin layer from a sample surface, usually to leave behind a pattern. [CHMO]
solution enhanced dispersion by supercritical fluids
A solid sample is dissolved in a common (organic or inorganic) solvent mixed with a supercritical fluid and sprayed into an autoclave (using a nozzle with two or three coaxial channels) resulting in precipitation. [CHMO]
solution-enhanced dispersion by supercritical fluids
The process of transferring the organic components of a solid to an organic liquid phase. The process is accelerated by directing radiation in the microwave region (1-1000 mm) at the sample. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where a beam of neutrons is used to probe atomic and magnetic dynamics. [CHMO]
The process of transferring a substance from any matrix to an appropriate liquid phase. [CHMO]
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample at wide angles (>10 deg.). Wide-angle X-ray scattering is used for determining the structure of polymers. [CHMO]
The chemical degradation of different fractions of the same sample by heating at different temperatures for different times. [CHMO]
A technique used to determine the amount of oxygen in sample based on the absorption of laser radiation. [CHMO]
The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction as a function of temperature. [CHMO]
An electrochemical technique where the total Coulombs of electricity required to complete (fully oxidise or fully reduce the sample in) an electrochemical reaction is measured whilst the current is held at a constant value. [CHMO]
A kind of elemental or isotopic analysis based on the measurement of characteristic radiation from nuclides formed directly or indirectly by activation of the test portion. [CHMO]
The measurement of the refractive index of small glass fragments as a function of temperature. The glass fragments are placed in silicone oil and observed as the temperature is raised. At the point where the glass fragment disappear the refractive index of the oil and glass are equal. [CHMO]
low energy electron energy loss spectrometry
low-energy electron energy loss spectrometry
low-energy electron energy loss spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of low kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the energy loss the electrons suffer upon reflection is measured. [CHMO]
The substitution of an atom or an ion (present in the form of its stable isotope) by a radioactive isotope of the same element. [CHMO]
The growth of larger crystals from those of smaller size, which have a higher solubility that the larger ones. [CHMO]
A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel within a centrifuge such that the centripetal force is applied perpendicular to the flow stream (driving the particles towards the walls of the channel). A carrier liquid is then passed through the channel removing the smallest particles first. [CHMO]
A type of dissection where a laser is coupled to a microscope and focused onto a biological sample (e.g. tissue) on the slide. [CHMO]
The formation of a gel or solidification of a gelatin solution caused by a change in conditions (such as temperature or pH). [CHMO]
The measurement of an optical characteristic of a sample as a function of temperature. [CHMO]
The process of transferring the partially soluble components of a solid to the liquid phase using a Soxhlet extractor. The solid is placed in a filter paper thimble which is then placed into the main chamber of the Soxhlet extractor. The solvent (heated to reflux) travels into the main chamber and the partially soluble components are slowly tranferred to the solvent. [CHMO]
The process of transferring a dissolved substance from one liquid phase to another (immiscible or partially miscible) liquid phase in contact with it. [CHMO]
electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometry
electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy
Any type of spectroscopy where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to a perturbing magnetic field is measured. [CHMO]
The process of creating deep holes and trenches in a sample surface (cooled to -110 deg. C) using short pulses of a plasma (a partially ionized gas containing free electrons and radicals) alternating with the deposition of a chemically inert passivation layer. [CHMO]
field-emission electron spin-polarization spectroscopy
field-emitted electron spin-polarization spectrometry
Any type of electron spectroscopy where electrons are emitted from a cathode by application of an intense electric field and a magnet is used to align all electron spins parallel to the sample surface. [CHMO]
field emission electron spin-polarization spectroscopy
ratio variable-angle polarized absorption spectroscopy
variable angle polarization referenced absorbtion spectroscopy
variable angle polarized-referenced absorption spectroscopy
variable-angle polarized-referenced absorption spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the absorption of linearly (p-) polarized UV-vis light by the sample, as it is rotated about the vertical axis, is recorded at incremental angles of incidence. The angle-independent s-polarization of the light is also measured as a reference. [CHMO]
ratio variable angle polarized absorption spectroscopy
The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate'), consisting of an antigen-specific antibody complex, from solution. [CHMO]
Any type of spectroscopy where the absorption or emission of electrons is detected. [CHMO]
The measurement of the magnetic susceptibility of a sample as a function of temperature. [CHMO]
The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the liquid sample through a small sol-gel-coated fused-silica capillary. [CHMO]
A type of X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient and the Auger emission of the sample are measured 500-1000 eV below the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) as a function of incident X-ray energy. [CHMO]
surface extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy
The simultaneous precipitation of a normally soluble component with a macro-component from the same solution by the formation of mixed crystals, by adsorption, occlusion or mechanical entrapment. [CHMO]
core level characteristic loss spectroscopy
core-level characteristic loss spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the loss in energy of electrons produced by ionization is measured. [CHMO]
A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. [CHMO]
The cleavage of one or more bonds resulting from exposure to a beam of highly accelerated (10 MeV) electrons. Pulse radiolysis is a method of initiating reactions which occur on a timescale faster than 100 µs. [CHMO]
A heat treatment that alters the microstructure of a material causing changes in its properties such as strength and hardness. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation in the X-ray region. [CHMO]
X-ray bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy
The irradiation of a liquid sample with ultrasonic (>20 kHz) waves resulting in agitation. Sound waves propagate into the liquid media result in alternating high-pressure (compression) and low-pressure (rarefaction) cycles. During rarefaction, high-intensity sonic waves create small vacuum bubbles or voids in the liquid, which then collapse violently (cavitation) during compression, creating very high local temperatures. [CHMO]
The process of transferring a substance from a solid or liquid matrix to the vapour phase by heating. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where light energy (from a fluctuating light source) absorbed by the sample results in the production of a potential difference (the 'photovoltage') which is measured at different spectral intervals as a function of the modulation frequency of the light source. [CHMO]
intensity-modulated photovoltage spectroscopy
A method where components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density in a centrifuge according to the centrifugal force they experience. [CHMO]
reflection circular dichroism spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy based on the differential reflectance of left- and right-handed circularly polarized light by a sample. [CHMO]
reflectance circular dichroism spectroscopy
A method for separating proteins from plasma by changing the conditions (e.g. temperature or acidity) of the plasma, causing precipitation of the proteins, which can then be removed by centrifugation. [CHMO]
The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface using short pulses of an oxygen plasma (a partially ionized gas containing free electrons and radicals e.g. O, O+ and O2+). [CHMO]
The intensity calibration is a type of calibration of cameras such as those used in cell counter devices. [Allotrope]
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of low energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any elastically scattered (scattering where kinetic energy is conserved) electrons. [CHMO]
The measurement of cell current, whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled, associated with the ion transfer across the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES). [CHMO]
A flotation process in which the material of interest, adsorbed on the surface of gas bubbles in a liquid, is collected on an upper layer of immiscible liquid. [CHMO]
The chemical degradation of a sample (usually an organic material) by heating it in a vacuum in order to decrease its boiling point and avoid adverse chemical reactions. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation in the range Xray-ultraviolet, which causes ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]
X-ray-ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy
The breakdown of a single phase into two or more phases by heating or treatment with acid, alkali or enzymes. [CHMO]
A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. The distillation is ongoing with sample mixture being continuously added. [CHMO]
An electrochemical technique where the time dependence of the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled. [CHMO]
femtosecond two-colour four-wave spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where three femtosecond pulse incident laser beams are mixed, two 'pump' beams of the same frequency and one 'probe' beam of a different frequency. [CHMO]
femtosecond two-colour four-wave mixing spectroscopy
A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the current produced when applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at different temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit a peak for each 'deep level' (each energy level near the center of the band gap). The height of the peak is proportional to the defect density and the emission rate and temperature dependence are characteristic for each type of defect. [CHMO]
current deep-level transient spectroscopy
pulse radiolysis time resolved microwave conductivity
pulse-radiolysis time-resolved microwave conductivity
A technique allowing the quantitative and qualitative detection of radiation-induced charge separation by time-resolved measurement of the changes in microwave absorption resulting from the production and decay of charged and dipolar molecular entities. In a typical pulse-radiolysis TRMC experiment, separated charge carriers, which are generated by a nanosecond pulse of 3-MeV electrons, lead to a perturbation of the initial microwave absorbance. The temporal decay of the conductivity signal (i.e. microwave absorbance) reflects the lifetime of the electrogenerated carriers. [CHMO]
pulse radiolysis time-resolved microwave conductivity
A method for determining structure during photoelectron spectroscopy. Photons are directed at a sample and diffraction patterns resulting from the emission of electrons at 90 deg. from the surface are recorded. [CHMO]
non-resonant X-ray emission spectrometry
A type of X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with incident X-rays of a wavelength which does not correspond to a specific electronic transition within the atoms of the sample, and the energies and intensities of the emitted X-rays are measured. [CHMO]
non-resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy
A method for determining structure during X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. X-rays are directed at a sample and diffraction patterns resulting from the emission of electrons are recorded. [CHMO]
A type of activation analysis where atomic nuclei are excited (by a heavy ion beam or by collision with another nucleus) and their decaying gamma-ray emissions are measured and compared to reference spectra. [CHMO]
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, phase is not conserved and the neutrons retain all of their kinetic energy during collisions. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation. [CHMO]
A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the capacitance produced by applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at constant different temperatures, spectra are generated that exhibit peaks, the height of which are proportional to the height of which are proportional to time constant for the emission rate. [CHMO]
isothermal capacitance transient spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser causing molecules in the sample to be electronically excited. The photons emitted as a result of the decay of the molecules back down to the ground state are measured. [CHMO]
The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy during which the temperature is held constant. [CHMO]
The removal of solvent from a sample by the application of heated air. [CHMO]
X-ray magnetic circular dichroism spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised X-ray radiation in the presence of a magnetic field. [CHMO]
X-ray magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy
A method for determining the size distribution of a sample of small particles in concentrated or opaque solutions by illuminating the sample with two laser beams and cross-correlating the time-dependent fluctuations in the intensity of the scattered light caused by Brownian motion. [CHMO]
Auger electron photoelectron coincidence spectrometry
Auger electron-photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy
Auger-photoelectron electron coincidence spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays resulting in the emission of photoelectrons and 'Auger' electrons which are detected as a function of energy. [CHMO]
Auger-photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy
electron appearance potential fine structure spectrometry
electron appearance potential fine structure spectroscopy
extended appearance potential fine structure analysis
extended appearance potential fine structure spectrometry
extended appearance potential fine structure spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by a sudden change in the electron beam current. The fine structure close to the threshold is analysed by measuring the change in electron beam current. [CHMO]
electron appearance potential fine structure analysis
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample at wide angles (>10 deg.). The wavelength of the X-rays used is scanned over an absorption edge which changes the scattering in a known way (the 'anomalous dispersion effect'). [CHMO]
A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a material through a die in the presence of a pressurised fluid. [CHMO]
The selective sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') from a liquid sample containing a ligand and a target protein. The precipitate evolves after the application of a suitable stimulus (e.g. Ca2+ or Ba2+). [CHMO]
The process of attaching a label onto a substance. Labels are molecular entities that facilitate the detection (through fluorescence, radioactivity, etc.) of the species to which they are attached. [CHMO]
The formation of a gel from a solution by electrochemical oxidation. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where gamma-rays are absorbed by a sample resulting in the ejection of an electron and the emission of light which is detected. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where the resonant excitation of surface plasmons (usually on a noble metal e.g. Au or Ag surface) by radiation from the near infrared region (0.8-2 µm) is measured. [CHMO]
near-infrared surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy
A method for determining structure by measuring the energy loss of X-rays scattered by a sample. [CHMO]
Any type of spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with a laser and photoexcitation is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionization potential to create an ion. [CHMO]
The mechanical reduction of the particle size of a solid sample by attribution (friction), impact or cutting. [CHMO]
A type of X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 m diameter) X-ray beam and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions (known as 'X-ray fluorescence') are detected. [CHMO]
momentum-resolved bremsstrahlung spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation which is detected as a function of photon momentum. [CHMO]
momentum-resolved bremsstrahlung spectroscopy
A sample preparation method where (contaminated) material is removed from a specimen by illuminating it with a laser beam. An energy transfer medium is illuminated with the laser beam, and preferentially absorbs energy into capillary spaces under and around the particles on the contaminated specimen. This energy transfer causes explosive evaporation of the energy transfer medium, and the propulsion of particles off the specimen much like a small rocket engine. [CHMO]
The process of transferring a substance from any matrix to another where the amount of reagent used is lower than that dictated by stoichiometry. [CHMO]
The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by attaching a stationary phase to a stir bar which moves throughout the liquid sample. [CHMO]
ultra-violet photoemission spectroscopy ultra-violet photoemission spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with ultraviolet (10-400 nm) photons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]
The removal of water from a liquid sample by pumping it through an atomiser (to produce a spray of fine droplets) then passing a hot gas (e.g. air or N2) through it. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with a finely focused X-ray beam (<10 m diameter) and the X-ray absorption coefficient of the sample is measured. [CHMO]
Any type of chemical imaging spectroscopy where an optical microscope is used to image the sample and locate a small area for spectral analysis. [CHMO]
A type of microscopy which uses a probe to scan the surface of the specimen and measure some form of interaction between surface and probe. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the probe-surface interaction as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. [CHMO]
A type of spectrometry where the alpha-particles (or 4He nuclei) spontaneously emitted from radioisotopes are detected. [CHMO]
A type of laser spectroscopy where a fixed-wavelength infrared or ultraviolet laser is used to excite the sample which is placed in an electric field. By varying the strength of the applied electric field some vibrational-rotational transitions can be made to coincide with the laser wavelength and the absorption of the laser light is measured. [CHMO]
Height peak picking is a peak picking by reporting the area defined by all raw data points. [Allotrope]
heavy ion elastic recoil detection analysis
A technique for measuring elemental concentration depth profiles in thin films by directing a heavy-ion (such as iodine-127) beam at the sample and detecting the recoiled atoms. [CHMO]
heavy-ion elastic recoil detection analysis
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered visible light. Light is scattered by the electrons surrounding the atomic nuclei in the sample. [CHMO]
A method for determining surface area by measuring the amount of an inert gasesous or liquid substance (the 'sorbent', usually H2 or N2) which desorbs from the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'). Regression analysis is then applied to the data, resulting in an isotherm. [CHMO]
A method for determining surface area by measuring the amount of an inert gaseous or liquid substance (the 'sorbent', usually H2 or N2) which adsorbs onto the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'). Regression analysis is then applied to the data, resulting in an isotherm. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where the intensity of luminescence emitted by molecules excited is detected as a function of wavelength or time. [CHMO]
The process of heating a substance to cause the solid-liquid phase change. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where three incident laser beams are mixed. [CHMO]
The measurement of the conductance of a solution as a function of concentration. Measurements are made indirectly across the resistance of the solution with high-frequency alternating current (>0.1 MHz). [CHMO]
energy dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy
energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry
energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy
energy-dispersive X-ray emission analysis
A type of X-ray emission spectroscopy where the energy spectrum of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions is measured using a semiconductor detector. [CHMO]
energy-dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy
capacitance deep level transient spectroscopy
capacitance deep-level transient spectroscopy
A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the capacitance produced by applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at different temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit a peak for each 'deep level' (each energy level near the center of the band gap). The height of the peak is proportional to the defect density and the emission rate and temperature dependence are characteristic for each type of defect. [CHMO]
An eletrochemical process that increases the thickness of the oxide layer on the surface of a metal sample in order to make it less reactive. Anodization proceeds by passing a direct current through an electrolytic solution, with the sample serving as the anode. [CHMO]
depth-selective photoelectron spectrometry
depth-selective photoemission spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with gamma-rays causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]
depth-selective photoelectron spectroscopy
The subsequent precipitation of a chemically different species upon the surface of an initial precipitate usually, but not necessarily, including a common ion. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where an atomic force microscope is used to measure the force experienced by a sample. The method involves the application of a small sinusoidal oscillating force to the tip via a magnetic field created by a conducting coil which interacts with a magnetic particle glued on the backside of the cantilever and measuring the change in amplitude during the approach and retraction of the sample. [CHMO]
A method used to measure the mass (micrograms) per unit area of a sample using a quartz crystal microbalance (a piece of apparatus that measures the change in frequency of a quartz crystal sandwiched between a pair of electrodes as a function of the mass of the sample). [CHMO]
A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a high-boiling-point sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat at low pressure (< 0.01 Torr) and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. [CHMO]
The melting of a material within a frozen shell of the same substance. This technique is used for materials which are very corrosive when molten e.g. cubic zirconia. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where light energy (from a fluctuating light source) absorbed by the sample results in the production of a current (the 'photocurrent') which is measured at different spectral intervals as a function of the modulation frequency of the light source. [CHMO]
intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected as a function of energy. The spectrum is recorded over an extended energy range, from the photon absorption edge onset to several hundred eV above it. [CHMO]
photoelectron extended fine structure spectroscopy
Any process that makes one sample unreactive to another, prior to using the samples together. [CHMO]
A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel, such that the Earth's gravitational field is perpendicular to the channel, and varying the ionic strength of the solution or Hamaker constant/surface potential of the particles. [CHMO]
potential barrier field-flow fractionation
The measurement of a dimension of the sample under negligible load as a function of temperature. [CHMO]
Any type of spectroscopy where two or more particles (electrons, photons or ions) originating from a single event, such as an ionization, are detected as a function of energy. [CHMO]
Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more laser beams and the absorption or emission of light by the sample is measured. [CHMO]
A method of separating a lower-boiling-point product from its reactants in a reaction mixture. The product is vaporised by the application of heat and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. [CHMO]
intra cavity laser absorption spectroscopy
intra-cavity laser absorption spectrometry
intracavity laser absorption spectrometry
intracavity laser absorption spectroscopy
Any type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside the laser cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. [CHMO]
An extraction method for soil samples that uses a high-vacuum system to remove liquid and gas from low-permeability or heterogeneous soil. By removing water from the sample (liquid-phase extraction) the water table is lowered exposing the solid sample to vapor-phase extraction. [CHMO]
An electrochemical technique where the time dependence of the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled. Measurements are taken every 1-5 s. [CHMO]
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of electrons (the energies of which are controlled by their acceleration voltage) and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. [CHMO]
The process of transferring a µL amount of an ionisable substance from an aqueous phase to another aqueous phase, via an organic phase, by performing simultaneous extraction and back-extraction between the phases. [CHMO]
synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray-ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]
synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy
A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong nanosecond pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The absorption of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse. [CHMO]
resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization spectrometry
resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization spectroscopy
Any type of spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with resonant laser light (using a laser which is tuned to match an electronic transitions within the sample) and photoexcitation (by the absorption of two or more photons) is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionization potential to create an ion. [CHMO]
resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization spectrometry
The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface by bombarding it with energetic ions. [CHMO]
A short (microsecond to second) period of radio frequency wavelength radiation. [CHMO]
The formation of a gel from a solution by heating. [CHMO]
microporous membrane liquid-liquid extraction
The transfer of a solute from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (organic) phase (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a porous hydrophobic membrane the pores of which are filled with the same acceptor phase. [CHMO]
near-infrared magnetic circular dichroism spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarized near-infrared radiation in the presence of a magnetic field. [CHMO]
near-infrared magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy
Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays and the energies of reflected X-rays are measured. [CHMO]
The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of the pressure, whilst the temperature is kept constant. [CHMO]
pressure-controlled scanning calorimetry
A method for determining structure where the sample is bombarded with ions (100-1000 eV) and the energies and positions of the scattered ions are detected. [CHMO]
A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. An azeotrope (a mixture of two or more liquids which produces vapor with the same ratio of constituents as the original mixture) cannot be separated by normal distillation, therefore an additional third component (known as an 'entrainer') is added to the mixture. This has the effect of changing the volatility of one of liquids in the azeotrope to a greater extent than the other, allowing separation to occur. [CHMO]
total-reflection X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry
A type of X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient around the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are measured as a function of incident X-ray energy. Measurements are taken under total reflection conditions. [CHMO]
total-reflection X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy
A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a sample mixture are vaporised by bubbling steam through it and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. [CHMO]
The process of transferring the soluble components of a solid to the liquid phase using a solvent. [CHMO]
An operation applied to a spectra to determine the area under a peak or set of peaks. [Allotrope]
Any type of spectroscopy where one electron spin resonance is detected though its effect on another. [CHMO]
electron-electron double resonance spectroscopy
The decompositon of a sample in strong alkalis (e.g. NaOH) to obtain the sample in liquid form. [CHMO]
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample. X-Rays are generated in a synchrotron. [CHMO]
nanowire electron scattering spectrometry
nanowire electron scattering spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, extended range of kinetic energies is scattered by a sample supported on a nano-sized wire (such as a carbon nanotube) and the energy loss the electrons suffer upon scattering is measured. [CHMO]
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction and energy of scattered He atoms. The He atoms suffer energy loss upon scattering by colliding inelastically with surfaces leading to the absorption or emission of surface phonons. [CHMO]
electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance measurements
electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance technique
A method used to determine the ratio of the mass, deposited at the electrode surface during an electrochemical reaction, to the total charge passed through the electrode (the 'current efficiency'). The electrode surface is deposited on a piezoelectric quartz crystal, and the change in resonance frequency of the crystal is measured. [CHMO]
electrochemical quartz crystal microgravimetry
The substitution of an atom or an ion (present in the form of its stable isotope) by an isotope of the same element. [CHMO]
A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a material through a die at elevated temperatures (up to 2000 °C). [CHMO]
The decomposition of only part of a sample by the addition of liquid reagents to solubilise it. [CHMO]
The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of the temperature, whilst the pressure (10-100 atm) is kept constant. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where the resonant excitation of surface plasmons (usually on a Au or Ag nanosized surface) by ultraviolet or visible light is measured. [CHMO]
localized surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy
Any type of spectroscopy where the absorption or emission of X-rays is detected. [CHMO]
heterodyne optical Kerr effect (HOKE) spectroscopy
heterodyne optical Kerr effect spectroscopy
heterodyne-detected optical Kerr effect spectroscopy
optically heterodyne detected optical Kerr effect spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the refractive index change of the sample induced by two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) under the influence of an electric field (the 'optical Kerr effect') is measured. The polarizing filters are rotated slightly, giving rise to a heterodyne at the detector, improving the signal-to-noise ratio compared to optical Kerr effect spectroscopy. [CHMO]
optically-heterodyned Kerr effect spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised light by a sample. [CHMO]
photo-detachment photoelectron spectroscopy
photodetachment-photoelectron spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a fixed-energy light source resulting in the detachment of electrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]
photodetachment photoelectron spectroscopy
The chemical degradation of a sample caused by spraying it, as a liquid mixture, onto a heated substrate. [CHMO]
metastable-quenched electron spectrometry
Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with metastable atoms resulting in the emission of two or more particles (electrons, photons or ions) which are detected as a function of energy. [CHMO]
metastable-quenched electron spectroscopy
The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface by sputtering or dissolving using reactive ions or a vapour-phase etchant. [CHMO]
laser multiphoton ionization spectrometry
Any type of spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with a laser and photoexcitation (by the absorption of two or more photons) is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionization potential to create an ion. [CHMO]
laser multiphoton ionization spectroscopy
A Gaussian smoothing is a smoothing by convolving the data with a one-dimensional Gaussian function. [Allotrope]
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons at wide angles (corresponding to Q >1 inverse degrees). [CHMO]
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample and retain all of their kinetic energy during collisions. [CHMO]
resonance-enhanced photoelectron spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray-ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons. The energy of the incoming photons is adjusted such that it coincides with an electronic transition of the molecule. [CHMO]
resonance-enhanced photoelectron spectroscopy
The transfer of a solute from a liquid phase to another immiscible or partially-miscible liquid phase in contact with it. [CHMO]
A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is in the form of a high-speed accelerated beam of atoms which is superimposed on a resonant laser beam (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample) and light absorption is measured. [CHMO]
The characterization of flow or deformation of a liquid, which cannot be defined by a single value of viscosity, as a result of shear stress. [CHMO]
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample at low angles (0-10 deg.). [CHMO]
vibrating circular dichroism spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarized infrared radiation during a vibrational transition. [CHMO]
vibrational circular dichroism spectroscopy
The fusing together of small particles by heating a powder sample below its melting point until its particles adhere to each other. [CHMO]
quasi-elastic light scattering spectrometry
quasi-elastic light scattering spectroscopy
A method for determining the size distribution of a sample of small particles in solution by illuminating the sample with a light source (usually a laser) and measuring the time-dependent fluctuations in the intensity of the scattered light caused by Brownian motion. [CHMO]
A type of X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with synchrotron radiation (radiation produced by the movement of charged particles in a magnetic field) and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions (known as 'X-ray fluorescence') are detected. [CHMO]
synchrotron radiation X-ray emission spectroscopy
Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more laser beams and the absorption of light by the sample is measured. [CHMO]
angle-resolved secondary electron spectrometry
angular resolved secondary electron spectrometry
angular resolved secondary electron spectroscopy
Any type of spectroscopy where primary electrons interact with a sample and the electrons emitted as a result of the interaction (secondary electrons) are detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]
angle-resolved secondary electron spectroscopy
A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel and applying a carrier liquid flow perpendicular to the channel. A carrier liquid is then passed through the channel and the particles elute in order of decreasing diffusion coefficient. [CHMO]
Any detection or measurement method where the structure of a crystal or molecule can be determined by directing a beam of particles or radiation at a sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. [CHMO]
angle-resolved electron-electron ion coincidence spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of an ion and a pair of electrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]
angle-resolved electron-electron ion coincidence spectroscopy
A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a material through a die at a temperature that is above room temperature, but below the recrystallization temperature of the material (400-900 deg. C). [CHMO]
The sedimentation of a solid protein (a 'precipitate') from an aqueous solution caused by the addition of an organic solvent (e.g. methanol), a polyelectrolyte (e.g. alginate) or a salt (e.g. ammonium sulfate) in a process known as 'salting out'. [CHMO]
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light. [CHMO]
A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The diffuse reflectance of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse. [CHMO]
diffuse reflectance laser flash photolysis
Any type of spectroscopy where the absorption of emission of ions is detected. [CHMO]
A process used to purify crude chemical compounds containing solid impurities. A solvent is chosen in which the desired product is insoluble and the undesired by-products are very soluble (or vice versa). The crude material is washed with the solvent and filtered away, leaving the purified product in solid form and any impurities in solution. [CHMO]
magneto-optical Kerr effect spectroscopy
magneto-optical Kerr-effect spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the refractive index change of laser light reflected by a magnetized sample (the 'magneto-optic Kerr effect') is measured. [CHMO]
magneto optical Kerr effect spectroscopy
The conversion of carbonaceous materials (e.g. such as coal, petroleum, biofuel, or biomass) into CO and H2 by heating with a controlled amount of oxygen and/or steam. The resulting gas mixture is called a 'syngas'. [CHMO]
femtosecond Raman induced Kerr effect spectroscopy
femtosecond Raman-induced Kerr-effect spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where femtosecond pulses of two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) with a frequency difference close to a Raman-mode frequency in the sample induce a refractive index change in the sample. By scanning the frequency difference of the two beams and recording simultaneously the polarization change of the probe beam, the Raman spectral structure of the sample can be obtained.Information is obtained regarding ultrafast solvent dynamics by measuring the time response of a transient birefringence that is induced in the sample by a polarized femtosecond optical pulse. [CHMO]
femtosecond Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy
A technique for separating large (= channel width) particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel. Normally particles migrate towards the walls of the channel but large particles are unable to approach the walls and when a carrier liquid is passed through the channel, these particles are removed first. [CHMO]
The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate'), consisting of a specific protein-antibody complex, from a solution containing many different proteins. [CHMO]
The measurement of magneto-optical activity by placing the sample in a strong magnetic field and observing a beam of plane-polarized light which is directed along the magnetic field axis. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies is transmitted through a sample and the energy distribution of the transmitted electrons is measured. [CHMO]
transmission electron energy loss spectroscopy
A type of spectrometry where the noise generated by the movement of bubbles or particles is detected. [CHMO]
electrochemical-induced impedance spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of an electrochemical cell is measured. [CHMO]
electrochemical-induced impedance spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where a focused beam of ions is directed at a sample causes binary collisions with surface molecules which result in molecular decomposition and the emission of atoms. [CHMO]
The trapping of microscopic particles by a localised magnetic field. [CHMO]
resonant inelastic X-ray emission spectrometry
resonant inelastic X-ray emission spectroscopy
resonant inelastic X-ray scattering spectrometry
resonant inelastic X-ray scattering spectroscopy
A method for determining structure by measuring the energy loss of X-rays scattered by a sample where the incident X-ray energy is chosen to coincide with an electronic transition in the sample. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where the resonant excitation of surface plasmons (usually on a Au or Ag surface) by ultraviolet or visible light is measured, during which the reflectivity of the sample is measured at a fixed angle or wavelength. [CHMO]
The substitution of one or more hydrogen atoms in a molecule with deuterium atoms. [CHMO]
Any separation technique based on the application of a field perpendicular to a flow stream in a narrow channel. [CHMO]
valence band X-ray emission spectrometry
valence band X-ray emission spectroscopy
valence band X-ray fluorescence spectrometry
valence band X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy
valence to core X-ray emission spectrometry
valence to core X-ray emission spectroscopy
valence to core X-ray fluorescence spectrometry
valence to core X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy
valence-to-core X-ray emission spectrometry
valence-to-core X-ray emission spectroscopy
valence-to-core X-ray fluorescence spectrometry
valence-to-core X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy
A type of X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with low energy X-rays and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to valence-to-core transitions are detected. [CHMO]
A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the differential of the capacitance produced by applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at constant different temperatures, spectra are generated that exhibit peaks, the height of which are proportional to the height of which are proportional to time constant for the emission rate. [CHMO]
differential isothermal capacitance transient spectroscopy
transmission low-energy electron diffraction
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of high energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any electrons transmitted through the sample. [CHMO]
transmission low energy electron diffraction
An apodization function applied to the unprocessed FID to improve signal to noise (S/N). [Allotrope]
The measurement of very small magnetic fields (5 x 10-18 T) using a superconducting quantum interference device. [CHMO]
superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry
The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) at constant pressure during a chemical or biochemical reaction. [CHMO]
The process of pressing a powder under a gas or liquid so that pressure is transmitted equally in all directions. [CHMO]
The process of transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase (or vice versa) by suspending a microlitre-sized drop of the organic phase in a large volume of the aqueous phase. [CHMO]
A technique for separating polymer particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel and heating one end, whilst cooling the other. The polymer particles migrate towards the cooler plate and are then removed with a carrier liquid. [CHMO]
An electrochemical technique where the time dependence of the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is varied as a step function. [CHMO]
A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture under reduced pressure. As the sample mixture to be purified is heated, its vapours rise a short distance into a vertical condenser where they are cooled by water. This technique is used for compounds which are unstable at high temperatures because it allows a lower boiling temperature to be used. [CHMO]
charge-carrier extraction using pulsed voltage
A method for measuring charge carrier mobilities and conductivities by applying two sequentional square-shaped voltage pulses and measuring the resulting current. [CHMO]
carrier extraction using pulsed voltage method
The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy. The term pyrolysis generally refers to heating in an inert environment. [CHMO]
A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. As the sample mixture to be purified is heated, its vapours rise into a condenser where they are cooled by water. The vapours stick to the inside surface of the condenser where they continue to be heated until they vaporise again. [CHMO]
Sampling is the process of taking parts or units of a population or material of interest for studying. [Allotrope]
sampling can be both separating or partitioning or a combination of it
pulling a small sample outside a bioreactor
The process of transferring a substance from any matrix to an appropriate liquid phase, assisted by sound waves (>20 KHz in frequency) that propagate through the liquid media. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where an optical microscope is used to image the sample and locate a small area for spectral analysis with radiation in the ultraviolet to near infrared range. [CHMO]
electron-electron ion coincidence spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of an ion and a pair of electrons which are detected as a function of energy. [CHMO]
electron-electron-ion coincidence spectroscopy
near-resonance Rayleigh light scattering
near-resonance Rayleigh scattering spectrometry
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light, where the wavelength of the incident light corresponds to an energy which is near to an absorption band in the scattering molecules. [CHMO]
near-resonance Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy
Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. The energy of the incident photons is usually greater than the ionization energy of the sample and the photoelectrons are emitted with the excess in the form of kinetic energy. [CHMO]
A method for isolating specific cells of interest from microscopic regions of tissue using a microscope coupled to a UV laser. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of a sample during excitation with an alternating-current voltage is measured. [CHMO]
alternating current impedance spectroscopy
The process of transferring a non-ionic surfactant from one liquid phase to another by heating. As the temperature of the solution rises, the surfactant molecules form micelles, if the temperature increases above the cloud point (CPT) the micelles become dehydrated and aggregate. This leads to macroscopic phase separation of the solution into a surfactant-rich phase and a solvent phase. [CHMO]
The separation of molecules in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane. [CHMO]
The measurement of the enthalpy change during chemical reaction in order to determine quantitative values of a reactant or catalyst. In general, at least one reactant is a liquid or solution. [CHMO]
Laser ablation is the process of removing material from a solid (or occasionally liquid) surface by irradiating it with a laser beam. At low laser flux, the material is heated by the absorbed laser energy and evaporates or sublimates. [Wikipedia]
Any method used to trap a sample for further analysis. [CHMO]
The stepwise crystallisation of two or more different substances induced by changes in concentration or temperature. The sample is mixed with a solvent, heated, and then gradually cooled so that, as each of its constituent components crystallises, it can be removed in its pure form from the solution. [CHMO]
The process of using strong acids/alkalis to remove a thin layer of the unprotected parts of a sample surface (e.g. metal or silicon) to create a pattern. Anisotropic etching occurs when different etch rates are observed in different directions in the sample (e.g. for different crystal faces). [CHMO]
Any type of spectroscopy where an atomic force microscope is used to measure the force experienced by a sample, usually by taking force-distance curves. [CHMO]
microwave detected photoinduced current transient spectroscopy
microwave-detected photo-induced current transient spectroscopy
A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the current produced by applying a microwave pulse to the semiconductor junction at different temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit peaks, the height of which are proportional to the defect density, and the emission rate and temperature dependence are characteristic for each type of defect. [CHMO]
microwave-detected photoinduced current transient spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the resonant excitation of surface plasmons on a surface, which is the working electrode in an electrochemical experiment, by ultraviolet or visible light is measured. [CHMO]
electrochemical surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, phase is not conserved and the neutrons suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions. [CHMO]
The trapping of microscopic particles by a focused laser beam. The beam is focused through a microscope objective, producing a strong electric field gradient at its narrowest point, which attracts dielectric particles. [CHMO]
laser-induced fragmentation spectrometry
laser-induced fragmentation spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser and molecules in the sample dissociate following the absorption of one or more high-energy photons. [CHMO]
The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface by bombarding it with high-energy or highly charged heavy ions. [CHMO]
A technique for purifying solid samples by heating the sample under high vacuum (<0.1 Pa). The sample sublimes and the vapours condense as a purified compound on a cooled surface, leaving the non-volatile residue impurities behind. [CHMO]
A technique for purifying solid samples by heating the sample under vacuum. The sample sublimes and the vapours condense as a purified compound on a cooled surface, leaving the non-volatile residue impurities behind. [CHMO]
Any type of X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding the sample with a finely focused (<10 m diameter) beam of high-energy particles. [CHMO]
microbeam particle-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy
Mass spectrometry is a spectrometry that studies matter through the formation of gas-phase ions that are characterized using mass spectrometers by their mass, charge, structure, and/or physico-chemical properties. [IUPAC]
Mass spectroscopy is an obsolete synonym for mass spectrometry that should not be used to avoid confusion with spectroscopies in which the measured quantity is the absorption or emission of electromagnetic radiation. [IUPAC]
The term is a misnomer because it is m/z rather than mass that is the independent variable in a mass spectrum.
A method for determining surface area by measuring the amount of an N2 which adsorbs onto the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'), and the subsequent amount that desorbs at a constant temperature. Regression analysis is then applied to the data, resulting in an isotherm. [CHMO]
nitrogen sorption-desorption measurements
Any technique used to purify samples by forcing it to pass from the solid to gas phase without passing through an intermediate liquid phase. [CHMO]
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of neutrons scattered at low angles. The incident neutron beam strikes the sample under a small angle close to the critical angle of total external neutron reflection. [CHMO]
grazing incidence small-angle neutron scattering
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with an initial laser pulse (the 'pump') which causes excitations within the sample. This is followed by a second laser pulse which is tuned to the correct frequency to excite transitions resonantly back down to the lower electronic state (the 'dump'). After a short delay a third laser pulse (the 'probe') is used to sense changes in the sample. [CHMO]
optical feedback cavity enhanced absorption spectrometry
A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside a v-shaped optical cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. The laser light is allowed to feed back to the laser diode. [CHMO]
optical feedback cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy
The decomposition of sample by an enzyme to obtain the sample in liquid form. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where the energy generated by nonradiative thermal relaxation after visible laser light absorption is measured. [CHMO]
high resolution soft X-ray photoelectron spectrometry
high resolution soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
high resolution soft X-ray photoemission spectrometry
high resolution soft X-ray photoemission spectroscopy
high-resolution soft X-ray photoelectron spectrometry
high-resolution soft X-ray photoemission spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with monochromatic 'soft' (<300 eV) X-rays causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]
high-resolution soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
interferometric Rayleigh scattering method
interferometric Rayleigh scattering spectrometry
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light which has been passed through an inferometer. [CHMO]
interferometric Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy
The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface using short pulses of a plasma (a partially ionized gas containing free electrons and radicals). [CHMO]
Any method that measures the amount of light that a substance scatters at certain wavelengths, incident angles, and polarization angles. [CHMO]
The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction. The temperature and pressure is measured whilst the sample volume is slightly perturbed by the extension of piezoelectric crystals. [CHMO]
resonance Rayleigh scattering spectrometry
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light, where the wavelength of the incident light corresponds to an absorption band in the scattering molecules. [CHMO]
resonance Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy
differential light-scattering spectroscopy
A method for determining structure by measuring the total or time-averaged scattering intensity of scattered visible light as a function of angle. [CHMO]
resonance enhanced multiphoton dissociation spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a resonant laser (a laser which is tuned to match a transition within the sample) and molecules in the sample dissociate following the absorption of two or more high-energy photons. [CHMO]
resonance enhanced multiphoton dissociation spectroscopy
A method for determining structure by measuring the velocity of neutrons in known magnetic fields before and after scattering at wide angles by the sample. The neutrons are scattered by the interaction of neutron spin with spins in the sample ('spin echo'). [CHMO]
The transfer of thermal energy from a material to its surrounding environment. [CHMO]
A technique where a solid sample is first partially dissolved in a organic solvent in a vessel. The solution is then pressurised with a dense gas or supercritical fluid resulting in precipitation of the solid as a fine powder. [CHMO]
The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample (consisting of a powder and a liquid) below the melting point of the solid until its particles adhere to each other. [CHMO]
A method for purifying samples by heating the sample under reduced pressure and allowing the fractions to sublime order of increasing sublimation temperature (a function of vapor pressure). [CHMO]
quick extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry
quick-scanning extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry
quick-scanning extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy
A type of X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient measured 500-1000 eV below the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are determined as a function of incident X-ray energy. A monochromator is scanned continuously and rapidly around the absorption edge resulting in measurement times of seconds (normal EXAFS measurements take minutes). [CHMO]
quick extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of a sample during laser excitation is measured. [CHMO]
Any type of spectroscopy where primary electrons interact with a sample and the electrons emitted as a result of the interaction (secondary electrons) are detected. A manget is used to align all electron spins parallel to the surface of the sample. [CHMO]
spin-polarized secondary electron spectroscopy
photoelectron spectrometry of adsorbed xenon
photoemission spectrometry of adsorbed xenon
photoemission spectroscopy of adsorbed xenon
A type of spectroscopy where Xe atoms adsorbed on the surface of a sample are illuminated with photons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected. The binding energy of the core or valence levels of Xe weakly bound to the surface, relative to the Fermi level of the substrate, depends on the local work function of its adsorption site. [CHMO]
photoelectron spectroscopy of adsorbed xenon
The use of an atomic force microscope to measure rupture or fusion force as a function of loading rate. [CHMO]
The process of transferring a substance from a solid or liquid matrix to the vapour phase by heating, and removing analytes from the headspace in a carrier gas. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with 'soft' (<300 eV) X-rays causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]
The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') from a liquid solution caused by the addition of an additional different solvent. [CHMO]
The process of transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase (or vice versa) by the repeated movement of a microsyringe. [CHMO]
triple-axis neutron scattering spectrometry
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction, energy and momentum of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, and suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions. [CHMO]
A method for determining the size distribution of a sample of small particles in solution by bombarding the sample with coherent X-rays and measuring the time-dependent fluctuations in the intensity of the scattered X-rays caused by Brownian motion. [CHMO]
An electrochemical technique where the time-dependence of the total Coulombs of electricity required to complete (fully oxidise or fully reduce the sample in) an electrochemical reaction is measured whilst the current is held at a constant value. [CHMO]
The measurement of spatially resolved force-distance curves using an atomic force microscope to produce a chemical profile image. [CHMO]
The measurement of the intensity of the light resulting from the interference of two lasers of different wavelength at the beat frequency. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where one laser beam is split into three beams. [CHMO]
degenerate four-wave mixing spectroscopy
Any type of spectroscopy where a high energy photon ionizes a core electron and an electron from a higher energy level descends to take its place, releasing sufficient energy to eject a second so-called 'Auger' electron and the energy of the Auger electron is detected as a function of incident photon energy. [CHMO]
The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy during which the pressure of the volatile pyrolysates is recorded. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, extended range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the Auger emission is measured. Measurements are taken from the absorption edge onset to several hundred eV above it. [CHMO]
surface extended electron energy loss fine structure spectroscopy
The observation of circular dichroism (the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarized light) in the Raman spectra of chiral molecules. [CHMO]
The process of transferring a substance from a vapour to a solid phase by passing the vapour sample through a stationary phase (e.g. silica particles) and then desorbing it using a desorbent or carrier gas. [CHMO]
A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The absorption of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse. [CHMO]
The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample below its melting point, using a direct current, until its particles adhere to each other. [CHMO]
The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of the temperature, whilst the pressure is kept constant. Scanning rates on the order of a few mK min-1 are used and a constant power is continuously applied to (or extracted from) the sample. [CHMO]
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of electrons at the sample (the energies of which are controlled by their acceleration voltage) and recording the resulting diffraction pattern of any backscattered electrons. [CHMO]
The simultaneous precipitation of a normally soluble component with a polymer component from the same solution by the formation of a composite by adsorption, occlusion or mechanical entrapment. [CHMO]
cavity ring-down laser absorption spectrometry cavity ringdown spectroscopy
cavity ring-down laser absorption spectroscopy
A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside a highly reflective laser cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. The decay time for light exiting the cavity is determined as a function of pulsed laser wavelength. [CHMO]
A test which produces colour change in the sample. [CHMO]
A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside a highly reflective laser cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. The laser light is tuned to match the frequency of the cavity bandwidth. [CHMO]
The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') from a liquid solution in which the material is present in amounts greater than its solubility in the liquid. [CHMO]
The process of transferring a substance from any matrix to a liquid phase using a supercritical fluid. [CHMO]
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample and phase is conserved. [CHMO]
A technique for measuring the amount of oxygen in a sample by collecting proton nuclear magnetic resonance data whilst irradiating the electron paramagnetic resonance signal from O2. A transfer of polarization from the electrons to the protons occurs, resulting in an enhancement of the observed NMR signal. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where transient species such as radicals, ions or reactive intermediates are studied using laser pulses. The absorbance of the sample before and after an excitation laser pulse is measured. [CHMO]
membrane extraction with sorbent interface
membrane extraction with trapping on a sorbent interface
The transfer of a solute from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a non-porous non-polar polymer membrane. The membrane first extracts the analytes from their matrix, and these are subsequently trapped on a polymeric trap with a porous sorbent using a carrier gas stream. [CHMO]
membrane extraction with a sorbent interface
vibrational electron energy loss spectrometry.
A type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and energy loss the electrons suffer (corresponding to vibrational modes in the sample) is measured. [CHMO]
vibrational electron energy loss spectroscopy
The measurement of surface tension by determining the shape of a droplet of liquid (with known surface energy) and the contact angle it makes with the surface of interest. [CHMO]
The removal of solvent from a sample without passing through the liquid-gas boundary, by immersion in supercritical CO2 and de-pressurization. [CHMO]
The distribution of particles of one phase in a continuous phase of a different nature. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser and molecules in the sample dissociate following the absorption of two or more high-energy photons. [CHMO]
A technique where a solid sample is dissolved in a supercritical fluid and this mixture is then expanded using a restrictor, causing the solid to precipitate. [CHMO]
rapid expansion of supercritical solutions
The dissolution of material from a solid phase into a liquid in which it is not wholly soluble. [CHMO]
The cleavage of one or more bonds resulting from exposure to high-energy radiation. [CHMO]
single particle X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy
single particle energy dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy
single-particle X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy
single-particle X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy
single-particle energy dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy
single-particle energy-dispersive X-ray emission analysis
A type of X-ray emission spectroscopy where the energy spectrum of the X-rays emitted, by a single particle, due to core-to-core transitions is measured using a semiconductor detector. [CHMO]
single-particle energy-dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where a sample in the form of ions is illuminated with a resonant laser (a laser which is tuned to match a transition within the sample) and molecules in the sample dissociate following the absorption of one or more high-energy photons. [CHMO]
The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the liquid sample through a stationary phase (1 mg) packed into a microlitre syringe. [CHMO]
A method for separating proteins from plasma by changing the conditions of the plasma by simultaneous cooling and addition of alcohol. This causes precipitation of the proteins, which can then be removed by centrifugation. [CHMO]
The detection of luminescence emitted from a sample as a result of irradiation with light. Photoluminescence includes both fluorescence and phosphorescence. [CHMO]
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in phase of X-rays scattered by a sample. Normally incident X-rays continue in the same phase after encountering the scatterer. However, if the energy of the incident X-rays is at or above the absorption edge of the scatterer, a phase shift occurs. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where three incident laser beams are mixed, two 'pump' beams of the same frequency and one 'probe' beam of a different frequency. [CHMO]
two-colour four-wave mixing spectroscopy
electronic circular dichroism spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarized visible or near-ultraviolet radiation (200-400 nm). The optical activity of the sample is monitored using electronic transitions. [CHMO]
electronic circular dichroism spectroscopy
inelastic electron tunneling spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where a metal-molecule-metal sandwich is formed and electrons tunnel from metal to metal through the molecules. Any additional molecules adsorbed onto the inner layer of the sandwhich can affect the tunneling via the excitation of vibrational states. [CHMO]
inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy
carrier extraction by linearly increasing voltage
charge-carrier extraction in a linearly increasing voltage
A method for measuring charge carrier mobilities and conductivities by applying two sequentional triangular-shaped voltage pulses and measuring the resulting current. [CHMO]
carrier extraction by linearly increasing voltage method
The measurement of the total light, or the light of a specific wavelength emitted by a sample as a function of temperature. [CHMO]
The conversion of a high-molecular-mass species into a lower-molecular-mass species using an enzyme. [CHMO]
The measurement of the refractive index of a sample as a function of temperature. [CHMO]
The separation of a chemical compound into elements or smaller compounds by heating it to a high temperature (approx. 1000 deg. C). [CHMO]
non-magnetic spin-echo small angle neutron scattering
spin-echo small angle neutron scattering
A method for determining structure by measuring the velocity of neutrons in known magnetic fields before and after scattering at small angles by the sample. The neutrons are scattered by the interaction of neutron spin with spins in the sample ('spin echo'). [CHMO]
A kind of activation analysis in which the elemental concentrations in the material are calculated from known nuclear constants, irradiation and measurement parameters, rather than by comparing with known standards. [CHMO]
Any type of spectroscopy where luminesence (the emission of visible light) from molecules as a result of a chemical reaction) is detected as a function of wavelength. [CHMO]
The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') consisting of a protein-specific antibody complex (where the protein is attached to a arger protein complex) from solution. [CHMO]
The removal of solvent from a sample by applying it as a thin layer to the surface of a heated drum. [CHMO]
Extraction of plant metabolites using a 2:1 v/v mixture of water and chloroform. [CHMO]
The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy where the temperature is raised in a stepwise manner and the pyrolysates are recorded between each step. [CHMO]
The disassembly of a small part of an object (<10 µm diameter) to determine its internal structure. [CHMO]
multi-angle light scattering spectrometry
multi-angle light scattering spectroscopy
multiple angle laser light scattering spectrometry
multiple angle laser light scattering spectroscopy
multiple angle light scattering spectroscopy
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered visible light at a number of different angles, none of which are close to the angle of incidence of the light. [CHMO]
electric field induced second harmonic generation
electric field induced second harmonic generation spectroscopy
electric-field-induced second harmonic generation
electric-field-induced second-harmonic- (EFISH) generation
A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser of frequency ömega whilst a direct-current electric field is applied, allowing the production of the second harmonic (2 omega). This technique is used to induce an asymmetry in an otherwise symmetric material as a probe of the molecular hyperpolarizability. [CHMO]
electric-field-induced second harmonic generation spectroscopy
Any type of spectroscopy where a nuclear resonance is detected though its effect on an electron spin resonance. [CHMO]
electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy
The removal of water from a sample by placing it under reduced pressure. This allows water to evaporate from (heat-sensitive) samples at a lower temperature. [CHMO]
A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the normalised capacitance produced by applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at constant different temperatures, spectra are generated that exhibit peaks, the height of which are proportional to time constant for the emission rate. [CHMO]
normalized isothermal capacitance transient spectroscopy
The measurement of the pore diameter, pore-size distribution and total pore volume of a thin porous film sample by measuring the changes in intensity and polarization of reflected light during vapour adsorption and desorption. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by the sudden disappearance of electrons from the beam. [CHMO]
A type of laser spectroscopy where a dye laser is used to remove, from an inhomogeneously broadened spectral line, a narrow homogenous line causing the appearance of a dip ( or 'hole') in a spectrum. [CHMO]
optical heterodyne-detected Raman-induced Kerr-effect spectroscopy
optically heterodyned Raman induced Kerr effect spectroscopy
optically heterodyned Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy
optically heterodyned Raman-induced Kerr-effect spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) with a frequency difference close to a Raman-mode frequency in the sample induce a refractive index change in the sample. By scanning the frequency difference of the two beams and recording simultaneously the polarization change of the probe beam, the Raman spectral structure of the sample can be obtained. The polarizing filters are rotated slightly, giving rise to a heterodyne at the detector, improving the signal-to-noise ratio compared to Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy. [CHMO]
optically-heterodyned Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy
A measurement method for determining the contact potential difference or difference in work functions between the sample and a reference electrode. In this method, the probe, which is made ofna material with a known work function (commonly tungsten or platinum), is arranged close to the sample surface as a parallel-plate capacitor with a small spacing. The probe is vibrated, causing a change in the capacitance between the electrodes, resulting in a small ac current. The work function difference is measured by applying an opposing external bias voltage such that the ac current is zero. [CHMO]
Derivatization of a metabolite by addition of a trimethylsilyl reagent to protect functional groups such as hydroxy, carboxylic acid, thio and amine groups. [CHMO]
A process in which a ceramic precursor is converted into a ceramic. [CHMO]
A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. Distillation is completed before more sample mixture is added. [CHMO]
Photographing is the process of creating a recorded image. [Allotrope]
magnetic circular dichroism spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarized photon radiation in the presence of a magnetic field. [CHMO]
magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy
Thermal analysis where the characteristics of imposed acoustic wave passing through the sample are measured. [CHMO]
A detection method which is sensitive to naturally fluorescent or tagged compounds. As the sample passes through a small cell it is excited by ultraviolet light and any fluorescence is detected. [CHMO]
A type of activation analysis where a sample is bombarded with neutrons, the capture of which results in the generation of radioactive nuclei for most elements in the sample. These activated nuclei then decay according to their characteristic half-lives. [CHMO]
Any detection or measurement method for a set of points in reciprocal space. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy based on the differential diffuse reflectance of left- and right-handed circularly polarized light by a sample. [CHMO]
diffuse reflectance circular dichroism spectroscopy
The decomposition of a sample in strong acids such as nitric, sulfuric or perchloric acid in order to obtain the sample in liquid form. [CHMO]
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons at small angles (corresponding to a scattering vector Q = (4/)sin(π/2) = 0.005-0.2 inverse degrees). [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is determined by measuring the total electron current incident on the sample target. [CHMO]
A clustering reaction in a homogeneous, supersaturated solution (solid or liquid) which is unstable against infinitesimal fluctuations in density or composition. The solution therefore separates spontaneously into two phases, starting with small fluctuations and proceeding with a decrease in the Gibbs energy without a nucleation barrier. [CHMO]
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons and the time since the indicent pulse ('time-of-flight') for each neutron. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, and suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions. [CHMO]
gravimetric sorption-desorption analysis
gravimetric sorption/desorption analysis
The determination of the mass of a gas or vapour adsorbed to a surface. [CHMO]
alpha-particle X-ray emission spectrometry
alpha-particle X-ray emission spectroscopy
alpha-particle X-ray fluorescence spectrometry
alpha-particle X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy
A type of X-ray emission spectroscopy where the sample is irradiated with alpha-particles and the energies of the backscattered alpha-particles and X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions are measured. [CHMO]
A process that involves improving the adhesion properties of a sample using short pulses of a plasma (a partially ionized gas containing free electrons and radicals). [CHMO]
A method for probing the free volume between polymer chains in which the anti-particle of an electron (a positron) is injected, from a radioactive source into the sample. When the positron is annihilated a characteristic energy is emitted, and the time from injection to energy emission is measured. [CHMO]
positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays (generated in a synchrotron) scattered by a sample at low angles (0-10 deg.). [CHMO]
synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering
super continuum cavity enhanced absorption spectrometry
A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside a highly reflective laser cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of a supercontinuum light source is detected. The light source is tuned to match the frequency of the cavity bandwidth. [CHMO]
super continuum cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy
An imaging method that uses infrared (900-14 000 nm) radiation and allows variation in temperature to be observed (typically brighter areas in the image represent higher temperatures). [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where a thermally-excited vapour sample is illuminated with a finely focused (<10 m diameter) ultraviolet or visible laser and the photon emission spectrum of the sample is observed. [CHMO]
The process of removing the unprotected areas of a surface by placing it inside an electrochemical etching solution in the presence of an electric current. [CHMO]
A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong femtosecond pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The absorption of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse. [CHMO]
The removal of solvent from a sample, usually by the application of heat. [CHMO]
Any type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is in the form of an accelerated beam of particles (atoms or ions) which is superimposed on a resonant laser beam (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample) and light absorption is measured. [CHMO]
The process of dividing up a sample mixture into smaller quantities according to their physical (e.g. size, solubility) or chemical (e.g. bonding, reactivity) properties. [CHMO]
X-ray excited electron appearance potential spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by the sudden appearance of peaks in the photoelectron spectrum. [CHMO]
X-ray excited electron appearance potential spectroscopy
Ensuring the exact horizontal position of a device is called levelling. [Allotrope]
The melting of a material by high-frequency induction within a frozen shell of the same substance. This technique is used for materials which are very corrosive when molten e.g. cubic zirconia. [CHMO]
extended electron energy loss fine structure spectrometry
extended energy loss fine structure spectrometry
extended energy loss fine structure spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, extended range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the energy loss the electrons suffer upon reflection is measured. Measurements are taken from the absorption edge onset to several hundred eV above it. [CHMO]
extended electron energy loss fine structure spectroscopy
A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel and applying an alternating electric field perpendicular to the channel. A carrier liquid is passed through the channel and the particles are separated on the basis of electrophoretic mobility. [CHMO]
cyclic electrical field-flow field fractionation
angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with X-rays causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, which are detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]
angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
femtosecond optical heterodyne-detected Raman-induced Kerr-effect spectroscopy
femtosecond optically heterodyned Raman induced Kerr effect spectroscopy
femtosecond optically heterodyned Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy
femtosecond optically heterodyned Raman-induced Kerr-effect spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where femtosecond pulses of two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) with a frequency difference close to a Raman-mode frequency in the sample induce a refractive index change in the sample. By scanning the frequency difference of the two beams and recording simultaneously the polarization change of the probe beam, the Raman spectral structure of the sample can be obtained. The polarizing filters are rotated slightly, giving rise to a heterodyne at the detector, improving the signal-to-noise ratio compared to Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy. [CHMO]
femtosecond optically-heterodyned Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy
The process of transferring a substance from an organic phase to an aqueous phase (or vice versa) by heating the organic sample within a confined space in the presence of an aqueous acceptor droplet suspended on the tip of a microsyringe. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where a scanning tunnelling microscope is used to measure the I-V characteristics of the sample. [CHMO]
The process of transferring a dissolved substance from one liquid phase to another (immiscible or partially miscible) liquid phase in contact with it using solvents at elevated temperature (50-200 deg. C) and pressure (7-20 MPa). [CHMO]
A type of elemental analysis accomplished by combustion of the sample at 1200 deg. C in a stream of unreactive gas and excess oxygen and collection of the products (CO2, H2O and NOx). The masses of these combustion products can be used to calculate the composition of the unknown sample. [CHMO]
carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen elemental analysis
Any type of spectroscopy where the beta-particles spontaneously emitted from radioisotopes are detected. [CHMO]
The reaction of a molecule by exposing it to a short thermal shock at high temperature, usually in the gas phase. [CHMO]
The process of creating deep holes and trenches in a sample surface using short pulses of a plasma (a partially ionized gas containing free electrons and radicals) alternating with the deposition of a chemically inert passivation layer. [CHMO]
The process of using strong acids/alkalis to cut into the unprotected parts of a surface (e.g. metal or silicon) to create a pattern. [CHMO]
Any type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of polarized light by a sample. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons and the photons emitted are detected. [CHMO]
A serial dilution is the stepwise dilution of a substance in solution. Usually the dilution factor at each step is constant, resulting in a geometric progression of the concentration in a logarithmic fashion. [Wikipedia]
The controlled dropwise release of a liquid. [CHMO]
angle-resolved resonant X-ray emission spectrometry
angle-resolved resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy
angular-resolved resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy
A method for determining structure by measuring the energy loss of X-rays scattered by a sample as a function of emission angle, where the incident X-ray energy is chosen to coincide with an electronic transition in the sample. [CHMO]
angle-resolved resonant X-ray scattering
A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a material through a die at room temperature. [CHMO]
The disassembly of an object to determine its internal structure. [CHMO]
precipitation using compressed anti-solvent
precipitation using compressed antisolvent
precipitation with compressed anti-solvent
A technique where a solid sample is dissolved in a common (organic or inorganic) solvent then sprayed into a vessel pressurised with a dense gas (e.g. supercritical CO2) This results in a large decrease in solution density and precipitation. [CHMO]
precipitation with compressed antisolvent
A method for determining the structure of a liquid sample by measuring the change in direction or energy of hyper-Rayleigh scattered visible light (scattering where photons from the incident laser - with frequency - are scattered into photons of the second harmonic - photons with frequency 2). [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, extended range of kinetic energies is scattered by a surface and the energy and position of the scattered electrons is measured. [CHMO]
The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the (non-polar) liquid sample through a (polar) stationary phase. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation which is detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]
angle-resolved bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy
A verification is a test of an equipment under regular interval to confirm the performance of the instrument. [Allotrope]
The correct function of a balance can be verified by placing a weight in the centre of the weighing pan and comparing the result with a pre-defined weight. The same weight must be used in this verification procedure. [Allotrope]
A technique for measuring elemental concentration depth profiles in thin films by directing an ion beam at the sample and detecting recoiled atoms. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where the sound emitted when a gaseous sample is exposed to an intense laser beam, which is rapidly interrupted by a rotating slotted disk, is measured. [CHMO]
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample at ultra-low angles (corresponding to Q = 0.00005-0.005 inverse deg.). [CHMO]
The process of creating deep holes and trenches in a silicon surface using short pulses of a plasma (a partially ionized gas - usually SF6 - containing free electrons and radicals) alternating with the deposition of a chemically inert passivation layer (e.g. C4F8). [CHMO]
The chemical degradation of a sample caused by passing a carrier gas (H2, O2, N2 etc.) over the sample in a heated furnace. [CHMO]
A type of X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with ultra-low energy (<1 keV) X-rays and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to valence-to-core transitions are detected. [CHMO]
The decomposition of a sample by placing it in an organic matrix and irradiating the matrix with radiation in the range 200-435 nm (indirectly, using a mirror). OH radicals generated from the matrix react with the sample, degrading it. [CHMO]
Ion-mobility spectrometry is a ion spectroscopy that that separates and identifies ionized molecules in the gas phase based on their mobility in a carrier buffer gas. [Wikipedia]
A type of spectroscopy where a magnetised ferromagnetic sample is bombarded with electrons of a specific spin polarization which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation. [CHMO]
spin-polarized inverse photoelectron spectrometry
The process of covalently attaching a phosphorescent molecule to another molecule, such as a protein or nucleic acid. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy used to study processes through in situ observation of the time profile of molecular absorptions. [CHMO]
The decomposition of a sample by the addition of liquid reagents in order to solubilise it. [CHMO]
A technique used to isolate and purify polymers. The polymer sample is dissolved in a 'good' organic solvent, and this solution is then poured into a 'poor' solvent . Introduction of the polymer to the poor solvent causes the polymer chains to collapse, aggregate and come out of solution. [CHMO]
high resolution X-ray photoelectron spectrometry
high resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
high resolution X-ray photoemission spectrometry
high resolution X-ray photoemission spectroscopy
high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectrometry
high-resolution X-ray photoemission spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with monochromatic X-rays causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]
high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy in which the products of a reaction are trapped before analysis. [CHMO]
Any type of spectroscopy where a focused beam of ions is directed at a sample and the secondary ions emitted are detected. [CHMO]
The dispensing of droplets between two electrodes by applying an electric field. [CHMO]
A method for determining structure during photoelectron spectroscopy. Photons are directed at a sample and diffraction patterns resulting from the emission of electrons are determined as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]
zero kinetic energy electron spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. The energy of the incident photons matches the ionization energy of the sample so emitted electrons have zero kinetic energy. [CHMO]
zero kinetic energy electron spectroscopy
The determination of the viscosity of a fluid by measuring the time a defined volume of fluid requires to flow through a capillary tube of a specific length and width. [CHMO]
angle-integrated ultra-violet photoelectron spectrometry
angle-integrated ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy
angle-integrated ultra-violet photoemission spectrometry
angle-integrated ultraviolet photoelectron spectrometry
angle-integrated ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy
angle-integrated ultraviolet photoemission spectrometry
angle-integrated ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy
angle-resolved ultra-violet photoelectron spectrometry
angle-resolved ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy
angle-resolved ultra-violet photoemission spectrometry
angle-resolved ultra-violet photoemission spectroscopy
angle-resolved ultraviolet photoelectron spectrometry
angle-resolved ultraviolet photoemission spectrometry
angle-resolved ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with ultraviolet (10-400 nm) photons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, which are detected as a function of emission angle. [CHMO]
angle-resolved ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy
The cleavage of one or more bonds in a radioactive material resulting directly or indirectly from its own radioactive decay. [CHMO]
A process where a sample is analyzed for its elemental and sometimes isotopic composition (the elements present and sometimes their weight percentage). [CHMO]
photoinduced charge-carrier extraction in a linearly increasing voltage
A method for measuring charge carrier mobilities and conductivities by applying a short (ns) laser pulse to generate charge carriers. These charge carriers are then detected by applying a linearly increasing voltage and measuring the resulting current. [CHMO]
photoinduced carrier extraction in a linearly increasing voltage
The chemical degradation of a sample caused by heating it, as a vapour, with steam. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. The energy of the incident electrons is usually greater than the ionization energy of the sample and the photoelectrons are emitted with the excess in the form of kinetic energy. [CHMO]
electron-induced photoelectron spectroscopy
Piece counting by weighing is piece counting by weighing an uniform aggregate and an indivual of the aggregate. [Allotrope]
electron-electron coincidence spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of a pair of electrons which are detected as a function of energy. [CHMO]
electron-electron coincidence spectroscopy
Moving average smoothing is a smoothing that uses moving averages to smooth data. [Allotrope]
time resolved resonance Rayleigh scattering spectrometry
time resolved resonance Rayleigh spectroscopy
time resolved resonant Rayleigh scattering spectrometry
time resolved resonant Rayleigh spectroscopy
time-resolved resonant Rayleigh scattering
time-resolved resonant Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light, as a function of time, where the wavelength of the incident light corresponds to an absorption band in the scattering molecules. [CHMO]
time-resolved resonance Rayleigh scattering
Any type of laser spectroscopy where an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. [CHMO]
A method where the profile of a surface is determined by illuminating the sample with a beam of light which has been split into two paths, one of which is directed at the sample and the other at a reference mirror. When the reflections are recombined a Fourier transform is applied to the phase of the interference pattern which contains information about the contours of the surface. [CHMO]
The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample below its melting point, using a high-energy laser, until its particles adhere to each other. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with radiation in the microwave region (1-1000 mm). [CHMO]
inelastic electron scattering spectrometry
inelastic electron scattering spectroscopy
reflection electron energy loss spectrometry
reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy
Any type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies (50-200 eV) interacts with a surface and the energy loss (0.005-100 eV) the electrons suffer as a result of the interaction is measured. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the number of electrons with a given characteristic energy loss is measured. [CHMO]
The measurement of the density of a solution by determining the neutral buoyancy of an object (the point at which it maintains a constant depth) in the solution. [CHMO]
Any type of spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of a sample during excitation is measured as a function of frequency. [CHMO]
X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy
X-ray absorption near edge structure spectrometry
X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy
near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry
A type of X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient measured within 40 eV of the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are determined as a function of incident X-ray energy. [CHMO]
near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy
Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is irradiated with an initial pulse of polarized laser light (the 'pump') and the change in polarization of a second laser pulse (the 'probe') is determined. [CHMO]
A method of observing desorbed molecules from a surface when the surface temperature is increased. The sample is heated slowly in a vacuum and residual gas in the vacuum is detected as a change in pressure. [CHMO]
supercritical anti-solvent precipitation with enhanced mass transfer
supercritical anti-solvent with enhanced mass transfer
supercritical antisolvent with enhanced mass transfer
A solid sample is dissolved in a common (organic or inorganic) solvent then sprayed into a supercritical fluid (held under pressure) resulting in a large decrease in solution density. This effect leads to the reduction in solubility of the solid and precipitation. A surface vibrating at an ultrasonic frequency is used to atomise the solution jet into microdroplets during spraying, increasing turbulence and mixing (resulting in higher mass transfer and smaller particles). [CHMO]
supercritical antisolvent precipitation with enhanced mass transfer
The decomposition of a sample into liquid form by treatment with enzymes or strong acids or alkalis. [CHMO]
variable angle polarized absorption spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the absorption of linearly (p-) polarized UV-vis light by a poled thin film sample, as it is rotated about the vertical axis, is recorded at incremental angles of incidence. [CHMO]
variable-angle polarized absorption spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sound emitted when a gaseous sample is exposed to an intense infrared laser beam, which is rapidly interrupted by a rotating slotted disk, is measured. [CHMO]
A type of spectrocsopy where a finely focused (<10 m diameter) beam of ions is directed at a sample and the secondary ions emitted are detected. [CHMO]
The transfer of a solute from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a nonporous sillicon rubber membrane. [CHMO]
Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more finely focused (<10 m diameter) laser beams and the absorption or emission of light by the sample is measured. [CHMO]
The process of allowing a sample (a glass or polymer) at its melting point to cool at a controlled rate in order to cause changes in morphology or properties. [CHMO]
collinear fast ion beam laser spectrometry
A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is in the form of a high-speed accelerated beam of ions which is superimposed on a resonant laser beam (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample) and light absorption is measured. [CHMO]
collinear fast ion-beam laser spectroscopy
particle induced gamma-ray emission spectroscopy
particle-induced prompt-photon spectrometry
particle-induced prompt-photon spectroscopy
A type of gamma-ray emission spectroscopy where the gamma-rays are produced by bombarding the sample with a focused beam of ions. [CHMO]
particle-induced gamma-ray emission spectroscopy
A method for measuring charge transport by sandwhiching the sample between two parallel electrodes, one of which has to be semitransparent. A short light pulse is applied to the sample giving rise to charge carriers, which traverse through the sample generating a current which is then measured. [CHMO]
Height peak picking is a peak picking by reporting the maximum height value of all raw data points belong to the peak. [Allotrope]
A type of spectroscopy where the intensity of the fluorescence emitted by molecules excited by ultraviolet light is detected as a function of wavelength or time. [CHMO]
An apodization function applied to the unprocessed FID to improve signal resolution. [Allotrope]
Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more laser beams and the absorption or emission of light by the sample is measured in the following fs-ns timescale is measured. [CHMO]
The measurement of the change in magnetic field caused by the vibration of a sample. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where the refractive index change of the sample induced by two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) under the influence of an electric field (the 'optical Kerr effect') is measured. [CHMO]
An electrochemical technique where the cell direct current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled. [CHMO]
Resonance light scattering is a measurement method of light scattering that exploits submicroscopical particles that scatter incident light to produce monochromatic light that appears as highly intense fluorescence. [Allotrope]
reflection high-energy electron diffraction
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of high energy (10-200 keV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any reflected or elastically scattered electrons. [CHMO]
reflection high energy electron diffraction
The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the liquid sample through a stationary phase (e.g. silica particles). [CHMO]
The process of transferring a substance from any matrix to an appropriate liquid phase, during which the sample and solvent are kept in contact in a mechanical shaker. [CHMO]
Any type of magnetic resonance spectroscopy involving unpaired electrons. [CHMO]
electron magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Any detection or measurement method where reciprocal space structure can be determined by measuring the change in direction or energy of incident particles or radiation scattered by a sample. [CHMO]
The uncatalysed cleavage of one or more covalent bonds resulting from exposure of a compound to a raised temperature, or a process in which such cleavage is an essential part. [CHMO]
Any type of spectroscopy where luminesence (the emission of visible light) from molecules irradiated with light, is detected as a function of wavelength. [CHMO]
vacuum ultra-violet photoelectron spectrometry
vacuum ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy
vacuum ultra-violet photoemission spectrometry
vacuum ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy
vacuum ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with vacuum ultraviolet (10-20 nm) photons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. [CHMO]
The measurement of the profile of a surface in order to quantify its roughness. [CHMO]
field emission energy distribution spectrometry
field emission energy distribution spectroscopy FEEDS
Any type of electron spectroscopy where electrons are emitted from a cathode by application of an intense electric field. [CHMO]
A technique for cooling atoms by directing two laser beams (with energy just below an electronic transition) at the sample from opposite directions. Scattering of the laser photons by the atoms in the sample reduces their kinetic energy. [CHMO]
The physical process by which a liquid substance is converted to a gas or vapour. This may occur at or below the normal boiling point of the liquid (the temperature at which a liquid boils at 1 atmosphere pressure) and the process is endothermic. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser which is tuned to match an absorption frequency of the molecules in the sample. [CHMO]
ultra-high resolution small-angle neutron scattering
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons at ultra-small angles (corresponding to Q = 0.000003-0.01 inverse degrees). [CHMO]
supercritical anti-solvent fractionation
supercritical anti-solvent precipitation
A solid sample is dissolved in a common (organic or inorganic) solvent then injected into a supercritical fluid (held under pressure) resulting in a large decrease in solution density. This effect leads to the reduction in solubility of the solid and precipitation. [CHMO]
A preparative step where the concentration of one component is increased. [CHMO]
The study of radiation as a function of wavelength that has been transmitted through a sample. [CHMO]
The removal of solvent from a sample without passing through the liquid-gas boundary, by immersion in a supercritical fluid and de-pressurization. [CHMO]
Derivatization of a metabolite by addition of pyridinic methoxyamine to stabilise carbonyl moieties. [CHMO]
Any eletrochemical process that makes one sample unreactive to another, prior to using the samples together. [CHMO]
The process of enriching a solution by partially freezing it and removing frozen material that contains less of the dissolved material than the remaining solution. [CHMO]
low angle laser light scattering spectroscopy
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of visible light scattered at a small angle (0.1-10 deg.) to the incident light. [CHMO]
The measurement of light rotation as a function of wavelength. [CHMO]
The detection of luminescence emitted from a sample as a result of a chemical reaction. [CHMO]
k-resolved inverse photoelectron spectrometry
k-resolved inverse photoemission spectrometry
k-resolved inverse photoemission spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation which is detected as a function of the vector k (where k is the difference between the wave vectors of the incident and scattered radiation). [CHMO]
k-resolved inverse photoelectron spectroscopy
ultra-violet bremsstrahlung isochromat spectrometry
ultra-violet bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy
ultra-violet bremsstrahlung spectrometry
ultraviolet bremsstrahlung isochromat spectrometry
ultraviolet bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation in the ultraviolet region. [CHMO]
extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry
A type of X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient measured 500-1000 eV below the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are determined as a function of incident X-ray energy. [CHMO]
extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy
The removal of solvent from a sample by heating in an oven. [CHMO]
An electrochemical technique where the total Coulombs of electricity required to complete (fully oxidise or fully reduce the sample in) an electrochemical reaction is measured whilst the potential of the working electrode is held at a constant value. [CHMO]
The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the (polar) liquid sample through a (non-polar) stationary phase. [CHMO]
A type of microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. [CHMO]
second harmonic generation circular dichroism spectroscopy
second harmonic generation-circular dichroism
second-harmonic generation-circular dichroism
A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarized light by a sample. Laser light of frequency f is converted to light of frequency 2f by a non-linear interaction with the sample, and the polarization of this light (the 'second harmonic') is determined. [CHMO]
A solid sample is heated above its melting point and combining the molten material with a supercritical fluid. The solution is then expanded through a nozzle, causing the precipitation of the solid as a fine powder. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where the energy generated by nonradiative thermal relaxation after laser light absorption is measured. [CHMO]
time resolved optical Kerr effect spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where time response of a transient birefringence induced in the sample by two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) under the influence of an electric field (the 'optical Kerr effect') is measured. [CHMO]
time-resolved optical Kerr effect spectroscopy
The measurement of the intensity of the light resulting from the interference of two lasers of the same wavelength. [CHMO]
photoion photoelectron coincidence spectrometry
photoion photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy
photoion-photoelectron coincidence spectrometry
photoionphotoelectron coincidence spectrometry
photoionphotoelectron coincidence spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of a photoelectron and its corresponding ion which are detected as a function of energy. [CHMO]
photoion-photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy
The conversion of a vaporized sample into atomic components. [CHMO]
A technique used to determine the extent of oxygenation of an enzyme, based on the absorption of light by the oxygenated and deoxygenated forms. [CHMO]
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample and the intensity of the scattering is given by the scattering vector Q = (4/)sin(pi/2). [CHMO]
The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy in the presence of an reductive atmosphere. [CHMO]
The evaporation of solvent from a sample by placing it a centrifuge and spinning it rapidly. [CHMO]
The measurement of the temperature difference between the sample and a reference material. [CHMO]
The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample with a laser (e.g. a CO2 laser) below its melting point until its particles adhere to each other. [CHMO]
The assisted solubilization of a sample by the application of radiation in the 1-1000 mm region. [CHMO]
The process of transferring a substance from a solid or liquid matrix to the vapour phase by heating. Once the concentration of the analyte in the headspace is in equilibrium with the concentration in the sample matrix, the headspace is removed. [CHMO]
A method for determining charge transport by incorporating the sample (as a thin film) into an FET. An electric field is applied to the sample (by means of the gate electrode) and the change in conductance between the source and drain electrodes is measured. [CHMO]
A method where the profile of a surface is determined by moving a diamond stylus laterally across it at a specified contact force and measuring its vertical displacement. [CHMO]
angle-resolved photoelectron extended fine structure spectrometry
angle-resolved photoemission extended fine structure spectrometry
angle-resolved photoemission extended fine structure spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionization and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. The spectrum is recorded over an extended energy range, from the photon absorption edge onset to several hundred eV above it. [CHMO]
angle-resolved photoelectron extended fine structure spectroscopy
The process of removing the unprotected areas of a silicon surface by placing it inside an electrochemical etching solution (KOH, HF or TMAH) in the presence of an electric current. When the silicon substrate is in contact with a noble metal (Au or Cr) a Galvanic cell is formed and the silicon is oxidized. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by the appearance of relaxation products (Auger electrons or X-rays) or by a change in the electron beam current. [CHMO]
The detection of luminescence emitted over a long timescale from a sample, as a result of irradiation with light, as a function of wavelength or time. [CHMO]
Any type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more laser beams and light absorption is measured. [CHMO]
continuous flow hollow fiber liquid-phase micro-extraction
continuous flow hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction
continuous flow hollow fibre liquid-phase micro-extraction
The process of transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase immobilised within the pores of the wall of a porous hollow fibre (<10 µm diameter). The aqueous phase is allowed to flow continuously through the fibre, allowing mass transfer to occur. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with an initial laser pulse (the 'pump') followed by a second laser pulse (the 'probe') after a fs delay. The pump pulse creates excitations in the sample, which are sensed by the probe pulse. [CHMO]
inelastic low-energy electron diffraction
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of low energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any inelastically scattered (scattering where kinetic energy is not conserved) electrons. [CHMO]
inelastic low energy electron diffraction
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of cold or thermal neutrons at a powdered solid sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted neutrons. [CHMO]
X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements
X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry
A type of X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient around the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are measured as a function of incident X-ray energy. [CHMO]
X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy
Any time-dependent change of the properties of a precipitate e.g. loss of water or growth of crystals as a result of prolonged heat treatment. [CHMO]
The detection of luminescence exhibited by certain crystalline materials, such as some minerals, when previously absorbed energy from electromagnetic radiation or other ionizing radiation is re-emitted as light upon heating of the material. [CHMO]
quasi elastic neutron scattering spectrometry
quasi elastic neutron scattering spectroscopy
quasi-elastic neutron scattering spectrometry
quasi-elastic neutron scattering spectroscopy
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in a liquid sample which is in thermal motion. Phase is not conserved and although the neutrons retain all of their kinetic energy during collisions, the thermal motion of the sample causes a broadening of the energy range of the scattered neutrons. [CHMO]
The process of transferring a substance from any matrix into ethanol. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by a sudden increase in secondary electron current. [CHMO]
Auger electron appearance potential spectroscopy
A technique allowing the quantitative and qualitative detection of radiation-induced charge separation by time-resolved measurement of the changes in microwave absorption resulting from the production and decay of charged and dipolar molecular entities. In a typical TRMC experiment, separated charge carriers, which are generated by a laser pulse, lead to a perturbation of the initial microwave absorbance. The temporal decay of the conductivity signal (i.e. microwave absorbance) reflects the lifetime of the photogenerated carriers. [CHMO]
fluorescence detected circular dichroism spectrometry
A type of spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarized luminescence. [CHMO]
fluorescence detected circular dichroism spectroscopy
Any type of spectroscopy where light energy absorbed by the sample results in heating and the subsequent change in temperature, pressure or density is measured. [CHMO]
A technique for separating magnetic and nonmagentic particles by placing the sample in a narrow channel and applying a magnetic field. Magnetic particles are dragged away from their stream into a separate buffer stream, leaving the nonmagnetic particles behind. [CHMO]
An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is held at a constant value (sufficient to oxidize or reduce the sample). [CHMO]
The transfer of a solute from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a nonporous membrane. [CHMO]
Savitzky-Golay smoothing is a smoothing by convolving the data by fitting successive sub-sets of adjacent data points with a low-degree polynomial by the method of linear least squares. [Allotrope]
The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') consisting of a protein-specific antibody complex (where the protein is part of a protein-RNA complex) from solution. This method is used to determine the location of RNA binding sites for particular proteins of interest. [CHMO]
Any type of spectroscopy where primary electrons interact with a sample and the electrons emitted as a result of the interaction (secondary electrons) are detected. [CHMO]
molecular non-thermal excitation spectrometry
molecular non-thermal excitation spectroscopy
molecular nonthermal excitation spectrometry
A type of molecular spectroscopy where the sample is placed in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it, then excited using a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas). [CHMO]
molecular nonthermal excitation spectroscopy
continuous wave electron-electron double resonance spectroscopy
continuous-wave electron-electron double resonance spectroscopy
A type of spectroscopy where the sample is irradiated by two microwave frequencies which match electron resonance transitions. The effect of the higher power frequency ('pump') transition on the lower power ('observed') transitionsis measured. [CHMO]
The measurement of the sound emitted by a sample as a function of temperature. [CHMO]
Any type of spectroscopy where the energies of gamma-rays emitted or absorbed by a sample is measured. [CHMO]
The decomposition of a sample in strong acids such as nitric, sulfuric or perchloric acid in a sealed vessel (lined with PTFE), under high pressure and high temperature, in order to obtain the sample in liquid form. [CHMO]
A technique for purifying a crystalline sample where the impure sample is dissolved in a small volume of solvent, forming a supersaturated solution. As the temperature of the solution drops, pure crystals form, the impurities remaining dissolved in the solvent. [CHMO]
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample and phase is not conserved. [CHMO]
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of low energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. [CHMO]
A type of spectroscopy where two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) with a frequency difference close to a Raman-mode frequency in the sample induce a refractive index change in the sample. By scanning the frequency difference of the two beams and recording simultaneously the polarization change of the probe beam, the Raman spectral structure of the sample can be obtained. [CHMO]
The process of heating a substance by irradiation with ultraviolet light (190-400 nm) to cause the solid-liquid phase change. [CHMO]
Mobilization is the last step of IEF that makes the focused compounds migrate to one of the electrodes. [Allotrope]
The simultaneous measurement of spectra and images. A radiation source illuminates the sample and a series of spatially resolved spectra are collected. [CHMO]
synchrotron radiation excited X-ray spectrometry
Any type of X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with radiation is generated in a synchrotron and the energies and intensities of the emitted X-rays are detected. [CHMO]
synchrotron radiation excited X-ray spectroscopy
A separation method where magnetic particles move at different speeds according to their magnetic susceptibilities in a separation medium, across which a magnetic field is applied. [CHMO]
The formation of a gel from a solution by altering the pH of the solution. [CHMO]
The fusing together of small particles by heating the powder sample below its melting point (without applied pressure) until its particles adhere to each other. [CHMO]
thermal diffusion forced Rayleigh scattering
thermal-diffusion forced Rayleigh scattering
A method for determining structure where a grating created by the interference of two laser beams is written into a sample which contains a small amount of dye. The intensity grating is converted into a temperature grating which, in turn, causes a concentration grating by thermal diffusion. A further laser beam is Rayleigh scattered by the grating and the change in direction or energy of the light and the temporal evolution of the scattered beam are measured. [CHMO]
A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser or flash lamp. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The absorption of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse. [CHMO]
Any type of X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding the sample with a focused beam of high-energy electrons. [CHMO]
electron-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy
A half-logarithmic dilution is a serial dilution with a 3.16-fold (10^0.5) dilution for each step. [Wikipedia]
A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a high-boiling-point sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat at low pressure and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. [CHMO]
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered visible light. Light (from a laser source) is scattered by the electrons surrounding the atomic nuclei in the sample. [CHMO]
The formation of a gel from a solution by the application of ultrasound (sound waves >20 kHz frequency). [CHMO]
Air cooling is a type of sample cooling using gaseous air. [Allotrope]
A measurement of dissolved oxygen. [Allotrope]
A measurement of dissolved carbon dioxide. [Allotrope]
The removal of data points based on a low or high intensity threshold. [Allotrope]
Ion suppression is a state in which the ionization efficiency of a species is lowered by the presence of a different species. [IUPAC]
The effect is most significant in electrospray ionization but is also observed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and to a lesser extent in other ionization methods. [IUPAC]
A short burst of electical or magnetic energy. [Allotrope]
A sequence of one or more pulses with defined powers, timings, and phases for excitation and detection of nuclear spins. [Allotrope]
In chemistry, sparging, also known as gas flushing in metallurgy, is a technique which involves bubbling a chemically inert gas, such as nitrogen, argon, or helium, through a liquid. This can be used to remove dissolved gases (e.g. oxygen) from the liquid. [Wikipedia]
Electrodeionization is a water treatment technology that utilizes an electricity, ion exchange membranes and resin to deionize water and separate dissolved ions (impurities) from water. [Wikipedia]
A water purification that uses deionization. [Allotrope]
electrosorb process for desalination of water
Capacitive deionization is a technology to deionize water by applying an electrical potential difference over two porous carbon electrodes. Anions, ions with a negative charge, are removed from the water and are stored in the positively polarized electrode. Likewise, cations (positive charge) are stored in the cathode, which is the negatively polarized electrode. [Wikipedia]
Desalination is a process that removes minerals from saline water. More generally, desalination may also refer to the removal of salts and minerals. [Wikipedia]
Osmosis is the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a semi-permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides. [Wikipedia]
Forward osmosis (FO) is an osmotic process that uses a semi-permeable membrane to effect separation of water from dissolved solutes. The driving force for this separation is an osmotic pressure gradient, such that a "draw" solution of high concentration (relative to that of the feed solution), is used to induce a net flow of water through the membrane into the draw solution, thus effectively separating the feed water from its solutes. [Wikipedia]
A process that eliminates viable bioburden via use of sporicidal chemical agents. [FDA]
Process by which surface bioburden is reduced to a safe level or eliminated. Some disinfection agents are effective only against vegetative microbes, while others possess additional capability to effectively kill bacterial and fungal spores. [FDA]
A process used to destroy or remove pyrogens (e.g., endotoxin). [FDA]
Sterilization is a term referring to any process that eliminates (removes) or kills (deactivates) all forms of life and other biological agents (such as prions, as well as viruses which some do not consider to be alive but are biological pathogens nonetheless), including transmissible agents (such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, prions, spore forms, unicellular eukaryotic organisms such as Plasmodium, etc.) present in a specified region, such as a surface, a volume of fluid, medication, or in a compound such as biological culture media. [Wikipedia]
Granulation is a process of forming granules. The quality of granulation determines the smooth and trouble free process of tablets manufacturing. If granulation is not done in a proper manner, the resulting mixture may damage the tableting press. [Wikipedia]
Signal averaging is a process of combining spectra of repeated measurements in order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. [Allotrope]
Slugging is a process where a formed solid or powder solid is compressed in a tablet press as opposed to a roller compactor. [Allotrope]
Desorption is the process of a species desorbing from a surface when heated. [Allotrope]
Dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) is a gravimetric technique that measures how quickly and how much of a solvent is absorbed by a sample: such as a dry powder absorbing water. It does this by varying the vapor concentration surrounding the sample and measuring the change in mass which this produces. Water vapor is most commonly used, but it is also possible to use a wide range of organic solvents. [Wikipedia]
Performance testing of a device. [Allotrope]
A friability test checks the condition of being friable. Friability describes the ability of a solid substance to be reduced to smaller pieces with little effort, especially by rubbing. [Wikipedia]
In biotechnology, flow cytometry is a laser- or impedance-based, biophysical technology employed in cell counting, cell sorting, biomarker detection and protein engineering, by suspending cells in a stream of fluid and passing them through an electronic detection apparatus. [Wikipedia]
The t-test is a process of quantifying the closeness of two sets of data points. It is defined as the ratio of the difference between the means of the two sets divided by the standard error of the difference. [Allotrope]
PAC, 1996, 68, 149 (A glossary of terms used in chemical kinetics, including reaction dynamics (IUPAC Recommendations 1996)) on page 175
A kinetics assay is an assay that investigates how different experimental conditions can influence the speed of a chemical reaction and yield information about the reaction's mechanism and transition states. [Wikipedia]
The closed loop uses feedback control for the regulation of the vapor generation. The system continuously detects deviations from the target partial pressure and adjusts the vapor generation correspondingly. [Allotrope]
A thickness test is a process in order to check the thickness of an object. [Allotrope]
Roller compaction is a process where a formed solid or powder solid is compressed between two rolls expressed in kN/cm where the cm value is the measurement of the roll diameter. [Allotrope]
Sorption is a phenomenon whereby a substance is attached to or through a surface of a sample. This occurs in a system being in the state of sorption equilibrium between bulk phase (fluid, i.e. gas or liquid solution) and an adsorbing surface (solid or boundary separating two fluids). When the concentration (or pressure) of substance in the bulk phase is increased, some of the substance moves to the adsorbing surface. [Allotrope]
The particle model is the mathematical model for the calculation of particle sizes. [Allotrope]
The alignment of optics is a process of preparing the correct setup of the optical parts of a device. [Allotrope]
After cleaning or movement of a laser it must be aligned to hit the center of the detector
Laser diffraction is a process of particle size measurement by observation of the angular variation in intensity of scattered laser light. [Allotrope]
SME input needed on difference between multi-angle light scattering and laser diffraction method
Wavelength calibration is the process of calibrating the wavelength of a device. [Allotrope]
Bio-layer interferometry (BLI) is a label-free technology for measuring biomolecular interactions within the sample. It is an optical analytical technique that analyzes the interference pattern of white light reflected from two surfaces: a layer of immobilized protein on the biosensor tip, and an internal reference layer. Any change in the number of molecules bound to the biosensor tip causes a shift in the interference pattern that can be measured in real-time. [Wikipedia]
The open loop uses predefined tabulated values based on solvent and temperature for the regulation of the vapour generation. [Allotrope]
Zeroing is a process of measurement in order to determine the zero value of a measurement instrument. [Allotrope]
A baseline reading that is taken by a UV spectrophotometer of a cuvette/ sample vessel holding the blank/buffer/diluent without any sample. [Allotrope]
Multiangle light scattering (MALS) is a technique for determining, independently, the absolute molar mass and the average size of particles in solution, by detecting how they scatter light. [Wikipedia]
Collimated light from a laser source is most often used, in which case the technique can be referred to as multiangle laser light scattering (MALLS). The insertion of the word “laser" was intended to reassure those used to making light scattering measurements with conventional light sources such as Hg-arc lamps that low angle measurements could now be made. Until the advent of lasers and their associated fine beams of narrow width, the width of conventional light beams used to make such measurements prevented data collection at smaller scattering angles. In recent years, since all commercial light scattering instrumentation use laser sources, this need to mention the light source has been dropped and the term MALS used throughout. [Wikipedia]
particle sizing by multi-angle light scattering
Image analysis is a process of particle size measurement by analysis of images of particles. [Allotrope]
A test can be considered a technical operation or procedure that consists of determination of one or more characteristics of a given product, process or service according to a specified procedure. Often a test is part of an experiment.The test result can be qualitative (yes/no), categorical, or quantitative (a measured value). It can be a personal observation or the output of a precision measuring instrument. [Wikipedia]
Compression is the act of reducing volume by applying a force. [Allotrope]
In the case of tablets it is the act of forming a solid plug from individual powder / granule components.
Protein purification is a series of processes intended to isolate one or a few proteins from a complex mixture, usually cells, tissues or whole organisms. [Wikipedia]
In mathematics and empirical science, quantification (or quantitation) is the act of counting and measuring that maps human sense observations and experiences into members of some set of numbers. [Wikipedia]
Photo analysis refers to the study of pictures to compile various types of data, for example, to measure the size distribution of virtually anything that can be captured by photo. [Wikipedia]
Fluorescence-activated cell sorting is a specialized type of flow cytometry. It provides a method for sorting a heterogeneous mixture of biological cells into two or more containers, one cell at a time, based upon the specific light scattering and fluorescent characteristics of each cell. [Wikipedia]
Microgravimetry is a type of gravimetry that analyzes very small differences of masses. [Allotrope]
PAC, 1996, 68, 149 (A glossary of terms used in chemical kinetics, including reaction dynamics (IUPAC Recommendations 1996))
A molecular kinetics assay is a kinetics assay in which there is emphasis on the behaviour of the system at the molecular level. [IUPAC]
A macroscopic kinetics assay is a kinetics assay in which the interest is in the behaviour of bulk systems, e.g. in changes in concentrations of reactants and products. [IUPAC]
Microscopic kinetics assay is a kinetics assay in which the emphasis is on the interpretation of the behaviour in terms of elementary reactions. [IUPAC]
Assay preparation is the planned process of preparing an assay that produces information about the material entity that is the evaluand, by physically examining it or its proxies. [Allotrope]
Powdering is a process of transformation of a solid substance into the form of tiny loose particles. [Allotrope]
A process of repeating a movement of a part of an object with higher frequency than the repeating movement of the total object. [Allotrope]
The repetitive movement of a part of the body.
Intensity is a measure of detector response and should not be used to describe the abundance of ions. [IUPAC]
Acoustic absorption refers to the process by which a material, structure, or object takes in sound energy when sound waves are encountered, as opposed to reflecting the energy. Part of the absorbed energy is transformed into heat and part is transmitted through the absorbing body. [Wikipedia]
A disposition to ionize in solution is a disposition of material to separate into positively and negatively charged ions when dissolved. [Allotrope]
A plot obtained from a scattering experiment on large particles which is used to determine the average molecular weight of the (polymer) sample. The plot typically consists of a grid. [CHMO]
A magnified image obtained using a microscope to view a small object (or specimen). [CHMO]
An image of an object obtained through the effect of ionising radiation on a film or emulsion. [CHMO]
X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectrum
X-ray absorption near edge structure spectra
X-ray absorption near edge structure spectrum
near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectra
A plot of intensity vs. energy obtained by measuring the number and energy of X-rays absorbed by the sample within 40 eV of the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron). [CHMO]
near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectrum
A plot of incident photon-to-current efficiency (IPCE) vs. photon wavelength. [CHMO]
A plot of ellipticity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised photon radiation as a function of wavelength in the presence of a magnetic field. [CHMO]
A plot of photoelectron count vs. kinetic energy (following illumination of the sample with X-rays). [CHMO]
Data which is obtained from an electron diffraction experiment. [CHMO]
room temperature photoluminescence spectra
room temperature photoluminescence spectrum
room-temperature photoluminescence spectra
A plot of intensity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the amount of radiation emitted by a sample through photoluminescence (emission of visible light) against the frequency of the incident radiation at room temperature. [CHMO]
room-temperature photoluminescence spectrum
A plot of intensity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the amount of radiation emitted by a sample through phosphorescence against the wavelength of the incident radiation. [CHMO]
low temperature photoluminescence spectra
low temperature photoluminescence spectrum
low-temperature photoluminescence spectra
A plot of intensity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the amount of radiation emitted by a sample through photoluminescence (emission of visible light) against the frequency of the incident radiation at low temperature. [CHMO]
low-temperature photoluminescence spectrum
A data set derived from energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy consisting of a three-dimensional image where two axes describe the x and y spatial dimensions and the third dimension represents X-ray energy. The image is obtained by stacking one EDX spectrum per energy value sequentially. Energy values are characteristic of the elements in the sample thus giving a distribution of elements in the imaged area. EDX chemical maps are sometimes shown in false colour. [CHMO]
TPD (temperature-programmed desorption) profile
A plot of intensity or rate vs. temperature obtained by heating the sample slowly in a vacuum and measuring the change in pressure as molecules desorb from the surface of the sample. [CHMO]
fluorescence-detected circular dichromism (FDCD) spectra
fluorescence-detected circular dichromism (FDCD) spectrum
fluorescence-detected circular dichrosim spectra
A plot of ellipticity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised luminescence. [CHMO]
fluorescence-detected circular dichrosim spectrum
A certificate refers to the confirmation of certain characteristics of an object, person or organization. This confirmation is often, but not always, provided by some form of external review, education, assessment, or audit. Accreditation is a specific organization's process of certification. [Wikipedia]
A plot of intensity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the intensity of radiation emitted by a sample through photoluminescence (emission of light as a result of stimulation with light) against the frequency/wavelength of the incident radiation. [CHMO]
A plot of ellipticity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised visible or near-ultraviolet radiation as a function of wavelength. ECD spectra can also be derived computationally. [CHMO]
The Fourier transform of a plot of intensity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the sound emitted when a gaseous sample is exposed to an intense laser beam, which is rapidly interrupted by a rotating slotted disk. [CHMO]
Fourier transform photoacoustic spectrum
A photoluminescence spectrum where the excitation process involves two-photon absorption. [CHMO]
Data which is obtained from a diffraction experiment. [CHMO]
Data which is obtained from a scattering experiment. [CHMO]
nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms
A plot of relative pressure vs. volume adsorbed obtained by measuring the amount of N2 gas that adsorbs onto the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'), and the subsequent amount that desorbs at a constant temperature. [CHMO]
A plot of electrophoretic mobility diameter vs. particle count generated by separating singly-charged complexes in air under the influence of an electric field. The complexes are charged by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. [CHMO]
electrospray ionization gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis spectrum
A plot of energy (keV) vs. intensity for X-rays emitted by a sample due to core-to-core transitions, following bombardment with electrons. The energies of the emitted X-rays are characteristic of the elements in the sample, therefore peaks are usually labelled with the corresponding element symbol. [CHMO]
A raw data file is a file that contains raw data acquired from a device. [Allotrope]
A file is a resource for storing information, which is available to a computer program and is usually based on some kind of durable storage. [Wikipedia]
The prediction is a result from a calculation on the spectrum, i.e. the data using a model. [Allotrope]
A cumulative distribution is a type of distribution that sums up subsequent numbers of occurences up to a total number of 100%. It shows the cumulated value up to the current value of the abscissa. [Allotrope]
A distribution is a collection of frequencies of results of a sample. Each frequency is number of occurrences within a given interval. The distribution can be expressed relatively to the width of the interval. [Allotrope]
A method file is a file that contains data of a method. [Allotrope]
instrument settings and instructions for performing a measurement
A sequence file is a file that contains data of a sequence. [Allotrope]
An overlay of scans is a graphic overlay of generated spectra for comparison. [Allotrope]
An overlay of spectra at different times shows the degrading of peaks of the educt
Japanese Industrial Standard specifying the process of determination of pH of aqueous solutions. [Allotrope]
DIN 19267 is a standard of pH measurement, standardizing technical buffer solutions, preferably for the calibration of technical measuring installations. [Allotrope]
A standard for pH measurments. [Allotrope]
A standard that specifies trays. [Allotrope]
A standard that specifies clean rooms. [Allotrope]
A class of measuring instruments or measuring systems that meet stated metrological requirements that are intended to keep measurement errors or instrumental uncertainties within specified limits under specified operating conditions. [Allotrope]
CDC biosafety classification of biosafety cabinet. [Allotrope]
The air filter classification according to a air filter test standard. [Allotrope]
E10, E11, E12, H13, H14, U15, U16, U17 from test standard BS EN779
In mathematics, the slope or gradient of a line is a number that describes both the direction and the steepness of the line. [Wikipedia]
A device driver (commonly referred to as a driver) is a computer program that operates or controls a particular type of device that is attached to a computer. A driver provides a software interface to hardware devices, enabling operating systems and other computer programs to access hardware functions without needing to know precise details of the hardware being used. [Wikipedia]
The cell type detection algorithm handles the detection of cell types in image data. [Allotrope]
The part number is a model number of a class of device parts, specified by the device manufacturer. [Allotrope]
2019-09-19 This term has been rejected by the community during governance as being redundant, use model number (IAO_0000017) instead. It is kept here for reference only and will likely be removed. [Allotrope]
An alternating current is a control setting, in Hz, used during the measurement run. [Allotrope]
A software name is a version number that identifies a software application. [Allotrope]
A frequency is a process quantification facet that quantifies the number of waves that pass a fixed point in a given amount of time. [Allotrope]
A duration that is a preset period of time during which events are counted. [Allotrope]
A needle length (datum) is a length (datum) that quantifies the length of a needle. [Allotrope]
A note is a brief textual entity with the purpose to add a note or comment about something. [Allotrope]
A wave centerline value is a facet that identifies a center of ouput identifies the reference value, or centerline value between measured maximum and minimum wave amplitudes. [Allotrope]
A pass-fail is a description of a Pass/Fail result against acceptance criteria. [Allotrope]
A print time is a time when a date and time device run report was printed. [Allotrope]
A protocol number is an identifier that identifies a protocol executed during the device run. [Allotrope]
A protocol version number is a version number that identifies the protocol being executed during the device run. [Allotrope]
A volume is a facet that quantifies an amount of space. [Allotrope]
A backpressure setting is a control setting that defines back pressure. [Allotrope]
An amplitude is a quality quantification facet that quantifies the change between peak (highest amplitude value) and trough (lowest amplitude value, which can be negative). [Wikipedia]
A step time is a time taken to complete a single step of a process or a step rotation. [Allotrope]
The particle radius of pores within solid particles. [Allotrope]
A quantity datum that follows the digital system international as published by SmartCom. [Allotrope]
A quantity datum that quantifies an uncertainty of a related quantity datum. [Allotrope]
Uncertainty of measurement is an expression of the fact that, for a given measurand and a given result of measurement of it, there is not one value but an infinite number of values dispersed about the result that are consistent with all of the observations and data and one's knowledge of the physical world, and that with varying degrees of credibility can be attributed to the measurand. [GUM, JCGM 100 2008 E, p. 63]
Selected component is the role whose bearer is a material entity that has been selected. [Allotrope]
A device that is selected to perform a specific function in a process. [Allotrope]
A sample is a role of a material entity that is the output of a material sampling process. [Allotrope]
A role born by a material entity and realized in a process where the material is used as specified as the independent variable for an investigation or test. [OBI]
A role of a material sample that has a state of a returned sample. [Allotrope]
Washing agent is a role of material in a cleaning process that has disposition to clean. [Allotrope]
The z-coordinate is the Cartesian coordinate in the third dimension of a 3-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system. [Allotrope]
An absolute value is the contextual role of a quantity or number that is an assertion of magnitude or distance from a fixed zero reference. [Allotrope]
Minute solid particles with diameters less than 500 micrometers. Occurs in and may be deposited from, the atmosphere. [ENVO]
A portion of environmental material is a fiat object which forms the medium or part of the medium of an environmental system. [ENVO]
A photograph is created by projecting an image onto a photosensitive surface such as a chemically treated plate or film, CCD receptor, etc. [IAO]
A unit is a facet that denotes a particular quantity that has been chosen as a scale for measuring. [QUDT,OSTHUS]
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